diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 7c1788d9..09aa4997 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        group: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+        group: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
@@ -86,8 +86,14 @@ jobs:
       - uses: ./.github/actions/setup
       - name: Enable Golem wasmtime fork
         run: bash .github/scripts/enable-wasmtime-fork.sh
-      - name: Runtime tests (group ${{ matrix.group }}/8)
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        if: matrix.group == 9
+        with:
+          node-version: "22.14.0"
+      - name: Runtime tests (group ${{ matrix.group }}/9)
         run: cargo test --test runtime $CI_WASMTIME_FORK_FEATURES -- --report-time --format ctrf --logfile target/ctrf.json ':tag:group${{ matrix.group }}'
+        env:
+          NODE_MODULES_APP_STRICT_NODE_BASELINE: "1"
       - name: Publish Test Report
         uses: ctrf-io/github-test-reporter@v1
         if: always()
diff --git a/.nvmrc b/.nvmrc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d41c735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.nvmrc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+22.14.0
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index bb9a670e..95c6a139 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -149,6 +149,19 @@ The `tests/node_compat/` directory contains vendored Node.js test files used to
 
 Load the `fixing-node-compat-test` skill for the full workflow when making a test pass.
 
+## Node Modules App Tests
+
+The `tests/node_modules_apps/` directory contains CI-enforced runtime tests for unbundled npm apps installed with real `node_modules` and attached to the component filesystem as `/app`. This suite is separate from `tests/libraries/`, which documents Rollup-bundled package compatibility.
+
+Important rules:
+
+- `tests/node_modules_apps/config.jsonc` is the source of truth for node modules app tests. Runtime tests in `tests/runtime/node_modules_apps.rs` are generated from it.
+- Add app fixtures under `tests/node_modules_apps/apps/<app>/` with a `package.json`, `run-node.mjs`, and `test-*` files exporting `run()`.
+- Node modules app tests run `npm install --install-links --ignore-scripts --no-audit --no-fund`, verify the raw test with host Node.js, then run it through wasm-rquickjs from `/app`.
+- Keep this suite focused on real `node_modules` module loading, CJS/ESM interop, package maps, filesystem-backed package behavior, and high-value smoke tests. Do not use it for native `.node`, WASM artifact loading, subprocess-heavy, or live-network scenarios.
+- CI runs node modules app tests as runtime `group9`; regular runtime tests use `group1` through `group8`.
+- Before running node modules app runtime tests after skeleton changes, run `./cleanup-skeleton.sh`, then use `cargo test --test runtime --features use-golem-wasmtime -- ':tag:group9'` for the CI-like group, `cargo test --test runtime --features use-golem-wasmtime -- node_modules_app --nocapture` for the full node modules app suite, or a narrower node modules app filter.
+
 ### ⚠️ Keeping `node_compat` and `node_compat_report` in sync
 
 The `tests/node_compat.rs` test harness and the `tests/node_compat_report.rs` report generator are **two separate runners** with independent Host types, linker setups, and WASI context configurations. **Whenever you change the WASI context, linker setup, or Host configuration in `tests/common/mod.rs` (used by `node_compat`), you MUST apply the same change to `tests/node_compat_report.rs`** — otherwise the two runners will produce different results.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 56269266..c25cc1e7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -554,7 +554,8 @@ Compatibility stubs — no V8 inspector in WASM.
 <details>
 <summary><strong><code>node:module</code></strong></summary>
 
-- `require`, `createRequire`, `builtinModules`, `isBuiltin`, `runMain`, `_nodeModulePaths`
+- `require`, `require.resolve`, `createRequire`, `builtinModules`, `isBuiltin`, `runMain`, `_nodeModulePaths`
+- Package resolution supports `package.json` `main`, `exports` root/subpath maps, wildcard `exports` patterns, `imports` maps, and wildcard `imports` patterns. CJS resolution recognizes `golem`, `node`, `require`, `module-sync`, and `default` conditions; ESM resolution recognizes `golem`, `node`, `import`, `module-sync`, and `default`. Package `imports` can target relative files, external packages, and `node:` builtins.
 
