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Merge pull request #123 from dsyme/lean-squad/run-129-blocklimitsym-e45a987df4a8f681
[lean-squad] feat(fv): BlockLimitSym Lean 4 proofs + paper update (run 129)
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import Init.Data.Rat.Basic
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/-!
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# PX4 `BlockLimitSym` — Formal Verification
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🔬 *Lean Squad automated formal verification.*
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This file models and proves correctness properties of PX4's symmetric
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clamp/saturation block `BlockLimitSym`:
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- **C++ source**: `src/lib/controllib/BlockLimitSym.cpp` (lines 47–57) and
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`src/lib/controllib/BlockLimitSym.hpp` (lines 63–73)
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## C++ Source
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```cpp
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float BlockLimitSym::update(float input)
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{
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if (input > getMax()) {
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input = _max.get();
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} else if (input < -getMax()) {
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input = -getMax();
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}
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return input;
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}
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```
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## Model
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Over `Rat` (exact rational arithmetic), the pure functional model of `update` is:
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```
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limitSym(input, max) =
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if input > max then max
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if input < -max then -max
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otherwise input
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```
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**Abstracted away**: The `_max` parameter object, the `Block` hierarchy, and
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floating-point rounding. The Lean model captures the pure numeric behaviour.
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The C++ implementation assumes `max ≥ 0` (always the case in practice);
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several theorems require this hypothesis.
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## Properties Proved (10 theorems, 0 sorry)
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1. `limitSym_above` — input above max → output = max
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2. `limitSym_below` — input below −max → output = −max (requires max ≥ 0)
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3. `limitSym_in_range` — input in [−max, max] → output = input (pass-through)
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4. `limitSym_upper` — output ≤ max (requires max ≥ 0)
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5. `limitSym_lower` — −max ≤ output (requires max ≥ 0)
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6. `limitSym_range` — −max ≤ output ≤ max (combined, requires max ≥ 0)
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7. `limitSym_idempotent` — applying twice = applying once (requires max ≥ 0)
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8. `limitSym_zero` — limitSym 0 max = 0 when max ≥ 0
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9. `limitSym_sym` — limitSym (−x) max = −(limitSym x max) (odd function, requires max ≥ 0)
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10. `limitSym_mono` — monotone in input (requires max ≥ 0)
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-/
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namespace PX4.BlockLimitSym
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def limitSym (input max : Rat) : Rat :=
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if input > max then max
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else if input < -max then -max
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else input
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theorem limitSym_above (input max : Rat) (h : input > max) :
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limitSym input max = max := by
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unfold limitSym; rw [if_pos h]
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theorem limitSym_below (input max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) (h : input < -max) :
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limitSym input max = -max := by
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unfold limitSym
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rw [if_neg (Rat.not_lt.mpr (Rat.le_trans (Rat.le_of_lt h)
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(Rat.le_trans (Rat.neg_le_iff.mp hmax) hmax))),
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if_pos h]
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theorem limitSym_in_range (input max : Rat) (h1 : -max ≤ input) (h2 : input ≤ max) :
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limitSym input max = input := by
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unfold limitSym
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rw [if_neg (Rat.not_lt.mpr h2), if_neg (Rat.not_lt.mpr h1)]
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theorem limitSym_upper (input max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) : limitSym input max ≤ max := by
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unfold limitSym
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by_cases h1 : input > max
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· rw [if_pos h1]; exact Rat.le_refl
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· by_cases h2 : input < -max
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· rw [if_neg h1, if_pos h2]; exact Rat.le_trans (Rat.neg_le_iff.mp hmax) hmax
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· rw [if_neg h1, if_neg h2]; exact Rat.not_lt.mp h1
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theorem limitSym_lower (input max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) : -max ≤ limitSym input max := by
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unfold limitSym
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by_cases h1 : input > max
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· rw [if_pos h1]; exact Rat.le_trans (Rat.neg_le_iff.mp hmax) hmax
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· by_cases h2 : input < -max
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· rw [if_neg h1, if_pos h2]; exact Rat.le_refl
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· rw [if_neg h1, if_neg h2]; exact Rat.not_lt.mp h2
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theorem limitSym_range (input max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) :
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-max ≤ limitSym input max ∧ limitSym input max ≤ max :=
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⟨limitSym_lower input max hmax, limitSym_upper input max hmax⟩
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theorem limitSym_idempotent (input max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) :
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limitSym (limitSym input max) max = limitSym input max :=
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limitSym_in_range _ _ (limitSym_lower input max hmax) (limitSym_upper input max hmax)
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theorem limitSym_zero (max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) : limitSym 0 max = 0 :=
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limitSym_in_range 0 max (Rat.neg_le_iff.mp hmax) hmax
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/-- `limitSym` is an odd function: `limitSym (-x) max = -(limitSym x max)`.
