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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Carl Linnaeus</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">"Linneus" redirects here. For other uses of Linnaeus, Linneus, Linné, or Linne, see <a href="Linnaeus_(disambiguation)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus_(disambiguation)" title="Linnaeus (disambiguation)">Linnaeus (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="dablink">For his less well known son, <i>L.f.</i>, see <a href="Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a>.</div>
<div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="good-star"><a href="Wikipedia3AGood_articles" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/30px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
<div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:55px;"><a href="Wikipedia3AProtection_policy.html#semi" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" webstripperwas="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
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<th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:transparent; text-align:center;">Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)</th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="File3ACarl_von_Linn$C3$A9.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portrait of Linnaeus on a brown background with the word "Linne" in the top right corner" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn$C3$A9.jpg/240px-Carl_von_Linn$C3$A9.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/240px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" width="240" height="290" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/360px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/480px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" /></a><br />
<span style=""><i>Carl von Linné</i>, <a href="Alexander_Roslin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Roslin" title="Alexander Roslin">Alexander Roslin</a>, 1775.<br />
Oil painting in the portrait collection at<br />
<a href="Gripsholm_Castle" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripsholm_Castle" title="Gripsholm Castle">Gripsholm Castle</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;">Born</th>
<td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1707-05-23</span>)</span>23 May 1707<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birthdate-1"><span>[</span>note 1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="R$C3$A5shult" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a>, Stenbrohult parish (now within <a href="$C3$84lmhult_Municipality" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lmhult_Municipality" title="Älmhult Municipality">Älmhult Municipality</a>), Sweden</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;">Died</th>
<td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;">10 January 1778<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1778-01-10</span>)</span> (aged 70)<br />
Hammarby (<a href="Estate_(land)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estate</a>), Danmark parish (outside Uppsala), Sweden</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;">Residence</th>
<td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="Sweden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;">Nationality</th>
<td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="Swedish_people" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people" title="Swedish people" class="mw-redirect">Swedish</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;">Fields</th>
<td class="category" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="Botany.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a><br />
<a href="Biology.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a><br />
<a href="Zoology.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="Alma_mater" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th>
<td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="Lund_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a><br />
<a href="Uppsala_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a><br />
<a href="University_of_Harderwijk" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Harderwijk" title="University of Harderwijk">University of Harderwijk</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;">Known for</th>
<td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="Linnaean_taxonomy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br />
Ecology<br />
<a href="Botany.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="Author_citation_(botany)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbreviation (botany)</a></th>
<td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;">L.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><b>Signature</b><br />
<a href="File3ALinne_autograph.png.svg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linne_autograph.png.svg" class="image" title="Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)'s signature"><img alt="Carl v. Linné" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Linne_autograph.png.svg/128px-Linne_autograph.png.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Linne_autograph.png.svg/128px-Linne_autograph.png.svg.png" width="128" height="36" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Linne_autograph.png.svg/192px-Linne_autograph.png.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Linne_autograph.png.svg/256px-Linne_autograph.png.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;">
<div style="padding-top:0.25em; text-align:left; font-style:90%;"><b>Notes</b><br />
<br />
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="File3ALinne_CoA.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linne_CoA.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Linne CoA.jpg" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Linne_CoA.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Linne_CoA.jpg" width="240" height="265" /></a></div>
</div>
<center>The <a href="Coat_of_arms" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of Carl von Linné.</center>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Carl Linnaeus</b> (Swedish original name <b>Carl Linnaeus</b>, 23 May<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birthdate-1"><span>[</span>note 1<span>]</span></a></sup> 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his <a href="Swedish_nobility" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">ennoblement</a> as <span class="unicode"><a href="File3ASv-Carl_von_Linn$C3$A9.ogg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" /></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg" class="internal" title="Sv-Carl von Linné.ogg"><b>Carl von Linné</b></a><small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;"> (<a href="Wikipedia3AMedia_help" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor:help;">help</span></a>·<a href="File3ASv-Carl_von_Linn$C3$A9.ogg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg" title="File:Sv-Carl von Linné.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt171_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt171-2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> was a Swedish <a href="Botanist" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist" title="Botanist" class="mw-redirect">botanist</a>, physician, and <a href="Zoologist" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist" title="Zoologist" class="mw-redirect">zoologist</a>, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of <a href="Binomial_nomenclature.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>. He is known as the father of modern <a href="Alpha_taxonomy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy" title="Alpha taxonomy">taxonomy</a>, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in <a href="Latin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and his name is rendered in Latin as <b><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carolus Linnæus</span></b> (after 1761 <b>Carolus a Linné</b>).</p>
<p>Linnaeus was born in the countryside of <a href="Sm$C3$A5land" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, in southern Sweden. Linnaeus received most of his higher education at <a href="Uppsala_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, and began giving lectures in <a href="Botany.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Systema_Naturae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></span></i> in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of botany at <a href="Uppsala" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.</p>
<p>The Swiss philosopher <a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-3"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The German writer <a href="Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> wrote: "With the exception of <a href="William_Shakespeare" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="Baruch_Spinoza" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-3"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Swedish author <a href="August_Strindberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist".<sup id="cite_ref-deceased_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deceased-4"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Among other compliments, Linnaeus has been called <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Princeps botanicorum</span></i> (Prince of Botanists), "The <a href="Natural_History_(Pliny).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Pliny</a> of the North," and "The Second <a href="Adam" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Broberg7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broberg7-5"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In botany, the <a href="Author_citation_(botany)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">author abbreviation</a> used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for species' names is <b>L.</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1959, Carl Linnaeus was designated as the <a href="Lectotype" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotype" title="Lectotype" class="mw-redirect">lectotype</a> for <i><a href="Human" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> which means that following the <a href="International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">nomenclatural rules</a>, <i>Homo sapiens</i> was validly defined as the animal species to which Linnaeus belonged.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Childhood"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#University"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">University</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Lund"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lund</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Uppsala"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Uppsala</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Expedition_to_Lapland"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Expedition to Lapland</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Dalarna"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dalarna</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#European_excursions"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">European excursions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Doctorate"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Doctorate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Publishing_of_Systema_Naturae"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Publishing of <i><span>Systema Naturae</span></i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#George_Clifford"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">George Clifford</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Return_to_Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Return to Sweden</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_exploration_of_Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Further exploration of Sweden</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#.C3.96land_and_Gotland"><span class="tocnumber">1.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Öland and Gotland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#V.C3.A4sterg.C3.B6tland"><span class="tocnumber">1.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Västergötland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Scania"><span class="tocnumber">1.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Scania</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Rector_of_Uppsala_University"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Rector of Uppsala University</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Publishing_of_Philosophia_Botanica"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Publishing of <i><span>Philosophia Botanica</span></i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Publishing_of_Species_Plantarum"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Publishing of <i><span>Species Plantarum</span></i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Ennoblement"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ennoblement</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Last_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Last years</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Apostles"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Apostles</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Early_expeditions"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early expeditions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Cook_expeditions_and_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cook expeditions and Japan</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Major_publications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Major publications</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Systema_Naturae"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Systema Naturae</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Species_Plantarum"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i><span>Species Plantarum</span></i></span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Genera_Plantarum"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i><span>Genera Plantarum</span></i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Philosophia_Botanica"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i><span>Philosophia Botanica</span></i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Linnaean_collections"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Linnaean collections</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Linnaean_taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Linnaean taxonomy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Views_on_mankind"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Views on mankind</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Anthropomorpha"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext"> Anthropomorpha</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Strange_people_in_distant_lands"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext"> Strange people in distant lands</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Four_races"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext"> Four races</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Commemoration"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Commemoration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Commentary_on_Linnaeus"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Commentary on Linnaeus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood">Childhood</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3ALA2-Rashult-2.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LA2-Rashult-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LA2-Rashult-2.jpg/220px-LA2-Rashult-2.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LA2-Rashult-2.jpg/220px-LA2-Rashult-2.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LA2-Rashult-2.jpg/330px-LA2-Rashult-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LA2-Rashult-2.jpg/440px-LA2-Rashult-2.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ALA2-Rashult-2.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LA2-Rashult-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Birth place of Linnaeus at <a href="R$C3$A5shult" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Carl Linnaeus was born in the village of <a href="R$C3$A5shult" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a> in <a href="Sm$C3$A5land" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, Sweden on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus and Christina Brodersonia. His father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent surname. Before that, ancestors had used the <a href="Patronymic" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> naming system of Scandinavian countries: his father was named Ingemarsson after his father Ingemar Bengtsson. When Nils was admitted to the <a href="University_of_Lund" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lund" title="University of Lund" class="mw-redirect">University of Lund</a>, he had to take on a family name. He adopted the Latinate name Linnæus after a giant <a href="Linden_tree" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_tree" title="Linden tree" class="mw-redirect">linden tree</a> (or lime tree), <i><span lang="sv" xml:lang="sv">lind</span></i> in Swedish, that grew on the family homestead.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt12-8"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> This name was spelled with the <a href="$C3$86" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a> <a href="Typographic_ligature" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_ligature" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a>. When Carl was born, he was named Carl Linnæus, with his father's family name. The son also always spelled it with the æ ligature, both in handwritten documents and in publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt13-9"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Carl's patronymic would have been Nilsson, as in Carl Nilsson Linnæus.</p>
<p>One of a long line of peasants and priests, Nils was an amateur <a href="Botanist" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist" title="Botanist" class="mw-redirect">botanist</a>, a <a href="Lutheran" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran" title="Lutheran" class="mw-redirect">Lutheran</a> <a href="Minister_(Christianity)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>, and the <a href="Curate" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a> of the small village of Stenbrohult in Småland. Christina was the daughter of the <a href="Rector_(ecclesiastical)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of Stenbrohult, Samuel Brodersonius. She subsequently gave birth to three daughters and another son, Samuel (who would eventually succeed their father as rector of Stenbrohult and write a manual on <a href="Beekeeping" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt12-8"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver8-10"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broberg10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broberg10-11"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> A year after Linnaeus' birth, his grandfather Samuel Brodersonius died, and his father Nils became the rector of Stenbrohult. The family moved into the <a href="Rectory" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectory" title="Rectory">rectory</a> from the curate's house.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt13_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt13-9"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic2007-12"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Even in his early years, Linnaeus seemed to have a liking for plants, flowers in particular. Whenever he was upset, he was given a flower, which immediately calmed him. Nils spent much time in his garden and often showed flowers to Linnaeus and told him their names. Soon Linnaeus was given his own patch of earth where he could grow plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-13"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_education">Early education</span></h4>
<p>Linnaeus' father began teaching him Latin, religion, and geography at an early age; one account says that due to family use of Latin for conversation, the boy learned Latin before he learned Swedish. When Linnaeus was seven, Nils decided to hire a tutor for him. The parents picked Johan Telander, a son of a local <a href="Yeoman" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a>. Linnaeus did not like him, writing in his autobiography that Telander "was better calculated to extinguish a child's talents than develop them."<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15-16_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-16-14"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Two years after his tutoring had begun, he was sent to the Lower <a href="Grammar_School" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_School" title="Grammar School" class="mw-redirect">Grammar School</a> at <a href="V$C3$A4xj$C3$B6" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a> in 1717.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver5-15"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus rarely studied, often going to the countryside to look for plants. He reached the last year of the Lower School when he was fifteen, which was taught by the headmaster, Daniel Lannerus, who was interested in botany. Lannerus noticed Linnaeus' interest in botany and gave him the run of his garden. He also introduced him to Johan Rothman, the state doctor of Småland and a teacher at Växjö <a href="Gymnasium_(school)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a>. Also a botanist, Rothman broadened Linnaeus' interest in botany and helped him develop an interest in medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt16_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt16-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver5-6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver5-6-17"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> At the age of 17, Linnaeus had become well acquainted with the existing botanical litterature. He remarks in his journal ”read day and night, knowing like the back of my hand, Arvidh Månsson´s Rydaholm Book of Herbs, Tillandz´s Flora Åboensis, <a href="Johannes_Palmberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Palmberg" title="Johannes Palmberg">Palmberg´s Serta Florea Suecana</a>, Bromelii Chloros Gothica and Rudbeckii Hortus Upsaliensis..” <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Linnaeus entered the Växjö Gymnasium in 1724, where he studied mainly <a href="Greek_language" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="Hebrew" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" title="Hebrew" class="mw-redirect">Hebrew</a>, <a href="Theology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="Mathematics" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, a curriculum designed for boys preparing for the priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver6-19"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt16-17_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt16-17-20"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> In the last year at the gymnasium, Linnaeus' father visited to ask the professors how his son's studies were progressing; to his dismay, most said that the boy would never become a scholar. Rothman believed otherwise, suggesting Linnaeus could have a future in medicine. The doctor offered to have Linnaeus live with his family in Växjö and to teach him <a href="Physiology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and botany. Nils accepted this offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt17-18_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt17-18-21"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver8-11_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver8-11-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="University">University</span></h3>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Lund">Lund</span></h4>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="File3ACarl_von_Linn$C3$A9_i_Lund.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carl_von_Linn$C3$A9_i_Lund.jpg/170px-Carl_von_Linn$C3$A9_i_Lund.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg/170px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg/255px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg/340px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg 2x" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ACarl_von_Linn$C3$A9_i_Lund.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Statue of Linnaeus as a University student in <a href="Lund" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a></div>
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<p>Rothman showed Linnaeus that botany was a serious subject. He taught Linnaeus to classify plants according to <a href="Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Tournefort's</a> system. Linnaeus was also taught about the sexual reproduction of plants, according to <a href="S$C3$A9bastien_Vaillant" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Vaillant" title="Sébastien Vaillant">Sébastien Vaillant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt17-18_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt17-18-21"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1727, Linnaeus, age 21, enrolled in <a href="Lund_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> in <a href="Sk$C3$A5ne" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" title="Skåne" class="mw-redirect">Skåne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt18_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt18-23"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver13-24"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> He was registered as <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carolus Linnæus</span></i>, the Latin form of his full name, which he also used later for his Latin publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt171_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt171-2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Professor <a href="Kilian_Stob$C3$A6us" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilian_Stob%C3%A6us" title="Kilian Stobæus">Kilian Stobæus</a>, natutral scientist, physician and historian, offered Linnaeus tutoring and lodging, as well as the use of his library, which included many books about botany. He also gave the student free admission to his lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt21-22_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt21-22-25"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver15_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver15-26"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> In his spare time, Linnaeus explored the flora of Skåne, together with students sharing the same interests.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver14-15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver14-15-27"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Uppsala">Uppsala</span></h4>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3ALinn$C3$A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Linn$C3$A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg/220px-Linn$C3$A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg/220px-Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg/330px-Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg/440px-Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg 2x" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ALinn$C3$A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="Pollination" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> depicted in <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plantarum</span></i> (1729)</div>