 </details>
 
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.lock b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.lock
index 54b26a34..8da5cab8 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.lock
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.lock
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ checksum = "8b75356056920673b02621b35afd0f7dda9306d03c79a30f5c56c44cf256e3de"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.5.0"
+version = "1.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
+checksum = "f2032f911046de80f0a198e0901378627c33f59ea0ac00e363d481118bd70a53"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "base16ct"
@@ -142,15 +142,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "regex",
  "rustc-hash",
- "shlex",
+ "shlex 1.3.0",
  "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.11.0"
+version = "2.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "843867be96c8daad0d758b57df9392b6d8d271134fce549de6ce169ff98a92af"
+checksum = "b4388bee8683e3d04af747c73422af53102d2bd24d9eadb6cbc100baef4b43f8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "block-buffer"
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.20.2"
+version = "3.20.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d20789868f4b01b2f2caec9f5c4e0213b41e3e5702a50157d699ae31ced2fcb"
+checksum = "72f5acc6cb2ba439de613abc23857ec3d78374d8ed5ac84e9d11336e87da8649"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.58"
+version = "1.2.63"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e1e928d4b69e3077709075a938a05ffbedfa53a84c8f766efbf8220bb1ff60e1"
+checksum = "556e016178bb5662a08681bbe0f00f8e17631781a4dfc8c45e466e4b185ec27f"
 dependencies = [
  "find-msvc-tools",
- "shlex",
+ "shlex 2.0.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.44"
+version = "0.4.45"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c673075a2e0e5f4a1dde27ce9dee1ea4558c7ffe648f576438a20ca1d2acc4b0"
+checksum = "1aa79e62e7697b8e29b513a68abacf485adcd1fe8284a4316c5ae868e6633327"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
@@ -470,9 +470,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "displaydoc"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
+checksum = "1ac70aa55017e108007fbaf5aa0f54b021c98f92ff8af59d42eda9da96e3dd4f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -533,9 +533,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
-version = "1.15.0"
+version = "1.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48c757948c5ede0e46177b7add2e67155f70e33c07fea8284df6576da70b3719"
+checksum = "91622ff5e7162018101f2fea40d6ebf4a78bbe5a49736a2020649edf9693679e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "elliptic-curve"
@@ -616,9 +616,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.3.0"
+version = "2.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "37909eebbb50d72f9059c3b6d82c0463f2ff062c9e95845c43a6c9c0355411be"
+checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ version = "2.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f78e10609fe0e0b3f4157ffab1876319b5b0db102a2c60dc4626306dc46b44ad"
 dependencies = [
- "fastrand 2.3.0",
+ "fastrand 2.4.1",
  "futures-core",
  "futures-io",
  "parking",
@@ -952,6 +952,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "foldhash 0.2.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.17.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ed5909b6e89a2db4456e54cd5f673791d7eca6732202bbf2a9cc504fe2f9b84a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.5.0"
@@ -978,9 +984,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3ba2a386d7f85a81f119ad7498ebe444d2e22c2af0b86b069416ace48b3311a"
+checksum = "6970f50e31d6fc17d3fa27329444bfa74e196cf62e95052a3f6fee181dba6425"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "itoa",
@@ -1011,12 +1017,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_collections"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c6b649701667bbe825c3b7e6388cb521c23d88644678e83c0c4d0a621a34b43"
+checksum = "2984d1cd16c883d7935b9e07e44071dca8d917fd52ecc02c04d5fa0b5a3f191c"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "potential_utf",
+ "utf8_iter",
  "yoke",
  "zerofrom",
  "zerovec",
@@ -1024,9 +1031,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_locale_core"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "edba7861004dd3714265b4db54a3c390e880ab658fec5f7db895fae2046b5bb6"
+checksum = "92219b62b3e2b4d88ac5119f8904c10f8f61bf7e95b640d25ba3075e6cac2c29"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "litemap",
@@ -1037,9 +1044,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_normalizer"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f6c8828b67bf8908d82127b2054ea1b4427ff0230ee9141c54251934ab1b599"
+checksum = "c56e5ee99d6e3d33bd91c5d85458b6005a22140021cc324cea84dd0e72cff3b4"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_collections",
  "icu_normalizer_data",
@@ -1051,15 +1058,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_normalizer_data"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aedcccd01fc5fe81e6b489c15b247b8b0690feb23304303a9e560f37efc560a"
+checksum = "da3be0ae77ea334f4da67c12f149704f19f81d1adf7c51cf482943e84a2bad38"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_properties"
-version = "2.1.2"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "020bfc02fe870ec3a66d93e677ccca0562506e5872c650f893269e08615d74ec"
+checksum = "bee3b67d0ea5c2cca5003417989af8996f8604e34fb9ddf96208a033901e70de"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_collections",
  "icu_locale_core",
@@ -1071,15 +1078,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_properties_data"
-version = "2.1.2"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "616c294cf8d725c6afcd8f55abc17c56464ef6211f9ed59cccffe534129c77af"
+checksum = "8e2bbb201e0c04f7b4b3e14382af113e17ba4f63e2c9d2ee626b720cbce54a14"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_provider"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85962cf0ce02e1e0a629cc34e7ca3e373ce20dda4c4d7294bbd0bf1fdb59e614"
+checksum = "139c4cf31c8b5f33d7e199446eff9c1e02decfc2f0eec2c8d71f65befa45b421"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "icu_locale_core",
@@ -1115,9 +1122,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna_adapter"
-version = "1.2.1"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3acae9609540aa318d1bc588455225fb2085b9ed0c4f6bd0d9d5bcd86f1a0344"
+checksum = "cb68373c0d6620ef8105e855e7745e18b0d00d3bdb07fb532e434244cdb9a714"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_normalizer",
  "icu_properties",
@@ -1125,12 +1132,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.13.0"
+version = "2.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7714e70437a7dc3ac8eb7e6f8df75fd8eb422675fc7678aff7364301092b1017"
+checksum = "d466e9454f08e4a911e14806c24e16fba1b4c121d1ea474396f396069cf949d9"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "hashbrown 0.17.1",
  "serde",
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -1171,11 +1178,12 @@ checksum = "8f42a60cbdf9a97f5d2305f08a87dc4e09308d1276d28c869c684d7777685682"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.94"
+version = "0.3.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e04e2ef80ce82e13552136fabeef8a5ed1f985a96805761cbb9a2c34e7664d9"
+checksum = "f2025f20d7a4fa7785846e7b63d10a76d3f1cee98ee5cb79ea59703f95e42162"
 dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "futures-util",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
@@ -1217,9 +1225,9 @@ checksum = "09edd9e8b54e49e587e4f6295a7d29c3ea94d469cb40ab8ca70b288248a81db2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.184"
+version = "0.2.186"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48f5d2a454e16a5ea0f4ced81bd44e4cfc7bd3a507b61887c99fd3538b28e4af"
+checksum = "68ab91017fe16c622486840e4c83c9a37afeff978bd239b5293d61ece587de66"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
@@ -1250,15 +1258,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "litemap"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6373607a59f0be73a39b6fe456b8192fcc3585f602af20751600e974dd455e77"
+checksum = "92daf443525c4cce67b150400bc2316076100ce0b3686209eb8cf3c31612e6f0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.29"
+version = "0.4.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e5032e24019045c762d3c0f28f5b6b8bbf38563a65908389bf7978758920897"
+checksum = "953f07c43838f8e6f9758cab68bf5bed85465e7587ebe0b823f1bcd81978ad3a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "md-5"
@@ -1272,9 +1280,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.8.0"
+version = "2.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f8ca58f447f06ed17d5fc4043ce1b10dd205e060fb3ce5b979b8ed8e59ff3f79"
+checksum = "88904434abc2901f197fe8cc55f0445e7ded921dba5911dad2e2b39b48e663c4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mime"
@@ -1319,7 +1327,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-integer",
  "num-iter",
  "num-traits",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
  "serde",
  "smallvec",
  "zeroize",
@@ -1442,18 +1450,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project"
-version = "1.1.11"
+version = "1.1.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f1749c7ed4bcaf4c3d0a3efc28538844fb29bcdd7d2b67b2be7e20ba861ff517"
+checksum = "2466b2336ed02bcdca6b294417127b90ec92038d1d5c4fbeac971a922e0e0924"
 dependencies = [
  "pin-project-internal",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project-internal"
-version = "1.1.11"
+version = "1.1.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d9b20ed30f105399776b9c883e68e536ef602a16ae6f596d2c473591d6ad64c6"
+checksum = "c96395f0a926bc13b1c17622aaddda1ecb55d49c8f1bf9777e4d877800a43f8b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1506,9 +1514,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
-version = "0.3.32"
+version = "0.3.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7edddbd0b52d732b21ad9a5fab5c704c14cd949e5e9a1ec5929a24fded1b904c"
+checksum = "19f132c84eca552bf34cab8ec81f1c1dcc229b811638f9d283dceabe58c5569e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "poly1305"
@@ -1535,9 +1543,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "potential_utf"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b73949432f5e2a09657003c25bca5e19a0e9c84f8058ca374f49e0ebe605af77"
+checksum = "0103b1cef7ec0cf76490e969665504990193874ea05c85ff9bab8b911d0a0564"
 dependencies = [
  "zerovec",
 ]
@@ -1611,9 +1619,9 @@ checksum = "f8dcc9c7d52a811697d2151c701e0d08956f92b0e24136cf4cf27b57a6a0d9bf"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
+checksum = "5ca0ecfa931c29007047d1bc58e623ab12e5590e8c7cc53200d5202b69266d8a"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "rand_chacha 0.3.1",
@@ -1622,9 +1630,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
-version = "0.9.2"
+version = "0.9.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6db2770f06117d490610c7488547d543617b21bfa07796d7a12f6f1bd53850d1"
+checksum = "44c5af06bb1b7d3216d91932aed5265164bf384dc89cd6ba05cf59a35f5f76ea"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
  "rand_core 0.9.5",
@@ -1670,9 +1678,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.12.3"
+version = "1.12.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e10754a14b9137dd7b1e3e5b0493cc9171fdd105e0ab477f51b72e7f3ac0e276"
+checksum = "f1292b7759ae1cb9ec195452d1390a074f0cd8541ab7a5a8c31cd6db45d4a6ba"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -1693,9 +1701,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.8.10"
+version = "0.8.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc897dd8d9e8bd1ed8cdad82b5966c3e0ecae09fb1907d58efaa013543185d0a"
+checksum = "d6f6ff9a378485b298a5286656da665ba74413d36db0979633275d2e708145d4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "relative-path"
@@ -1768,6 +1776,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "golem-websocket",
  "hkdf",
  "hmac",
+ "indexmap",
  "k256",
  "md-5",
  "num-bigint-dig",
@@ -1776,7 +1785,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "p384",
  "pbkdf2",
  "pkcs8",
- "rand 0.9.2",
+ "rand 0.9.4",
  "rand_core 0.6.4",
  "ripemd",
  "rquickjs",
@@ -1784,6 +1793,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "rusqlite",
  "scrypt",
  "sec1",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
  "sha1",
  "sha2",
  "sha3",
@@ -1861,9 +1872,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rsqlite-vfs"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8a1f2315036ef6b1fbacd1972e8ee7688030b0a2121edfc2a6550febd41574d"
+checksum = "c51c9ae4df8a7fba42103df5c621fa3c37eccf3a3c650879e90fc48b11cc192c"
 dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.16.1",
  "thiserror",
@@ -1945,9 +1956,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.27"
+version = "1.0.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d767eb0aabc880b29956c35734170f26ed551a859dbd361d140cdbeca61ab1e2"
+checksum = "8a7852d02fc848982e0c167ef163aaff9cd91dc640ba85e263cb1ce46fae51cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
@@ -1956,6 +1967,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a8e94ea7f378bd32cbbd37198a4a91436180c5bb472411e48b5ec2e2124ae9e"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
+ "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1980,9 +1992,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.149"
+version = "1.0.150"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "83fc039473c5595ace860d8c4fafa220ff474b3fc6bfdb4293327f1a37e94d86"
+checksum = "e8014e44b4736ed0538adeecded0fce2a272f22dc9578a7eb6b2d9993c74cfb9"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -2027,9 +2039,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sha3"
-version = "0.10.8"
+version = "0.10.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75872d278a8f37ef87fa0ddbda7802605cb18344497949862c0d4dcb291eba60"
+checksum = "77fd7028345d415a4034cf8777cd4f8ab1851274233b45f84e3d955502d93874"
 dependencies = [
  "digest",
  "keccak",
@@ -2041,6 +2053,12 @@ version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "shlex"
+version = "2.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8fadd59c855ef2080decdef8ff161eb6661b86933c9d82e5ba29dc602a55aba"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "signature"
 version = "2.2.0"
@@ -2059,9 +2077,9 @@ checksum = "703d5c7ef118737c72f1af64ad2f6f8c5e1921f818cdcb97b8fe6fc69bf66214"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "siphasher"
-version = "1.0.2"
+version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b2aa850e253778c88a04c3d7323b043aeda9d3e30d5971937c1855769763678e"
+checksum = "8ee5873ec9cce0195efcb7a4e9507a04cd49aec9c83d0389df45b1ef7ba2e649"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "slab"
@@ -2071,9 +2089,9 @@ checksum = "0c790de23124f9ab44544d7ac05d60440adc586479ce501c1d6d7da3cd8c9cf5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.15.1"
+version = "1.15.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "67b1b7a3b5fe4f1376887184045fcf45c69e92af734b7aaddc05fb777b6fbd03"
+checksum = "8ed6a63f02c8539c91a8685a86f4099661ba3da017932f6ebbea6de3f0fa7c90"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "spin"
@@ -2093,9 +2111,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlite-wasm-rs"
-version = "0.5.2"
+version = "0.5.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f4206ed3a67690b9c29b77d728f6acc3ce78f16bf846d83c94f76400320181b"
+checksum = "dc3efc0da82635d7e1ced0053bbbfa8c7ab9645d0bf36ceb4f7127bb85315d75"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "js-sys",
@@ -2159,9 +2177,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinystr"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42d3e9c45c09de15d06dd8acf5f4e0e399e85927b7f00711024eb7ae10fa4869"
+checksum = "c8323304221c2a851516f22236c5722a72eaa19749016521d6dff0824447d96d"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "zerovec",
@@ -2178,9 +2196,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.25.9+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "0.25.12+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "da053d28fe57e2c9d21b48261e14e7b4c8b670b54d2c684847b91feaf4c7dac5"
+checksum = "d2153edc6955a6c354fad8f5efd38b6a8769bdccf9fe50f8e1329f81b0baa5d7"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
  "toml_datetime",
@@ -2190,18 +2208,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_parser"
-version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "1.1.2+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39ca317ebc49f06bd748bfba29533eac9485569dc9bf80b849024b025e814fb9"
+checksum = "a2abe9b86193656635d2411dc43050282ca48aa31c2451210f4202550afb7526"
 dependencies = [
  "winnow",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.19.0"
+version = "1.20.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "562d481066bde0658276a35467c4af00bdc6ee726305698a55b86e61d7ad82bb"
+checksum = "b6f5e870be6c3b371b77fe0ee0bafb859fa4964b4404c27de1d380043c4dda20"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
@@ -2211,9 +2229,9 @@ checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-segmentation"
-version = "1.12.0"
+version = "1.13.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f6ccf251212114b54433ec949fd6a7841275f9ada20dddd2f29e9ceea4501493"
+checksum = "c6f5d3c3b1bf09027a88a6bc961fc00497d651009560b5463668dc81b0fa87a8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-xid"
@@ -2251,9 +2269,9 @@ checksum = "b6c140620e7ffbb22c2dee59cafe6084a59b5ffc27a8859a5f0d494b5d52b6be"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.23.0"
+version = "1.23.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5ac8b6f42ead25368cf5b098aeb3dc8a1a2c05a3eee8a9a1a68c640edbfc79d9"
+checksum = "144d6b123cef80b301b8f72a9e2ca4370ddec21950d0a103dd22c437006d2db7"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.4.2",
  "js-sys",
@@ -2295,11 +2313,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasip2"
-version = "1.0.2+wasi-0.2.9"
+version = "1.0.3+wasi-0.2.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9517f9239f02c069db75e65f174b3da828fe5f5b945c4dd26bd25d89c03ebcf5"
+checksum = "20064672db26d7cdc89c7798c48a0fdfac8213434a1186e5ef29fd560ae223d6"
 dependencies = [
- "wit-bindgen 0.51.0",
+ "wit-bindgen 0.57.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2313,9 +2331,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.123"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0551fc1bb415591e3372d0bc4780db7e587d84e2a7e79da121051c5c4b89d0b0"
+checksum = "a254a4b10c19a76f09a27640e7ffbf9bc30bf67e16a3bf28aaefa4920fe81563"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2326,9 +2344,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.123"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fbdf9a35adf44786aecd5ff89b4563a90325f9da0923236f6104e603c7e86be"
+checksum = "24a40fc75b0ec6f3746ceb10d36f53a93dcd68a93b11b6445983945d79eba0dc"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -2336,9 +2354,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.123"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dca9693ef2bab6d4e6707234500350d8dad079eb508dca05530c85dc3a529ff2"
+checksum = "908f34bd9b9ce3d4caf07b72dfab63d61504d156856c6bd3cd87fa350cf3985b"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -2349,9 +2367,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.123"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39129a682a6d2d841b6c429d0c51e5cb0ed1a03829d8b3d1e69a011e62cb3d3b"
+checksum = "7acbf7616c27b194bbb550bf77ed0c2c3e5b7fd1260a93082b95fb7f47959b92"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -2441,9 +2459,9 @@ checksum = "f0805222e57f7521d6a62e36fa9163bc891acd422f971defe97d64e70d0a4fe5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winnow"
-version = "1.0.1"
+version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09dac053f1cd375980747450bfc7250c264eaae0583872e845c0c7cd578872b5"
+checksum = "0592e1c9d151f854e6fd382574c3a0855250e1d9b2f99d9281c6e6391af352f1"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -2464,10 +2482,18 @@ version = "0.51.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
  "wit-bindgen-rust-macro 0.51.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen"
+version = "0.57.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ebf944e87a7c253233ad6766e082e3cd714b5d03812acc24c318f549614536e"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen-core"
 version = "0.42.1"
@@ -2637,9 +2663,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "writeable"
-version = "0.6.2"
+version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9edde0db4769d2dc68579893f2306b26c6ecfbe0ef499b013d731b7b9247e0b9"
+checksum = "1ffae5123b2d3fc086436f8834ae3ab053a283cfac8fe0a0b8eaae044768a4c4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wstd"
@@ -2675,9 +2701,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "yoke"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72d6e5c6afb84d73944e5cedb052c4680d5657337201555f9f2a16b7406d4954"
+checksum = "709fe23a0424b6a435d82152b1bd3fdfb0833487d5fa90d05d42762a9891fef5"
 dependencies = [
  "stable_deref_trait",
  "yoke-derive",
@@ -2686,9 +2712,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "yoke-derive"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b659052874eb698efe5b9e8cf382204678a0086ebf46982b79d6ca3182927e5d"
+checksum = "de844c262c8848816172cef550288e7dc6c7b7814b4ee56b3e1553f275f1858e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2698,18 +2724,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.48"
+version = "0.8.52"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eed437bf9d6692032087e337407a86f04cd8d6a16a37199ed57949d415bd68e9"
+checksum = "ce1022995ff5ff5d841ad7d994facc23098cd40152f2c1d11cd607c6f530653f"
 dependencies = [
  "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.48"
+version = "0.8.52"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "70e3cd084b1788766f53af483dd21f93881ff30d7320490ec3ef7526d203bad4"
+checksum = "1ae7f38b72ec2a254e2b87ef277cf2cd4fb97cbebf944faa6f33354da0867930"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2718,18 +2744,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerofrom"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "50cc42e0333e05660c3587f3bf9d0478688e15d870fab3346451ce7f8c9fbea5"
+checksum = "0ec05a11813ea801ff6d75110ad09cd0824ddba17dfe17128ea0d5f68e6c5272"
 dependencies = [
  "zerofrom-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerofrom-derive"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d71e5d6e06ab090c67b5e44993ec16b72dcbaabc526db883a360057678b48502"
+checksum = "11532158c46691caf0f2593ea8358fed6bbf68a0315e80aae9bd41fbade684a1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2745,9 +2771,9 @@ checksum = "b97154e67e32c85465826e8bcc1c59429aaaf107c1e4a9e53c8d8ccd5eff88d0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerotrie"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2a59c17a5562d507e4b54960e8569ebee33bee890c70aa3fe7b97e85a9fd7851"
+checksum = "0f9152d31db0792fa83f70fb2f83148effb5c1f5b8c7686c3459e361d9bc20bf"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "yoke",
@@ -2756,9 +2782,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerovec"
-version = "0.11.5"
+version = "0.11.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c28719294829477f525be0186d13efa9a3c602f7ec202ca9e353d310fb9a002"
+checksum = "90f911cbc359ab6af17377d242225f4d75119aec87ea711a880987b18cd7b239"
 dependencies = [
  "yoke",
  "zerofrom",
@@ -2767,9 +2793,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerovec-derive"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eadce39539ca5cb3985590102671f2567e659fca9666581ad3411d59207951f3"
+checksum = "625dc425cab0dca6dc3c3319506e6593dcb08a9f387ea3b284dbd52a92c40555"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.toml_ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.toml_
index 1735b89c..d23e2435 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.toml_
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/Cargo.toml_
@@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ ecdsa = { version = "0.16", default-features = false, features = ["signing", "ve
 signature = { version = "2", optional = true }
 futures = { version = "0.3.31", features = [] }
 futures-concurrency = "7.6.3"
+indexmap = { version = "2", features = ["serde"] }
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
 url = "2.5.7"
 uuid = { version = "1.18.1", features = ["v4"] }
 rand = "0.9.2"
@@ -132,4 +135,3 @@ golem-websocket = { version = "0.0.2", optional = true }
 [patch.crates-io]
 rusqlite = { git = "https://github.com/golemcloud/rusqlite", branch = "v0.38.0-patched" }
 libsqlite3-sys = { git = "https://github.com/golemcloud/rusqlite", branch = "v0.38.0-patched" }
-
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/dns.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/dns.js
index 1aea5513..509b04f4 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/dns.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/dns.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // node:dns implementation backed by wasi:sockets/ip-name-lookup
 import { resolve as native_resolve } from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/dns_native';
+import { ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE } from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/errors';
+import { validatePort } from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/validators';
 import { isIP, isIPv4, isIPv6 } from 'node:net';
 
 const NOT_SUPPORTED_ERROR_MSG = 'dns record type queries are not supported in WebAssembly environment';
@@ -66,6 +68,13 @@ function invalidRrtypeError(rrtype) {
     return err;
 }
 
+function validateLookupServiceArgs(address, port) {
+    if (isIP(address) === 0) {
+        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE('address', address);
+    }
+    validatePort(port);
+}
+
 function filterByFamily(results, family) {
     if (family === 0) return results;
     return results.filter(r => r.family === family);
@@ -302,6 +311,7 @@ export function lookupService(address, port, callback) {
     if (typeof callback !== 'function') {
         throw new TypeError('callback must be a function');
     }
+    validateLookupServiceArgs(address, port);
     queueMicrotask(() => callback(Object.assign(
         new Error(`getnameinfo ${NOT_SUPPORTED_ERROR_MSG}`),
         { code: 'ENOTIMP' }
@@ -412,6 +422,7 @@ export const promises = {
     },
 
     lookupService(address, port) {
+        validateLookupServiceArgs(address, port);
         return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
             lookupService(address, port, (err, hostname, service) => {
                 if (err) return reject(err);
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/events.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/events.js
index bf9041f3..c15f2562 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/events.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/events.js
@@ -767,16 +767,53 @@ EventEmitter.addAbortListener = function(signal, listener) {
     };
 };
 
