[Eliud’s Eggs] Add approaches (#4232)

* add first approach

* add second approach

* add third approach

* add two more variations to the first approach

* add fourth approach

* add fifth approach

* add another variation to the third approach

also add more links to the docs for built-in functions

* ternary operator -> conditional expression

use "conditional expression" as the main name, and only mention "ternary operator" as another name for a "conditional expression"

* Add "bad idea" variant to `parameter-modification`

Courtesy of [this conversation in issue 4227][#4227 (comment)]

* Renamed parameter files to argument.

* Suggestions, additions, and fixes for approaches.

* Suggestions, additions, and fixes for approaches.

* Suggestions, additions, and fixes for approaches.

* Suggestions, additions, and fixes for approaches.

* Suggestions, additions, and fixes for approaches.

* Deletions for files that were renamed
Directories and file links using 'Parameter' were renamed to 'Argument'.
This is because parameters are when you write a function or class.
Arguments are used when a function is *called*.

* minor spelling, grammar, and formatting fixes

also revert most additions to `convert-to-binary-string` variation 3, as agreed upon

* add a missing word & remove trailing spaces

---------

Co-authored-by: BethanyG <BethanyG@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: Yrahcaz7

exercises/practice/eliuds-eggs/.approaches/argument-modification/content.md

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+# Modify the Argument in a Loop
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    eggs = 0
+    while display_value:
+        eggs += display_value % 2
+        display_value //= 2
+    return eggs
+```
+
+This approach uses a `while-loop` to count up the ones in the binary representation.
+In the loop, we increment `eggs` by `display_value % 2`.
+This adds the least significant bit (_the rightmost digit in the binary representation_) of `display_value` to `eggs`.
+
+Next, we divide `display_value` by `2`, discarding any remainder.
+This essentially removes the least significant bit of the current `display_value`, setting up the next iteration's `display_value` for processing the next bit.
+
+This loop repeats until `display_value` reaches `0` (_which indicates that we have no more bits to process_), and then we return `eggs`.
+
+
+## Variation #1: Using Boolean Operators
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    eggs = 0
+    while display_value > 0:
+        if display_value % 2 == 1:
+            eggs += 1
+        display_value //= 2
+    return eggs
+```
+
+This is essentially just a more verbose formulation of the previous version.
+Instead of relying on Python converting `int`s to `bool`s, this solution manually compares `display_value` to `0`.
+It also uses an `if` statement to check if `eggs` should be incremented by `1`, instead of directly using the result of `display_value % 2`.
+
+Even though this variant is more verbose than the others, some may consider it to be more readable.
+
+
+## Variation #2: Using Bitwise Operators
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    eggs = 0
+    while display_value > 0:
+        eggs += display_value & 1
+        display_value >>= 1
+    return eggs
+```
+
+This variant replaces the modulo (`%`) and floor division (`//`) operators with [bitwise operators][bitwise-operators].
+`&` is the bitwise AND operator, which results in a number whose binary representation only has ones where _both_ of its arguments have ones (_all other bits become zeros_).
+
+For example, if we use the numbers `3` (`11` in binary) and `1` (`1` in binary), we get `1`:
+
+```python
+0b011 & 0b001
+#=> 0b001
+```
+
+This is because the only bit in both numbers that is `1` is their least significant bit.
+This property lets us extract the least significant bit of `display_value` by using `display_value & 1`.
+
+For the next step we use `>>`, the [right-shift operator][right-shift-operator].
+The expression `a >> b` shifts all of `a`'s bits to the right by `b` places, and returns the resulting number.
+
+For example, if we use the numbers `5` (`101` in binary) and `1`, we get `2` (`10` in binary):
+
+```python
+0b101 >> 1
+#=> 0b010
+```
+
+You can see how `& 1` and `>>= 1` perform the same function as the `% 2` and `//= 2` used in earlier variants.
+
+
+## Variation #3: Using a `list`
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    egg_positions = []
+
+    while display_value:
+        egg_positions.append(display_value % 2)
+        display_value //= 2
+
+    return egg_positions.count(1)
+```
+
+Here, we append the binary digits to a `list` and then count the number of ones using [`list.count()`][sequence-count].
