ci: cache Maven dependencies in Java quickstart validation

[javier-aliaga]

Description

Enable the built-in Maven cache on setup-java so the ~30 pom.xml files across the Java quickstarts no longer re-download artifacts from Maven Central on every CI run.

Also bump action versions and switch the JDK distribution off the deprecated 'adopt' value (required by setup-java@v4):

• actions/checkout@v2 -> @v4
• actions/setup-java@v3 -> @v4
• distribution: 'adopt' -> 'temurin'

Issue reference

We strive to have all PRs being opened based on an issue, where the problem or feature have been discussed prior to implementation.

Please reference the issue this PR will close: #1312

Checklist

Please make sure you've completed the relevant tasks for this PR, out of the following list:

• The quickstart code compiles correctly
• You've tested new builds of the quickstart if you changed quickstart code
• You've updated the quickstart's README if necessary
• If you have changed the steps for a quickstart be sure that you have updated the automated validation accordingly. All of our quickstarts have annotations that allow them to be executed automatically as code. For more information see mechanical-markdown. For user guide with examples see Examples.