+EventEmitter = new Proxy(EventEmitter, {
+    defineProperty(target, property, descriptor) {
+        if (property === 'defaultMaxListeners') {
+            const current = Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, property);
+            if (current && current.configurable === false) {
+                throw new TypeError('Cannot redefine property: defaultMaxListeners');
+            }
+        }
+        return Reflect.defineProperty(target, property, descriptor);
+    },
+});
+
 EventEmitter.EventEmitter = EventEmitter;
 
-const once = EventEmitter.once;
-const on = EventEmitter.on;
-const getEventListeners = EventEmitter.getEventListeners;
-const getMaxListeners = EventEmitter.getMaxListeners;
-const setMaxListeners = EventEmitter.setMaxListeners;
-const addAbortListener = EventEmitter.addAbortListener;
-const errorMonitor = EventEmitter.errorMonitor;
-const captureRejections = EventEmitter.captureRejections;
+const _default = EventEmitter;
+
+let once = EventEmitter.once;
+let on = EventEmitter.on;
+let getEventListeners = EventEmitter.getEventListeners;
+let getMaxListeners = EventEmitter.getMaxListeners;
+let setMaxListeners = EventEmitter.setMaxListeners;
+let addAbortListener = EventEmitter.addAbortListener;
+let errorMonitor = EventEmitter.errorMonitor;
+let captureRejections = EventEmitter.captureRejections;
+export let defaultMaxListeners = EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners;
+
+const _syncBuiltinESMExportsRegistry = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_sync_builtin_esm_exports ||
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, '__wasm_rquickjs_sync_builtin_esm_exports', {
+        value: Object.create(null),
+        configurable: true,
+    }).__wasm_rquickjs_sync_builtin_esm_exports;
+
+_syncBuiltinESMExportsRegistry.events = function syncEventsBuiltinESMExports() {
+    EventEmitter = _default.EventEmitter;
+    Event = _default.Event;
+    EventTarget = _default.EventTarget;
+    CustomEvent = _default.CustomEvent;
+    once = _default.once;
+    on = _default.on;
+    getEventListeners = _default.getEventListeners;
+    getMaxListeners = _default.getMaxListeners;
+    setMaxListeners = _default.setMaxListeners;
+    addAbortListener = _default.addAbortListener;
+    errorMonitor = _default.errorMonitor;
+    captureRejections = _default.captureRejections;
+    defaultMaxListeners = _default.defaultMaxListeners;
+};
 
 export {
     EventEmitter,
@@ -794,4 +831,4 @@ export {
     _eventTrusted,
 };
 
-export default EventEmitter;
+export default _default;
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs.js
index 1d9eb59d..f7424124 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs.js
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ let _Readable = null;
 let _Writable = null;
 let _EventEmitter = null;
 let _PathModule = null;
+let _UrlModule = null;
 function getStreamClasses() {
     if (!_Readable) {
         const stream = require('node:stream');
@@ -67,6 +68,12 @@ function getPathModule() {
     }
     return _PathModule;
 }
+function getUrlModule() {
+    if (!_UrlModule) {
+        _UrlModule = require('node:url');
+    }
+    return _UrlModule;
+}
 
 // --- Constants ---
 const F_OK = 0;
@@ -128,7 +135,7 @@ const HAS_LCHMOD = false;
 const FILE_HANDLE_IN_USE_SYMBOL = Symbol.for('__wasm_rquickjs.filehandleInUse');
 const FILE_HANDLE_IN_USE_COUNT_SYMBOL = Symbol.for('__wasm_rquickjs.filehandleInUseCount');
 
-export const constants = {
+export let constants = {
     F_OK, R_OK, W_OK, X_OK,
     O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR, O_CREAT, O_EXCL, O_NOCTTY,
     O_TRUNC, O_APPEND, O_DIRECTORY, O_NOATIME, O_NOFOLLOW,
@@ -429,8 +436,7 @@ function validatePath(path, propName) {
         // Delegate to fileURLToPath for proper validation - it throws
         // ERR_INVALID_URL_SCHEME, ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_HOST, ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_PATH
         // matching Node.js behavior.
-        const urlModule = require('node:url');
-        const converted = urlModule.fileURLToPath(path);
+        const converted = getUrlModule().fileURLToPath(path);
         if (converted.indexOf('\u0000') !== -1) {
             const err = new TypeError(`The argument '${propName || 'path'}' must be a string, Uint8Array, or URL without null bytes. Received ${JSON.stringify(converted)}`);
             err.code = 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE';
@@ -460,7 +466,7 @@ function pathToString(path) {
     }
     if (path instanceof URL) {
         if (path.protocol !== 'file:') return path.toString();
-        return require('node:url').fileURLToPath(path);
+        return getUrlModule().fileURLToPath(path);
     }
     return String(path);
 }
@@ -577,7 +583,7 @@ internalFsBinding.readdir = function readdir(path, encoding, withFileTypes, req)
 
 // --- Stats class ---
 
-export function Stats(devOrObj, mode, nlink, uid, gid, rdev, blksize, ino, size, blocks, atimeMs, mtimeMs, ctimeMs, birthtimeMs) {
+export let Stats = function Stats(devOrObj, mode, nlink, uid, gid, rdev, blksize, ino, size, blocks, atimeMs, mtimeMs, ctimeMs, birthtimeMs) {
     if (!(this instanceof Stats)) {
         return new Stats(devOrObj, mode, nlink, uid, gid, rdev, blksize, ino, size, blocks, atimeMs, mtimeMs, ctimeMs, birthtimeMs);
     }
@@ -616,7 +622,7 @@ export function Stats(devOrObj, mode, nlink, uid, gid, rdev, blksize, ino, size,
     this._isFile = statObj.isFile;
     this._isDirectory = statObj.isDirectory;
     this._isSymlink = statObj.isSymlink;
-}
+};
 
 Stats.prototype._toBigInt = function() {
     const s = new Stats({
@@ -659,7 +665,7 @@ Stats.prototype.isSocket = function() { return false; };
 
 // --- Dirent class ---
 
-export class Dirent {
+export let Dirent = class Dirent {
     constructor(name, fileType, parentPath) {
         this.name = name;
         this.parentPath = parentPath;
@@ -674,11 +680,11 @@ export class Dirent {
     isCharacterDevice() { return this._fileType === UV_DIRENT_CHAR; }
     isFIFO() { return this._fileType === UV_DIRENT_FIFO; }
     isSocket() { return this._fileType === UV_DIRENT_SOCKET; }
-}
+};
 
 // --- Dir class ---
 
-export class Dir {
+export let Dir = class Dir {
     constructor(path, entries) {
         if (path === undefined) {
             const err = new TypeError('The "path" argument must be of type string. Received undefined');
@@ -808,7 +814,7 @@ export class Dir {
             }
         };
     }
-}
+};
 
 const validEncodings = new Set([
     'utf8', 'utf-8', 'ascii', 'base64', 'hex',
@@ -850,7 +856,7 @@ function decodeFileResult(bytes, encoding) {
 
 // --- Sync functions ---
 
-export function readFileSync(path, options) {
+export let readFileSync = function readFileSync(path, options) {
     if (typeof path !== 'number') validatePath(path);
     if (typeof options === 'string') {
         options = {encoding: options};
@@ -915,9 +921,9 @@ export function readFileSync(path, options) {
     } finally {
         closeSync(fd);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function writeFileSync(path, data, options) {
+export let writeFileSync = function writeFileSync(path, data, options) {
     if (typeof path !== 'number') validatePath(path);
     if (typeof options === 'string') {
         options = {encoding: options};
@@ -967,9 +973,9 @@ export function writeFileSync(path, data, options) {
             }
         }
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function appendFileSync(path, data, options) {
+export let appendFileSync = function appendFileSync(path, data, options) {
     if (typeof path === 'number') {
         validateFd(path);
     } else {
@@ -997,9 +1003,9 @@ export function appendFileSync(path, data, options) {
             }
         }
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function openSync(path, flags, mode) {
+export let openSync = function openSync(path, flags, mode) {
     validatePath(path);
     flags = flagsToNumber(flags !== undefined ? flags : 'r');
     mode = validateMode(mode, 'mode', 0o666);
@@ -1013,17 +1019,17 @@ export function openSync(path, flags, mode) {
         _notifyFSWatchers(fullPath, 'rename');
     }
     return result.fd;
-}
+};
 
-export function closeSync(fd) {
+export let closeSync = function closeSync(fd) {
     validateFd(fd);
     const error = native.fs_close(fd);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function readSync(fd, buffer, offsetOrOptions, length, position) {
+export let readSync = function readSync(fd, buffer, offsetOrOptions, length, position) {
     validateFd(fd);
     const argCount = arguments.length;
 
@@ -1083,9 +1089,9 @@ export function readSync(fd, buffer, offsetOrOptions, length, position) {
         buffer[offset + i] = src[i];
     }
     return bytesRead;
-}
+};
 
-export function writeSync(fd, bufferOrString, offsetOrPosition, lengthOrEncoding, position) {
+export let writeSync = function writeSync(fd, bufferOrString, offsetOrPosition, lengthOrEncoding, position) {
     validateFd(fd);
 
     if (typeof bufferOrString === 'string') {
@@ -1137,9 +1143,9 @@ export function writeSync(fd, bufferOrString, offsetOrPosition, lengthOrEncoding
         throw createSystemError(result.error);
     }
     return result.bytesWritten;
-}
+};
 
-export function ftruncateSync(fd, len) {
+export let ftruncateSync = function ftruncateSync(fd, len) {
     validateFd(fd);
     if (len === undefined) {
         len = 0;
@@ -1150,25 +1156,25 @@ export function ftruncateSync(fd, len) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function fsyncSync(fd) {
+export let fsyncSync = function fsyncSync(fd) {
     validateFd(fd);
     const error = native.fs_fsync(fd);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function fdatasyncSync(fd) {
+export let fdatasyncSync = function fdatasyncSync(fd) {
     validateFd(fd);
     const error = native.fs_fdatasync(fd);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function statSync(path, options) {
+export let statSync = function statSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     const result = native.fs_stat(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) {
@@ -1179,9 +1185,9 @@ export function statSync(path, options) {
     }
     const s = new Stats(result.stat);
     return (options && options.bigint) ? s._toBigInt() : s;
-}
+};
 
-export function lstatSync(path, options) {
+export let lstatSync = function lstatSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     const result = native.fs_lstat(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) {
@@ -1192,9 +1198,9 @@ export function lstatSync(path, options) {
     }
     const s = new Stats(result.stat);
     return (options && options.bigint) ? s._toBigInt() : s;
-}
+};
 
-export function fstatSync(fd, options) {
+export let fstatSync = function fstatSync(fd, options) {
     validateFd(fd);
     const result = native.fs_fstat(fd);
     if (result.error) {
@@ -1202,7 +1208,7 @@ export function fstatSync(fd, options) {
     }
     const s = new Stats(result.stat);
     return (options && options.bigint) ? s._toBigInt() : s;
-}
+};
 
 function makeStatFsResult(bigint) {
     if (bigint) {
@@ -1227,16 +1233,16 @@ function makeStatFsResult(bigint) {
     };
 }
 
-export function statfsSync(path, options) {
+export let statfsSync = function statfsSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     const result = native.fs_stat(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) {
         throw createSystemError(result.error);
     }
     return makeStatFsResult(options && options.bigint);
-}
+};
 
-export function readdirSync(path, options) {
+export let readdirSync = function readdirSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     const opts = getOptions(options, {});
     if (opts.encoding) validateEncoding(opts.encoding, 'encoding', true);
@@ -1283,25 +1289,25 @@ export function readdirSync(path, options) {
         return entries.map(e => getBuffer().from(e));
     }
     return entries;
-}
+};
 
-export function accessSync(path, mode) {
+export let accessSync = function accessSync(path, mode) {
     validatePath(path);
     mode = mode !== undefined ? mode : F_OK;
     const error = native.fs_access(pathToString(path), mode);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function existsSync(path) {
+export let existsSync = function existsSync(path) {
     try {
         if (typeof path !== 'string') return false;
         return native.fs_exists(path);
     } catch {
         return false;
     }
-}
+};
 
 function realpathSyncImpl(path, options, useNative) {
     validatePath(path);
@@ -1330,9 +1336,9 @@ function realpathSyncImpl(path, options, useNative) {
     return result.result;
 }
 
-export function realpathSync(path, options) {
+export let realpathSync = function realpathSync(path, options) {
     return realpathSyncImpl(path, options, false);
-}
+};
 
 function realpathSyncNative(path, options) {
     return realpathSyncImpl(path, options, true);
@@ -1340,7 +1346,7 @@ function realpathSyncNative(path, options) {
 
 realpathSync.native = realpathSyncNative;
 
-export function truncateSync(path, len) {
+export let truncateSync = function truncateSync(path, len) {
     if (typeof path === 'number') {
         return ftruncateSync(path, len);
     }
@@ -1354,9 +1360,9 @@ export function truncateSync(path, len) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function copyFileSync(src, dest, mode) {
+export let copyFileSync = function copyFileSync(src, dest, mode) {
     validatePath(src, 'src');
     validatePath(dest, 'dest');
     const copyMode = validateCopyFileMode(mode);
@@ -1378,27 +1384,27 @@ export function copyFileSync(src, dest, mode) {
         throw createCopyFileErrorFromNative(error, srcPath, destPath);
     }
     _notifyFSWatchers(destPath, 'rename');
-}
+};
 
-export function linkSync(existingPath, newPath) {
+export let linkSync = function linkSync(existingPath, newPath) {
     validatePath(existingPath, 'existingPath');
     validatePath(newPath, 'newPath');
     const error = native.fs_link(existingPath, newPath);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function symlinkSync(target, path, type) {
+export let symlinkSync = function symlinkSync(target, path, type) {
     validatePath(target, 'target');
     validatePath(path, 'path');
     const error = native.fs_symlink(target, path);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function readlinkSync(path, options) {
+export let readlinkSync = function readlinkSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     const opts = getOptions(options, {});
     if (opts.encoding) validateEncoding(opts.encoding, 'encoding', true);
@@ -1411,31 +1417,31 @@ export function readlinkSync(path, options) {
         return getBuffer().from(result.result);
     }
     return result.result;
-}
+};
 
