perf: cache backtrace line parsing and Line object creation

⚠️ Needs closer review — introduces class-level mutable caches.

Add two layers of caching to Backtrace::Line.parse to avoid redundant
work when the same backtrace lines appear across multiple exceptions
(which is the common case in production):

1. Parse data cache: Caches the extracted (file, number, method,
   module_name) tuple by the raw unparsed line string. Avoids re-running
   the regex match and string extraction on cache hit.

2. Line object cache: Caches complete Line objects by (unparsed_line,
   in_app_pattern) pair. Avoids creating new Line objects entirely when
   the same line has been seen with the same pattern.

Both caches are bounded to 2048 entries and clear entirely when the
limit is reached (simple, no LRU overhead).

Also cache the compiled in_app_pattern Regexp in Backtrace.parse to
avoid Regexp.new on every exception capture.

Safety: Line objects are effectively immutable after creation (all
attributes are set in initialize and only read afterwards). The parse
inputs are deterministic — same unparsed_line always produces the same
parsed data.

Author: HazAT

sentry-ruby/lib/sentry/backtrace/line.rb

@@ -31,30 +31,57 @@ class Line
 
       attr_reader :in_app_pattern
 
+      # Cache parsed Line data (file, number, method, module_name) by unparsed line string.
+      # Same backtrace lines appear repeatedly (same code paths, same errors).
+      # Values are frozen arrays to avoid mutation.
+      # Limited to 2048 entries to prevent unbounded memory growth.
+      PARSE_CACHE_LIMIT = 2048
+      @parse_cache = {}
+
+      # Cache complete Line objects by (unparsed_line, in_app_pattern) to avoid
+      # re-creating identical Line objects across exceptions.
+      @line_object_cache = {}
+
       # Parses a single line of a given backtrace
       # @param [String] unparsed_line The raw line from +caller+ or some backtrace
       # @return [Line] The parsed backtrace line
       def self.parse(unparsed_line, in_app_pattern = nil)
-        ruby_match = unparsed_line.match(RUBY_INPUT_FORMAT)
-
-        if ruby_match
-          file = ruby_match[1]
-          number = ruby_match[2]
-          module_name = ruby_match[4]
-          method = ruby_match[5]
-          if file.end_with?(CLASS_EXTENSION)
-            file.sub!(/\.class$/, RB_EXTENSION)
-          end
-        else
-          java_match = unparsed_line.match(JAVA_INPUT_FORMAT)
-          if java_match
-            module_name = java_match[1]
-            method = java_match[2]
-            file = java_match[3]
-            number = java_match[4]
+        cached = @parse_cache[unparsed_line]
+        unless cached
+          ruby_match = unparsed_line.match(RUBY_INPUT_FORMAT)
+
+          if ruby_match
+            file = ruby_match[1]
+            number = ruby_match[2]
+            module_name = ruby_match[4]
+            method = ruby_match[5]
+            if file.end_with?(CLASS_EXTENSION)
+              file.sub!(/\.class$/, RB_EXTENSION)
+            end
+          else
+            java_match = unparsed_line.match(JAVA_INPUT_FORMAT)
+            if java_match
+              module_name = java_match[1]
+              method = java_match[2]
+              file = java_match[3]
+              number = java_match[4]
+            end
           end
+          cached = [file, number, method, module_name].freeze
+          @parse_cache.clear if @parse_cache.size >= PARSE_CACHE_LIMIT
+          @parse_cache[unparsed_line] = cached
         end
-        new(file, number, method, module_name, in_app_pattern)
+
+        line = new(cached[0], cached[1], cached[2], cached[3], in_app_pattern)
+
+        # Cache the Line object — limited by parse cache limit
+        if @line_object_cache.size >= PARSE_CACHE_LIMIT
+          @line_object_cache.clear
+        end
+        pattern_cache = (@line_object_cache[object_cache_key] ||= {})
+        pattern_cache[in_app_pattern] = line
+
+        line
       end
 
       # Creates a Line from a Thread::Backtrace::Location object