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<p>In August 1728, Linnaeus decided to attend <a href="Uppsala_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> on the advice of Rothman, who believed it would be a better choice if Linnaeus wanted to study both medicine and botany. Rothman based this recommendation on the two professors who taught at the medical faculty at Uppsala: <a href="Olof_Rudbeck_the_Younger" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck_the_Younger" title="Olof Rudbeck the Younger">Olof Rudbeck the Younger</a> and <a href="Lars_Roberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Roberg" title="Lars Roberg">Lars Roberg</a>. Although Rudbeck and Roberg had undoubtedly been good professors, by then they were older and not so interested in teaching. Rudbeck no longer gave public lectures, and had others stand in for him. The botany, zoology, pharmacology and anatomy lectures were not in their best state.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt23-25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt23-25-28"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> In Uppsala, Linnaeus met a new benefactor, <a href="Olof_Celsius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Celsius" title="Olof Celsius">Olof Celsius</a>, who was a professor of theology and an amateur botanist.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt31-32_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt31-32-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> He received Linnaeus into his home and allowed him use of his library, which was one of the richest botanical libraries in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver19-20_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver19-20-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 1729, Linnaeus wrote a thesis, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plantarum</span></i> on <a href="Plant_sexual_reproduction" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_sexual_reproduction" title="Plant sexual reproduction" class="mw-redirect">plant sexual reproduction</a>. This attracted the attention of Rudbeck; in May 1730, he selected Linnaeus to give lectures at the University although the young man was only a second-year student. His lectures were popular, and Linnaeus often addressed an audience of 300 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt32-34_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt32-34-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> In June, Linnaeus moved from Celsius' house to Rudbeck's to become the tutor of the three youngest of his 24 children. His friendship with Celsius did not wane and they continued their botanical expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt34-37_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt34-37-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Over that winter, Linnaeus began to doubt Tournefort's system of classification and decided to create one of his own. His plan was to divide the plants by the number of <a href="Stamen" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and <a href="Pistil" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil" title="Pistil" class="mw-redirect">pistils</a>. He began writing several books, which would later result in, for example, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Genera_Plantarum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></span></i> and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Critica Botanica</span></i>. He also produced a book on the plants grown in the <a href="Linnaean_Garden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Uppsala Botanical Garden</a>, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Adonis Uplandicus</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-36-37_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-36-37-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Rudbeck's former assistant, <a href="Nils_Ros$C3$A9n_von_Rosenstein" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Ros%C3%A9n_von_Rosenstein" title="Nils Rosén von Rosenstein">Nils Rosén</a>, returned to the University in March 1731 with a degree in medicine. Rosén started giving anatomy lectures and tried to take over Linnaeus' botany lectures, but Rudbeck prevented that. Until December, Rosén gave Linnaeus private tutoring in medicine. In December, Linnaeus had a "disagreement" with Rudbeck's wife and had to move out of his mentor's house; his relationship with Rudbeck did not appear to suffer. That Christmas, Linnaeus returned home to Stenbrohult to visit his parents for the first time in about three years. His mother had disapproved of his failing to become a priest, but she was pleased to learn he was teaching at the University.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-36-37_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-36-37-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson40_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson40-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Expedition_to_Lapland">Expedition to Lapland</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="Expedition_to_Lapland" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_to_Lapland" title="Expedition to Lapland">Expedition to Lapland</a> and <a href="Flora_Lapponica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="File3ACarolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg/170px-Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg/170px-Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg" width="170" height="237" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg/255px-Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg/340px-Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg 2x" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ACarolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Linnaeus in the traditional dress of the <a href="Sami_people" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> of <a href="Lapland_(region)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_(region)" title="Lapland (region)">Lapland</a>, holding the <a href="Twinflower" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinflower" title="Twinflower" class="mw-redirect">twinflower</a> that became his personal emblem</div>
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<p>During a visit with his parents, Linnaeus told them about his plan to travel to <a href="Lapland_(Sweden)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lapland</a>; Rudbeck had made the journey in 1695, but the detailed results of his exploration were lost in a fire seven years afterwards. Linnaeus' hope was to find new plants, animals and possibly valuable minerals. He was also curious about the customs of the native <a href="Sami_people" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>, reindeer-herding nomads who wandered Scandinavia's vast tundras. In April 1732, Linnaeus was awarded a grant from the <a href="Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsala" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsala" title="Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala">Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala</a> for his journey.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson42-43_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson42-43-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-38_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-38-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Linnaeus began his expedition from Uppsala in May; he travelled on foot and horse, bringing with him his journal, botanical and <a href="Ornithological" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithological" title="Ornithological" class="mw-redirect">ornithological</a> manuscripts and sheets of paper for pressing plants. Near <a href="G$C3$A4vle" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a> he found great quantities of <i>Campanula serpyllifolia</i>, later known as <i><a href="Linnaea_borealis" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaea_borealis" title="Linnaea borealis" class="mw-redirect">Linnaea borealis</a></i>, the twinflower that would become his favourite.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-42-43_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-42-43-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> He sometimes dismounted on the way to examine a flower or rock<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson43-44_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson43-44-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> and was particularly interested in <a href="Moss" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="Lichen" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, the latter a main part of the diet of the <a href="Reindeer" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>, a common animal in Lapland.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson46_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson46-39"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Linnaeus travelled clockwise around the coast of the <a href="Gulf_of_Bothnia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, making major inland incursions from <a href="Ume$C3$A5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>, <a href="Lule$C3$A5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a> and <a href="Tornio" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio">Tornio</a>. He returned from his six-month long, over 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) expedition in October, having gathered and observed many plants, birds and rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-63-65_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-63-65-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt39-42_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt39-42-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broberg29_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broberg29-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Although Lapland was a region with limited <a href="Biodiversity" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, Linnaeus described about 100 previously unidentified plants. These became the basis of his book <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Flora_Lapponica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic1-43"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver38-39_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver38-39-44"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flora Lapponica</span></i> Linnaeus' ideas about <a href="Nomenclature" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> and <a href="Biological_classification.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification">classification</a> were first used in a practical way, making this the first proto-modern <a href="Flora" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frodin_p27_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frodin_p27-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> The account covered 534 species, used the Linnaean classification system and included, for the described species, geographical distribution and taxonomic notes. It was <a href="Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">Augustin Pyramus de Candolle</a> who attributed Linnaeus with <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flora Lapponica</span></i> as the first example in the botanical genre of Flora writing. Botanical historian <a href="Edward_Lee_Greene" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lee_Greene" title="Edward Lee Greene">E. L. Greene</a> described <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flora Lapponica</span></i> as "the most classic and delightful" of Linnaeus's works.<sup id="cite_ref-Frodin_p27_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frodin_p27-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>It was also during this expedition that Linnaeus had a <a href="Eureka_effect" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_effect" title="Eureka effect">flash of insight</a> regarding the classification of mammals. Upon observing the lower jawbone of a horse at the side of a road he was traveling, Linnaeus remarked: "If I only knew how many teeth and of what kind every animal had, how many teats and where they were placed, I should perhaps be able to work out a perfectly natural system for the arrangement of all quadrupeds."<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-54_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-54-46"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Dalarna">Dalarna</span></h4>
<p>In 1734, Linnaeus led a small group of students to <a href="Dalarna" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>. Funded by the Governor of Dalarna, the expedition was to catalogue known natural resources and discover new ones, but also to gather intelligence on Norwegian mining activities at <a href="R$C3$B8ros" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ros" title="Røros">Røros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Broberg29_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broberg29-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="European_excursions">European excursions</span></h3>
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Cities where Linnaeus worked; those outside Sweden were only visited during 1735–1738.</div>
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<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Doctorate">Doctorate</span></h4>
<p>Back in Uppsala, Linnaeus' relations with Nils Rosén worsened, and thus he gladly accepted an invitation from the student Claes Sohlberg to spend the Christmas holiday in <a href="Falun" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a> with Sohlberg's family. Sohlberg's father was a mining inspector, and let Linnaeus visit the mines near Falun.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-74_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-74-47"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Sohland's father suggested to Linnaeus he should bring Sohlberg to the <a href="Dutch_Republic" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and continue to tutor him there for an annual salary. At that time, the Dutch Republic was one of the most revered places to study natural history and a common place for Swedes to take their doctoral degree; Linnaeus, who was interested in both of these, accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-78-79_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-78-79-48"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In April 1735, Linnaeus and Sohlberg set out for the <a href="Netherlands" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, with Linnaeus to take a doctoral degree in medicine at the <a href="University_of_Harderwijk" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Harderwijk" title="University of Harderwijk">University of Harderwijk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver71_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver71-49"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> On the way, they stopped in <a href="Hamburg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, where they met the mayor, who proudly showed them a wonder of nature which he possessed: the <a href="Taxidermy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermied</a> remains of a seven-headed <a href="Lernaean_Hydra" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">hydra</a>. Linnaeus quickly discovered it was a fake: jaws and clawed feet from weasels and skins from snakes had been glued together. The provenance of the hydra suggested to Linnaeus it had been manufactured by monks to represent the <a href="The_Beast_(Bible)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_(Bible)" title="The Beast (Bible)" class="mw-redirect">Beast of Revelation</a>. As much as this may have upset the mayor, Linnaeus made his observations public and the mayor's dreams of selling the hydra for an enormous sum were ruined. Fearing his wrath, Linnaeus and Sohlberg had to leave Hamburg quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson60-61_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson60-61-50"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt90_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt90-51"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3AAlbertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg/220px-Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg/220px-Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg/330px-Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg/440px-Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg 2x" /></a>
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The Hamburg Hydra, from the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thesaurus</span></i> (1734) of <a href="Albertus_Seba" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Seba" title="Albertus Seba">Albertus Seba</a></div>
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<p>When Linnaeus reached <a href="Harderwijk" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harderwijk" title="Harderwijk">Harderwijk</a>, he began working toward a degree immediately; at the time, Harderwijk was known for awarding "instant" degrees after as little as a week.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt94_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt94-52"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> First he handed in a thesis on the cause of malaria he had written in Sweden, which he then defended in a public debate. The next step was to take an oral examination and to diagnose a patient. After less than two weeks, he took his degree and became a doctor, at the age of 28.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson60-61_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson60-61-50"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt94_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt94-52"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> During the summer, Linnaeus met a friend from Uppsala, <a href="Peter_Artedi" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a>. Before their departure from Uppsala, Artedi and Linnaeus had decided should one of them die, the survivor would finish the other's work. Ten weeks later, Artedi drowned in one of the <a href="Canals_of_Amsterdam" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">canals of Amsterdam</a>, and his unfinished manuscript on the classification of fish was left to Linnaeus to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson66_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson66-53"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt98-100_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt98-100-54"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing_of_Systema_Naturae">Publishing of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i></span></h4>
<p>One of the first scientists Linnaeus met in the Netherlands was <a href="Jan_Frederik_Gronovius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Frederik_Gronovius" title="Jan Frederik Gronovius">Johan Frederik Gronovius</a> to whom Linnaeus showed one of the several manuscripts he had brought with him from Sweden. The manuscript described a new system for classifying plants. When Gronovius saw it, he was very impressed, and offered to help pay for the printing. With an additional monetary contribution by the Scottish doctor Isaac Lawson, the manuscript was published as <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Systema_Naturae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt98_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt98-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson62-63_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson62-63-56"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Linnaeus became acquainted with one of the most respected physicians and botanists in the Netherlands, <a href="Herman_Boerhaave" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a>, who tried to convince Linnaeus to make a career there. Boerhaave offered him a journey to South Africa and America, but Linnaeus declined, stating he would not stand the heat. Instead, Boerhaave convinced Linnaeus that he should visit the botanist <a href="Johannes_Burman" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a>. After his visit, Burman, impressed with his guest's knowledge, decided Linnaeus should stay with him during the winter. During his stay, Linnaeus helped Burman with his <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thesaurus Zeylanicus</span></i>. Burman also helped Linnaeus with the books on which he was working: <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fundamenta Botanica</span></i> and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bibliotheca Botanica</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt100-102_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt100-102-57"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="George_Clifford">George Clifford</span></h4>
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<div class="thumbimage"><a href="File3AHortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png" class="image"><img alt="Folia Composita et Folia Determinata" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png/106px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png/106px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png" width="106" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png/159px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png/212px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png 2x" /></a></div>
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<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent">Leaf forms from <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Hortus_Cliffortianus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></span></i> (1738)</div>
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<p>In August, during Linnaeus' stay with Burman, he met <a href="George_Clifford_III" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a>, a director of the <a href="Dutch_East_India_Company" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and the owner of a rich botanical garden at the estate of <a href="Hartekamp" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartekamp" title="Hartekamp">Hartekamp</a> in <a href="Heemstede" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heemstede" title="Heemstede">Heemstede</a>. Clifford was very impressed with Linnaeus' ability to classify plants, and invited him to become his physician and superintendent of his garden. Linnaeus had already agreed to stay with Burman over the winter, and could thus not accept immediately. However, Clifford offered to compensate Burman by offering him a copy of <a href="Hans_Sloane" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Sir Hans Sloane's</a> <i>Natural History of Jamaica</i>, a rare book, if he let Linnaeus stay with him, and Burman accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson64_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson64-58"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver81-82_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver81-82-59"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> On 24 September 1735, Linnaeus became the botanical curator and house physician at Hartekamp, free to buy any book or plant he wanted.</p>