+This solution would make sense if the positions of the eggs mattered, but since we only need the amount here, tracking the positions just adds unnecessary overhead.
+Further overhead is added when `list.count()` iterates through the `list` to obtain the total.
+
+
+## Variation #4: Using `divmod()`
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    eggs = 0
+    while display_value:
+        display_value, remainder = divmod(display_value, 2)
+        eggs += remainder
+    return eggs
+```
+
+This variant uses the [`divmod()`][divmod-built-in] built-in instead of `%` and `//`.
+(_For `int` arguments, `divmod(a, b)` returns a [`tuple`][concept-tuples] of `(a // b, a % b)`._)
+
+Within the loop, `divmod(display_value, 2)` is used to get both the quotient and the remainder of the division.
+The `tuple` returned by `divmod()` is [unpacked][concept-unpacking-and-multiple-assignment] into `display_value` and `remainder` using [multiple assignment][concept-unpacking-and-multiple-assignment].
+Then, `eggs` is incremented by `remainder`.
+
+As `display_value` is updated in the multiple assignment expression, we don't need to do anything else inside the loop.
+Just like the previous variations, the loop will continue until `display_value` reaches 0, and then we return `eggs`.
+
+
+## Variation #5: Overcomplicated One-Liner
+
+~~~~exercism/caution
+This approach is not idiomatic and can be quite confusing.
+It is only provided here to show how one could apply various advanced techniques to turn this approach into a one-liner.
+~~~~
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    return sum(
+        (value % 2, display_value := value // 2)[0]
+        for value in iter(lambda: display_value, 0)
+    )
+```
+
+This variation uses [the `sum()` built-in][sum-built-in], a [generator expression][generator-expression], a [`lambda` expression][lambda-expression], and a [walrus operator (`:=`)][walrus-operator] to reduce the solution to a one-liner.
+The line is only broken up here for readability.
+
+Here, the `while-loop` is converted into a generator expression, with `sum()` adding up the result of each iteration.
+As the `while` keyword is not allowed in generator expressions, instead we iterate over an iterable with `for`.
+This iterable is constructed from a `lambda` that returns `display_value`, with the [sentinel value][sentinel-value] set to `0`.
+This means that [`iter()`][iter-built-in] returns an iterable that calls the `lambda` until the returned `display_value` equals `0`.
+
+For each iteration of the generator expression, we assign `value` to the return value of the `lambda`.
+Then we construct a `tuple` with two elements, using `[0]` to get its first element and feed it to `sum()`.
+That element is the least significant bit of `value`, which can be calculated via `value % 2` or `value & 1`, as shown in the previous variations.
+
+The second element is more complicated.
+Here, we update `display_value`, cutting off the least significant bit (via `// 2` or `>> 1`) by using the walrus operator (`:=`).
+The walrus operator acts like a simple assignment statement, except that it returns the right-hand value and it can be used anywhere that an expression can be used.
+(See the [Python docs][assignment-expression-docs] for more details.)
+Thus we can use walrus operator here to update `display_value` in the generator expression, then simply ignore the return value by only feeding the first element of the `tuple` to `sum()`.
+
+
+[assignment-expression-docs]: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#assignment-expressions
+[bitwise-operators]: https://www.w3schools.com/programming/prog_operators_bitwise.php
+[concept-tuples]: https://exercism.org/tracks/python/concepts/tuples
+[concept-unpacking-and-multiple-assignment]: https://exercism.org/tracks/python/concepts/unpacking-and-multiple-assignment
+[divmod-built-in]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#divmod
+[generator-expression]: https://dbader.org/blog/python-generator-expressions
+[iter-built-in]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#iter
+[lambda-expression]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions
+[right-shift-operator]: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering/right-shift-operator-in-programming/
+[sentinel-value]: https://python-patterns.guide/python/sentinel-object/
+[sequence-count]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#sequence.count
+[sum-built-in]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#sum
+[walrus-operator]: https://mathspp.com/blog/pydonts/assignment-expressions-and-the-walrus-operator

exercises/practice/eliuds-eggs/.approaches/argument-modification/snippet.txt

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+def egg_count(display_value):
+    eggs = 0
+    while display_value:
+        eggs += display_value % 2
+        display_value //= 2
+    return eggs