-export function chmodSync(path, mode) {
+export let chmodSync = function chmodSync(path, mode) {
     validatePath(path);
     mode = validateMode(mode, 'mode', undefined);
     const error = native.fs_chmod(path, mode);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function fchmodSync(fd, mode) {
+export let fchmodSync = function fchmodSync(fd, mode) {
     validateFd(fd);
     mode = validateMode(mode, 'mode', undefined);
     const error = native.fs_fchmod(fd, mode);
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function lchmodSync(path, mode) {
+export let lchmodSync = function lchmodSync(path, mode) {
     chmodSync(path, mode);
-}
+};
 
-export function chownSync(path, uid, gid) {
+export let chownSync = function chownSync(path, uid, gid) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
@@ -1443,9 +1449,9 @@ export function chownSync(path, uid, gid) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function fchownSync(fd, uid, gid) {
+export let fchownSync = function fchownSync(fd, uid, gid) {
     validateFd(fd);
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
@@ -1453,9 +1459,9 @@ export function fchownSync(fd, uid, gid) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function lchownSync(path, uid, gid) {
+export let lchownSync = function lchownSync(path, uid, gid) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
@@ -1463,9 +1469,9 @@ export function lchownSync(path, uid, gid) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function utimesSync(path, atime, mtime) {
+export let utimesSync = function utimesSync(path, atime, mtime) {
     validatePath(path);
     const atimeSecs = (atime instanceof Date) ? atime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(atime);
     const mtimeSecs = (mtime instanceof Date) ? mtime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(mtime);
@@ -1473,9 +1479,9 @@ export function utimesSync(path, atime, mtime) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function futimesSync(fd, atime, mtime) {
+export let futimesSync = function futimesSync(fd, atime, mtime) {
     validateFd(fd);
     const atimeSecs = (atime instanceof Date) ? atime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(atime);
     const mtimeSecs = (mtime instanceof Date) ? mtime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(mtime);
@@ -1483,9 +1489,9 @@ export function futimesSync(fd, atime, mtime) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function lutimesSync(path, atime, mtime) {
+export let lutimesSync = function lutimesSync(path, atime, mtime) {
     validatePath(path);
     const atimeSecs = (atime instanceof Date) ? atime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(atime);
     const mtimeSecs = (mtime instanceof Date) ? mtime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(mtime);
@@ -1493,9 +1499,9 @@ export function lutimesSync(path, atime, mtime) {
     if (error) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function unlinkSync(path) {
+export let unlinkSync = function unlinkSync(path) {
     validatePath(path);
     const fullPath = pathToString(path);
     const error = native.unlink(fullPath);
@@ -1503,9 +1509,9 @@ export function unlinkSync(path) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
     _notifyFSWatchers(fullPath, 'rename');
-}
+};
 
-export function renameSync(oldPath, newPath) {
+export let renameSync = function renameSync(oldPath, newPath) {
     validatePath(oldPath, 'oldPath');
     validatePath(newPath, 'newPath');
     const oldPathString = pathToString(oldPath);
@@ -1516,9 +1522,9 @@ export function renameSync(oldPath, newPath) {
     }
     _notifyFSWatchers(oldPathString, 'rename');
     _notifyFSWatchers(newPathString, 'rename');
-}
+};
 
-export function mkdirSync(path, options) {
+export let mkdirSync = function mkdirSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     const { recursive, mode } = parseMkdirOptions(options);
     const pathString = pathToString(path);
@@ -1531,7 +1537,7 @@ export function mkdirSync(path, options) {
     _notifyFSWatchers(pathString, 'rename');
     if (recursive) return firstCreatedPath;
     return undefined;
-}
+};
 
 function _rimrafSync(dirPath) {
     const entries = readdirSync(dirPath, { withFileTypes: true });
@@ -1547,7 +1553,7 @@ function _rimrafSync(dirPath) {
     _default.rmdirSync(dirPath);
 }
 
-export function rmdirSync(path, options) {
+export let rmdirSync = function rmdirSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (options && options.recursive) {
         path = pathToString(path);
@@ -1570,9 +1576,9 @@ export function rmdirSync(path, options) {
         if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
         _notifyFSWatchers(pathString, 'rename');
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function rmSync(path, options) {
+export let rmSync = function rmSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     path = pathToString(path);
     const recursive = options && options.recursive || false;
@@ -1582,9 +1588,9 @@ export function rmSync(path, options) {
         throw createSystemError(error);
     }
     _notifyFSWatchers(path, 'rename');
-}
+};
 
-export function mkdtempSync(prefix, options) {
+export let mkdtempSync = function mkdtempSync(prefix, options) {
     validateMkdtempPrefix(prefix);
     const opts = getOptions(options, {});
     if (opts.encoding) validateEncoding(opts.encoding, 'encoding', true);
@@ -1597,19 +1603,19 @@ export function mkdtempSync(prefix, options) {
         return getBuffer().from(result.result);
     }
     return result.result;
-}
+};
 
-export function opendirSync(path, options) {
+export let opendirSync = function opendirSync(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateOpendirOptions(options);
     const recursive = options && options.recursive ? true : false;
     const entries = readdirSync(path, { withFileTypes: true, recursive });
     return new Dir(path, entries);
-}
+};
 
 // --- Callback (async) functions ---
 
-export function readFile(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let readFile = function readFile(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     if (typeof path !== 'number') validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -1659,9 +1665,9 @@ export function readFile(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function writeFile(path, data, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let writeFile = function writeFile(path, data, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     if (typeof path !== 'number') validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -1719,9 +1725,9 @@ export function writeFile(path, data, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function appendFile(path, data, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let appendFile = function appendFile(path, data, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     if (typeof path === 'number') {
         validateFd(path);
     } else {
@@ -1764,9 +1770,9 @@ export function appendFile(path, data, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function open(path, flagsOrCallback, modeOrCallback, callback) {
+export let open = function open(path, flagsOrCallback, modeOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     let flags = 'r';
     let mode = 0o666;
@@ -1799,9 +1805,9 @@ export function open(path, flagsOrCallback, modeOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function close(fd, callback) {
+export let close = function close(fd, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     if (callback !== undefined && typeof callback !== 'function') {
         const err = new TypeError(`The "callback" argument must be of type function. Received ${describeType(callback)}`);
@@ -1820,9 +1826,9 @@ export function close(fd, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function read(fd, bufferOrOptions, offsetOrCallback, length, position, callback) {
+export let read = function read(fd, bufferOrOptions, offsetOrCallback, length, position, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     let buffer, offset, cb;
 
@@ -1913,9 +1919,9 @@ export function read(fd, bufferOrOptions, offsetOrCallback, length, position, ca
             cb(err, 0, buffer);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function write(fd, bufferOrString, offsetOrPosition, lengthOrEncoding, positionOrCallback, callback) {
+export let write = function write(fd, bufferOrString, offsetOrPosition, lengthOrEncoding, positionOrCallback, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     let cb;
     if (typeof bufferOrString === 'string') {
@@ -2046,9 +2052,9 @@ export function write(fd, bufferOrString, offsetOrPosition, lengthOrEncoding, po
             cb(err, 0, bufferOrString);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function stat(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let stat = function stat(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2064,9 +2070,9 @@ export function stat(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function lstat(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let lstat = function lstat(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2082,9 +2088,9 @@ export function lstat(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function statfs(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let statfs = function statfs(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2100,9 +2106,9 @@ export function statfs(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function fstat(fd, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let fstat = function fstat(fd, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2118,9 +2124,9 @@ export function fstat(fd, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function ftruncate(fd, lenOrCallback, callback) {
+export let ftruncate = function ftruncate(fd, lenOrCallback, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     let len = 0;
     let cb;
@@ -2142,9 +2148,9 @@ export function ftruncate(fd, lenOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function fsync(fd, callback) {
+export let fsync = function fsync(fd, callback) {
     validateCallback(callback);
     queueMicrotask(() => {
         try {
@@ -2154,9 +2160,9 @@ export function fsync(fd, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function fdatasync(fd, callback) {
+export let fdatasync = function fdatasync(fd, callback) {
     validateCallback(callback);
     queueMicrotask(() => {
         try {
@@ -2166,9 +2172,9 @@ export function fdatasync(fd, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function readdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let readdir = function readdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2253,9 +2259,9 @@ export function readdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
         }
     };
     internalFsBinding.readdir(pathStr, opts.encoding, withFileTypes, req);
-}
+};
 
-export function access(path, modeOrCallback, callback) {
+export let access = function access(path, modeOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     let mode = F_OK;
     let cb;
@@ -2274,9 +2280,9 @@ export function access(path, modeOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function exists(path, callback) {
+export let exists = function exists(path, callback) {
     if (typeof callback !== 'function') {
         throw Object.assign(
             new TypeError(`Callback must be a function. Received ${typeof callback}`),
@@ -2286,9 +2292,9 @@ export function exists(path, callback) {
     queueMicrotask(() => {
         callback(existsSync(path));
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function realpath(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let realpath = function realpath(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2316,7 +2322,7 @@ export function realpath(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             }
         });
     }
-}
+};
 
 function realpathNative(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
@@ -2340,7 +2346,7 @@ function realpathNative(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
 
 realpath.native = realpathNative;
 
-export function truncate(path, lenOrCallback, callback) {
+export let truncate = function truncate(path, lenOrCallback, callback) {
     if (typeof path === 'number') {
         return ftruncate(path, lenOrCallback, callback);
     }
@@ -2365,9 +2371,9 @@ export function truncate(path, lenOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function copyFile(src, dest, modeOrCallback, callback) {
+export let copyFile = function copyFile(src, dest, modeOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(src, 'src');
     validatePath(dest, 'dest');
     let mode = 0;
@@ -2387,9 +2393,9 @@ export function copyFile(src, dest, modeOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function link(existingPath, newPath, callback) {
+export let link = function link(existingPath, newPath, callback) {
     validatePath(existingPath, 'existingPath');
     validatePath(newPath, 'newPath');
     validateCallback(callback);
@@ -2401,9 +2407,9 @@ export function link(existingPath, newPath, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function symlink(target, path, typeOrCallback, callback) {
+export let symlink = function symlink(target, path, typeOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(target, 'target');
     validatePath(path, 'path');
     let cb;
@@ -2421,9 +2427,9 @@ export function symlink(target, path, typeOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function readlink(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let readlink = function readlink(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2441,9 +2447,9 @@ export function readlink(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function chmod(path, mode, callback) {
+export let chmod = function chmod(path, mode, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateCallback(callback);
     queueMicrotask(() => {
@@ -2454,9 +2460,9 @@ export function chmod(path, mode, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function fchmod(fd, mode, callback) {
+export let fchmod = function fchmod(fd, mode, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     mode = validateMode(mode, 'mode', undefined);
     validateCallback(callback);
@@ -2468,9 +2474,9 @@ export function fchmod(fd, mode, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function lchmod(path, mode, callback) {
+export let lchmod = function lchmod(path, mode, callback) {
     validateCallback(callback);
     queueMicrotask(() => {
         try {
@@ -2480,9 +2486,9 @@ export function lchmod(path, mode, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function chown(path, uid, gid, callback) {
+export let chown = function chown(path, uid, gid, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
@@ -2495,9 +2501,9 @@ export function chown(path, uid, gid, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback) {
+export let fchown = function fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
@@ -2510,9 +2516,9 @@ export function fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function lchown(path, uid, gid, callback) {
+export let lchown = function lchown(path, uid, gid, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
@@ -2525,9 +2531,9 @@ export function lchown(path, uid, gid, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+export let utimes = function utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateCallback(callback);
     queueMicrotask(() => {
@@ -2538,9 +2544,9 @@ export function utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function futimes(fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
+export let futimes = function futimes(fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     validateCallback(callback);
     queueMicrotask(() => {
@@ -2551,9 +2557,9 @@ export function futimes(fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function lutimes(path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+export let lutimes = function lutimes(path, atime, mtime, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateCallback(callback);
     queueMicrotask(() => {
@@ -2564,9 +2570,9 @@ export function lutimes(path, atime, mtime, callback) {
             callback(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function unlink(path, callback) {
+export let unlink = function unlink(path, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     validateCallback(callback);
     const error = native.unlink(pathToString(path));
@@ -2575,9 +2581,9 @@ export function unlink(path, callback) {
     } else {
         queueMicrotask(() => callback(null));
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function rename(oldPath, newPath, callback) {
+export let rename = function rename(oldPath, newPath, callback) {
     validatePath(oldPath, 'oldPath');
     validatePath(newPath, 'newPath');
     validateCallback(callback);
@@ -2589,9 +2595,9 @@ export function rename(oldPath, newPath, callback) {
     } else {
         queueMicrotask(() => callback(null));
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function mkdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let mkdir = function mkdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     let cb;
     let options;
@@ -2616,9 +2622,9 @@ export function mkdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(null, recursive ? firstCreatedPath : undefined);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function rmdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let rmdir = function rmdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2634,9 +2640,9 @@ export function rmdir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function rm(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let rm = function rm(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2652,9 +2658,9 @@ export function rm(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function mkdtemp(prefix, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let mkdtemp = function mkdtemp(prefix, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validateMkdtempPrefix(prefix);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2672,9 +2678,9 @@ export function mkdtemp(prefix, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function opendir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let opendir = function opendir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     validatePath(path);
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
@@ -2691,7 +2697,7 @@ export function opendir(path, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
 // --- FSWatcher (polling-based, since WASI has no native inotify/kqueue) ---
 // Synchronous notification registry: mutating fs operations notify active watchers
@@ -2741,7 +2747,7 @@ function _snapshotDir(dir, recursive) {
     return entries;
 }
 