<p>In July 1736, Linnaeus travelled to England, at Clifford's expense.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt106-107_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt106-107-60"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> He went to London to visit <a href="Hans_Sloane" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Sir Hans Sloane</a>, a collector of natural history, and to see his <a href="Cabinet_of_curiosities" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver89_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver89-61"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> as well as to visit the <a href="Chelsea_Physic_Garden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden" title="Chelsea Physic Garden">Chelsea Physic Garden</a> and its keeper, <a href="Philip_Miller" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller" title="Philip Miller">Philip Miller</a>. He taught Miller about his new system of subdividing plants, as described in <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i>. Miller was impressed, and from then on started to arrange the garden according to Linnaeus' system.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver89-90_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver89-90-62"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus also traveled to Oxford University to visit the botanist <a href="Johann_Jacob_Dillenius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Dillenius" title="Johann Jacob Dillenius">Johann Jacob Dillenius</a>. He failed, however, to make Dillenius publicly accept his new classification system. He then returned to Hartekamp, bringing with him many specimens of rare plants.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver90-93_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver90-93-63"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> The next year, he published <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Genera_Plantarum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></span></i>, in which he described 935 <a href="Genera" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera" title="Genera" class="mw-redirect">genera</a> of plants, and shortly thereafter he supplemented it with <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corollarium Generum Plantarum</span></i>, with another sixty (<i>sexaginta</i>) genera.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver95_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver95-64"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>His work at Hartekamp led to another book, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Hortus_Cliffortianus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></span></i>, a catalogue of the botanical holdings in the herbarium and botanical garden of Hartekamp. He wrote it in nine months (completed in July 1737), but it was not published until 1738.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt100-102_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt100-102-57"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> It contains the first use of the name <i><a href="Nepenthes" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes" title="Nepenthes">Nepenthes</a></i>, which Linnaeus used to describe a genus of <a href="Pitcher_plants" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_plants" title="Pitcher plants" class="mw-redirect">pitcher plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nepenthes_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepenthes-66"><span>[</span>note 2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Linnaeus stayed with Clifford at Hartekamp until 18 October 1737 (new style), when he left the house to return to Sweden. Illness and the kindness of Dutch friends obliged him to stay some months longer in Holland. In May 1738, he set out for Sweden again. On the way home, he stayed in Paris for about a month, visiting botanists such as <a href="Antoine_de_Jussieu" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine de Jussieu">Antoine de Jussieu</a>. After his return, Linnaeus never left Sweden again.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt123_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt123-67"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koerner56_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner56-68"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Return_to_Sweden">Return to Sweden</span></h3>
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Wedding portrait of Linnaeus</div>
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<p>When Linnaeus returned to Sweden on 28 June 1738, he went to <a href="Falun" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a>, where he entered into an engagement to Sara Elisabeth Moræa. Three months later, he moved to Stockholm to find employment as a physician, and thus to make it possible to support a family.<sup id="cite_ref-nrm.se_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-69"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver141_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver141-70"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Once again, Linnaeus found a patron; he became acquainted with <a href="Carl_Gustav_Tessin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Tessin" title="Carl Gustav Tessin" class="mw-redirect">Count Carl Gustav Tessin</a>, who helped him get work as a physician at the Admiralty.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver146-147_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver146-147-71"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koerner16_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner16-72"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> During this time in Stockholm, Linnaeus helped found the <a href="Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Science" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Science" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Science" class="mw-redirect">Royal Swedish Academy of Science</a>; he became the first <a href="Praeses" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a> in the academy by drawing of lots.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner103-105_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner103-105-73"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Because his finances had improved and were now sufficient to support a family, he received permission to marry his fiancée, Sara Elisabeth Moræa. Their wedding was held 26 June 1739. Seven months later, Sara gave birth to their first son, <a href="Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl</a>. Two years later, a daughter, Elisabeth Christina, was born, and the subsequent year Sara gave birth to Sara Magdalena, who died 15 days old. Sara and Linnaeus would later have four other children: Lovisa, Sara Christina, Johannes and Sophia.<sup id="cite_ref-nrm.se_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-69"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver382_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver382-74"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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The Linnaeus house in <a href="Uppsala" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></div>
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<p>In May 1741, Linnaeus was appointed Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University, first with responsibility for medicine-related matters. Soon, he changed place with the other Professor of Medicine, Nils Rosén, and thus was responsible for the Botanical Garden (which he would thoroughly reconstruct and expand), botany and <a href="Natural_history" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, instead. In October that same year, his wife and nine-year-old son followed him to live in Uppsala.<sup id="cite_ref-Gribbin49-50_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gribbin49-50-75"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_exploration_of_Sweden">Further exploration of Sweden</span></h3>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id=".C3.96land_and_Gotland">Öland and Gotland</span></h4>
<p>Ten days after he was appointed Professor, he undertook an expedition to the island provinces of <a href="$C3$96land" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> and <a href="Gotland" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> with six students from the university, to look for plants useful in medicine. First, they travelled to Öland and stayed there until 21 June, when they sailed to <a href="Visby" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a> in Gotland. Linnaeus and the students stayed on Gotland for about a month, and then returned to Uppsala. During this expedition, they found 100 previously unrecorded plants. The observations from the expedition were later published in <i><span lang="sv" xml:lang="sv">Öländska och Gothländska Resa</span></i>, written in Swedish. Like <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flora Lapponica</span></i>, it contained both zoological and botanical observations, as well as observations concerning the culture in Öland and Gotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner115_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner115-76"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt137-142_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt137-142-77"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>During the summer of 1745, Linnaeus published two more books: <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flora Suecica</span></i> and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fauna Suecica</span></i>. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flora Suecica</span></i> was a strictly botanical book, while <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fauna Suecica</span></i> was <a href="Zoology.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoological</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrm.se_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-69"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver117-118_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver117-118-78"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="Anders_Celsius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> had created the temperature scale <a href="Celsius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">named after him</a> in 1742. Celsius' scale was inverted compared to today, the boiling point at 0 °C and freezing point at 100 °C. In 1745, Linnaeus inverted the scale to its present standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner204_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner204-79"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="V.C3.A4sterg.C3.B6tland">Västergötland</span></h4>
<p>In the summer of 1746, Linnaeus was once again commissioned by the Government to carry out an expedition, this time to the Swedish province of <a href="V$C3$A4sterg$C3$B6tland" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>. He set out from Uppsala on 12 June and returned on 11 August. On the expedition his primary companion was Erik Gustaf Lidbeck, a student who had accompanied him on his previous journey. Linnaeus described his findings from the expedition in the book <i><span lang="sv" xml:lang="sv">Wästgöta-Resa</span></i>, published the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner115_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner115-76"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt159_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt159-80"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> After returning from the journey the Government decided Linnaeus should take on another expedition to the southernmost province <a href="Scania" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>. This journey was postponed, as Linnaeus felt too busy.<sup id="cite_ref-nrm.se_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-69"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 1747, Linnaeus was given the title <a href="Archiater" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiater" title="Archiater">archiater</a>, or chief physician, by the Swedish king <a href="Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden" class="mw-redirect">Adolf Frederick</a>—a mark of great respect.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt165_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt165-81"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> The same year he was elected member of the <a href="Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences in Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver167_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver167-82"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Scania">Scania</span></h4>
<p>In the spring of 1749, Linnaeus could finally journey to <a href="Scania" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, again commissioned by the Government. With him he brought his student, Olof Söderberg. On the way to Scania, he made his last visit to his brothers and sisters in Stenbrohult since his father had died the previous year. The expedition was similar to the previous journeys in most aspects, but this time he was also ordered to find the best place to grow <a href="Walnut" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> and <a href="Sorbus_intermedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbus_intermedia" title="Sorbus intermedia" class="mw-redirect">Swedish whitebeam</a> trees; these trees were used by the military to make rifles. The journey was successful, and Linnaeus' observations were published the next year in <i><span lang="sv" xml:lang="sv">Skånska Resa</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt198-205_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt198-205-83"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koerner116_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner116-84"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rector_of_Uppsala_University">Rector of Uppsala University</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:392px;"><a href="File3ACarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg/390px-CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg/390px-CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg" width="390" height="94" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg/585px-CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg/780px-CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg 2x" /></a>
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The Linnaeus summer home at his Hammarby estate</div>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ACarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The Linnaean garden</div>
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<p>In 1750, Linnaeus became rector of Uppsala University, starting a period where natural sciences were esteemed.<sup id="cite_ref-nrm.se_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-69"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most important contribution he made during his time at Uppsala was to teach; many of his students travelled to various places in the world to collect botanical samples. Linnaeus called the best of these students his "apostles".<sup id="cite_ref-Gribbin56-57_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gribbin56-57-85"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> His lectures were normally very popular and were often held in the Botanical Garden. He tried to teach the students to think for themselves and not trust anybody, not even him. Even more popular than the lectures were the botanical excursions made every Saturday during summer, where Linnaeus and his students explored the flora and fauna in the vicinity of Uppsala.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt206_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt206-86"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing_of_Philosophia_Botanica">Publishing of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Philosophia Botanica</span></i></span></h4>
<p>Linnaeus published <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Philosophia_Botanica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></span></i> in 1751. The book contained a complete survey of the taxonomy system he had been using in his earlier works. It also contained information of how to keep a journal on travels and how to maintain a botanical garden.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt221_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt221-87"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing_of_Species_Plantarum">Publishing of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Species Plantarum</span></i></span></h4>
<p>Linnaeus published <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Species_Plantarum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></span></i>, the work which is now internationally accepted as the starting point of modern <a href="Botanical_nomenclature.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>, in 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-Stace_p24_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stace_p24-88"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> The first volume was issued on 24 May, the second volume followed on 16 August<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>note 3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> The book contained 1,200 pages and was published in two volumes; it described over 7,300 species.<sup id="cite_ref-Gribbin47_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gribbin47-92"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver198-199_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver198-199-93"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> The same year the king dubbed him knight of the <a href="Order_of_the_Polar_Star" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star" title="Order of the Polar Star">Order of the Polar Star</a>, the first civilian in Sweden to become a knight in this order. He was then seldom seen not wearing the order.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt166_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt166-94"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ennoblement">Ennoblement</span></h4>
<p>Linnaeus felt Uppsala was too noisy and unhealthy, so he bought two farms in 1758: Hammarby and Sävja. The next year, he bought a neighbouring farm, Edeby. He spent the summers with his family at Hammarby; initially it only had a small one-storey house, but in 1762 a new, larger main building was added.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner116_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner116-84"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt219_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt219-95"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> In Hammarby, Linnaeus made a garden where he could grow plants that could not be grown in the Botanical Garden in Uppsala. He began constructing a museum on a hill behind Hammarby in 1766, where he moved his library and collection of plants. A fire that destroyed about one third of Uppsala and had threatened his residence there necessitated the move.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt220-224_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt220-224-96"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Since the initial release of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i> in 1735, the book had been expanded and reprinted several times; the <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> was released in 1758. This edition established itself as the starting point for <a href="Zoological_nomenclature.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Zoological_nomenclature" title="Zoological nomenclature" class="mw-redirect">zoological nomenclature</a>, the equivalent of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Species Plantarum</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gribbin47_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gribbin47-92"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt6_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt6-97"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The Swedish king Adolf Frederick granted Linnaeus <a href="Nobility" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> in 1757, but he was not <a href="Ennobled" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennobled" title="Ennobled" class="mw-redirect">ennobled</a> until 1761. With his ennoblement, he took the name Carl von Linné (Latinized as <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carolus a Linné</span></i>), 'Linné' being a shortened and <a href="French_language" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">gallicised</a> version of 'Linnæus', and the German title '<a href="Von" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a>' signifying his ennoblement.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt171_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt171-2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The noble family's <a href="Coat_of_arms" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> prominently features a twinflower, one of Linnaeus' favourite plants; it was given the scientific name <i>Linnaea borealis</i> in his honour by <a href="Jan_Frederik_Gronovius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Frederik_Gronovius" title="Jan Frederik Gronovius">Gronovius</a>. The shield in the coat of arms is divided into thirds: red, black and green for the three kingdoms of nature (animal, mineral and vegetable) in Linnaean classification; in the center is an egg "to denote Nature, which is continued and perpetuated <i>in ovo</i>." At the bottom is a phrase in Latin, borrowed from the <a href="Aeneid" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, which reads "<span class="allcaps" style="text-transform:uppercase;">Famam extendere factis</span>": we extend our fame by our deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt199_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt199-98"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt229-230_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt229-230-99"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gribbin62_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gribbin62-100"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>After his ennoblement, Linnaeus continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he corresponded with many different people. For example, <a href="Catherine_II_of_Russia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" title="Catherine II of Russia" class="mw-redirect">Catherine II of Russia</a> sent him seeds from her country.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-101"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> He also corresponded with <a href="Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli" title="Giovanni Antonio Scopoli">Giovanni Antonio Scopoli</a>, "the Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire", who was a doctor and a botanist in <a href="Idrija" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a>, <a href="Duchy_of_Carniola" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a> (nowadays <a href="Slovenia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> Scopoli communicated all of his research, findings, and descriptions (for example of the <a href="Olm" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olm" title="Olm">olm</a> and the <a href="Dormouse" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormouse" title="Dormouse">dormouse</a>, two little animals hitherto unknown to Linnaeus). Linnaeus greatly respected him and showed great interest in his work. He named a solanaceous genus, <i><a href="Scopolia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolia" title="Scopolia">Scopolia</a></i>, the source of <a href="Scopolamine" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">scopolamine</a>, after him. Because of a great distance, they didn't ever meet.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Last_years">Last years</span></h3>
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<a href="Headstone" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headstone" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> of Carl Linnaeus and his son <a href="Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a></div>
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<p>Linnaeus was relieved of his duties in the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1763, but continued his work there as usual for more than ten years after.<sup id="cite_ref-nrm.se_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-69"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> He stepped down as rector at Uppsala University in December 1772, mostly due to his declining health.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner56_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner56-68"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt245_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt245-105"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Linnaeus' last years were troubled by illness. He had suffered from a disease called the Uppsala fever in 1764, but survived thanks to the care of Rosén. He developed <a href="Sciatica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatica" title="Sciatica">sciatica</a> in 1773, and the next year, he had a stroke which partially paralysed him.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt232_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt232-106"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> He suffered a second stroke in 1776, losing the use of his right side and leaving him bereft of his memory; while still able to admire his own writings, he could not recognize himself as their author.<sup id="cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver243-245_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St.C3.B6ver243-245-107"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broberg42_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broberg42-108"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In December 1777, he had another stroke which greatly weakened him, and eventually led to his death on 10 January 1778 in Hammarby.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt245_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt245-105"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gribbin63_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gribbin63-109"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite his desire to be buried in Hammarby, he was interred in <a href="Uppsala_Cathedral" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a> on 22 January.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic4_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic4-110"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson104-106_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson104-106-111"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>His library and collections were left to his widow Sara and their children. <a href="Joseph_Banks" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, an English botanist, wanted to buy the collection, but his son Carl refused and moved the collection to Uppsala. However, in 1783 Carl died and Sara inherited the collection, having outlived both her husband and son. She tried to sell it to Banks, but he was no longer interested; instead an acquaintance of his agreed to buy the collection. The acquaintance was a 24-year-old medical student, <a href="James_Edward_Smith" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Smith" title="James Edward Smith">James Edward Smith</a>, who bought the whole collection: 14,000 plants, 3,198 insects, 1,564 shells, about 3,000 letters and 1,600 books. Smith founded the <a href="Linnean_Society_of_London" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a> five years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson104-106_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson104-106-111"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt2001-238-240_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-238-240-112"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The von Linné name ended with his son Carl, who never married.<sup id="cite_ref-deceased_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deceased-4"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> His other son, Johannes, had died aged 3.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> There are over two hundred descendants of Linnaeus through two of his daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-deceased_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deceased-4"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Apostles">Apostles</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="Apostles_of_Linnaeus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></div>
