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title Lists
teaching 25
exercises 10

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: objectives

  • Create collections to work with in Python using lists.
  • Write Python code to index, slice, and modify lists through assignment and method calls.

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  • How can I store multiple items in a Python variable?

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A list stores many values in a single structure.

The most popular kind of data collection in Python is the list. Lists have two primary important characteristics:

  1. They are mutable, i.e., they can be changed after they are created.
  2. They are heterogeneous, i.e., they can store values of many different types.

To create a new list, you can just put some values in square brackets with commas in between. Let's create a short list of some library metadata standards.

metadata = ['marc', 'frbr', 'mets', 'mods']
metadata
['marc', 'frbr', 'mets', 'mods']

We can use len() to find out how many values are in a list.

len(metadata)
4

Use an item's index to fetch it from a list.

In the same way we used index numbers for strings, we can reference elements and slices in a list.

print(f'First item: {metadata[0]}')
print(f'The first three items: {metadata[0:3]}')
First item: marc
The first three items: ['marc', 'frbr', 'mets']

Reassign list values with their index.

Use an index value along with your list variable to replace a value from the list.

print(f'List was: {metadata}')
metadata[0] = 'bibframe'
print(f'List is now: {metadata}')
List was: ['marc', 'frbr', 'mets', 'mods']
List is now: ['bibframe', 'frbr', 'mets', 'mods']

Character strings are immutable.

Unlike lists, we cannot change the characters in a string using its index value. In other words strings are immutable (cannot be changed in-place after creation), while lists are mutable: they can be modified in place. Python considers the string to be a single value with parts, not a collection of values.

librarian = 'Langanathan' # misspelled SR Ranganathan's name
librarian[0] = 'R'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

Lists may contain values of different types.

A single list may contain numbers, strings, and anything else (including other lists!). If you're dealing with a list within a list you can continue to use the square bracket notation to reference specific items.

mixed_list = ['string', 3.2, [10, 20, 30]]
f'First item in sublist: {mixed_list[2][0]}'
First item in sublist: 10

Appending items to a list lengthens it.

Use list_name.append to add items to the end of a list. In Python, we would call .append() a method of the list object. You can use the syntax of object.method() to call methods.

print(f'list was:{metadata}')
metadata.append('oai-pmh')
print(f'list is now: {metadata}')
list was: ['bibframe', 'frbr', 'mets', 'mods']
list is now: ['bibframe', 'frbr', 'mets', 'mods', 'oai-pmh']

Use del to remove items from a list entirely.

del list_name[index] removes an item from a list and shortens the list. Unlike .append(), del is not a method, but a "statement" in Python. In the example below, del performs an "in-place" operation on a list of prime numbers. This means that the primes variable will be reassigned when you use the del statement, without needing to use an assignment operator (e.g., primes = ...) .

primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
print(f'primes before: {primes}')
del primes[4]
print(f'primes after: {primes}')
primes before: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
primes after: [2, 3, 5, 7]

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: challenge

Lists: Length and Indexing

  1. Create a list named colors containing the strings 'red', 'blue', and 'green'.
  2. Print the length of the list.
  3. Print the first color using indexing.

::::::::::::::: solution

Solution

colors = ['red', 'blue', 'green']
print(len(colors))
print(colors[0])

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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: challenge

List slicing

  1. Create a list of numbers defined as [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
  2. Print the first three items in the list using slicing.
  3. Print the last three items using slicing.

::::::::::::::: solution

Solution

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print(numbers[0:3])
print(numbers[3:6])
[1, 2, 3]
[4, 5, 6]

You can also leave the first and last elements in a slice blank to refer to the first and last elements in a list:

print(numbers[:3])
print(numbers[3:])
[1, 2, 3]
[4, 5, 6]

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::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: challenge

Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks so that the program below produces the output shown. In the first line we create a blank list by assigning values = [].

values = []
values.____(1)
values.____(3)
values.____(5)
print(f'first time: {values}')
values = values[____]
print(f'second time: {values}')
first time: [1, 3, 5]
second time: [3, 5]

::::::::::::::: solution

Solution

values = []
values.append(1)
values.append(3)
values.append(5)
print(f'first time: {values})
values = values[1:3]
print(f'second time: {values})
first time [1, 3, 5]
second time [3, 5]

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::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: challenge

Working With the End

Run the following code on your own and answer the following questions.

resources = ['books','DVDs','maps','databases']
print(resources[-1])
  1. How does Python interpret a negative index value?
  2. If resources is a list, what does del resources[-1] do?

::::::::::::::: solution

Solution

databases
  1. A negative index begins at the final element.
  2. It removes the final element of the list.

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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: keypoints

  • A list stores many values in a single structure.
  • Use an item's index to fetch it from a list.
  • Lists' values can be replaced by assigning to them.
  • Appending items to a list lengthens it.
  • Use del to remove items from a list entirely.
  • Lists may contain values of different types.
  • Character strings can be indexed like lists.
  • Character strings are immutable.
  • Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.

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