fix: Implement robust macOS clipboard support with multi-strategy detection

- Add AppleScript-based clipboard access as primary method with automatic format conversion
- Implement pbpaste fallback with support for multiple UTIs (PNG, TIFF, JPEG)
- Add comprehensive error handling and debug logging throughout clipboard operations
- Create debug command for troubleshooting clipboard issues on macOS
- Add imageUploader.debug configuration option for verbose logging
- Fix clipboard detection failures that occurred with images from various macOS applications

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Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

Author: dkodr