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<a href="Peter_Forssk$C3$A5l" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a> was among the apostles who met a tragic fate abroad.</div>
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<p>During Linnaeus' time as Professor and Rector of Uppsala University, he taught <a href="List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">many devoted students</a>, 17 of whom he called "apostles". They were the most promising, most committed students, and all of them made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with his help. The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a scholarship or a place on an expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt189-190_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt189-190-114"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> To most of the apostles he gave instructions of what to look for on their journeys. Abroad, the apostles collected and organised new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus' system. Most of them also gave some of their collection to Linnaeus when their journey was finished.<sup id="cite_ref-Broberg37-39_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broberg37-39-115"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> Thanks to these students, the Linnaean system of taxonomy spread through the world without Linnaeus ever having to travel outside Sweden after his return from Holland.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson92-93_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson92-93-116"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> The British botanist <a href="William_T._Stearn" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">William T. Stearn</a> notes without Linnaeus' new system, it would not have been possible for the apostles to collect and organise so many new specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt184-185_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt184-185-117"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Many of the apostles died during their expeditions.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_expeditions">Early expeditions</span></h3>
<p>Christopher Tärnström, the first apostle and a 43-year-old pastor with a wife and children, made his journey in 1746. He boarded a <a href="Swedish_East_India_Company" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a> ship headed for China. Tärnström never reached his destination, dying of a tropical fever on <a href="C$C3$B4n_S$C6$A1n_Island" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Côn Sơn Island</a> the same year. Tärnström's widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless, causing Linnaeus to prefer sending out younger, unmarried students after Tärnström.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt185-186_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt185-186-118"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> Six other apostles later died on their expeditions, including <a href="Pehr_Forssk$C3$A5l" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Pehr Forsskål" class="mw-redirect">Pehr Forsskål</a> and <a href="Pehr_L$C3$B6fling" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt184-185_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt184-185-117"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Two years after Tärnström's expedition, Finnish-born <a href="Pehr_Kalm" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a> set out as the second apostle to North America. There he spent two-and-a-half years studying the flora and fauna of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Canada. Linnaeus was overjoyed when Kalm returned, bringing back with him many pressed flowers and seeds. At least 90 of the 700 North American species described in <i>Species Plantarum</i> had been brought back by Kalm.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson93-94_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson93-94-119"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cook_expeditions_and_Japan">Cook expeditions and Japan</span></h3>
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Apostle <a href="Daniel_Solander" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a> (far left) with <a href="Joseph_Banks" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (left, sitting) accompanied <a href="James_Cook" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (centre) on his journey to Australia.</div>
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<p><a href="Daniel_Solander" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a> was living in Linnaeus' house during his time as a student in Uppsala. Linnaeus was very fond of him, promising Solander his oldest daughter's hand in marriage. On Linnaeus' recommendation, Solander travelled to England in 1760, where he met the English botanist <a href="Joseph_Banks" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>. With Banks, Solander joined <a href="James_Cook" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> on his expedition to Oceania on the <i><a href="HM_Bark_Endeavour" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Bark_Endeavour" title="HM Bark Endeavour" class="mw-redirect">Endeavour</a></i> in 1768–71.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson96_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson96-120"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blunt191-192_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt191-192-121"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> Solander was not the only apostle to journey with James Cook; <a href="Anders_Sparrman" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman" class="mw-redirect">Anders Sparrman</a> followed on the <i><a href="HMS_Resolution_(1771)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">Resolution</a></i> in 1772–75 bound for, among other places, Oceania and South America. Sparrman made many other expeditions, one of them to South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt192-193_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt192-193-122"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was <a href="Carl_Peter_Thunberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a>, who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770. He stayed in South Africa for three years, then travelled to Japan. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the island of <a href="Dejima" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> outside <a href="Nagasaki" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, so it was thus hard for Thunberg to study the flora. He did, however, manage to persuade some of the translators to bring him different plants, and he also found plants in the gardens of Dejima. He returned to Sweden in 1779, one year after Linnaeus' death.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt193-194_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt193-194-123"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Major_publications">Major publications</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Carl Linnaeus bibliography</a></div>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Systema_Naturae"><i>Systema Naturae</i></span></h3>
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Title page of the <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition of <i>Systema Naturæ</i></a> (1758)</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="Systema_Naturae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> and <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition of Systema Naturae</a></div>
<p>The first edition of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i> was printed in the Netherlands in 1735. It was a twelve-page work.<sup id="cite_ref-SystNat1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SystNat1-124"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> By the time it reached its 10th edition in 1758, it classified 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants. In it, the unwieldy names mostly used at the time, such as "<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Physalis annua ramosissima, ramis angulosis glabris, foliis dentato-serratis</span></i>", were supplemented with concise and now familiar "binomials", composed of the generic name, followed by a specific epithet – in the case given, <i><a href="Physalis_angulata" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalis_angulata" title="Physalis angulata">Physalis angulata</a></i>. These binomials could serve as a label to refer to the species. Higher taxa were constructed and arranged in a simple and orderly manner. Although the system, now known as <a href="Binomial_nomenclature.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, was partially developed by the Bauhin brothers (see <a href="Gaspard_Bauhin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> and <a href="Johann_Bauhin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a>) almost 200 years earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus was the first to use it consistently throughout the work, including in monospecific genera, and may be said to have popularised it within the scientific community.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Species_Plantarum"><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Species Plantarum</span></i></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="Species_Plantarum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></div>
<p><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Species Plantarum</span></i> (or, more fully, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</span></i>) was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work. Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of <a href="Botanical_nomenclature.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">plant nomenclature</a> as it exists today.<sup id="cite_ref-Stace_p24_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stace_p24-88"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 1754, Linnaeus divided the plant Kingdom into 25 classes (<i>Genera Plantarum</i> 5th edition). One, <a href="Cryptogamia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogamia" title="Cryptogamia" class="mw-redirect">Cryptogamia</a>, included all the plants with concealed reproductive parts (algae, fungi, mosses and liverworts and ferns).<sup id="cite_ref-Hoek.2C_Mann_and_Jahns_95_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoek.2C_Mann_and_Jahns_95-126"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Genera_Plantarum"><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Genera Plantarum</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="Genera_Plantarum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></div>
<p><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Genera plantarum: eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium</span></i> was first published in 1737, delineating plant genera. Around 10 editions were published, not all of them by Linnaeus himself; the most important is the 1754 fifth edition.<sup id="cite_ref-Stace_p22_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stace_p22-127"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4> <span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophia_Botanica"><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Philosophia Botanica</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="Philosophia_Botanica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></div>
<p><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Philosophia Botanica</span></i> (1751) was a summary of Linnaeus' thinking on plant classification and nomenclature, and an elaboration of the work he had previously published in <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Fundamenta_Botanica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a></span></i> (1736) and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Critica_Botanica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a></span></i> (1737). Other publications forming part of his plan to reform the foundations of botany include his <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Classes_Plantarum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a></span></i> and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Bibliotheca_Botanica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a></span></i>: all were printed in Holland (as well as <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Genera_Plantarum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></span></i> (1737) and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Systema_Naturae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></span></i> (1735)), the <i>Philosophia</i> being simultaneously released in Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Linnaean_collections">Linnaean collections</span></h2>
<p>At the end of his lifetime the Linnean collection in <a href="Uppsala" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> was considered as one of the finest collections of natural history objects in Sweden. Next to his own collection he had also built up a museum for the university of Uppsala, which was supplied by material donated by <a href="Carl_Gyllenborg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gyllenborg" title="Carl Gyllenborg">Carl Gyllenborg</a> (in 1744-1745), crown-prince <a href="Adolf_Frederick,_King_of_Sweden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Frederick,_King_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden">Adolf Fredrik</a> (in 1745), Erik Petreus (in 1746), Claes Grill (in 1746), Magnus Lagerström (in 1748 and 1750) and <a href="Jonas_Alstr$C3$B6mer" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Alstr%C3%B6mer" title="Jonas Alströmer">Jonas Alströmer</a> (in 1749). The relation between the museum and the private collection was not formalized and the steady flow of material from Linnean pupils were incorporated to the private collection rather than to the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallin.2C_L._2001_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallin.2C_L._2001-129"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In April 1766 parts of the town were destroyed by a fire and the Linnean private collection was subsequently moved to a barn outside the town, and shortly afterwards to a single-room stone building close to his countryhouse at <a href="Linnaeus_Hammarby" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus Hammarby">Hammarby</a> near Uppsala. This resulted in a physical separation between the two collections, the museum collection remained in the botanical garden of the university. Some material which needed special care (alcohol specimens) or ample storage space was moved from the private collection to the museum.</p>
<p>In Hammarby the Linnean private collections suffered seriously from damp and the depredations by mice and insects. Carl von Linné's son (Carl Linnaeus) inherited the collections in 1778 and retained them until his own death in 1783. Shortly after Carl von Linné's death his son confirmed that mice had caused "horrible damage" to the plants and that also moths and mould had caused considerable damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Dance.2C_S.P._1967_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dance.2C_S.P._1967-130"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> He tried to rescue them from the neglect they had suffered during his father's later years, and also added further specimens. This last activity however reduced rather than augmented the scientific value of the original material.</p>
<p>In 1784 the botanist <a href="James_Edward_Smith" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Smith" title="James Edward Smith">James Edward Smith</a> purchased from the inheritants (the widow and daughter of Carl Linnaeus) nearly all of the Linnean private scientific effects and transferred them to London.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> Not all material in Linné's private collection was transported to England. 33 fish specimens preserved in alcohol were not sent away and were later lost.</p>
<p>In London Smith tended to neglect the zoological parts of the collection, he added some specimens and also gave some specimens away.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> Over the following centuries the Linnean collection in London suffered enormously at the hands of scientists who studied the collection, and in the process disturbed the original arrangement and labels, added specimens that did not belong to the original series and withdrew precious original type material.<sup id="cite_ref-Dance.2C_S.P._1967_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dance.2C_S.P._1967-130"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Much material which had been intensively studied by Linné in his scientific career belonged to the collection of <a href="Louisa_Ulrika_of_Prussia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Ulrika_of_Prussia" title="Louisa Ulrika of Prussia">Queen Lovisa Ulrika</a> (1720-1782) (in the Linnean publications referred to as "Museum Ludovicae Ulricae" or "M. L. U."). This collection was donated by his grandson <a href="Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">King Gustav IV Adolf</a> (1778-1837) to the museum in Uppsala in 1804. Another important collection in this respect was that of her husband <a href="Adolf_Frederick,_King_of_Sweden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Frederick,_King_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden">King Adolf Fredrik</a> (1710-1771) (in the Linnean sources known as "Museum Adolphi Friderici" or "Mus. Ad. Fr."), the wet parts (alcohol collection) of which were later donated to the <a href="Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, and is today housed in the <a href="Swedish_Museum_of_Natural_History" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Swedish Museum of Natural History">Swedish Museum of Natural History</a> at <a href="Stockholm" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. The dry material was transferred to Uppsala.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallin.2C_L._2001_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallin.2C_L._2001-129"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Linnaean_taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3ALinnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_$281735$29.png/220px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_$281735$29.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/220px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/330px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/440px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 2x" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ALinnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Table of the Animal Kingdom (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regnum Animale</span></i>) from the 1st edition of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="Systema_Naturae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturæ</a></span></i> (1735)</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="Linnaean_taxonomy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a></div>
<p>The establishment of universally accepted conventions for the naming of organisms was Linnaeus' main contribution to taxonomy—his work marks the starting point of consistent use of binomial nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-Reveal_1993_p._160-161_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reveal_1993_p._160-161-133"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, Linnaeus also developed what became known as the <i>Linnaean taxonomy</i>; the system of <a href="Scientific_classification" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_classification" title="Scientific classification" class="mw-redirect">scientific classification</a> now widely used in the <a href="Biology.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological sciences</a>.</p>
<p>The Linnaean system classified nature within a <a href="Nested_hierarchy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_hierarchy" title="Nested hierarchy" class="mw-redirect">nested hierarchy</a>, starting with three <a href="Kingdom_(biology).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a>. Kingdoms were divided into classes and they, in turn, into orders, and thence into genera (<i>singular:</i> genus), which were divided into Species (<i>singular:</i> species).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> Below the rank of species he sometimes recognized taxa of a lower (unnamed) <a href="Taxonomic_rank.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">rank</a>; these have since acquired standardised names such as <i>variety</i> in botany and <i>subspecies</i> in zoology. Modern taxonomy includes a rank of <a href="Family_(biology).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> between order and genus that was not present in Linnaeus' original system.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_1973_p._17_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1973_p._17-135"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Linnaeus' groupings were based upon shared physical characteristics, and not simply upon differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_1973_p._17_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1973_p._17-135"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> Of his higher groupings, only those for animals are still in use, and the groupings themselves have been significantly changed since their conception, as have the principles behind them. Nevertheless, Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Reveal_1993_p._160-161_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reveal_1993_p._160-161-133"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> While the underlying details concerning what are considered to be scientifically valid "observable characteristics" have changed with expanding knowledge (for example, <a href="DNA_sequencing" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, unavailable in Linnaeus' time, has proven to be a tool of considerable utility for classifying living organisms and establishing their <a href="Phylogenetics" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">evolutionary relationships</a>), the fundamental principle remains sound.</p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Views_on_mankind">Views on mankind</span></h2>
<p>According to German biologist <a href="Ernst_Haeckel" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>, the question of man's origin began with Linnaeus. He helped future research in the natural history of man by describing humans just as he described any other plant or animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr156-157_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr156-157-137"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> He was the first person to place humans in a system of biological classification<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Anthropomorpha"><span id="Biological_Family"></span> Anthropomorpha</span></h3>
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Detail from the 6th edition of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i> (1748) describing <i><a href="Anthropomorpha" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorpha" title="Anthropomorpha">Ant[h]ropomorpha</a></i> with a division between <i>Homo</i> and <i>Simia</i>.</div>
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<p>Linnaeus classified humans among the <a href="Primate" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> (as they were later called) beginning with the first edition of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i>. During his time at Hartekamp, he had the opportunity to examine several monkeys and noted similarities between them and man.<sup id="cite_ref-Gribbin56-57_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gribbin56-57-85"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> He pointed out both species basically have the same anatomy; except for speech, he found no other differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr170_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr170-138"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>note 4<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus he placed man and monkeys under the same category, <i>Anthropomorpha</i>, meaning "manlike."<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr167_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr167-140"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> This classification received criticism from other biologists such as <a href="Johan_Gottschalk_Wallerius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Gottschalk_Wallerius" title="Johan Gottschalk Wallerius">Johan Gottschalk Wallerius</a>, <a href="Jacob_Theodor_Klein" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Theodor_Klein" title="Jacob Theodor Klein">Jacob Theodor Klein</a> and <a href="Johann_Georg_Gmelin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gmelin" title="Johann Georg Gmelin">Johann Georg Gmelin</a> on the ground that it is illogical to describe a human as 'like a man'.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Gmelin from 1747, Linnaeus replied:<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>note 5<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<blockquote>
