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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Collaborative editing</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">This article is about collaborative writing in a technical or academic sense. For collaborative writing of fiction, see <a href="Collaborative_fiction" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_fiction" title="Collaborative fiction">Collaborative fiction</a>.</div>
<div class="dablink">Not to be confused with <a href="Simultaneous_editing" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_editing" title="Simultaneous editing">simultaneous editing</a> or <a href="Collaborative_real-time_editor" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editor" title="Collaborative real-time editor">collaborative real-time editor</a>.</div>
<p><b>Collaborative editing</b> is the practice of groups producing works together through individual contributions. Effective choices in group awareness, participation, and coordination are critical to successful collaborative writing outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
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<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_editing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2>
<p>Collaborative writing is writing done by more than one person; they may discuss what they are going to write before they start, and discuss what they have written after they finish each draft they write.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The writing might be organized by dividing the writing into sub-tasks assigned to each group member, with the first part of the tasks done before the next parts, or they might work together on each task.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The writing is planned, written, and revised, and more than one person is involved in at least one of those steps.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Usually, discussions about the document's structure and context involve the entire group.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Most usually it is applied to textual documents or programmatic <a href="Source_code" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. Such <a href="Asynchrony" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchrony" title="Asynchrony">asynchronous</a> (non-simultaneous) contributions are very efficient in time, as group members need not assemble in order to work together. Generally, managing such work requires <a href="Software" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> the most common tools for editing documents are <a href="Wiki.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a>, and those for programming, <a href="Version_control_system" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_system" title="Version control system" class="mw-redirect">version control systems</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most <a href="Word_processor" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a> are also capable of recording changes; this allows editors to work on the same document while automatically clearly labeling who contributed what changes. New writing environments such as <a href="Google_Docs" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a> provide collaborative writing/editing functionalities with revision control, synchronous/asynchronous editing.</p>
<p><a href="Wikipedia.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is an example of a collaborative editing project on a large scale, which can be both good and bad. Because of the large contributions by the public, Wikipedia has one of the widest ranges of material in the world. Unfortunately, this also leads to online 'graffiti', in which members of the public can submit incorrect information or random rubbish. Collaborative writing can lead to projects that are richer and more complex than those produced by individuals. Many learning communities include one or more collaborative assignments. However, writing with others also makes the writing task more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> There is increasing amount of research literature investigating how collaborative writing can improve learning experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Correct access management systems can prevent duplicated information.<sup id="cite_ref-Httpwwwpubmedcentralnihgovarticlerenderfcgitoolpmcentrezartid_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Httpwwwpubmedcentralnihgovarticlerenderfcgitoolpmcentrezartid-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Access management systems require access to a server, often online.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="Collaboration" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a> can be more difficult online due to issues such as <a href="Time_zone" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_editing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="32" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/60px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/80px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikiversity has learning materials about <i><b><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Collaborative_play_writing" class="extiw" title="v:Collaborative play writing">Collaborative play writing</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a href="Collaborative_real-time_editor" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editor" title="Collaborative real-time editor">Collaborative real-time editor</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_editing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowry, Paul Benjamin, Aaron Mosiah Curtis and Michelle Rene Lowry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=666141" >"A Taxonomy of Collaborative Writing to Improve Empirical Research, Writing Practice, and Tool Development,"</a> <i>Journal of Business Communication</i> (JBC), Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 66-99, 2004.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dillon A. How Collaborative is Collaborative Writing? An Analysis of the Production of Two Technical Reports., pages 69--86. Springer-Verlag, London, 1993.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharple M. Adding a Little Structure to Collaborative Writing. Springer-Verlag, London, 1992.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rimmershaw R. Collaborative Writing Practices and Writing Support Technologies, pages 15--28. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ede L. and Lunsford A. Singular Text/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Authoring. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1990.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck E.D. A Survey of Experiences of Collaborative Writing, pages 87--112. Springer-Verlag, London, 1993.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuutti, Kari <i>et al.</i> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=F_3RxNdMUNQC&pg=PA315&dq=collaborative+editing&client=firefox-a" ><i>ECSCW 2003: proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work,</i> p. 315.</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classweb.gmu.edu/nccwg/collab.htm" >"Online Writing Guide"</a>. Classweb.gmu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-09-21</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Online+Writing+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassweb.gmu.edu%2Fnccwg%2Fcollab.htm&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Classweb.gmu.edu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Collaborative editing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.A Calvo and S.T O’Rourke and J. Jones and K. Yacef and P. Reimann. (2011) "Collaborative Writing Support Tools on the Cloud" IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies". 4 (1) pp. 88-97. DOI=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TLT.2010.43" >http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TLT.2010.43</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Httpwwwpubmedcentralnihgovarticlerenderfcgitoolpmcentrezartid-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Httpwwwpubmedcentralnihgovarticlerenderfcgitoolpmcentrezartid_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1466909" >"Enhance your team-based qualitative research"</a>. <i>Ann Fam Med</i> <b>3</b> (4): 360–4. 2005. <a href="Digital_object_identifier.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1370%2Fafm.290" >10.1370/afm.290</a>. <a href="PubMed_Central" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1466909" >1466909</a>. <a href="PubMed_Identifier.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16046570" >16046570</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1466909&rft.atitle=Enhance+your+team-based+qualitative+research&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=360%E2%80%934&rft.jtitle=Ann+Fam+Med&rft.issue=4&rft.btitle=Enhance+your+team-based+qualitative+research&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1370%2Fafm.290&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16046570&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1466909&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Collaborative editing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://worldsci.net/paradox.pdf" >http://worldsci.net/paradox.pdf</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Structure-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Structure_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue2/walsh.html" >"Collaboration Structure, Communication Media, and Problems in Scientific Work Teams"</a>. Jcmc. indiana.edu. 2006-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-09-21</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Jcmc.+indiana.edu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2006-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcmc.indiana.edu%2Fvol12%2Fissue2%2Fwalsh.html&rft.btitle=Collaboration+Structure%2C+Communication+Media%2C+and+Problems+in+Scientific+Work+Teams&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Collaborative editing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_editing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Kuutti, Kari, Eija Helena Karsten, Paul Dourish, Geraldine Fitzpatrick and Kjeld Schmidt. (2003). <i>ECSCW 2003: proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work</i> (14–18 September 2003, Helsinki, Finland). London: <a href="Springer_Verlag" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Verlag" title="Springer Verlag" class="mw-redirect">Kulwer</a>. 10-<a href="Special3ABookSources/1402015739" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402015739" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-402-01573-9</a>; 13-<a href="Special3ABookSources/9781402015731" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402015731" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4020-1573-1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52784895" >OCLC 52784895</a></li>
<li>Speck, Bruce W. (2008). <i>Collaborative Writing: An Annotated Bibliography.</i> Charlotte, North Carolina: <a href="Information_Age_Publishing" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age_Publishing" title="Information Age Publishing">IAP</a> (<a href="Information_Age_Publishing" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age_Publishing" title="Information Age Publishing">Information Age Publishing</a>). 10-<a href="Special3ABookSources/1593112858" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1593112858" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59311-285-8</a>; 13-<a href="Special3ABookSources/9781593112851" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593112851" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-59311-285-1</a></li>
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