-export class FSWatcher {
+export let FSWatcher = class FSWatcher {
     constructor() {
         this._listeners = {};
         this._timer = null;
@@ -2858,7 +2864,7 @@ export class FSWatcher {
         if (this._timer && typeof this._timer.unref === 'function') this._timer.unref();
         return this;
     }
-}
+};
 
 const _statWatchers = new Map();
 
@@ -2879,7 +2885,7 @@ function _tryStat(filename) {
     return new Stats(result.stat);
 }
 
-export class StatWatcher {
+export let StatWatcher = class StatWatcher {
     constructor() {
         this._eventListeners = {};
         this._timer = null;
@@ -2960,9 +2966,9 @@ export class StatWatcher {
         if (this._timer) this._timer.unref();
         return this;
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function watch(filename, optionsOrListener, listener) {
+export let watch = function watch(filename, optionsOrListener, listener) {
     validatePath(filename, 'filename');
     if (typeof optionsOrListener === 'function') {
         listener = optionsOrListener;
@@ -3002,9 +3008,9 @@ export function watch(filename, optionsOrListener, listener) {
     }
 
     return watcher;
-}
+};
 
-export function watchFile(filename, optionsOrListener, listener) {
+export let watchFile = function watchFile(filename, optionsOrListener, listener) {
     validatePath(filename, 'filename');
     filename = pathToString(filename);
 
@@ -3027,9 +3033,9 @@ export function watchFile(filename, optionsOrListener, listener) {
     }
     watcher.addListener('change', listener);
     return watcher;
-}
+};
 
-export function unwatchFile(filename, listener) {
+export let unwatchFile = function unwatchFile(filename, listener) {
     validatePath(filename, 'filename');
     filename = pathToString(filename);
     const watcher = _statWatchers.get(filename);
@@ -3045,13 +3051,13 @@ export function unwatchFile(filename, listener) {
         watcher.stop();
         _statWatchers.delete(filename);
     }
-}
+};
 
 // --- ReadStream / WriteStream ---
 
 let _readStreamProtoInited = false;
 
-export function ReadStream(path, options) {
+export let ReadStream = function ReadStream(path, options) {
     if (!(this instanceof ReadStream)) return new ReadStream(path, options);
 
     if (options !== undefined && options !== null && typeof options !== 'object' && typeof options !== 'string') {
@@ -3187,7 +3193,7 @@ export function ReadStream(path, options) {
             if (!self.destroyed) self.destroy();
         });
     }
-}
+};
 
 ReadStream.prototype._construct = function(callback) {
     if (typeof this.fd === 'number') {
@@ -3354,7 +3360,7 @@ Object.defineProperty(ReadStream.prototype, 'closed', {
 
 let _writeStreamProtoInited = false;
 
-export function WriteStream(path, options) {
+export let WriteStream = function WriteStream(path, options) {
     if (!(this instanceof WriteStream)) return new WriteStream(path, options);
 
     if (options !== undefined && options !== null && typeof options !== 'object' && typeof options !== 'string') {
@@ -3457,7 +3463,7 @@ export function WriteStream(path, options) {
             if (!self.destroyed) self.destroy();
         });
     }
-}
+};
 
 WriteStream.prototype._construct = function(callback) {
     if (typeof this.fd === 'number') {
@@ -3612,17 +3618,17 @@ Object.defineProperty(WriteStream.prototype, 'closed', {
     configurable: true
 });
 
-export function createReadStream(path, options) {
+export let createReadStream = function createReadStream(path, options) {
     return new ReadStream(path, options);
-}
+};
 
-export function createWriteStream(path, options) {
+export let createWriteStream = function createWriteStream(path, options) {
     return new WriteStream(path, options);
-}
+};
 
 // --- readv/writev stubs ---
 
-export function readv(fd, buffers, positionOrCallback, callback) {
+export let readv = function readv(fd, buffers, positionOrCallback, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     let position = null;
     let cb;
@@ -3660,9 +3666,9 @@ export function readv(fd, buffers, positionOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err, 0, buffers);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function writev(fd, buffers, positionOrCallback, callback) {
+export let writev = function writev(fd, buffers, positionOrCallback, callback) {
     validateFd(fd);
     let position = null;
     let cb;
@@ -3698,9 +3704,9 @@ export function writev(fd, buffers, positionOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err, 0, buffers);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
-export function readvSync(fd, buffers, position) {
+export let readvSync = function readvSync(fd, buffers, position) {
     validateFd(fd);
     if (!Array.isArray(buffers)) {
         const err = new TypeError('The "buffers" argument must be an instance of Array. Received ' + describeType(buffers));
@@ -3724,9 +3730,9 @@ export function readvSync(fd, buffers, position) {
         if (bytesRead < buf.byteLength) break;
     }
     return totalRead;
-}
+};
 
-export function writevSync(fd, buffers, position) {
+export let writevSync = function writevSync(fd, buffers, position) {
     validateFd(fd);
     if (!Array.isArray(buffers)) {
         const err = new TypeError('The "buffers" argument must be an instance of Array. Received ' + describeType(buffers));
@@ -3748,11 +3754,11 @@ export function writevSync(fd, buffers, position) {
         if (pos !== null) pos += written;
     }
     return totalWritten;
-}
+};
 
 // --- cp stub ---
 
-export function cpSync(src, dest, options) {
+export let cpSync = function cpSync(src, dest, options) {
     const recursive = options && options.recursive;
     const srcStat = statSync(src);
     if (srcStat.isDirectory()) {
@@ -3772,9 +3778,9 @@ export function cpSync(src, dest, options) {
     } else {
         copyFileSync(src, dest);
     }
-}
+};
 
-export function cp(src, dest, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
+export let cp = function cp(src, dest, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
     if (typeof optionsOrCallback === 'function') {
         callback = optionsOrCallback;
         optionsOrCallback = {};
@@ -3789,7 +3795,7 @@ export function cp(src, dest, optionsOrCallback, callback) {
             cb(err);
         }
     });
-}
+};
 
 // --- util.promisify support ---
 
@@ -3975,11 +3981,11 @@ class FileBackedBlobSlice {
     }
 }
 
-export async function openAsBlob(path, options) {
+export let openAsBlob = async function openAsBlob(path, options) {
     validatePath(path);
     const st = statSync(path);
     return new FileBackedBlob(pathToString(path), st.size, st.mtimeMs);
-}
+};
 
 // Expose the symbol for structuredClone integration
 export { _kFileBackedBlob };
@@ -3987,7 +3993,7 @@ export { _kFileBackedBlob };
 // Named re-export so `import { promises } from 'node:fs'` works.
 // We cannot call getPromises() at module evaluation time because `require` is
 // not yet available, so we export a proxy object that lazily delegates.
-export const promises = new Proxy({}, {
+export let promises = new Proxy({}, {
     get(_, prop) { return getPromises()[prop]; },
     set(_, prop, value) { getPromises()[prop] = value; return true; },
     has(_, prop) { return prop in getPromises(); },
@@ -3997,7 +4003,7 @@ export const promises = new Proxy({}, {
 
 // --- Internal helpers ---
 
-function _toUnixTimestamp(time, name = 'time') {
+export let _toUnixTimestamp = function _toUnixTimestamp(time, name = 'time') {
     if (typeof time === 'string' && +time == time) {
         return +time;
     }
@@ -4011,7 +4017,7 @@ function _toUnixTimestamp(time, name = 'time') {
         return time.getTime() / 1000;
     }
     throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE(name, ['Date', 'Time in seconds'], time);
-}
+};
 
 // --- Default export ---
 
@@ -4120,4 +4126,113 @@ const _default = {
     _toUnixTimestamp,
 };
 
+const _syncBuiltinESMExportsRegistry = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_sync_builtin_esm_exports ||
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, '__wasm_rquickjs_sync_builtin_esm_exports', {
+        value: Object.create(null),
+        configurable: true,
+    }).__wasm_rquickjs_sync_builtin_esm_exports;
+
+_syncBuiltinESMExportsRegistry.fs = function syncFsBuiltinESMExports() {
+    constants = _default.constants;
+    Stats = _default.Stats;
+    Dirent = _default.Dirent;
+    Dir = _default.Dir;
+    FSWatcher = _default.FSWatcher;
+    StatWatcher = _default.StatWatcher;
+    readFileSync = _default.readFileSync;
+    writeFileSync = _default.writeFileSync;
+    appendFileSync = _default.appendFileSync;
+    openSync = _default.openSync;
+    closeSync = _default.closeSync;
+    readSync = _default.readSync;
+    writeSync = _default.writeSync;
+    ftruncateSync = _default.ftruncateSync;
+    fsyncSync = _default.fsyncSync;
+    fdatasyncSync = _default.fdatasyncSync;
+    statSync = _default.statSync;
+    lstatSync = _default.lstatSync;
+    fstatSync = _default.fstatSync;
+    statfsSync = _default.statfsSync;
+    readdirSync = _default.readdirSync;
+    accessSync = _default.accessSync;
+    existsSync = _default.existsSync;
+    realpathSync = _default.realpathSync;
+    truncateSync = _default.truncateSync;
+    copyFileSync = _default.copyFileSync;
+    linkSync = _default.linkSync;
+    symlinkSync = _default.symlinkSync;
+    readlinkSync = _default.readlinkSync;
+    chmodSync = _default.chmodSync;
+    fchmodSync = _default.fchmodSync;
+    lchmodSync = _default.lchmodSync;
+    chownSync = _default.chownSync;
+    fchownSync = _default.fchownSync;
+    lchownSync = _default.lchownSync;
+    utimesSync = _default.utimesSync;
+    futimesSync = _default.futimesSync;
+    lutimesSync = _default.lutimesSync;
+    unlinkSync = _default.unlinkSync;
+    renameSync = _default.renameSync;
+    mkdirSync = _default.mkdirSync;
+    rmdirSync = _default.rmdirSync;
+    rmSync = _default.rmSync;
+    mkdtempSync = _default.mkdtempSync;
+    opendirSync = _default.opendirSync;
+    readFile = _default.readFile;
+    writeFile = _default.writeFile;
+    appendFile = _default.appendFile;
+    open = _default.open;
+    close = _default.close;
+    read = _default.read;
+    write = _default.write;
+    stat = _default.stat;
+    lstat = _default.lstat;
+    statfs = _default.statfs;
+    fstat = _default.fstat;
+    ftruncate = _default.ftruncate;
+    fsync = _default.fsync;
+    fdatasync = _default.fdatasync;
+    readdir = _default.readdir;
+    access = _default.access;
+    exists = _default.exists;
+    realpath = _default.realpath;
+    truncate = _default.truncate;
+    copyFile = _default.copyFile;
+    link = _default.link;
+    symlink = _default.symlink;
+    readlink = _default.readlink;
+    chmod = _default.chmod;
+    fchmod = _default.fchmod;
+    lchmod = _default.lchmod;
+    chown = _default.chown;
+    fchown = _default.fchown;
+    lchown = _default.lchown;
+    utimes = _default.utimes;
+    futimes = _default.futimes;
+    lutimes = _default.lutimes;
+    unlink = _default.unlink;
+    rename = _default.rename;
+    mkdir = _default.mkdir;
+    rmdir = _default.rmdir;
+    rm = _default.rm;
+    mkdtemp = _default.mkdtemp;
+    opendir = _default.opendir;
+    watch = _default.watch;
+    watchFile = _default.watchFile;
+    unwatchFile = _default.unwatchFile;
+    ReadStream = _default.ReadStream;
+    WriteStream = _default.WriteStream;
+    createReadStream = _default.createReadStream;
+    createWriteStream = _default.createWriteStream;
+    readv = _default.readv;
+    writev = _default.writev;
+    readvSync = _default.readvSync;
+    writevSync = _default.writevSync;
+    cpSync = _default.cpSync;
+    cp = _default.cp;
+    openAsBlob = _default.openAsBlob;
+    promises = _default.promises;
+    _toUnixTimestamp = _default._toUnixTimestamp;
+};
+
 export default _default;
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs_promises.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs_promises.js
index ce2de3be..c92bf39e 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs_promises.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/fs_promises.js
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ function getStats() {
 
 let _EventEmitter = null;
 let _PathModule = null;
+let _UrlModule = null;
 function getEventEmitter() {
     if (!_EventEmitter) {
         const events = require('node:events');
@@ -73,6 +74,12 @@ function getPathModule() {
     }
     return _PathModule;
 }
+function getUrlModule() {
+    if (!_UrlModule) {
+        _UrlModule = require('node:url');
+    }
+    return _UrlModule;
+}
 
 function wrapStat(statObj, options) {
     const S = getStats();
@@ -218,8 +225,7 @@ function pathToString(path) {
     if (typeof path === 'string') return path;
     if (getBuffer() && path instanceof getBuffer()) return path.toString();
     if (path instanceof URL) {
-        if (path.protocol !== 'file:') return path.toString();
-        return path.pathname;
+        return getUrlModule().fileURLToPath(path);
     }
     return String(path);
 }
@@ -725,22 +731,23 @@ export async function appendFile(path, data, options) {
         return path.appendFile(data, options);
     }
 