<p><i>It does not please [you] that I've placed <a href="Human" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human">Man</a> among the <a href="Anthropomorpha" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorpha" title="Anthropomorpha">Anthropomorpha</a>, perhaps because of the term 'with human form',<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>note 6<span>]</span></a></sup> but man learns to <a href="Know_thyself" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">know himself</a>. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name we apply. But I seek from you and from the whole world a <a href="Genus.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">generic</a> difference between man and <a href="Simia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simia" title="Simia">simian</a> that [follows] from the principles of <a href="Natural_history" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>note 7<span>]</span></a></sup> I absolutely know of none. If only someone might tell me a single one! If I would have called man a simian or vice versa, I would have brought together all the <a href="Theology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a> against me. Perhaps I ought to have by virtue of the law of the discipline.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<p>The theological concerns were twofold: first, putting man at the same level as monkeys or apes would lower the spiritually higher position that man was assumed to have in the <a href="Great_chain_of_being" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">great chain of being</a>, and second, because the Bible says man was created in the <a href="Image_of_God" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">image of God</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="Theomorphism" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theomorphism" title="Theomorphism">theomorphism</a>), if monkeys/apes and humans were not distinctly and separately designed, that would mean monkeys and apes were created in the image of God as well. This was something many could not accept.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr171-172_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr171-172-147"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> The conflict between <a href="World_view" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_view" title="World view">world views</a> based on science and <a href="Theology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> that was caused by asserting man was a type of animal would simmer for a century until the much greater, and still ongoing, <a href="Creation$E2$80$93evolution_controversy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a> began in earnest with the publication of <i><a href="On_the_Origin_of_Species" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> by <a href="Charles_Darwin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in 1859.</p>
<p>After such criticism, Linnaeus felt he needed to explain himself more clearly. The 10th edition of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i> introduced new terms, including <i>Mammalia</i> and <i>Primates</i>, the latter of which would replace <i>Anthropomorpha</i><sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr175_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr175-148"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> as well as giving humans the full binomial <i>Homo sapiens</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt8_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt8-149"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup> The new classification received less criticism, but many natural historians still believed he had demoted humans from their former place to rule over nature, not be a part of it. Linnaeus believed that man biologically belongs to the animal kingdom and had to be included in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr191-192_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr191-192-150"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup> In his book <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dieta Naturalis</span></i>, he said, "One should not vent one's wrath on animals, Theology decree that man has a <a href="Soul" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> and that the animals are mere 'aoutomata mechanica,' but I believe they would be better advised that animals have a soul and that the difference is of nobility."<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr166_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr166-151"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Strange_people_in_distant_lands"><span id="Other_Homo_species"></span> Strange people in distant lands</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3AHoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png/220px-Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png/220px-Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png/330px-Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png/440px-Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3AHoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i>Anthropomorpha</i> depicted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Emmanuel_Hoppius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Emmanuel Hoppius (page does not exist)">Hoppius</a>' <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amoenitates_Academicae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoenitates Academicae (page does not exist)">Amoenitates Academicae</a></span></i> (1763)<br />
1. Troglodyta Bontii, 2. Lucifer Aldrovandi, 3. Satyrus Tulpii, 4. Pygmaeus Edwardi</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Linnaeus added a second species to the genus <i>Homo</i> in <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i> based on a figure and description by <a href="Jacobus_Bontius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Bontius" title="Jacobus Bontius">Jacobus Bontius</a> from a 1658 publication: <i>Homo troglodytes</i> ("caveman")<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bontius.2C_I._1658_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bontius.2C_I._1658-153"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> and published a third in 1771: <i>Homo lar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> Swedish historian <a href="Gunnar_Broberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Gunnar Broberg</a> states that the new human species Linnaeus described were actually simians or native people clad in skins to frighten colonial settlers, whose appearance had been exaggerated in accounts to Linnaeus.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr187_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr187-155"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In early editions of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i>, many well-known <a href="Legendary_creature" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creatures</a> were included such as the <a href="Phoenix_(mythology)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a>, <a href="Dragon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> and <a href="Manticore.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">manticore</a> as well as <a href="Cryptid" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptid" title="Cryptid">cryptids</a> like the <a href="Satyrus_(ape)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrus_(ape)" title="Satyrus (ape)">satyrus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>note 8<span>]</span></a></sup> which Linnaeus collected into the catch-all category <i><a href="Animalia_Paradoxa" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia_Paradoxa" title="Animalia Paradoxa">Paradoxa</a></i>. Broberg thought Linnaeus was trying to offer a natural explanation and demystify the world of superstition.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr176-177_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr176-177-158"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus tried to <a href="Debunk" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunk" title="Debunk" class="mw-redirect">debunk</a> some of these creatures, as he had with the hydra; regarding the purported remains of dragons, Linnaeus wrote that they were either derived from lizards or rays.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> For <i>Homo troglodytes</i> he asked the <a href="Swedish_East_India_Company" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a> to search for one, but they did not find any signs of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr186_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr186-160"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Homo lar</i> has since been reclassified as <i>Hylobates lar</i>, the <a href="Lar_gibbon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_gibbon" title="Lar gibbon">lar gibbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Four_races"><span id="Varieties_of_Homo_sapiens"></span> Four races</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="Race_(human_classification)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" title="Race (human classification)">Race (human classification)</a></div>
<p>In the first edition of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Systema Naturae</span></i>, Linnaeus subdivided the human species into four <a href="Race_(biology).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">varieties</a> based on <a href="Continent" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> and <a href="Human_skin_color" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin colour</a>: "Europæus albus" (white European), "Americanus rubescens" (red American), "Asiaticus fuscus" (brown Asian) and "Africanus niger" (black African). In the tenth edition of Systema Naturae he further detailed <a href="Stereotype" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypical</a> characteristics for each variety, based on the concept of the <a href="Four_temperaments" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_temperaments" title="Four temperaments">four temperaments</a> from <a href="Classical_antiquity.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, and changed the description of Asians' skin tone to "luridus" (yellow).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Linnaeus created a <a href="Wastebasket_taxon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">wastebasket taxon</a> "monstrosus" for "wild and monstrous humans, unknown groups, and more or less abnormal people".<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Commemoration">Commemoration</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3AR$C3$A5shult_1907.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R$C3$A5shult_1907.jpg/220px-R$C3$A5shult_1907.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg/220px-R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg/330px-R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg/440px-R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3AR$C3$A5shult_1907.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
1907 celebration in <a href="R$C3$A5shult" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus</a></div>
<p>Anniversaries of Linnaeus' birth, especially in centennial years, have been marked by major celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-.C3.96stholm_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.C3.96stholm-168"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus has appeared on numerous Swedish postage stamps and <a href="Banknote" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-.C3.96stholm_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.C3.96stholm-168"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup> There are numerous statues of Linnaeus in countries around the world. The <a href="Linnean_Society_of_London" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a> has awarded the <a href="Linnean_Medal" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a> for excellence in <a href="Botany.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> or <a href="Zoology.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> since 1888. Following approval by the <a href="Parliament_of_Sweden" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sweden" title="Parliament of Sweden" class="mw-redirect">Parliament of Sweden</a>, <a href="V$C3$A4xj$C3$B6_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6_University" title="Växjö University" class="mw-redirect">Växjö University</a> and <a href="Kalmar_College" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_College" title="Kalmar College" class="mw-redirect">Kalmar College</a> merged on 1 January 2010 to become <a href="Linnaeus_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup> Other things named after Linnaeus include the twinflower genus <i><a href="Linnaea" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></i>, the crater <a href="Linn$C3$A9_(crater)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné</a> on the Earth's moon and the cobalt sulfide mineral <a href="Linnaeite" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a>.</p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Commentary_on_Linnaeus">Commentary on Linnaeus</span></h2>
<p><a href="Andrew_Dickson_White" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> wrote in <i><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Warfare_of_Science_with_Theology_in_Christendom" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</a></i> (1896):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Linnaeus... was the most eminent naturalist of his time, a wide observer, a close thinker; but the atmosphere in which he lived and moved and had his being was saturated with biblical theology, and this permeated all his thinking. ...Toward the end of his life he timidly advanced the hypothesis that all the species of one genus constituted at the creation one species; and from the last edition of his <i>Systema Naturæ</i> he quietly left out the strongly orthodox statement of the fixity of each species, which he had insisted upon in his earlier works. ...warnings came speedily both from the Catholic and Protestant sides.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span></h2>
<ul class="gallery" style="max-width: 815px;_width: 815px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="File3AExternal_Statues,_Palm_House,_Sefton_Park_(4).jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Statues,_Palm_House,_Sefton_Park_(4).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/External_Statues$2C_Palm_House$2C_Sefton_Park_$284$29.jpg/90px-External_Statues$2C_Palm_House$2C_Sefton_Park_$284$29.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg/90px-External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg" width="90" height="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i>Linnaeus</i> marble by Léon Chavalliaud (1899), outside the Palm House at <a href="Sefton_Park" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefton_Park" title="Sefton Park">Sefton Park</a>, <a href="Liverpool" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="Johann_Bartsch" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Bartsch" title="Johann Bartsch">Johann Bartsch</a>, colleague</li>
<li><i><a href="Centuria_Insectorum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="History_of_botany" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_phycology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">History of phycology</a></li>
<li><a href="Index_card" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index cards</a>, which were invented by Linnaeus</li>
<li><a href="Linnaeus$27_flower_clock" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus%27_flower_clock" title="Linnaeus' flower clock">Linnaeus' flower clock</a></li>
<li><a href="Scientific_revolution" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution" title="Scientific revolution">Scientific revolution</a></li>
</ul>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-birthdate-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Linnaeus was born in 1707 on 13 May (<a href="Swedish_calendar" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish Style</a>) or 23 May according to the modern calendar. According to the <a href="Julian_calendar" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> he was born 12 May. (Blunt 2004, p. 12)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nepenthes-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nepenthes_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If this is not Helen's <i><a href="Nepenthe" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthe" title="Nepenthe">Nepenthes</a></i>, it certainly will be for all botanists. What botanist would not be filled with admiration if, after a long journey, he should find this wonderful plant. In his astonishment past ills would be forgotten when beholding this admirable work of the Creator!" (translated from Latin by <a href="Harry_Veitch" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Veitch" title="Harry Veitch">Harry Veitch</a>)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The date of issue of both volumes was later, for practical purposes, arbitrarily set on 1 May, see Stearn, W.T. (1957), The preparation of the <i>Species Plantarum</i> and the introduction of binomial nomenclature, in: Species Plantarum, A Facsimile of the first edition, London, Ray Society: 72 and ICBN (<i>Vienna Code</i>) Art. 13.5: "The two volumes of Linnaeus' Species plantarum, ed. 1 (1753), which appeared in May and August, 1753, respectively, are treated as having been published simultaneously on 1 May 1753."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, p. 167, quotes Linnaeus explaining the real difference would necessarily be absent from his classification system, as it was not a <a href="Morphology_(biology).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> characteristic: <i>"I well know what a splendidly great difference there is [between] a man and a</i> bestia <i>[literally, "beast"; that is, a non-human animal] when I look at them from a point of view of <a href="Morality" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>. Man is the animal which the <a href="Creator_deity" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a> has seen fit to honor with such a magnificent <a href="Mind" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and has condescended to adopt as his favorite and for which he has prepared a nobler life"</i>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wIkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA179" >books.google.com</a> in which Linnaeus cites the significant capacity to <a href="Reason.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> as the distinguishing characteristic of humans.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discussion of translation was originally made in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/talk.origins/browse_thread/thread/39a07ac72ab23aed/" >this thread</a> on <a href="Talk.origins" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk.origins" title="Talk.origins">talk.origins</a> in 2005. For an alternative translation, see <a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, p. 56, or <a href="#Slotkin">Slotkin (1965)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wIkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA180" >p. 180</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"antropomorphon" [<i><a href="Sic" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Others who followed were more inclined to give humans a special place in classification; <a href="Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> in the first edition of his <i>Manual of Natural History</i> (1779), proposed that the primates be divided into the <a href="Quadrumana" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrumana" title="Quadrumana">Quadrumana</a> (four-handed, i.e. apes and monkeys) and <a href="Bimana" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimana" title="Bimana" class="mw-redirect">Bimana</a> (two-handed, i.e. humans). This distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably <a href="Georges_Cuvier" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>. Some elevated the distinction to the level of <a href="Order_(biology).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>. However, the many affinities between humans and other primates – and especially the great apes – made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense. <a href="Charles_Darwin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> wrote, in <i><a href="The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man</a></i> in 1871:<br /></span>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="reference-text"><i>The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have followed <a href="Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Blumenbach</a> and <a href="Georges_Cuvier" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by <a href="Theodor_Ludwig_Wilhelm_Bischoff" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Ludwig_Wilhelm_Bischoff" title="Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm Bischoff" class="mw-redirect">Bischoff</a>, <a href="Christoph_Theodor_Aeby" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Theodor_Aeby" title="Christoph Theodor Aeby">Aeby</a>, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the position of his head.</i></span></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linnaeus is translated, writing that the satyrus is "hairy, bearded, with a manlike body, gesticulating much, very fallacious, is a species of monkey, if ever one has been seen."</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 21em; -webkit-column-width: 21em; column-width: 21em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Blunt171-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt171_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt171_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt171_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 171.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/8_3.html" >"What people have said about Linnaeus"</a>. <i>Linné on line</i>. <a href="Uppsala_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Uppsala+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=What+people+have+said+about+Linnaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnaeus.uu.se%2Fonline%2Flife%2F8_3.html&rft.atitle=What+people+have+said+about+Linnaeus&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=Linn%C3%A9+on+line&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-deceased-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deceased_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deceased_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deceased_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/9_0.html" >"Linnaeus deceased"</a>. <i>Linné on line</i>. <a href="Uppsala_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Uppsala+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Linnaeus+deceased&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnaeus.uu.se%2Fonline%2Flife%2F9_0.html&rft.atitle=Linnaeus+deceased&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=Linn%C3%A9+on+line&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Broberg7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broberg7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broberg">Broberg (2006)</a>, p. 7.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idAuthorSearch.do?id=12653-1" >"Linnaeus, Carl (1707–1778)"</a>. <i>Author Details</i>. <a href="International_Plant_Names_Index" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%2C+Carl+%281707%E2%80%931778%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FidAuthorSearch.do%3Fid%3D12653-1&rft.atitle=Linnaeus%2C+Carl+%281707%E2%80%931778%29&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=Author+Details&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> In older publications sometimes the abbreviation "Linn." is found (for instance in: <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Manual_of_the_New_Zealand_Flora" class="extiw" title="s:Manual of the New Zealand Flora">Cheeseman, T.F. (1906) - <i>Manual of the New Zealand Flora</i></a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stearn">Stearn (1959)</a>, p. 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt12_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt12_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 12.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt13_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt13_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver8_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 8.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Broberg10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broberg10_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broberg">Broberg (2006)</a>, p. 10.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic2007_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quammen">Quammen (2007)</a>, p. 1.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt15-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt15_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 15.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt15-16-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt15-16_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 15–16.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver5_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 5.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt16-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt16_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 16.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver5-6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver5-6_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 5–6.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl von Linnés betydelse såsom naturforskare och läkare : skildringar utgifna af Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien i anledning af tvåhundraårsdagen af Linnés födelse|<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://runeberg.org/linne200ar/linnebotan/0007.html" >http://runeberg.org/linne200ar/linnebotan/0007.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver6_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 6.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt16-17-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt16-17_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt17-18-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt17-18_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt17-18_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 17–18.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver8-11-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver8-11_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 8–11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt18-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt18_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 18.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver13_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt21-22-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt21-22_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 21–22.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver15-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver15_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 15.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver14-15-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver14-15_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 14–15.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt23-25-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt23-25_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 23–25.