Backport: Add _retry_server_directed_only mode for Retry-After header compliance #2815

Job	Run time
check-linting (3.11)	36s
check-types (3.10)	39s
check-types (3.9)	57s
check-linting (3.12)	40s
check-linting (3.13)	41s
check-linting (3.9)	42s
check-linting (3.10)	28s
Unit Tests (Python 3.10, min deps)	48s
Unit Tests (Python 3.11, default deps)	36s
check-types (3.13)	46s
Unit Tests (Python 3.13, default deps)	39s
Unit Tests (Python 3.10, default deps)	36s
Unit Tests (Python 3.12, default deps)	41s
check-types (3.11)	43s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.9, default deps)	59s
Unit Tests (Python 3.11, min deps)	50s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.10, default deps)	58s
Unit Tests (Python 3.9, min deps)	40s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.10, min deps)	1m 10s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.11, default deps)	56s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.11, min deps)	1m 9s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.9, min deps)	1m 9s
Unit Tests (Python 3.9, default deps)	37s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.13, default deps)	1m 4s
check-types (3.12)	41s
Unit Tests + PyArrow (Python 3.12, default deps)	54s
	20m 39s

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