diff: fix out-of-bounds reads and NULL deref in diffstat UTF-8 truncation

f85b49f (diff: improve scaling of filenames in diffstat to handle
UTF-8 chars, 2024-10-27) introduced a loop in show_stats() that calls
utf8_width() repeatedly to skip leading characters until the displayed
width fits.  However, utf8_width() can return problematic values:

  - For invalid UTF-8 sequences, pick_one_utf8_char() sets the name
    pointer to NULL and utf8_width() returns 0.  Since name_len does
    not change, the loop iterates once more and pick_one_utf8_char()
    dereferences the NULL pointer, crashing.

  - For control characters, utf8_width() returns -1, so name_len
    grows when it is expected to shrink.  This can cause the loop to
    consume more characters than the string contains, reading past
    the trailing NUL.

By default, fill_print_name() will C-quotes filenames which escapes
control characters and invalid bytes to printable text.  That avoids
this bug from being triggered; however, with core.quotePath=false,
raw bytes can reach this code.

Add tests exercising both failure modes with core.quotePath=false and
a narrow --stat-name-width to force truncation: one with a bare 0xC0
byte (invalid UTF-8 lead byte, triggers NULL deref) and one with a
0x01 byte (control character, causes the loop to read past the end
of the string).

Fix the bug by:
  - Adding a *name check to terminate the loop at end-of-string
  - Detecting the NULL pointer from invalid UTF-8 and falling back to
    showing the full untruncated name
  - Breaking on negative width (control characters)

Signed-off-by: Elijah Newren <newren@gmail.com>

Author: newren

diff.c

@@ -3093,8 +3093,17 @@ static void show_stats(struct diffstat_t *data, struct diff_options *options)
 			if (len < 0)
 				len = 0;
 
-			while (name_len > len)
-				name_len -= utf8_width((const char**)&name, NULL);
+			while (name_len > len && *name) {
+				int w = utf8_width((const char **)&name, NULL);
+				if (!name) { /* Invalid UTF-8 */
+					name = file->print_name;
+					name_len = utf8_strwidth(name);
+					break;
+				}
+				if (w < 0)  /* control character */
+					break;
+				name_len -= w;
+			}
 
 			slash = strchr(name, '/');
 			if (slash)

t/t4052-stat-output.sh

@@ -445,4 +445,30 @@ test_expect_success 'diffstat where line_prefix contains ANSI escape codes is co
 	test_grep "<RED>|<RESET>  ${FILENAME_TRIMMED} | 0" out
 '
 
+test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'diffstat truncation with invalid UTF-8 does not crash' '
+	FNAME=$(printf "aaa-\xc0-aaa") &&
+	git commit --allow-empty -m setup &&
+	>$FNAME &&
+	git add -- $FNAME &&
+	git commit -m "add file with invalid UTF-8 name" &&
+	git -c core.quotepath=false diff --stat --stat-name-width=5 HEAD~1..HEAD >output &&
+	test_grep "| 0" output &&
+	rm -- $FNAME &&
+	git rm -- $FNAME &&
+	git commit -m "remove test file"
+'
+
+test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'diffstat truncation with control chars does not crash' '
+	FNAME=$(printf "aaa-\x01-aaa") &&
+	git commit --allow-empty -m setup &&
+	>$FNAME &&
+	git add -- $FNAME &&
+	git commit -m "add file with control char name" &&
+	git -c core.quotepath=false diff --stat --stat-name-width=5 HEAD~1..HEAD >output &&
+	test_grep "| 0" output &&
+	rm -- $FNAME &&
+	git rm -- $FNAME &&
+	git commit -m "remove test file"
+'
+
 test_done