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt31-32-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt31-32_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 31–32.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver19-20-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver19-20_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 19–20.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt32-34-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt32-34_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 32–34.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt34-37-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt34-37_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 34–37.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-36-37-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-36-37_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-36-37_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 36–37.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson40-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson40_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 40.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson42-43-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson42-43_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 42–43.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-38-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-38_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 38.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-42-43-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-42-43_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 42–43.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson43-44-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson43-44_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 43–44.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson46-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson46_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 46.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-63-65-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-63-65_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 63–65.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt39-42-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt39-42_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 39–42.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Broberg29-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broberg29_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broberg29_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broberg">Broberg (2006)</a>, p. 29.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quammen">Quammen (2007)</a>, p. 2.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver38-39-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver38-39_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 38–39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Frodin_p27-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frodin_p27_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frodin_p27_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frodin">Frodin (2001)</a>, p. 27.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-54-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-54_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 54.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-74-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-74_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 74.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-78-79-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-78-79_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 78–79.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver71-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver71_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 71.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson60-61-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson60-61_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson60-61_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 60–61.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt90-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt90_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 90.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt94-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt94_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt94_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=N54GuRxlgrMC&pg=PA94" >p. 94</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson66-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson66_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 66.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt98-100-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt98-100_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 98–100.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt98-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt98_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 98.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson62-63-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson62-63_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 62–63.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt100-102-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt100-102_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt100-102_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 100–102.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson64-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson64_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 64.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver81-82-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver81-82_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 81–82.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt106-107-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt106-107_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 106–107.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver89-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver89_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 89.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver89-90-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver89-90_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 89–90.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver90-93-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver90-93_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 90–93.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver95-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver95_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 95.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Veitch">Veitch (1897)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt123-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt123_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 123.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Koerner56-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner56_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner56_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 56.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nrm.se-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Louise Petrusson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrm.se/researchandcollections/botany/phanerogamicbotany/botanicalhistory/carlvonlinne.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80007524.html" >"Carl Linnaeus"</a>. <a href="Swedish_Museum_of_Natural_History" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Swedish Museum of Natural History">Swedish Museum of Natural History</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 April 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Carl+Linnaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrm.se%2Fresearchandcollections%2Fbotany%2Fphanerogamicbotany%2Fbotanicalhistory%2Fcarlvonlinne.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80007524.html&rft.aulast=Louise+Petrusson&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Swedish+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.au=Louise+Petrusson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver141-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver141_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 141.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver146-147-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver146-147_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 146–147.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Koerner16-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koerner16_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 16.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Koerner103-105-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koerner103-105_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, pp. 103–105.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver382-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver382_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 382.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gribbin49-50-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gribbin49-50_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, pp. 49–50.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Koerner115-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner115_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner115_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 115.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt137-142-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt137-142_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 137–142.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver117-118-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver117-118_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 117–118.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Koerner204-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koerner204_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 204.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt159-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt159_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 159.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt165-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt165_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 165.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver167-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver167_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, p. 167.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt198-205-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt198-205_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 198–205.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Koerner116-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner116_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner116_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 116.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gribbin56-57-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gribbin56-57_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gribbin56-57_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, pp. 56–57.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt206-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt206_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 173–174.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt221-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt221_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 221.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Stace_p24-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stace_p24_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stace_p24_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stace">Stace (1991)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA24" >p. 24</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ICBN">ICBN (Vienna Code)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/frameset/0017Ch2Sec4a013.htm" >Art. 13.5, ex. 13.3</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sprague">Sprague (1953)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gribbin47-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gribbin47_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gribbin47_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, p. 47.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver198-199-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver198-199_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 198–199.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt166-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt166_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 166.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt219-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt219_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 219.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt220-224-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt220-224_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 220–224.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt6-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt6_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 6.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt199-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt199_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 199.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt229-230-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt229-230_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 229–230.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gribbin62-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gribbin62_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, p. 62.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/8_0.html" >Uppsala University, Linné Online</a>, English language version</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Soban, Branko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theslovenian.com/articles/soban.htm" >"A Living Bond between Idrija and Uppsala"</a>. <i>The Slovenian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Soban&rft.aufirst=Branko&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=A+Living+Bond+between+Idrija+and+Uppsala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theslovenian.com%2Farticles%2Fsoban.htm&rft.atitle=A+Living+Bond+between+Idrija+and+Uppsala&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=The+Slovenian&rft.au=Soban%2C+Branko&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Soban, Branko (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theslovenian.com/articles/soban.htm" >"A Living Bond between Idrija and Uppsala"</a>. <i>Slovenija.svet</i>. Slovene Emigrant Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-12-01</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theslovenian.com%2Farticles%2Fsoban.htm&rft.atitle=A+Living+Bond+between+Idrija+and+Uppsala&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Branko&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Soban&rft.jtitle=Slovenija.svet&rft.pub=Slovene+Emigrant+Association&rft.btitle=A+Living+Bond+between+Idrija+and+Uppsala&rft.au=Soban%2C+Branko&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio. <i>Joannes A. Scopoli-Carl Linnaeus. Dopisovanje/Correspondence 1760-1775, ed. Darinka Soban</i>. Ljubljana, 2004: Slovenian Natural history society.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Ljubljana%2C+2004&rft.btitle=Joannes+A.+Scopoli-Carl+Linnaeus.+Dopisovanje%2FCorrespondence+1760-1775%2C+ed.+Darinka+Soban&rft.aulast=Scopoli%2C+Giovanni+Antonio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Slovenian+Natural+history+society&rft.au=Scopoli%2C+Giovanni+Antonio&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt245-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt245_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt245_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 245.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt232-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt232_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 232.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-St.C3.B6ver243-245-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St.C3.B6ver243-245_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#St.C3.B6ver">Stöver (1974)</a>, pp. 243–245.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Broberg42-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broberg42_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broberg">Broberg (2006)</a>, p. 42.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gribbin63-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gribbin63_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, p. 63.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic4-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic4_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quammen">Quammen (2007)</a>, p. 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson104-106-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson104-106_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson104-106_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 104–106.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-238-240-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-238-240_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 238–240.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_bio_note.php?id_letter=L1753&code_person=LinnaeusJ" >"Linnaeus, Johannes (1754–1757). Swedish. Son of Carl Linnaeus and Sara Elisabet Linnaea"</a>. <i>The Linnaeus Correspondence</i>. Centre international d'étude du XVIIIe siècle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Centre+international+d%27%C3%A9tude+du+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%2C+Johannes+%281754%E2%80%931757%29.+Swedish.+Son+of+Carl+Linnaeus+and+Sara+Elisabet+Linnaea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinnaeus.c18.net%2FLetters%2Fdisplay_bio_note.php%3Fid_letter%3DL1753%26code_person%3DLinnaeusJ&rft.atitle=Linnaeus%2C+Johannes+%281754%E2%80%931757%29.+Swedish.+Son+of+Carl+Linnaeus+and+Sara+Elisabet+Linnaea&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=The+Linnaeus+Correspondence&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt189-190-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt189-190_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 189–190.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Broberg37-39-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broberg37-39_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broberg">Broberg (2006)</a>, pp. 37–39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson92-93-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson92-93_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 92–93.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt184-185-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt184-185_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt184-185_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 184–185.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt185-186-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt185-186_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 185–186.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson93-94-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson93-94_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 93–94.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson96-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson96_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 96.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt191-192-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt191-192_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 191–192.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt192-193-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt192-193_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 192–193.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt193-194-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt193-194_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 193–194.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SystNat1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SystNat1_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#L1735">Linnaeus (1735)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Windelspecht">Windelspecht (2002)</a>, p. 28.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hoek.2C_Mann_and_Jahns_95-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoek.2C_Mann_and_Jahns_95_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hoek">Van den Hoek <i>et al.</i> (2005)</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Stace_p22-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stace_p22_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stace">Stace (1991)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA22" >p. 22</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stafleu">Stafleu (1971)</a>, p. 157.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wallin.2C_L._2001-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin.2C_L._2001_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin.2C_L._2001_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolutionsmuseet.uu.se/samling/UUZM04_Linnaeus.pdf" >Wallin, L. 2001.</a> Catalogue of type specimens. 4. Linnaean specimens. - pp. [1], 1-128. Uppsala. (Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution, Zoology Section).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Dance.2C_S.P._1967-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dance.2C_S.P._1967_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dance.2C_S.P._1967_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dance, S.P. 1967. Report on the Linnaean shell collection. - Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 178 (1): 1-24, Pl. 1-10.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, B. D. 1923. Linnaeus (afterwards Carl von Linné), the story of his life. Adapted from the Swedish of Theodor Magnus Fries. - pp. I-XV [= 1-15], 1-416. London. (Witherby).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples are evident in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN603451020" >Portland catalogue p. 76 Lot 1715 and p. 188 Lot 3997.</a> A catalogue of the Portland Museum, lately the property of the Duchess Dowager of Portland, deceased: Which will be sold by auction by Mr. Skinner and Co. On Monday the 24th of April, 1786, and the thirty-seven following days (...) at her late dwelling-house, in Privy-Garden, Whitehall, by order of the Acting Executrix. - pp. i-viii [= 1-8], 3-194, pl. [1]. [London]. (Skinner).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Reveal_1993_p._160-161-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reveal_1993_p._160-161_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reveal_1993_p._160-161_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reveal">Reveal & Pringle (1993)</a>, p. 160-161.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Simpson">Simpson (1961)</a>, p. 16-19.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Davis_1973_p._17-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1973_p._17_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1973_p._17_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davis">Davis & Heywood (1973)</a>, p. 17.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Simpson">Simpson (1961)</a>, p. 56-57.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr156-157-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr156-157_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, pp. 156–157.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr170-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr170_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, p. 170.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr167-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr167_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, p. 167.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="Johann_Georg_Gmelin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gmelin" title="Johann Georg Gmelin">Johann Georg Gmelin</a> (30 December 1746). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_txt.php?id_letter=L0759" >"Letter to Carl Linnaeus"</a>. <i>The Linnean Correspondence</i>. St. Petersburg, Russia. L0759<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=St.+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinnaeus.c18.net%2FLetters%2Fdisplay_txt.php%3Fid_letter%3DL0759&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Carl+Linnaeus&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Carl+Linnaeus&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Correspondence&rft.aulast=Johann+Georg+Gmelin&rft.date=30+December+1746&rft.au=Johann+Georg+Gmelin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Carl Linnaeus (25 February 1747). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_txt.php?id_letter=L0783" >"Letter to Johann Georg Gmelin"</a>. <i>The Linnean Correspondence</i>. Uppsala, Sweden. L0783<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinnaeus.c18.net%2FLetters%2Fdisplay_txt.php%3Fid_letter%3DL0783&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Johann+Georg+Gmelin&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Johann+Georg+Gmelin&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Correspondence&rft.aulast=Carl+Linnaeus&rft.date=25+February+1747&rft.au=Carl+Linnaeus&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Also available as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/mss_combine/UUB/L-GmelinJG/L0783-a-150-02.jpg" >JPG</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Genesis&verse=1:26–1:27&src=9" >Genesis 1:26–1:27</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr171-172-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr171-172_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, pp. 171–172.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr175-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr175_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, p. 175.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blunt8-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt8_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 8.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr191-192-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr191-192_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, pp. 191–192.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr166-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr166_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, p. 166.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#L1758">Linnaeus (1758)</a>, p. 24.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bontius.2C_I._1658-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bontius.2C_I._1658_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bontius">Bontius (1658)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39776" >p. 84</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#L1771">Linnaeus (1771)</a>, p. 521.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr187-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr187_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, p. 187.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Engel">Linnaeus (1964) [1735]</a>, p. 30.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr176-177-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr176-177_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, pp. 176–177.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Broberg2008">Broberg (2008)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr186-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr186_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr">Frängsmyr <i>et al.</i> (1983)</a>, p. 186.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilson">Wilson & Reeder (2005)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RfxoYz23lj4C&pg=PA179" >p. 179</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Loring">Loring Brace (2005)</a>, p. 27.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Slotkin">Slotkin (1965)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wIkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA176" >pp. 176–178</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Marks">Marks (2010)</a>, p. 265.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Keevak">Keevak (2011)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZmHNk38OgDEC&pg=PA3" >pp. 3–4</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Braziel">Braziel (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hm9et5BiVJgC&pg=PA43" >pp. 43–44</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willoughby">Willoughby (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dOC38AS_VfkC&pg=PA33" >pp. 33–34</a>, citing <a href="#Broberg1975">Broberg (1975)</a>, p. 291.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-.C3.96stholm-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-.C3.96stholm_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-.C3.96stholm_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#.C3.96stholm">Östholm (2007)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lnu.se/about-lnu/about-linnaeus-university?l=en" >"A modern, international university in the Småland region of Sweden"</a>. <a href="Linnaeus_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=A+modern%2C+international+university+in+the+Sm%C3%A5land+region+of+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flnu.se%2Fabout-lnu%2Fabout-linnaeus-university%3Fl%3Den&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Linnaeus+University&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Andrew_Dickson_White" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a>, <i>History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8EXID2XVPzEC&" >Vol.1</a> pp.59-61</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h3>