exercises/practice/eliuds-eggs/.approaches/built-in-bit-count/content.md

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+# Use the Built-In Bit-Count Functionality
+
+~~~~exercism/caution
+This approach does _not_ follow the instructions, as it uses the bit-count functionality from the standard library.
+It is only described here to show what an idiomatic way of counting bits in a _different context_ would be.
+~~~~
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    return display_value.bit_count()
+```
+
+This approach uses [`int.bit_count()`][int-bit_count] from the Python standard library to count the number of ones in the binary representation of `display_value`.
+
+This works because Python does _not_ have separate types for binary, octal, or hexadecimal numbers.
+Instead, all of these are considered _representations_ or display formats of `int`.
+Even if a binary literal is declared with the `0b` prefix, Python stores it internally as type `int`:
+
+```python
+>>> 0b110101 # <- 53 in binary
+53
+>>> type(0b110101)
+<class 'int'>
+
+>>> 0o65 # <- 53 in octal
+53
+>>> type(0o65)
+<class 'int'>
+```
+
+Due to this, all methods that work with binary numbers in the standard library actually operate on `int`s.
+
+
+## Variation #1: Using `str.count()`
+
+```python
+def egg_count(display_value):
+    return bin(display_value).count("1")
+```
+
+This variant uses [`bin()`][bin-built-in] (_or any other method discussed in the [convert to a binary string][approach-convert-to-binary-string] approach_) to convert `display_value` to a `binary string`.
+Then, [`str.count()`][sequence-count] is used to count how many times "1" appears in the string.
+
+Though one could argue that this _technically_ doesn't use the built-in bit-count functionality, the solution still defeats the purpose of the exercise.
+
+
+## Variation #2: Using Function Aliasing
+
+```python
+egg_count = int.bit_count
+```
+
+This solution is the shortest of them all, but it can also be rather confusing (_and it does not follow the instructions_).
+It also can throw what appears to be an unrelated error:
+
+```python
+>>> egg_count(3.5)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<python-input-77>", line 1, in <module>
+    egg_count(3.5)
+    ~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
+TypeError: descriptor 'bit_count' for 'int' objects doesn't apply to a 'float' object
+```
+
+This variant makes clever use of [function/method aliasing][function-aliasing], which creates a new name that refers to the existing `int.bit_count()` method.
+This means that when `egg_count(display_value)` is called, `int.bit_count(display_value)` is being used.
+However, you should be careful when using function aliasing, as it often makes code _less_ readable (_as with the error shown above_), and it doesn't have many practical applications outside of backward compatibility.
+
+This solution works because `int.bit_count(<integer_variable>)` is just another way of saying `<integer_variable>.bit_count()`, as instance methods of a class (_the class here being `int`_) have `self` implicitly passed as the first argument when called on an instance (_but not when called directly on the class!_).
+See the [Classes Concept in the Syllabus][concept-classes: methods] or the [Official Python Classes Tutorial][class-method-objects-tutorial] for more detail on how `self` works.
+
+
+[approach-convert-to-binary-string]: https://exercism.org/tracks/python/exercises/eliuds-eggs/approaches/convert-to-binary-string
+[bin-built-in]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bin
+[class-method-objects-tutorial]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#method-objects
+[concept-classes: methods]: https://exercism.org/tracks/python/concepts/classes#h-methods
+[function-aliasing]: https://tutorialreference.com/python/examples/faq/python-how-to-use-function-aliasing
+[int-bit_count]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#int.bit_count
+[sequence-count]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#sequence.count

exercises/practice/eliuds-eggs/.approaches/built-in-bit-count/snippet.txt

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+def egg_count(display_value):
+    return display_value.bit_count()

exercises/practice/eliuds-eggs/.approaches/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+{
+  "introduction": {
+    "authors": ["yrahcaz7"],
+    "contributors": []
+  },
+  "approaches": [
+    {
+      "uuid": "27fb20ed-a4c2-4f73-a8fc-86ba384c7b35",
+      "slug": "argument-modification",
+      "title": "Modify the Argument in a Loop",
+      "blurb": "Modify the argument in a while-loop to determine the number of eggs.",
+      "authors": ["yrahcaz7"]
+    },
+    {
+      "uuid": "65fd717c-0e50-444b-a4b2-b51862f1f810",
+      "slug": "no-argument-modification",
+      "title": "Loop Without Modifying the Argument",
+      "blurb": "Loop over the bits without modifying the argument to calculate the number of eggs.",
+      "authors": ["yrahcaz7"]
+    },
+    {
+      "uuid": "df202fa9-3757-4808-a416-7ec3ee1e9680",
+      "slug": "convert-to-binary-string",
+      "title": "Convert to a Binary String",
+      "blurb": "Convert the argument to a binary string and count its ones to determine the number of eggs.",
+      "authors": ["yrahcaz7"],
+      "contributors": ["BethanyG"]
+    },
+    {
+      "uuid": "97b06094-7ce8-4874-b66a-af7391adc853",
+      "slug": "built-in-bit-count",
+      "title": "Use the Built-In Bit-Count Functionality",
+      "blurb": "Use Python's built-in bit-count functionality to calculate the number of eggs.",
+      "authors": ["yrahcaz7"],
+      "contributors": ["BethanyG"]
+    },
+    {
+      "uuid": "618491ca-480e-4e32-bf91-4940affb48a8",
+      "slug": "helper-functions",
+      "title": "Use Helper Functions",
+      "blurb": "Split the problem into multiple helper functions to calculate the number of eggs.",
+      "authors": ["yrahcaz7"]
+    }
+  ]
+}