+    const pathString = pathToString(path);
     const flush = options && typeof options === 'object' ? options.flush : undefined;
     validateFlush(flush);
     validateAppendFileData(data);
 
     let error;
     if (typeof data === 'string') {
-        error = native.fs_append_file_string(path, data);
+        error = native.fs_append_file_string(pathString, data);
     } else {
         const dataArray = new Uint8Array(data.buffer || data, data.byteOffset || 0, data.byteLength || data.length);
-        error = native.fs_append_file(path, dataArray);
+        error = native.fs_append_file(pathString, dataArray);
     }
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 
     if (flush === true) {
         const fs = require('node:fs');
-        const fd = fs.openSync(path, 'r');
+        const fd = fs.openSync(pathString, 'r');
         try {
             fs.fsyncSync(fd);
         } finally {
@@ -750,12 +757,12 @@ export async function appendFile(path, data, options) {
 }
 
 export async function unlink(path) {
-    const error = native.unlink(path);
+    const error = native.unlink(pathToString(path));
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
 export async function rename(oldPath, newPath) {
-    const error = native.rename(oldPath, newPath);
+    const error = native.rename(pathToString(oldPath), pathToString(newPath));
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
@@ -770,20 +777,21 @@ export async function mkdir(path, options) {
 }
 
 export async function rmdir(path, options) {
+    const pathString = pathToString(path);
     if (options && options.recursive) {
-        const st = native.fs_stat(path);
+        const st = native.fs_stat(pathString);
         if (!st.error && !st.stat.isDirectory) {
-            const err = new Error(`ENOTDIR: not a directory, rmdir '${path}'`);
+            const err = new Error(`ENOTDIR: not a directory, rmdir '${pathString}'`);
             err.code = 'ENOTDIR';
             err.errno = -20;
             err.syscall = 'rmdir';
-            err.path = path;
+            err.path = pathString;
             throw err;
         }
-        const error = native.fs_rm(path, true, false);
+        const error = native.fs_rm(pathString, true, false);
         if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
     } else {
-        const error = native.fs_rmdir(path);
+        const error = native.fs_rmdir(pathString);
         if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
     }
 }
@@ -796,21 +804,22 @@ export async function rm(path, options) {
 }
 
 export async function stat(path, options) {
-    const result = native.fs_stat(path);
+    const result = native.fs_stat(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) throw createSystemError(result.error);
     return wrapStat(result.stat, options);
 }
 
 export async function lstat(path, options) {
-    const result = native.fs_lstat(path);
+    const result = native.fs_lstat(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) throw createSystemError(result.error);
     return wrapStat(result.stat, options);
 }
 
 export async function readdir(path, options) {
+    const pathString = pathToString(path);
     const withFileTypes = options && options.withFileTypes || false;
     const recursive = options && options.recursive || false;
-    const result = native.fs_readdir(path, withFileTypes);
+    const result = native.fs_readdir(pathString, withFileTypes);
     if (result.error) throw createSystemError(result.error);
     if (withFileTypes) {
         const sortedEntries = [...result.entries].sort((left, right) => {
@@ -837,13 +846,13 @@ export async function readdir(path, options) {
                     isSocket() { return this._fileType === 5; },
                 };
             };
-        const dirents = sortedEntries.map(e => makeDirent(e, path));
+        const dirents = sortedEntries.map(e => makeDirent(e, pathString));
         if (recursive) {
             const all = [];
             for (const dirent of dirents) {
                 all.push(dirent);
                 if (dirent.isDirectory()) {
-                    const subPath = path + '/' + dirent.name;
+                    const subPath = pathString + '/' + dirent.name;
                     try {
                         const subEntries = await readdir(subPath, { withFileTypes: true, recursive: true });
                         all.push(...subEntries);
@@ -863,7 +872,7 @@ export async function readdir(path, options) {
         const all = [];
         for (const entry of entries) {
             all.push(entry);
-            const subPath = path + '/' + entry;
+            const subPath = pathString + '/' + entry;
             try {
                 const st = native.fs_stat(subPath);
                 if (!st.error && st.stat.isDirectory) {
@@ -893,12 +902,12 @@ export async function access(path, mode) {
         err.code = 'ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE';
         throw err;
     }
-    const error = native.fs_access(path, mode);
+    const error = native.fs_access(pathToString(path), mode);
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
 export async function realpath(path, options) {
-    const result = native.fs_realpath(path);
+    const result = native.fs_realpath(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) throw createSystemError(result.error);
     return result.result;
 }
@@ -915,28 +924,28 @@ export async function copyFile(src, dest, mode) {
         err.code = 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE';
         throw err;
     }
-    const error = native.fs_copy_file(src, dest);
+    const error = native.fs_copy_file(pathToString(src), pathToString(dest));
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
 export async function link(existingPath, newPath) {
-    const error = native.fs_link(existingPath, newPath);
+    const error = native.fs_link(pathToString(existingPath), pathToString(newPath));
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
 export async function symlink(target, path, type) {
-    const error = native.fs_symlink(target, path);
+    const error = native.fs_symlink(pathToString(target), pathToString(path));
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
 export async function readlink(path, options) {
-    const result = native.fs_readlink(path);
+    const result = native.fs_readlink(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) throw createSystemError(result.error);
     return result.result;
 }
 
 export async function chmod(path, mode) {
-    const error = native.fs_chmod(path, mode);
+    const error = native.fs_chmod(pathToString(path), mode);
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
@@ -947,21 +956,21 @@ export async function lchmod(path, mode) {
 export async function chown(path, uid, gid) {
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
-    const error = native.fs_chown(path, uid, gid);
+    const error = native.fs_chown(pathToString(path), uid, gid);
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
 export async function lchown(path, uid, gid) {
     validateUid(uid, 'uid');
     validateUid(gid, 'gid');
-    const error = native.fs_lchown(path, uid, gid);
+    const error = native.fs_lchown(pathToString(path), uid, gid);
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
 export async function utimes(path, atime, mtime) {
     const atimeSecs = (atime instanceof Date) ? atime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(atime);
     const mtimeSecs = (mtime instanceof Date) ? mtime.getTime() / 1000 : Number(mtime);
-    const error = native.fs_utimes(path, atimeSecs, mtimeSecs);
+    const error = native.fs_utimes(pathToString(path), atimeSecs, mtimeSecs);
     if (error) throw createSystemError(error);
 }
 
@@ -981,6 +990,8 @@ export async function mkdtemp(prefix, options) {
 }
 
 export async function cp(src, dest, options) {
+    src = pathToString(src);
+    dest = pathToString(dest);
     // Simple copy implementation
     const srcResult = native.fs_stat(src);
     if (srcResult.error) throw createSystemError(srcResult.error);
@@ -1003,6 +1014,7 @@ export async function cp(src, dest, options) {
 
 export async function* watch(filename, options = {}) {
     validatePath(filename, 'filename');
+    filename = pathToString(filename);
 
     if (options === null || typeof options !== 'object' || Array.isArray(options)) {
         const err = new TypeError(`The "options" argument must be of type Object. Received ${describeType(options)}`);
@@ -1102,7 +1114,7 @@ export async function* watch(filename, options = {}) {
 }
 
 export async function statfs(path, options) {
-    const result = native.fs_stat(path);
+    const result = native.fs_stat(pathToString(path));
     if (result.error) throw createSystemError(result.error);
     const bigint = options && options.bigint;
     // Return a statfs-like object with sensible defaults
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/mod.rs b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/mod.rs
index a9a5c739..9415bd8e 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/mod.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,9 @@ pub fn add_module_resolvers(
         .with_module("__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/intl_native")
         .with_module("__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/intl")
         .with_module("node:util")
+        .with_module("node:util/types")
         .with_module("util")
+        .with_module("util/types")
         .with_module("__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/fs_native")
         .with_module("node:fs")
         .with_module("fs")
@@ -371,7 +373,9 @@ pub fn module_loader() -> (
         .with_module("__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/encoding", encoding::ENCODING_JS)
         .with_module("__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/intl", intl::INTL_JS)
         .with_module("node:util", util::UTIL_JS)
-        .with_module("util", util::REEXPORT_JS)
+        .with_module("node:util/types", util::UTIL_TYPES_JS)
+        .with_module("util", util::BARE_UTIL_REEXPORT_JS)
+        .with_module("util/types", util::UTIL_TYPES_JS)
         .with_module("base64-js", base64::BASE64_JS)
         .with_module("ieee754", ieee754::IEEE754_JS)
         .with_module("node:buffer", buffer::BUFFER_JS)
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/module.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/module.js
index c4d9f4a5..529abffb 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/module.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/module.js
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import * as assertStrict from 'node:assert/strict';
 import * as fsPromises from 'node:fs/promises';
 import * as nodeTest from 'node:test';
 import * as querystring from 'node:querystring';
+import * as punycode from 'node:punycode';
 import * as nodeUrl from 'node:url';
 import * as vm from 'node:vm';
 import * as timers from 'node:timers';
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ import * as worker_threads from 'node:worker_threads';
 import * as zlib from 'node:zlib';
 import * as sqlite from 'node:sqlite';
 import * as internalHttp from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/http';
-import { ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE } from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/errors';
+import { ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE, ERR_MISSING_ARGS } from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/errors';
 import * as internalErrors from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/errors';
 import * as internalFsUtils from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/fs/utils';
 import * as internalUrl from '__wasm_rquickjs_builtin/internal/url';
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ const assertCjs = cjsExport(assert);
 const assertStrictCjs = cjsExport(assertStrict);
 const nodeTestCjs = cjsExport(nodeTest);
 const querystringCjs = cjsExport(querystring);
+const punycodeCjs = cjsExport(punycode);
 const nodeUrlCjs = cjsExport(nodeUrl);
 const vmCjs = cjsExport(vm);
 const timersCjs = cjsExport(timers);
@@ -197,6 +199,7 @@ registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'assert', assertCjs);
 registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'assert/strict', assertStrictCjs);
 registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'test', nodeTestCjs);
 registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'querystring', querystringCjs);
+registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'punycode', punycodeCjs);
 registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'url', nodeUrlCjs);
 registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'vm', vmCjs);
 registerBuiltin(builtinModuleMap, 'timers', timersCjs);
@@ -520,6 +523,15 @@ function isBuiltinResolveTarget(id) {
 // Module cache: resolved absolute path -> Module object
 const moduleCache = Object.create(null);
 
+function shouldPreserveSymlinks(isMainModuleLoad) {
+    return hasExecArgvFlag(isMainModuleLoad ? '--preserve-symlinks-main' : '--preserve-symlinks');
+}
+
+function toCjsCanonicalFilename(filename, isMainModuleLoad) {
+    if (shouldPreserveSymlinks(isMainModuleLoad)) return filename;
+    return fsModule.realpathSync.native(filename);
+}
+
 function tryReadFile(filename) {
     try {
         return fsModule.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
@@ -554,6 +566,7 @@ function findLongestRegisteredExtension(filename) {
 function getPackageScopeType(filename) {
     let dir = pathModule.dirname(filename);
     while (true) {
+        if (pathModule.basename(dir) === 'node_modules') return 'commonjs';
         const pkgPath = pathModule.join(dir, 'package.json');
         const pkgContent = tryReadFile(pkgPath);
         if (pkgContent !== null) {
@@ -606,16 +619,11 @@ function loadAsDirectory(candidate, id, parentDir, seen) {
 
     const pkgJsonPath = pathModule.join(candidate, 'package.json');
     const pkgJson = tryReadFile(pkgJsonPath);
+    let invalidMain = null;
     if (pkgJson !== null) {
+        let pkg;
         try {
-            const pkg = JSON.parse(pkgJson);
-            if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pkg, 'main') && typeof pkg.main === 'string' && pkg.main.length > 0) {
-                const mainPath = pathModule.resolve(candidate, pkg.main);
-                let resolved = loadAsFile(mainPath, false);
-                if (resolved !== null) return resolved;
-                resolved = loadAsDirectory(mainPath, id, parentDir, seen);
-                if (resolved !== null) return resolved;
-            }
+            pkg = JSON.parse(pkgJson);
         } catch (e) {
             const pkgErr = new Error(
                 'Invalid package config ' + pkgJsonPath +
@@ -625,19 +633,282 @@ function loadAsDirectory(candidate, id, parentDir, seen) {
             pkgErr.code = 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_CONFIG';
             throw pkgErr;
         }
+
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pkg, 'main') && typeof pkg.main === 'string' && pkg.main.length > 0) {
+            const mainPath = pathModule.resolve(candidate, pkg.main);
+            let resolved = loadAsFile(mainPath, false);
+            if (resolved !== null) return resolved;
+            resolved = loadAsDirectory(mainPath, id, parentDir, seen);
+            if (resolved !== null) return resolved;
+            invalidMain = { field: pkg.main, path: mainPath };
+        }
     }
 
-    let content = tryReadFile(pathModule.join(candidate, 'index.js'));
-    if (content !== null) {
-        return { filename: pathModule.join(candidate, 'index.js'), content: content };
+    const indexResolved = loadAsFile(pathModule.join(candidate, 'index'), false);
+    if (indexResolved !== null) {
+        emitInvalidMainWarning(pkgJsonPath, invalidMain);
+        return indexResolved;
     }
-    content = tryReadFile(pathModule.join(candidate, 'index.json'));
-    if (content !== null) {
-        return { filename: pathModule.join(candidate, 'index.json'), content: content };
+    if (invalidMain !== null) {
+        const err = new Error("Cannot find module '" + invalidMain.path + "'. Please verify that the package.json has a valid \"main\" entry");
+        err.code = 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND';
+        err.path = pkgJsonPath;
+        err.requestPath = id;
+        throw err;
     }
     return null;
 }
 