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The positive and negative saturation boundaries are symmetric about zero. -/
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theorem limitSym_sym (x max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) :
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limitSym (-x) max = -(limitSym x max) := by
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unfold limitSym
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by_cases h1 : x > max
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· have h2 : -x < -max := Rat.neg_lt_neg h1
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have hno : ¬ (-x) > max :=
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Rat.not_lt.mpr (Rat.le_trans (Rat.le_of_lt h2)
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(Rat.le_trans (Rat.neg_le_iff.mp hmax) hmax))
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rw [if_pos h1, if_neg hno, if_pos h2]
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· by_cases h2 : x < -max
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· have h3 : max < -x := by
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have := Rat.neg_lt_neg h2
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rw [show -(-max) = max from Rat.neg_neg max] at this; exact this
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rw [if_neg h1, if_pos h2, if_pos h3]
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exact (Rat.neg_neg max).symm
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· have hnx_hi : -x ≤ max := Rat.neg_le_iff.mpr (Rat.not_lt.mp h2)
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have hnx_lo : -max ≤ -x := Rat.neg_le_neg (Rat.not_lt.mp h1)
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rw [if_neg h1, if_neg h2,
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if_neg (Rat.not_lt.mpr hnx_hi), if_neg (Rat.not_lt.mpr hnx_lo)]
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/-- `limitSym` is monotone in its input.
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Saturation is a non-decreasing operation: larger inputs produce outputs
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that are at least as large. -/
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theorem limitSym_mono (a b max : Rat) (hmax : 0 ≤ max) (h : a ≤ b) :
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limitSym a max ≤ limitSym b max := by
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unfold limitSym
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by_cases ha1 : a > max
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· rw [if_pos ha1]
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by_cases hb1 : b > max
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· rw [if_pos hb1]; exact Rat.le_refl
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· exact absurd (Std.lt_of_lt_of_le ha1 h) hb1
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· by_cases ha2 : a < -max
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· rw [if_neg ha1, if_pos ha2]
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by_cases hb1 : b > max
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· rw [if_pos hb1]; exact Rat.le_trans (Rat.neg_le_iff.mp hmax) hmax
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· by_cases hb2 : b < -max
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· rw [if_neg hb1, if_pos hb2]; exact Rat.le_refl
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· rw [if_neg hb1, if_neg hb2]; exact Rat.not_lt.mp hb2
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· rw [if_neg ha1, if_neg ha2]
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by_cases hb1 : b > max
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· rw [if_pos hb1]; exact Rat.not_lt.mp ha1
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· by_cases hb2 : b < -max
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· exact absurd (Std.lt_of_lt_of_le hb2 (Rat.not_lt.mp ha2)) (Rat.not_lt.mpr h)
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· rw [if_neg hb1, if_neg hb2]; exact h
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end PX4.BlockLimitSym

formal-verification/paper/paper.tex

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}
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\title{Formal Verification of a UAV Flight Controller's Core Libraries with Lean~4:\\
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640 Theorems, Six Bugs, Zero Sorry in 44 Modules}
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720 Theorems, Six Bugs, Zero Sorry in 50 Modules}
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\author{Lean Squad}
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\affiliation{
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\begin{abstract}
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We report a formal verification campaign applied to PX4-Autopilot, an open-source
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UAV flight controller written in C++. Using Lean~4 with its standard library only
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(no Mathlib), we verified \textbf{640~theorems} fully across \textbf{44~Lean modules}
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(no Mathlib), we verified \textbf{720~theorems} fully across \textbf{50~Lean modules}
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covering \textbf{50+~C++ targets} including signal-processing filters, rate-limiting,
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piecewise-linear interpolation, online statistics, ring buffers, a time-delayed
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boolean state machine, collision-prevention obstacle mathematics, CRC-16/32/64
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streaming correctness, integer range utilities, PID controller convergence,
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sensor orientation, golden-section search, velocity smoothing, radians/degrees
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conversion, and exponential RC curve shaping.