<div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em;">
<ul>
<li><span id="Anderson" class="citation book">Anderson, Margaret J. (1997). <i>Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification</i>. United States: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enslow_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enslow Publishers (page does not exist)">Enslow Publishers</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-89490-786-9" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89490-786-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89490-786-9">978-0-89490-786-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=United+States&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.btitle=Carl+Linnaeus%3A+Father+of+Classification&rft.isbn=978-0-89490-786-9&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Margaret+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Blunt2001" class="citation book">Blunt, Wilfrid (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=N54GuRxlgrMC" ><i>Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist</i></a>. London: <a href="Frances_Lincoln" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Lincoln" title="Frances Lincoln">Frances Lincoln</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3">978-0-7112-1841-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DN54GuRxlgrMC&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%3A+the+compleat+naturalist&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Blunt%2C+Wilfrid&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Blunt" class="citation book">Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=FRH_EMhQYhYC" ><i>Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist</i></a>. London: <a href="Frances_Lincoln" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Lincoln" title="Frances Lincoln">Frances Lincoln</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-7112-2362-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2362-2">978-0-7112-2362-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DFRH_EMhQYhYC&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%3A+the+compleat+naturalist&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-2362-2&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Blunt%2C+Wilfrid&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Bontius" class="citation book"><a href="Jacobus_Bontius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Bontius" title="Jacobus Bontius">Bontius, J.</a> (1658). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39776" >"Historiae naturalis & medicae Indiae Orientalis libri sex"</a>. In <a href="Willem_Piso" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Piso" title="Willem Piso">Gulielmo Piso</a>. <i>De Indiæ Utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim. Quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet</i>. Amsterdam: Elzevier. pp. 1–226.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=1%E2%80%93226&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F39776&rft.atitle=De+Indi%C3%A6+Utriusque+re+naturali+et+medica+libri+quatuordecim.+Quorum+contenta+pagina+sequens+exhibet&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1658&rft.aulast=Bontius&rft.pub=Elzevier&rft.btitle=Historiae+naturalis+%26+medicae+Indiae+Orientalis+libri+sex&rft.au=Bontius%2C+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Braziel" class="citation book">Braziel, Jana Evans (2007). "Genre, race, erasure: a genealogical critique of "American" autobiography". In Joseph A. Young & Jana Evans Braziel. <i>Erasing Public Memory: Race, Aesthetics, and Cultural Amnesia in the Americas</i>. <a href="Mercer_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>. pp. 35–70. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-88146-076-6" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-076-6">978-0-88146-076-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=35%E2%80%9370&rft.atitle=Erasing+Public+Memory%3A+Race%2C+Aesthetics%2C+and+Cultural+Amnesia+in+the+Americas&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=Jana+Evans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Braziel&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-076-6&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.btitle=Genre%2C+race%2C+erasure%3A+a+genealogical+critique+of+%22American%22+autobiography&rft.au=Braziel%2C+Jana+Evans&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Broberg1975" class="citation book"><a href="Gunnar_Broberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Broberg, G.</a> (1975). Homo sapiens <i>L. studien: Carl von Linné naturuppfattning och människolära</i>. Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksell.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Broberg&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1975&rft.pub=Almquist+and+Wiksell&rft.btitle=%27%27Homo+sapiens%27%27+L.+studien%3A+Carl+von+Linn%C3%A9+naturuppfattning+och+m%C3%A4nniskol%C3%A4ra&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.au=Broberg%2C+G.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Broberg2008" class="citation journal"><a href="Gunnar_Broberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Broberg, Gunnar</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03" >"The Dragonslayer"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tijdschrift_voor_Skandinavistiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek (page does not exist)">Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek</a></i> <b>29</b> (1–2): 29–43.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdpc.uba.uva.nl%2Ftvs%2Fvol29%2Fnr01%2Fart03&rft.atitle=The+Dragonslayer&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Broberg&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=29%E2%80%9343&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Skandinavistiek&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.btitle=The+Dragonslayer&rft.au=Broberg%2C+Gunnar&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Broberg" class="citation book"><a href="Gunnar_Broberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Broberg, Gunnar</a> (2006). <i>Carl Linnaeus</i>. Stockholm: <a href="Swedish_Institute" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Institute" title="Swedish Institute">Swedish Institute</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-91-520-0912-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-520-0912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-520-0912-3">978-91-520-0912-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Broberg&rft.pub=Swedish+Institute&rft.btitle=Carl+Linnaeus&rft.isbn=978-91-520-0912-3&rft.au=Broberg%2C+Gunnar&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Davis" class="citation book"><a href="Peter_Hadland_Davis" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hadland_Davis" title="Peter Hadland Davis">Davis, P. H.</a>; <a href="Vernon_Heywood" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Heywood" title="Vernon Heywood">Heywood, V. H.</a> (1973). <i>Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy</i>. Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1973&rft.pub=Robert+E.+Krieger+Publishing+Company&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Angiosperm+Taxonomy&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Huntington%2C+New+York&rft.au=Davis%2C+P.+H.&rft.au=Heywood%2C+V.+H.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Fr.C3.A4ngsmyr" class="citation book">Frängsmyr, Tore; Lindroth, Sten; Eriksson, Gunnar; Broberg, Gunnar (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=RrKiQgAACAAJ&dq=Linnaeus+the+man+and+his+works" ><i>Linnaeus, the man and his work</i></a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="University_of_California_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3">978-0-7112-1841-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DRrKiQgAACAAJ%26dq%3DLinnaeus%2Bthe%2Bman%2Band%2Bhis%2Bworks&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%2C+the+man+and+his+work&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A4ngsmyr&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Fr%C3%A4ngsmyr%2C+Tore&rft.au=Lindroth%2C+Sten&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Gunnar&rft.au=Broberg%2C+Gunnar&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Frodin" class="citation book">Frodin, D. G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27" >"The evolution of floras"</a>. <i>Guide to Standard Floras of the World: an Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists, and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 24–51. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-521-79077-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79077-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79077-2">978-0-521-79077-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=24%E2%80%9351&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMjXCF4rmDUC%26pg%3DPA27%26lpg%3DPA27&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Standard+Floras+of+the+World%3A+an+Annotated%2C+Geographically+Arranged+Systematic+Bibliography+of+the+Principal+Floras%2C+Enumerations%2C+Checklists%2C+and+Chorological+Atlases+of+Different+Areas&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.edition=2nd&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+floras&rft.aulast=Frodin&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79077-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Frodin%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Gribbin" class="citation book">Gribbin, Mary; Gribbin, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC" ><i>Flower Hunters</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-19-956182-7" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956182-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956182-7">978-0-19-956182-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DyDC7gu-sCMsC&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Flower+Hunters&rft.aulast=Gribbin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956182-7&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Gribbin%2C+Mary&rft.au=Gribbin%2C+John&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="ICBN" class="citation book">McNeill, J.; F. R. Barrie, H. M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, D. L. Hawksworth, K. Marhold, D. H. Nicolson, J. Prado, P. C. Silva, J. E. Skog, J. H. Wiersema & N. J. Turland, eds. (2006). <i><a href="International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a> (Vienna Code)</i>. Regnum Vegetabile <b>146</b>. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-3-906166-48-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906166-48-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906166-48-3">978-3-906166-48-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=146&rft.series=Regnum+Vegetabile&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-906166-48-3&rft.pub=A.+R.+G.+Gantner+Verlag&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+%28Vienna+Code%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Keevak" class="citation book">Keevak, Michael (2011). <i>Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking</i>. <a href="Princeton_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-691-14031-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14031-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14031-5">978-0-691-14031-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Keevak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Becoming+Yellow%3A+A+Short+History+of+Racial+Thinking&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14031-5&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Keevak%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Koerner" class="citation book">Koerner, Lisbet (1999). <i>Linnaeus: Nature and Nation</i>. Harvard: <a href="Harvard_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-674-09745-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-09745-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-09745-2">978-0-674-09745-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Harvard&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Lisbet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Koerner&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%3A+Nature+and+Nation&rft.isbn=978-0-674-09745-2&rft.au=Koerner%2C+Lisbet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="L1735" class="citation book">Linnaeus, Carolus (1735). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373" ><i>Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species</i></a>. Leiden: Haak. pp. 1–12.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F15373&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1735&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae+systematice+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+%26+species&rft.pub=Haak&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+Carolus&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Engel" class="citation book">Linnaeus, Carolus; Hendrik Engel & Maria Sara Johanna Engel-Ledeboer (1964) [1735]. <i><a href="Systema_Naturae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (facsimile of the 1st ed.). Nieuwkoop, Netherlands: B. de Graaf. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460298195" >460298195</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Nieuwkoop%2C+Netherlands&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=facsimile+of+the+1st&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.pub=B.+de+Graaf&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+Carolus&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460298195&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="L1758" class="citation book">Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN362053006" ><i>Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> <b>1</b> (<a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th</a> ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. pp. [1–4], 1–824.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3FPPN362053006&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=10th&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.btitle=Systema+natur%C3%A6+per+regna+tria+natur%C3%A6%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.pages=%5B1%E2%80%934%5D%2C+1%E2%80%93824&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+Carolus&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="L1771" class="citation book">Linnaeus, Carolus (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947" ><i>Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II</i></a>. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. pp. [1–7], 144–588.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=%5B1%E2%80%937%5D%2C+144%E2%80%93588&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2Fspa%2FLibro.php%3FLibro%3D947&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1771&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.btitle=Mantissa+plantarum+altera+generum+editionis+VI+et+specierum+editionis+II&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+Carolus&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Loring" class="citation book">Loring Brace, C. (2005). <i>"Race" is a Four Letter Word. The Genesis of the Concept</i>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-19-517351-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517351-2">978-0-19-517351-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Loring+Brace&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=%22Race%22+is+a+Four+Letter+Word.+The+Genesis+of+the+Concept&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517351-2&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Loring+Brace%2C+C.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Marks" class="citation book">Marks, Jonathan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3NRf_8gwmO8C&pg=PA265" >"Ten facts about human variation"</a>. In Muehlenbein, Michael. <i>Human Evolutionary Biology</i>. <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 265–276. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-521-87948-4" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87948-4">978-0-521-87948-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=265%E2%80%93276&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NRf_8gwmO8C%26pg%3DPA265&rft.atitle=Human+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87948-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.btitle=Ten+facts+about+human+variation&rft.au=Marks%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id=".C3.96stholm" class="citation journal">Östholm, Hanna (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf" ><i>Making memorials: early celebrations of Linnaeus</i></a> (<a href="Portable_Document_Format" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>). In Mary J. Morris and Leonie Berwick. "The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his Birth". <i>The Linnean</i> (Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London). Special Issue No. 8: 35–44.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=Special+Issue+No.+8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fimages%2FLinnean%2FSpecial_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf&rft.atitle=The+Linnaean+Legacy%3A+Three+Centuries+after+his+Birth&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aulast=%C3%96stholm&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Making+memorials%3A+early+celebrations+of+Linnaeus&rft.pub=Newsletter+and+Proceedings+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean&rft.pages=35%E2%80%9344&rft.date=2007&rft.au=%C3%96stholm%2C+Hanna&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Quammen" class="citation journal"><a href="David_Quammen" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Quammen" title="David Quammen">Quammen, David</a> (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1" >"The Name Giver"</a>. <i><a href="National_Geographic_Magazine" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" title="National Geographic Magazine" class="mw-redirect">National Geographic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 April 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2007%2F06%2Flinnaeus-name-giver%2Fdavid-quammen-text%2F1&rft.atitle=The+Name+Giver&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=David&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=June+2007&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.aulast=Quammen&rft.btitle=The+Name+Giver&rft.au=Quammen%2C+David&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Reveal" class="citation book">Reveal, James L.; Pringle, James S. (1993). "7. Taxonomic Botany and Floristics"". <i>Flora of North America</i> <b>1</b>. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-19-505713-9" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505713-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505713-9">0-19-505713-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=New+York+%26+Oxford&rft.volume=1&rft.atitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=7.+Taxonomic+Botany+and+Floristics%22&rft.aulast=Reveal&rft.isbn=0-19-505713-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Reveal%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Pringle%2C+James+S.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Simpson" class="citation book">Simpson, George Gaylord (1961). <i>Principles of Animal Taxonomy</i>. New York & London: Columbia University Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=George+Gaylord&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1961&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Animal+Taxonomy&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.au=Simpson%2C+George+Gaylord&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Slotkin" class="citation book">Slotkin, J. S. (1965). "The Eighteenth Century". <i>Readings in early Anthropology</i>. <a href="Methuen_Publishing" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>. pp. 175–243.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=175%E2%80%93243&rft.atitle=Readings+in+early+Anthropology&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.btitle=The+Eighteenth+Century&rft.aulast=Slotkin&rft.date=1965&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.au=Slotkin%2C+J.+S.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Sprague" class="citation journal">Sprague, T. A. (1953). "Linnaeus as a nomenclaturist". <i><a href="Taxon_(journal)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)" class="mw-redirect">Taxon</a></i> <b>2</b> (3): 40–46. <a href="Digital_object_identifier.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1217339" >10.2307/1217339</a>. <a href="JSTOR" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1217339" >1217339</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=2&rft.atitle=Linnaeus+as+a+nomenclaturist&rft.genre=book&rft.jstor=1217339&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1953&rft.pages=40%E2%80%9346&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.issue=3&rft.btitle=Linnaeus+as+a+nomenclaturist&rft.au=Sprague%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217339&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Stace" class="citation book"><a href="Clive_A._Stace" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_A._Stace" title="Clive A. Stace">Stace, Clive A.</a> (1991). <i>Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-521-42785-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2">978-0-521-42785-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=2nd&rft.aufirst=Clive+A.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Stace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.btitle=Plant+Taxonomy+and+Biosystematics&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42785-2&rft.au=Stace%2C+Clive+A.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Stafleu" class="citation book"><a href="Frans_Stafleu" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Stafleu" title="Frans Stafleu">Stafleu, Frans A.</a> (1971). <i>Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: the Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735–1789</i>. Utrecht: <a href="International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-90-6046-064-1" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6046-064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6046-064-1">978-90-6046-064-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Stafleu&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.btitle=Linnaeus+and+the+Linnaeans%3A+the+Spreading+of+their+Ideas+in+Systematic+Botany%2C+1735%E2%80%931789&rft.isbn=978-90-6046-064-1&rft.au=Stafleu%2C+Frans+A.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Stearn" class="citation journal"><a href="William_T._Stearn" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">Stearn, W. T.</a> (1959). "The Background of Linnaeus' Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology". <i><a href="Systematic_Zoology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_Zoology" title="Systematic Zoology" class="mw-redirect">Systematic Zoology</a></i> <b>8</b> (1): 4–22.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=8&rft.atitle=The+Background+of+Linnaeus%27+Contributions+to+the+Nomenclature+and+Methods+of+Systematic+Biology&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1959&rft.pages=4%E2%80%9322&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Zoology&rft.issue=1&rft.btitle=The+Background+of+Linnaeus%27+Contributions+to+the+Nomenclature+and+Methods+of+Systematic+Biology&rft.au=Stearn%2C+W.+T.