+function emitInvalidMainWarning(pkgJsonPath, invalidMain) {
+    if (invalidMain === null) return;
+    const processObject = globalThis.process;
+    if (!processObject || typeof processObject.emitWarning !== 'function') return;
+    processObject.emitWarning(
+        "Invalid 'main' field in '" + pathModule.toNamespacedPath(pkgJsonPath) + "' of '" + invalidMain.field + "'. Please either fix that or report it to the module author",
+        'DeprecationWarning',
+        'DEP0128'
+    );
+}
+
+const cjsPackageConditions = new Set(['golem', 'node', 'require', 'module-sync', 'default']);
+const esmPackageConditions = new Set(['golem', 'node', 'module-sync', 'import', 'default']);
+const packageTargetNoMatch = { __packageTargetNoMatch: true };
+const packageTargetBlocked = { __packageTargetBlocked: true };
+
+function makePackagePathNotExportedError(packageName, subpath) {
+    const suffix = subpath ? './' + subpath : '.';
+    const err = new Error('Package subpath ' + JSON.stringify(suffix) + ' is not defined by "exports" in package ' + packageName);
+    err.code = 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED';
+    return err;
+}
+
+function makePackageImportNotDefinedError(specifier) {
+    const err = new Error('Package import specifier ' + JSON.stringify(specifier) + ' is not defined');
+    err.code = 'ERR_PACKAGE_IMPORT_NOT_DEFINED';
+    return err;
+}
+
+function makeInvalidPackageTargetError(target) {
+    const err = new Error('Invalid package target ' + JSON.stringify(target));
+    err.code = 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET';
+    return err;
+}
+
+function makeModuleNotFoundError(id) {
+    const err = new Error("Cannot find module '" + id + "'");
+    err.code = 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND';
+    return err;
+}
+
+function isBarePackageSpecifier(target) {
+    return typeof target === 'string' &&
+        target.length > 0 &&
+        !target.startsWith('.') &&
+        !target.startsWith('/') &&
+        !target.startsWith('#') &&
+        !target.includes(':');
+}
+
+function isInvalidPackageTargetSegment(segment) {
+    if (segment === '.' || segment === '..' || segment === 'node_modules') return true;
+    let decoded = segment;
+    try {
+        decoded = decodeURIComponent(segment);
+    } catch (_) {
+        // Keep the raw segment when percent decoding fails; invalid escapes are
+        // handled by the normal module-not-found path for now.
+    }
+    decoded = decoded.toLowerCase();
+    return decoded === '.' || decoded === '..' || decoded === 'node_modules';
+}
+
+function validatePackageTargetPath(target) {
+    const rest = target.slice(2);
+    const parts = rest.split('/');
+    if (parts.length === 0) return false;
+    for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+        const part = parts[i];
+        if (part === '') continue;
+        if (isInvalidPackageTargetSegment(part)) return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+function resolveExactPackageFile(filename) {
+    const content = tryReadFile(filename);
+    if (content !== null) return { filename, content };
+    throw makeModuleNotFoundError(filename);
+}
+
+function packagePatternKeyMatch(patternKey, key) {
+    const star = patternKey.indexOf('*');
+    if (star === -1) return null;
+    const prefix = patternKey.slice(0, star);
+    const suffix = patternKey.slice(star + 1);
+    if (!key.startsWith(prefix) || !key.endsWith(suffix)) return null;
+    if (key.length < prefix.length + suffix.length) return null;
+    return key.slice(prefix.length, key.length - suffix.length);
+}
+
+function findBestPackagePattern(map, key) {
+    let bestKey = null;
+    let bestSubstitution = null;
+    const keys = Object.keys(map);
+    for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+        const patternKey = keys[i];
+        if (patternKey.indexOf('*') === -1) continue;
+        const substitution = packagePatternKeyMatch(patternKey, key);
+        if (substitution === null) continue;
+        if (bestKey === null || packagePatternCompare(patternKey, bestKey) < 0) {
+            bestKey = patternKey;
+            bestSubstitution = substitution;
+        }
+    }
+    return bestKey === null ? null : { key: bestKey, substitution: bestSubstitution };
+}
+
+function packagePatternCompare(a, b) {
+    const aStar = a.indexOf('*');
+    const bStar = b.indexOf('*');
+    const aBase = aStar === -1 ? a.length : aStar;
+    const bBase = bStar === -1 ? b.length : bStar;
+    if (aBase !== bBase) return bBase - aBase;
+    const aTrailer = aStar === -1 ? 0 : a.length - aStar - 1;
+    const bTrailer = bStar === -1 ? 0 : b.length - bStar - 1;
+    if (aTrailer !== bTrailer) return bTrailer - aTrailer;
+    if (a.length !== b.length) return b.length - a.length;
+    return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+function resolvePackageTargetValue(packageDir, target, conditions, seen, allowBareTarget, patternSubstitution) {
+    seen = seen || new Set();
+    if (target === null || target === false) return packageTargetBlocked;
+
+    if (typeof target === 'string') {
+        if (patternSubstitution !== undefined && patternSubstitution !== null) {
+            target = target.replace(/\*/g, patternSubstitution);
+        }
+        if (allowBareTarget && target.startsWith('node:') && builtinModuleMap[target] !== undefined) {
+            return { builtin: target };
+        }
+        if (allowBareTarget && isBarePackageSpecifier(target)) {
+            const resolved = resolveFromNodeModules(target, packageDir, pathModule.join(packageDir, 'package.json'), conditions);
+            if (resolved !== null) return resolved;
+            throw makeModuleNotFoundError(target);
+        }
+        if (!target.startsWith('./')) {
+            throw makeInvalidPackageTargetError(target);
+        }
+        if (!validatePackageTargetPath(target)) {
+            throw makeInvalidPackageTargetError(target);
+        }
+        const candidate = pathModule.resolve(packageDir, target);
+        const relative = pathModule.relative(packageDir, candidate);
+        if (relative === '' || relative.startsWith('..') || pathModule.isAbsolute(relative)) {
+            throw makeInvalidPackageTargetError(target);
+        }
+        return resolveExactPackageFile(candidate);
+    }
+
+    if (Array.isArray(target)) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < target.length; i++) {
+            try {
+                const resolved = resolvePackageTargetValue(packageDir, target[i], conditions, seen, allowBareTarget, patternSubstitution);
+                if (resolved === packageTargetBlocked) return resolved;
+                if (resolved !== packageTargetNoMatch) return resolved;
+            } catch (err) {
+                if (!err || (err.code !== 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET' && err.code !== 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND')) throw err;
+            }
+        }
+        return packageTargetNoMatch;
+    }
+
+    if (target && typeof target === 'object') {
+        if (seen.has(target)) return null;
+        seen.add(target);
+        const keys = Object.keys(target);
+        for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            const condition = keys[i];
+            if (conditions.has(condition)) {
+                const resolved = resolvePackageTargetValue(packageDir, target[condition], conditions, seen, allowBareTarget, patternSubstitution);
+                if (resolved === packageTargetNoMatch) continue;
+                return resolved;
+            }
+        }
+        return packageTargetNoMatch;
+    }
+
+    throw makeInvalidPackageTargetError(target);
+}
+
+function isPackageExportsConditionsObject(exportsField) {
+    if (!exportsField || typeof exportsField !== 'object' || Array.isArray(exportsField)) return false;
+    const keys = Object.keys(exportsField);
+    return keys.length > 0 && !keys.some((key) => key.startsWith('.'));
+}
+
+function resolvePackageExports(packageName, packageDir, pkg, subpath, conditions) {
+    if (!pkg || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pkg, 'exports')) return undefined;
+    const key = subpath ? './' + subpath : '.';
+    const exportsField = pkg.exports;
+    let resolved = null;
+
+    if (typeof exportsField === 'string' || Array.isArray(exportsField) || isPackageExportsConditionsObject(exportsField)) {
+        if (key === '.') {
+            resolved = resolvePackageTargetValue(packageDir, exportsField, conditions, undefined, false);
+        }
+    } else if (exportsField && typeof exportsField === 'object') {
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(exportsField, key)) {
+            resolved = resolvePackageTargetValue(packageDir, exportsField[key], conditions, undefined, false);
+        } else {
+            const pattern = findBestPackagePattern(exportsField, key);
+            if (pattern !== null) {
+                resolved = resolvePackageTargetValue(packageDir, exportsField[pattern.key], conditions, undefined, false, pattern.substitution);
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (exportsField !== null) {
+        throw makeInvalidPackageTargetError(exportsField);
+    }
+
+    if (resolved !== null && resolved !== packageTargetNoMatch && resolved !== packageTargetBlocked) return resolved;
+    throw makePackagePathNotExportedError(packageName, subpath);
+}
+
+function findPackageScope(startDir) {
+    let dir = pathModule.resolve(startDir || '/');
+    while (true) {
+        if (pathModule.basename(dir) === 'node_modules') return null;
+        const pkgJsonPath = pathModule.join(dir, 'package.json');
+        const pkgJson = tryReadFile(pkgJsonPath);
+        if (pkgJson !== null) {
+            return { dir, pkg: JSON.parse(pkgJson) };
+        }
+        const parent = pathModule.dirname(dir);
+        if (parent === dir) return null;
+        dir = parent;
+    }
+}
+
+function resolvePackageImports(id, parentDir, conditions) {
+    const scope = findPackageScope(parentDir);
+    if (!scope || !scope.pkg || !scope.pkg.imports || typeof scope.pkg.imports !== 'object') {
+        throw makePackageImportNotDefinedError(id);
+    }
+    let target;
+    let patternSubstitution = null;
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(scope.pkg.imports, id)) {
+        target = scope.pkg.imports[id];
+    } else {
+        const pattern = findBestPackagePattern(scope.pkg.imports, id);
+        if (pattern === null) throw makePackageImportNotDefinedError(id);
+        target = scope.pkg.imports[pattern.key];
+        patternSubstitution = pattern.substitution;
+    }
+    const resolved = resolvePackageTargetValue(scope.dir, target, conditions, undefined, true, patternSubstitution);
+    if (resolved !== packageTargetNoMatch && resolved !== packageTargetBlocked) return resolved;
+    throw makePackageImportNotDefinedError(id);
+}
+
 function resolveFilename(id, parentDir) {
     const hasTrailingSlash = /\/$/.test(id);
     const forceDirectory = hasTrailingSlash || /(?:^|\/)\.\.?$/.test(id);
@@ -1018,8 +1289,677 @@ function markAsSyntaxError(err) {
     }
 }
 