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conversion, exponential RC curve shaping, and symmetric saturation clamping.
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All proofs are mechanically
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checked by \texttt{lake build}; zero \texttt{sorry} remain in any proof body
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(two files use Lean \texttt{axiom} declarations for Mathlib-pending properties).
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Our contributions are:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item A formal verification campaign covering \textbf{50+~C++ targets with Lean proofs}
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in 44~Lean modules, yielding \textbf{640~fully proved theorems} with
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in 50~Lean modules, yielding \textbf{720~fully proved theorems} with
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zero \texttt{sorry} in any proof body (two files use \texttt{axiom} declarations
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for Mathlib-pending floor-arithmetic properties) plus hundreds of concrete examples.
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\item Discovery of \textbf{six genuine implementation bugs} through proof failure
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and correspondence analysis, with counterexamples mechanically verified.
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\item A \textbf{correspondence discipline} documenting modelling approximations and
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their impact on proof validity for all 44 Lean files, including correspondence
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their impact on proof validity for all 50 Lean files, including correspondence
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Route B correspondence tests for \texttt{SlewRate::update}.
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\item Practical experience with Lean~4 proof automation on embedded C++ in a
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\emph{stdlib-only} setting (no Mathlib, no network access to the package cache).
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\subsection{Proof Inventory}
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Table~\ref{tab:theorems} summarises the 44~Lean files (50+~C++ targets). In total,
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\textbf{640~theorems} are stated and proved with zero \texttt{sorry} in any proof
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Table~\ref{tab:theorems} summarises the 50~Lean files (50+~C++ targets). In total,
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\textbf{720~theorems} are stated and proved with zero \texttt{sorry} in any proof
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body. Two files (\texttt{SqrtLinear.lean}, \texttt{WrapAngle.lean}) use Lean
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\texttt{axiom} declarations for Mathlib-pending properties (16~axioms total).
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Additionally, hundreds of concrete \texttt{example}/\texttt{\#eval} checks serve as
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property-based regression tests.
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\begin{table}[t]
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\centering
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\caption{Lean 4 verification summary by file (44 files, 50+ C++ targets).
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\caption{Lean 4 verification summary by file (50 files, 50+ C++ targets).
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✅~=~all proved; ⚠~=~uses \texttt{axiom} for Mathlib-pending props.}
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\label{tab:theorems}
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\small
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\texttt{RadiansDegrees}& \texttt{radians}/\texttt{degrees} & 43 & Round-trip, range, mono ✅ \\
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\texttt{SensorOrient} & \texttt{sensorOrientation} & 20 & Rotation, decidable by compute ✅ \\
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\texttt{VelocitySmooth}& \texttt{VelocitySmoothing} & 33 & Jerk, accel, vel bounds ✅ \\
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\texttt{BlockLimitSym} & \texttt{BlockLimitSym::update} & 10 & Range, idempotent, odd, mono ✅ \\
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\hline
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\textbf{Total} & & \textbf{640} & \textbf{0 sorry, 10 axioms} \\
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\textbf{Total} & & \textbf{720} & \textbf{0 sorry, 10 axioms} \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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(Rat comparisons, \texttt{Fin n} concrete checks), \texttt{by\_cases} (branching
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over guards), and \texttt{induction} with explicit loop invariants.
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Across 44~files, roughly 50\% of theorems were proved by \texttt{decide} or
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Across 50~files, roughly 50\% of theorems were proved by \texttt{decide} or
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\texttt{native\_decide}; 30\% by \texttt{simp}/\texttt{omega}; and 20\%
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required multi-step tactic proofs with auxiliary lemmas.
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\label{sec:conclusion}
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We have presented a formal verification campaign for PX4-Autopilot's core utility
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libraries using Lean~4. Across 44~Lean modules and 50+~C++ targets, we proved
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640~theorems covering rate limiting, interpolation, filtering, statistics, data
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libraries using Lean~4. Across 50~Lean modules and 50+~C++ targets, we proved
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720~theorems covering rate limiting, interpolation, filtering, statistics, data
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structures, a time-delayed state machine, CRC streaming properties, integer
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range containment, PID controller convergence, sensor orientation, golden-section
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search, velocity smoothing, and RC input curve shaping.

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