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="St.C3.B6ver" class="citation book">Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). In Joseph Trapp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ogwXAAAAYAAJ" ><i>The life of Sir Charles Linnæus</i></a>. London: <a href="Library_of_Congress" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-19-850122-0" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850122-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850122-0">978-0-19-850122-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DogwXAAAAYAAJ&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Dietrich+Johann+Heinrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Sir+Charles+Linn%C3%A6us&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6ver&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850122-0&rft.date=1794&rft.au=St%C3%B6ver%2C+Dietrich+Johann+Heinrich&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Hoek" class="citation book">Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns (2005). <i>Algae: An Introduction to Phycology</i>. Cambridge: <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-521-30419-1" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30419-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30419-1">978-0-521-30419-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Van+den+Hoek%2C+C.%2C+D.+G.+Mann+%26+H.+M.+Jahns&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.btitle=Algae%3A+An+Introduction+to+Phycology&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30419-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Van+den+Hoek%2C+C.%2C+D.+G.+Mann+%26+H.+M.+Jahns&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Veitch" class="citation journal"><a href="Harry_Veitch" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Veitch" title="Harry Veitch">Veitch, H. J.</a> (1897). "<i>Nepenthes</i>". <i><a href="Journal_of_the_Royal_Horticultural_Society" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society" class="mw-redirect">Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society</a></i> <b>21</b> (2): 226–262.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=21&rft.atitle=%27%27Nepenthes%27%27&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Veitch&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1897&rft.pages=226%E2%80%93262&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.issue=2&rft.btitle=%27%27Nepenthes%27%27&rft.au=Veitch%2C+H.+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Willoughby" class="citation book">Willoughby, Pamela (2007). <i>The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: a Comprehensive Guide</i>. <a href="AltaMira_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltaMira_Press" title="AltaMira Press" class="mw-redirect">AltaMira Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-7591-0119-7" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0119-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0119-7">978-0-7591-0119-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Humans+in+Africa%3A+a+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0119-7&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Willoughby%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Wilson" class="citation book">Wilson, Don E.; DeeAnn M. Reeder (2005). <i><a href="Mammal_Species_of_the_World" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a>: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i> <b>1</b> (3rd ed.). <a href="JHU_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHU_Press" title="JHU Press" class="mw-redirect">JHU Press</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0">978-0-8018-8221-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=1&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=3rd&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Don+E.&rft.au=DeeAnn+M.+Reeder&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="Windelspecht" class="citation book">Windelspecht, Michael (2002). <i>Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 17th century</i>. <a href="Greenwood_Publishing_Group" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-313-31501-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31501-5">978-0-313-31501-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Windelspecht%2C+Michael&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+17th+century&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31501-5&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Windelspecht%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">C. L. Brightwell (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/lifeoflinnaeus00brigiala" ><i>A Life of Linnaeus</i></a>. London: J. Van Voorst.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=C.+L.+Brightwell&rft.pub=J.+Van+Voorst&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1858&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeoflinnaeus00brigiala&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Linnaeus&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.au=C.+L.+Brightwell&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Lys de Bray (2001). <i>The Art of Botanical Illustration: A history of classic illustrators and their achievements</i>. London: Quantum Publishing Ltd. pp. 62–71. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-1-86160-425-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86160-425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86160-425-5">978-1-86160-425-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62%E2%80%9371&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lys+de+Bray&rft.isbn=978-1-86160-425-5&rft.pub=Quantum+Publishing+Ltd&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Botanical+Illustration%3A+A+history+of+classic+illustrators+and+their+achievements&rft.au=Lys+de+Bray&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Edmund Otis Hovey (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/bicentenaryofbir00hoveiala" ><i>The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus</i></a>. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Edmund+Otis+Hovey&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbicentenaryofbir00hoveiala&rft.btitle=The+Bicentenary+of+the+Birth+of+Carolus+Linnaeus&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.au=Edmund+Otis+Hovey&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Sverker Sörlin & Otto Fagerstedt (2004). <i>Linné och hans apostlar</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Natur och kultur/Fakta. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-91-27-35590-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-35590-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-35590-3">978-91-27-35590-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Sverker+S%C3%B6rlin+%26+Otto+Fagerstedt&rft.pub=Natur+och+kultur%2FFakta&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.btitle=Linn%C3%A9+och+hans+apostlar&rft.isbn=978-91-27-35590-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Sverker+S%C3%B6rlin+%26+Otto+Fagerstedt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">J. L. P. M. Krol (1982). "Linnaeus' verblijf op de Hartekamp". <i>Het Landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede</i> (in Dutch). Heemstede. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-90-70712-01-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-70712-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-70712-01-3">978-90-70712-01-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=J.+L.+P.+M.+Krol&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%27+verblijf+op+de+Hartekamp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-90-70712-01-3&rft.atitle=Het+Landgoed+de+Hartekamp+in+Heemstede&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Heemstede&rft.au=J.+L.+P.+M.+Krol&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Lars Hansen, ed. (2007–2011). <i>The Linnaeus Apostles – Global Science & Adventure</i>. 8 vols. 11 books. London & Whitby: The IK Foundation & Company. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-1-904145-26-4" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904145-26-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904145-26-4">978-1-904145-26-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=London+%26+Whitby&rft.series=8+vols.+11+books&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Linnaeus+Apostles+%E2%80%93+Global+Science+%26+Adventure&rft.isbn=978-1-904145-26-4&rft.pub=The+IK+Foundation+%26+Company&rft.date=2007%E2%80%932011&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carl Linnaeus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carl von Linné">Linnaeus</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style=""><a href="Wikisource" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works written by or about:<br />
<center><i><b><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Carl_Linnaeus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></b></i></center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>Biographies</i></p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/index-en.html" >Biography</a> at the Department of Systematic Botany, <a href="Uppsala_University" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">University of Uppsala</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnean.org/index.php?id=47" >Biography</a> at The Linnean Society of London</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html" >Biography</a> from the <a href="University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a></li>
<li>A four-minute <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb_IO-SzLgk" >biographical video</a> from the London <a href="Natural_History_Museum.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum" title="Natural History Museum">Natural History Museum</a> on YouTube</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3" >Biography</a> from Taxonomic Literature, 2nd Edition. 1976-2009.</li>
</ul>
<p><i>Resources</i></p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Carl_von_Linné" >Works by Carl von Linné</a> at <a href="Project_Gutenberg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.info" >The Linnaeus Apostles</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnean-online.org/" >The Linnean Collections</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/" >The Linnean Correspondence</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goran.waldeck.se/Ento3E.htm" >Linnaeus' Disciples and Apostles</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml" >The Linnaean Dissertations</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome.html.en" >Linnean Herbarium</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus2007.se/" >The Linnæus Tercentenary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825" >Works by Carl von Linné</a> at the <a href="Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li>
</ul>
<p><i>Other</i></p>
<ul>
<li>Linnaeus was depicted by <a href="Jay_Hosler" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hosler" title="Jay Hosler">Jay Hosler</a> in a parody of <i>Peanuts</i> titled "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jayhosler.com/Charlie.jpg" >Good ol' Charlie Darwin</a>".</li>
<li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7133/index.html" >15 March 2007 issue</a> of <i><a href="Nature_(journal)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> featured a picture of Linnaeus on the cover with the heading "Linnaeus's Legacy" and devoted a substantial portion to items related to Linnaeus and Linnaean taxonomy.</li>
<li>A <a href="Tattoo" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a> of Linnaeus' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/03/06/what-is-man-science-tattoo/" >definition of the order Primates</a> mentioned by <a href="Carl_Zimmer" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Carl Zimmer</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Ginkgo_biloba" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/harderwijk.htm" >tree at the University of Harderwijk</a>, said to have been planted by Linnaeus in 1735</li>
</ul>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="Template3AHistorical_definitions_of_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template:Historical definitions of race"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="Template_talk3AHistorical_definitions_of_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template talk:Historical definitions of race"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="Historical_race_concepts" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical race concepts</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="Color_terminology_for_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">By color</a></th>
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<li><a href="Black_people" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="Bronze_(racial_classification)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze</a></li>
<li><a href="Brown_(racial_classification)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="Redskin_(slang)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redskin_(slang)" title="Redskin (slang)">Red</a></li>
<li><a href="White_people" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a></li>
<li><a href="Asian_people" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Yellow</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="Typology_(anthropology)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(anthropology)" title="Typology (anthropology)" class="mw-redirect">Typology</a></th>
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<li><a href="Australoid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australoid_race" title="Australoid race">Australoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Capoid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoid_race" title="Capoid race">Capoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Caucasian_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Mongoloid" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a></li>
<li><a href="Negroid" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a></li>
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</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sub-types</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Alpine_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpine</a></li>
<li><a href="Arabid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabid_race" title="Arabid race">Arabid</a></li>
<li><a href="Armenoid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenoid_race" title="Armenoid race">Armenoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Aryan_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li>
<li><a href="Atlantid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantid_race" title="Atlantid race">Atlantid</a></li>
<li><a href="Balkans-Caucasian_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans-Caucasian_race" title="Balkans-Caucasian race">Balkans-Caucasian</a></li>
<li><a href="Caspian_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_race" title="Caspian race">Caspian</a></li>
<li><a href="Dinaric_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_race" title="Dinaric race">Dinaric</a></li>
<li><a href="East_Baltic_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Baltic_race" title="East Baltic race">East Baltic</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethiopid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopid_race" title="Ethiopid race">Ethiopid</a></li>
<li><a href="Hamitic" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamitic" title="Hamitic">Hamitic</a></li>
<li><a href="Dravidian_peoples" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li>
<li><a href="Iranid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranid_race" title="Iranid race" class="mw-redirect">Iranid</a></li>
<li><a href="Malay_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="Mediterranean_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean</a></li>
<li><a href="Nordic_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a></li>
<li><a href="Northcaucasian_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcaucasian_race" title="Northcaucasian race">Northcaucasian</a></li>
<li><a href="Pamirid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamirid_race" title="Pamirid race">Pamirid</a></li>
<li><a href="Pontid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontid_race" title="Pontid race">Pontid</a></li>
<li><a href="Semitic_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_race" title="Semitic race" class="mw-redirect">Semitic</a></li>
<li><a href="Turanid_race" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanid</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Mixed</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Afro-Asian" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asian" title="Afro-Asian">Afro-Asian</a></li>
<li><a href="Coloured" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured" title="Coloured">Coloured</a></li>
<li><a href="Eurasian_(mixed_ancestry)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_(mixed_ancestry)" title="Eurasian (mixed ancestry)">Eurasian</a></li>
<li><a href="Mestizo" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li>
<li><a href="Mulatto" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li>
<li><a href="Pardo" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a></li>
<li><a href="Quadroon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li>
<li><a href="Zambo" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Writers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Louis_Agassiz" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Baker_(biologist)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baker_(biologist)" title="John Baker (biologist)">John Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="Erwin_Baur" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Baur" title="Erwin Baur">Erwin Baur</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Beddoe" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beddoe" title="John Beddoe">John Beddoe</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Bennett_Bean" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bennett_Bean" title="Robert Bennett Bean">Robert Bennett Bean</a></li>
<li><a href="Fran$C3$A7ois_Bernier" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a></li>
<li><a href="Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="Franz_Boas" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Broca" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a></li>
<li><a href="Alice_Mossie_Brues" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Mossie_Brues" title="Alice Mossie Brues">Alice Mossie Brues</a></li>
<li><a href="Halfdan_Bryn" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfdan_Bryn" title="Halfdan Bryn">Halfdan Bryn</a></li>
<li><a href="Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Caldwell_(physician)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_(physician)" title="Charles Caldwell (physician)">Charles Caldwell</a></li>
<li><a href="Petrus_Camper" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a></li>
<li><a href="Samuel_A._Cartwright" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a></li>
<li><a href="Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li>
<li><a href="Sonia_Mary_Cole" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Mary_Cole" title="Sonia Mary Cole">Sonia Mary Cole</a></li>
<li><a href="Carleton_S._Coon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_S._Coon" title="Carleton S. Coon">Carleton S. Coon</a></li>
<li><a href="Georges_Cuvier" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li>
<li><a href="Jan_Czekanowski" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Czekanowski" title="Jan Czekanowski">Jan Czekanowski</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Davenport" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a></li>
<li><a href="Joseph_Deniker" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a></li>
<li><a href="Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt" title="Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt">Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="Eugen_Fischer" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Eugen Fischer</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Fiske_(philosopher)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">John Fiske</a></li>
<li><a href="Francis_Galton" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li>
<li><a href="Stanley_Marion_Garn" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Marion_Garn" title="Stanley Marion Garn">Stanley Marion Garn</a></li>
<li><a href="Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Reginald Ruggles Gates</a></li>
<li><a href="George_Gliddon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gliddon" title="George Gliddon">George Gliddon</a></li>
<li><a href="Arthur_de_Gobineau" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a></li>
<li><a href="Madison_Grant" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="Hans_F._K._G$C3$BCnther" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a></li>
<li><a href="Ernst_Haeckel" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li>
<li><a href="Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a></li>
<li><a href="Earnest_Hooton" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnest_Hooton" title="Earnest Hooton">Earnest Hooton</a></li>
<li><a href="Julian_Huxley" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_Henry_Huxley" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li>
<li><a href="Immanuel_Kant.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="Calvin_Ira_Kephart" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Ira_Kephart" title="Calvin Ira Kephart">Calvin Ira Kephart</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Knox" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Knox" title="Robert Knox">Robert Knox</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_E._Kuttner" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Kuttner" title="Robert E. Kuttner">Robert E. Kuttner</a></li>
<li><a href="Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a></li>
<li><a href="Fritz_Lenz" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Fritz Lenz</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Carl Linnaeus</strong></li>
<li><a href="Bertil_Lundman" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Bertil Lundman</a></li>
<li><a href="Felix_von_Luschan" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_von_Luschan" title="Felix von Luschan">Felix von Luschan</a></li>
<li><a href="Dominick_McCausland" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick_McCausland" title="Dominick McCausland">Dominick McCausland</a></li>
<li><a href="Christoph_Meiners" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners">Christoph Meiners</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Mitchell_(geographer)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a></li>
<li><a href="Ashley_Montagu" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a></li>
<li><a href="Lewis_H._Morgan" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li>
<li><a href="Samuel_George_Morton" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a></li>
<li><a href="Josiah_C._Nott" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott">Josiah C. Nott</a></li>
<li><a href="Karl_Pearson" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li>
<li><a href="Oscar_Peschel" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Peschel" title="Oscar Peschel">Oscar Peschel</a></li>
<li><a href="Isaac_La_Peyr$C3$A8re" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re" title="Isaac La Peyrère">Isaac La Peyrère</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Pickering_(naturalist)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pickering_(naturalist)" title="Charles Pickering (naturalist)">Charles Pickering</a></li>
<li><a href="Ludwig_Hermann_Plate" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Hermann_Plate" title="Ludwig Hermann Plate">Ludwig Hermann Plate</a></li>
<li><a href="Alfred_Ploetz" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a></li>
<li><a href="James_Cowles_Prichard" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a></li>
<li><a href="Otto_Reche" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Reche" title="Otto Reche">Otto Reche</a></li>
<li><a href="William_Z._Ripley" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a></li>
<li><a href="Benjamin_Rush" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li>
<li><a href="Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Heinrich Schmidt</a></li>
<li><a href="Ilse_Schwidetzky" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Schwidetzky" title="Ilse Schwidetzky">Ilse Schwidetzky</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></li>
<li><a href="Giuseppe_Sergi" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a></li>
<li><a href="Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="Herbert_Spencer" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="Morris_Steggerda" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Steggerda" title="Morris Steggerda">Morris Steggerda</a></li>
<li><a href="Lothrop_Stoddard" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a></li>
<li><a href="William_Graham_Sumner" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" title="Thomas Griffith Taylor">Thomas Griffith Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Topinard" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Topinard" title="Paul Topinard">Paul Topinard</a></li>
<li><a href="Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer</a></li>
<li><a href="Rudolf_Virchow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a></li>
<li><a href="Voltaire" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="Alexander_Winchell_(geologist)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Winchell_(geologist)" title="Alexander Winchell (geologist)" class="mw-redirect">Alexander Winchell</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Writings</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="John_Mitchell_(geographer)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates</a></i> (1744)</li>
<li><i><a href="Christoph_Meiners" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners">The Outline of History of Mankind</a></i> (1785)</li>
<li><i><a href="Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" title="Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question">Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question</a></i> (1849)</li>
<li><i><a href="An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races">An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</a></i> (1855)</li>
<li><a href="The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley)" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley)"><i>The Races of Europe</i> (Ripley)</a> (1899)</li>
<li><i><a href="The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</a></i> (1899)</li>