docker: reduce maintenance overhead for base dependencies

[beriberikix]

Summary

Use a low-maintenance, stable-major dependency policy for the base image.

Changes

• Switch base image from debian:stable-slim to debian:bookworm-slim
• Bound Python tooling to stable major ranges:
  • wheel>=0,<1
  • west>=1,<2

Why

• Named Debian stable release avoids unexpected distro rollovers from floating stable
• Major-bounded tool versions minimize churn while preventing unexpected major-version breaks

Validation

• Local build succeeded:
  • DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --build-arg ZEPHYR_SDK_VERSION=1.0.0 -f ./zephyr-base/Dockerfile -t zephyr:base-1.0.0SDK ./zephyr-base