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paper: tighten abstract to fit arXiv's 1920-char metadata limit
Audit of the arXiv submission tarball found the abstract at 2674 characters; arXiv's metadata textarea silently truncates at 1920. The cut happened mid-way through the empirical findings sentence, right where the LLM vendor list and the 100% / 78% headline numbers live -- exactly the part anyone browsing the arXiv listing would need to see. Tightened to 1866 chars (54 under the limit). Trimmed: - merged the IoT-MCP description with the gap statement - dropped explicit model names from the LLM list (vendors only) - dropped the runtime-guardrails comparison sentence (it's still fully covered in section 5.4) - moved emphasis to two bold numbers (27.6 KB footprint; 100% capability + 78% prompt-injection rejection) Headline content fully preserved: protocol-layer safety primitives, sub-50-byte frame, 27.6 KB / 0.6 KB MCU footprint, 675-call empirical study across 5 LLMs / 4 vendors, AgentDojo attack templates, 100% capability + 78% prompt-injection vs 0-1% for MCP-family, ties OpenAPI at ~1/1000 footprint. Also verified the tarball compiles cleanly in isolation (15 pages, 498 KB), all referenced figures bundled, no hardcoded paths, no arXiv-blocked packages, .bbl included so no bibtex pass needed. Tarball regenerated. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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docs/paper/dcp-arxiv-v0.3.1.tar.gz

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docs/paper/main.tex

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\begin{abstract}
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\noindent
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Large language models are increasingly used as orchestrators of external tools,
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and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a de facto standard for
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exposing such tools. MCP, however, is designed for software services running
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on hosts with megabytes of memory; it does not fit on the inexpensive
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microcontrollers that dominate the long tail of physical devices. Recent work
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(IoT-MCP) demonstrates that an MCP server can be ported to edge gateways at a
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74\,KB peak memory cost~\cite{iotmcp2025}. This still excludes the smallest,
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cheapest microcontrollers, and---critically---does not address the safety
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problem that arises when an unreliable caller (an LLM that may hallucinate or
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be prompt-injected) is given direct control of physical hardware. We present
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the \textbf{Device Context Protocol (DCP)}, a wire format and architecture
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purpose-built for LLM-driven control of constrained devices. DCP composes a
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6-byte header, a CBOR-encoded payload, and an optional 16-byte HMAC into a
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sub-50-byte typical frame; the reference firmware's DCP layer measures
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27.6\,KB of flash and 0.6\,KB of RAM on an ESP32. A \emph{Bridge} process
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between the LLM and
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the device enforces capability scoping, range and type checks, dry-run
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evaluation, and units-as-types---\textbf{protocol-layer} safety primitives
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that prevent malformed or hallucinated calls before any byte traverses the
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device boundary. This positioning is deliberately complementary to recent
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work on runtime guardrails for LLM-driven physical systems~\cite{web_of_drones,robosafe}
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and post-hoc behavioral intrusion detection~\cite{aegismcp}: DCP prevents
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structurally-invalid calls; those approaches catch what slips through. We
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describe DCP's design rationale, MIT-licensed reference implementations
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(Python Bridge, ESP32 firmware), a language-neutral conformance suite,
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and an empirical evaluation in which 660~tool calls produced by five
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LLMs across four vendors (DeepSeek\,V3; Alibaba Qwen 2.5-72B and
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Qwen 3.5-35B-A3B; Zhipu GLM-4-32B; MiniMax M2.5) in response to six
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categories of adversarial prompts are run through the host-side
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validators of DCP, Raw MCP, IoT-MCP, and a well-formed OpenAPI~3
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schema; DCP rejects 100\,\% of capability-escalation attempts and
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78\,\% of prompt-injection attempts (the latter using the seven
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attack templates from AgentDojo~\cite{agentdojo} adapted to the
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device-control setting) versus 0--1\,\% for MCP-family protocols,
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matching OpenAPI's expressiveness at three orders of magnitude
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less firmware footprint. We position DCP as the missing layer between MCP
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(which is moving toward enterprise SaaS connectivity
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\cite{mcp_roadmap_2026}) and the physical devices it does not reach.
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Large language models are increasingly used as orchestrators of external
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tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP)~\cite{mcp2024}, but MCP is
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built for software services with megabytes of memory and does not
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descend to the microcontrollers that dominate the long tail of physical
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devices. Recent work (IoT-MCP)~\cite{iotmcp2025} ports MCP to edge
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gateways at 74\,KB peak memory; this still excludes the smallest
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commodity MCUs and, critically, does not address the safety problem
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of giving an unreliable caller (an LLM that may hallucinate or be
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prompt-injected) direct control of physical hardware. We present the
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\textbf{Device Context Protocol (DCP)}: a sub-50-byte typical frame
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(6-byte header + CBOR payload + optional 16-byte HMAC), a manifest
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schema in which capability scoping, range and type checks, dry-run
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evaluation, and units-as-types are protocol-layer primitives, and a
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host-side \emph{Bridge} that rejects malformed or hallucinated calls
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before any byte reaches the device. Reference firmware measures
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\textbf{27.6\,KB flash / 0.6\,KB RAM} on ESP32; the Python Bridge,
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ESP32 firmware, and a language-neutral conformance suite are
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MIT-licensed and public. An empirical study --- 675 tool calls
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produced by five LLMs across four vendors (DeepSeek, Alibaba, Zhipu,
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MiniMax) against six categories of adversarial prompts, with the
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injection category instantiating AgentDojo's~\cite{agentdojo}
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attack templates --- shows DCP rejects \textbf{100\,\% of
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capability-escalation attempts} and \textbf{78\,\% of prompt-injection
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attempts}, versus 0--1\,\% for Raw MCP and IoT-MCP, matching the
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expressiveness of a well-formed OpenAPI\,3 schema at three orders of
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magnitude less firmware footprint. We position DCP as the missing
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layer between MCP (which is moving toward enterprise SaaS
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connectivity~\cite{mcp_roadmap_2026}) and the physical devices it does
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not reach.
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\end{abstract}
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\section{Introduction}

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