+function isIdentifierContinueCode(code) {
+    return code === 0x5f || code === 0x24 || // _ $
+        (code >= 0x30 && code <= 0x39) ||
+        (code >= 0x41 && code <= 0x5a) ||
+        (code >= 0x61 && code <= 0x7a) ||
+        code >= 0x80;
+}
+
+function hasIdentifierBoundary(source, start, end) {
+    return (start === 0 || !isIdentifierContinueCode(source.charCodeAt(start - 1))) &&
+        (end >= source.length || !isIdentifierContinueCode(source.charCodeAt(end)));
+}
+
+function skipQuotedOrTemplate(source, start) {
+    const quote = source.charCodeAt(start);
+    let i = start + 1;
+    while (i < source.length) {
+        const code = source.charCodeAt(i);
+        if (code === 0x5c) { // backslash
+            i += 2;
+        } else if (code === quote) {
+            return i + 1;
+        } else {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+function previousSignificantChar(source, pos) {
+    for (let i = pos - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        const ch = source.charCodeAt(i);
+        if (ch !== 0x20 && ch !== 0x09 && ch !== 0x0a && ch !== 0x0d) return ch;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+function previousSignificantCharOnSameLine(source, pos) {
+    for (let i = pos - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        const ch = source.charCodeAt(i);
+        if (ch === 0x0a || ch === 0x0d) return -1;
+        if (ch !== 0x20 && ch !== 0x09) return ch;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+function isRegexLiteralStartInSource(source, pos) {
+    const prev = previousSignificantChar(source, pos);
+    return prev === -1 || '({[=,:;!?&|+-*~^%>'.indexOf(String.fromCharCode(prev)) >= 0;
+}
+
+function skipRegexLiteralInSource(source, start) {
+    let i = start + 1;
+    let inClass = false;
+    while (i < source.length) {
+        const code = source.charCodeAt(i);
+        if (code === 0x5c) {
+            i += 2;
+        } else if (code === 0x5b) {
+            inClass = true;
+            i++;
+        } else if (code === 0x5d) {
+            inClass = false;
+            i++;
+        } else if (code === 0x2f && !inClass) {
+            i++;
+            while (i < source.length) {
+                const flag = source.charCodeAt(i);
+                if (!((flag >= 0x41 && flag <= 0x5a) || (flag >= 0x61 && flag <= 0x7a))) break;
+                i++;
+            }
+            return i;
+        } else if (code === 0x0a || code === 0x0d) {
+            return start + 1;
+        } else {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+    return start + 1;
+}
+
+function skipWhitespace(source, start) {
+    let i = start;
+    while (i < source.length) {
+        const code = source.charCodeAt(i);
+        if (code !== 0x20 && code !== 0x09 && code !== 0x0a && code !== 0x0d) break;
+        i++;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+function startsWithKeywordAt(source, keyword, pos) {
+    return source.startsWith(keyword, pos) && hasIdentifierBoundary(source, pos, pos + keyword.length);
+}
+
+function skipNonCode(source, pos, skipRegex) {
+    const code = source.charCodeAt(pos);
+    if (code === 0x27 || code === 0x22 || code === 0x60) { // ' " `
+        return skipQuotedOrTemplate(source, pos);
+    }
+    if (code === 0x2f && pos + 1 < source.length && source.charCodeAt(pos + 1) === 0x2f) {
+        let i = pos + 2;
+        while (i < source.length && source.charCodeAt(i) !== 0x0a && source.charCodeAt(i) !== 0x0d) i++;
+        return i;
+    }
+    if (code === 0x2f && pos + 1 < source.length && source.charCodeAt(pos + 1) === 0x2a) {
+        let i = pos + 2;
+        while (i + 1 < source.length && !(source.charCodeAt(i) === 0x2a && source.charCodeAt(i + 1) === 0x2f)) i++;
+        return Math.min(i + 2, source.length);
+    }
+    if (skipRegex && code === 0x2f && isRegexLiteralStartInSource(source, pos)) {
+        return skipRegexLiteralInSource(source, pos);
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+function scanSourceCodePositions(source, options, visitor) {
+    const skipRegex = !options || options.skipRegex !== false;
+    let i = 0;
+    while (i < source.length) {
+        const skipped = skipNonCode(source, i, skipRegex);
+        if (skipped !== null) {
+            i = skipped;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const next = visitor(i, source.charCodeAt(i));
+        if (next === false) return false;
+        if (typeof next === 'number') {
+            i = next;
+        } else {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+function isStaticExportSyntax(source, pos) {
+    if (previousSignificantCharOnSameLine(source, pos) === 0x2e) return false; // member property
+    const next = skipWhitespace(source, pos + 6);
+    if (source.charCodeAt(next) === 0x3a) return false; // object label/property
+    const ch = source.charCodeAt(next);
+    if (ch === 0x7b || ch === 0x2a) return true; // { or *
+    return startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'default', next) ||
+        startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'const', next) ||
+        startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'let', next) ||
+        startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'var', next) ||
+        startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'function', next) ||
+        startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'class', next);
+}
+
+function isStaticImportSyntax(source, pos) {
+    if (previousSignificantCharOnSameLine(source, pos) === 0x2e) return false; // member property
+    const next = skipWhitespace(source, pos + 6);
+    if (source.charCodeAt(next) === 0x28 || source.charCodeAt(next) === 0x3a) return false; // dynamic import(...) or property label
+    const ch = source.charCodeAt(next);
+    return ch === 0x27 || ch === 0x22 || ch === 0x7b || ch === 0x2a ||
+        (ch === 0x5f || ch === 0x24 || (ch >= 0x41 && ch <= 0x5a) || (ch >= 0x61 && ch <= 0x7a) || ch >= 0x80);
+}
+
 function looksLikeEsmSource(source) {
-    return /(^|[\r\n])\s*(?:import\s+(?:[\s\S]*?\s+from\s+)?['"]|import\s*[\{\*]|export\s+)/.test(source);
+    let found = false;
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: true }, (i) => {
+        if (source.startsWith('export', i) && hasIdentifierBoundary(source, i, i + 6) && isStaticExportSyntax(source, i)) {
+            found = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (source.startsWith('import', i) && hasIdentifierBoundary(source, i, i + 6)) {
+            if (isStaticImportSyntax(source, i)) {
+                found = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return found || sourceHasTopLevelAwait(source);
+}
+
+function sourceHasTopLevelAwait(source) {
+    let found = false;
+    let parenDepth = 0;
+    let bracketDepth = 0;
+    let functionDepth = 0;
+    let classDepth = 0;
+    let pendingFunctionBody = false;
+    let pendingClassBody = false;
+    let afterArrow = false;
+    let skipArrowExpression = null;
+    const braces = [];
+
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: true }, (i, code) => {
+        if (afterArrow) {
+            afterArrow = false;
+            if (code === 0x7b) {
+                pendingFunctionBody = true;
+            } else {
+                skipArrowExpression = { parenDepth, bracketDepth, braceDepth: braces.length };
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (skipArrowExpression &&
+            (code === 0x3b ||
+             code === 0x2c ||
+             (code === 0x29 && parenDepth <= skipArrowExpression.parenDepth) ||
+             (code === 0x5d && bracketDepth <= skipArrowExpression.bracketDepth) ||
+             (code === 0x7d && braces.length <= skipArrowExpression.braceDepth))) {
+            skipArrowExpression = null;
+        }
+
+        if (code === 0x28) {
+            parenDepth++;
+        } else if (code === 0x29) {
+            parenDepth = Math.max(0, parenDepth - 1);
+        } else if (code === 0x5b) {
+            bracketDepth++;
+        } else if (code === 0x5d) {
+            bracketDepth = Math.max(0, bracketDepth - 1);
+        } else if (code === 0x3d && source.charCodeAt(i + 1) === 0x3e) {
+            afterArrow = true;
+        } else if (code === 0x7b) {
+            if (pendingFunctionBody) {
+                braces.push('function');
+                functionDepth++;
+                pendingFunctionBody = false;
+            } else if (pendingClassBody) {
+                braces.push('class');
+                classDepth++;
+                pendingClassBody = false;
+            } else {
+                braces.push('normal');
+            }
+        } else if (code === 0x7d) {
+            const context = braces.pop();
+            if (context === 'function') functionDepth = Math.max(0, functionDepth - 1);
+            if (context === 'class') classDepth = Math.max(0, classDepth - 1);
+        }
+
+        if (skipArrowExpression) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+
+        if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'await', i) && functionDepth === 0 && classDepth === 0) {
+            found = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'function', i)) {
+            pendingFunctionBody = true;
+        } else if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'class', i)) {
+            pendingClassBody = true;
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return found;
+}
+
+function isCreateRequireImportMetaUrlDeclaration(source, requirePos) {
+    let next = skipWhitespace(source, requirePos + 7);
+    if (source.charCodeAt(next) !== 0x3d) return false;
+    next = skipWhitespace(source, next + 1);
+    if (!source.startsWith('createRequire', next) || !hasIdentifierBoundary(source, next, next + 13)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    next = skipWhitespace(source, next + 13);
+    if (source.charCodeAt(next) !== 0x28) return false;
+    next = skipWhitespace(source, next + 1);
+    return source.startsWith('import.meta.url', next) && hasIdentifierBoundary(source, next, next + 15);
+}
+
+function hasCjsWrapperRequireRedeclaration(source) {
+    let found = false;
+    let braceDepth = 0;
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: true }, (i, code) => {
+        if (code === 0x7b) {
+            braceDepth++;
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        if (code === 0x7d) {
+            braceDepth = Math.max(0, braceDepth - 1);
+            return undefined;
+        }
+
+        if (braceDepth === 0 && (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'const', i) || startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'let', i))) {
+            let next = skipWhitespace(source, i + (source.startsWith('const', i) ? 5 : 3));
+            if (source.startsWith('require', next) && hasIdentifierBoundary(source, next, next + 7)) {
+                if (!isCreateRequireImportMetaUrlDeclaration(source, next)) {
+                    found = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return found;
+}
+
+function readStaticSpecifierString(source, start) {
+    const i = skipWhitespace(source, start);
+    const quote = source.charCodeAt(i);
+    if (quote !== 0x27 && quote !== 0x22) return null;
+    let value = '';
+    let p = i + 1;
+    while (p < source.length) {
+        const code = source.charCodeAt(p);
+        if (code === 0x5c && p + 1 < source.length) {
+            value += source[p + 1];
+            p += 2;
+        } else if (code === quote) {
+            return { value, end: p + 1 };
+        } else {
+            value += source[p];
+            p++;
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+function statementEndForStaticImport(source, start) {
+    let i = start;
+    let brace = 0;
+    let paren = 0;
+    while (i < source.length) {
+        const code = source.charCodeAt(i);
+        if (code === 0x27 || code === 0x22 || code === 0x60) {
+            i = skipQuotedOrTemplate(source, i);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (code === 0x2f && i + 1 < source.length && source.charCodeAt(i + 1) === 0x2f) {
+            i += 2;
+            while (i < source.length && source.charCodeAt(i) !== 0x0a && source.charCodeAt(i) !== 0x0d) i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (code === 0x2f && i + 1 < source.length && source.charCodeAt(i + 1) === 0x2a) {
+            i += 2;
+            while (i + 1 < source.length && !(source.charCodeAt(i) === 0x2a && source.charCodeAt(i + 1) === 0x2f)) i++;
+            i = Math.min(i + 2, source.length);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (code === 0x7b) brace++;
+        else if (code === 0x7d) brace = Math.max(0, brace - 1);
+        else if (code === 0x28) paren++;
+        else if (code === 0x29) paren = Math.max(0, paren - 1);
+        else if ((code === 0x3b || code === 0x0a || code === 0x0d) && brace === 0 && paren === 0) return i;
+        i++;
+    }
+    return source.length;
+}
+
+function staticImportSpecifierAt(source, pos) {
+    if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'import', pos)) {
+        const afterImport = skipWhitespace(source, pos + 6);
+        const bare = readStaticSpecifierString(source, afterImport);
+        if (bare) return bare.value;
+
+        const end = statementEndForStaticImport(source, afterImport);
+        let i = afterImport;
+        while (i < end) {
+            const code = source.charCodeAt(i);
+            if (code === 0x27 || code === 0x22 || code === 0x60) {
+                i = skipQuotedOrTemplate(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'from', i)) {
+                const spec = readStaticSpecifierString(source, i + 4);
+                if (spec && spec.end <= end + 1) return spec.value;
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'export', pos)) {
+        const end = statementEndForStaticImport(source, pos + 6);
+        let i = pos + 6;
+        while (i < end) {
+            const code = source.charCodeAt(i);
+            if (code === 0x27 || code === 0x22 || code === 0x60) {
+                i = skipQuotedOrTemplate(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'from', i)) {
+                const spec = readStaticSpecifierString(source, i + 4);
+                if (spec && spec.end <= end + 1) return spec.value;
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+}
+
+function collectStaticEsmSpecifiers(source) {
+    const specifiers = [];
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: true }, (i) => {
+        const specifier = staticImportSpecifierAt(source, i);
+        if (specifier !== null) specifiers.push(specifier);
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return specifiers;
+}
+
+function collectLiteralRequireSpecifiers(source, names) {
+    names = names || ['require'];
+    const specifiers = [];
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: true }, (i) => {
+        for (let n = 0; n < names.length; n++) {
+            const name = names[n];
+            if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, name, i) && previousSignificantChar(source, i) !== 0x2e) {
+                const open = skipWhitespace(source, i + name.length);
+                if (source.charCodeAt(open) === 0x28) {
+                    const spec = readStaticSpecifierString(source, open + 1);
+                    if (spec) specifiers.push(spec.value);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return specifiers;
+}
+
+function collectCreateRequireFactoryNames(source) {
+    const names = [];
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: false }, (i) => {
+        if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'import', i)) {
+            const end = statementEndForStaticImport(source, i + 6);
+            const statement = source.slice(i, end);
+            if (/from\s*['"](?:node:)?module['"]/.test(statement)) {
+                const m = statement.match(/\{([\s\S]*?)\}/);
+                if (m) {
+                    const parts = m[1].split(',');
+                    for (let p = 0; p < parts.length; p++) {
+                        const part = parts[p].trim();
+                        const alias = part.match(/^createRequire\s+as\s+([A-Za-z_$][A-Za-z0-9_$]*)$/);
+                        if (alias) {
+                            names.push(alias[1]);
+                        } else if (part === 'createRequire') {
+                            names.push('createRequire');
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return end;
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return names;
+}
+
+function collectCreateRequireAliases(source, factoryNames) {
+    factoryNames = factoryNames || collectCreateRequireFactoryNames(source);
+    const aliases = [];
+    if (factoryNames.length === 0) return aliases;
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: false }, (i) => {
+        if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'const', i) || startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'let', i) || startsWithKeywordAt(source, 'var', i)) {
+            const keywordLen = source.startsWith('const', i) ? 5 : 3;
+            let p = skipWhitespace(source, i + keywordLen);
+            const identMatch = /^[A-Za-z_$][A-Za-z0-9_$]*/.exec(source.slice(p));
+            if (identMatch) {
+                const name = identMatch[0];
+                p = skipWhitespace(source, p + name.length);
+                if (source.charCodeAt(p) === 0x3d) {
+                    p = skipWhitespace(source, p + 1);
+                    for (let f = 0; f < factoryNames.length; f++) {
+                        const factory = factoryNames[f];
+                        if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, factory, p)) {
+                            const open = skipWhitespace(source, p + factory.length);
+                            if (source.charCodeAt(open) === 0x28) {
+                                aliases.push(name);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return aliases;
+}
+
+function collectCreateRequireCallSpecifiers(source, factoryNames) {
+    factoryNames = factoryNames || collectCreateRequireFactoryNames(source);
+    const specifiers = [];
+    if (factoryNames.length === 0) return specifiers;
+    scanSourceCodePositions(source, { skipRegex: true }, (i) => {
+        for (let f = 0; f < factoryNames.length; f++) {
+            const factory = factoryNames[f];
+            if (startsWithKeywordAt(source, factory, i) && previousSignificantChar(source, i) !== 0x2e) {
+                const firstOpen = skipWhitespace(source, i + factory.length);
+                if (source.charCodeAt(firstOpen) === 0x28) {
+                    const firstClose = source.indexOf(')', firstOpen + 1);
+                    if (firstClose !== -1) {
+                        const secondOpen = skipWhitespace(source, firstClose + 1);
+                        if (source.charCodeAt(secondOpen) === 0x28) {
+                            const spec = readStaticSpecifierString(source, secondOpen + 1);
+                            if (spec) specifiers.push(spec.value);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    });
+    return specifiers;
+}
+
+function isEsmGraphFile(filename, source) {
+    return filename.endsWith('.mjs') ||
+        (filename.endsWith('.js') && getPackageScopeType(filename) === 'module') ||
+        (!filename.endsWith('.cjs') && looksLikeEsmSource(source));
+}
+
+function fileUrlForPath(filename) {
+    return 'file://' + filename;
+}
+
+function resolveEsmGraphSpecifier(specifier, parentFilename, conditions) {
+    conditions = conditions || esmPackageConditions;
+    if (specifier.startsWith('node:') || specifier.startsWith('data:')) return null;
+    const parentDir = pathModule.dirname(parentFilename);
+    if (specifier === '.' || specifier === '..' || specifier.startsWith('./') || specifier.startsWith('../') || specifier.startsWith('/')) {
+        try {
+            return resolveFilename(specifier, parentDir);
+        } catch (_) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    if (specifier.startsWith('#')) {
+        try {
+            const resolved = resolvePackageImports(specifier, parentDir, conditions);
+            if (resolved && !resolved.builtin) return resolved;
+        } catch (_) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    try {
+        return resolveFromNodeModules(specifier, parentDir, parentFilename, conditions);
+    } catch (_) {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+function addRequireEsmGraphMark(filename, marked) {
+    const graph = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_graph_in_progress || Object.create(null);
+    const counts = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_graph_counts || Object.create(null);
+    globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_graph_in_progress = graph;
+    globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_graph_counts = counts;
+
+    for (const key of [filename, fileUrlForPath(filename)]) {
+        counts[key] = (counts[key] || 0) + 1;
+        graph[key] = true;
+        marked.push(key);
+    }
+}
+
+function stackContains(stack, filename) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < stack.length; i++) {
+        if (stack[i] === filename) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+function esmGraphReachesAny(filename, stack, seen) {
+    if (stackContains(stack, filename)) return true;
+    seen = seen || Object.create(null);
+    if (seen[filename]) return false;
+    seen[filename] = true;
+
+    const source = tryReadFile(filename);
+    if (source === null) return false;
+
+    const specifiers = isEsmGraphFile(filename, source)
+        ? collectStaticEsmSpecifiers(source)
+        : collectLiteralRequireSpecifiers(source);
+    const conditions = isEsmGraphFile(filename, source) ? esmPackageConditions : cjsPackageConditions;
+    for (let i = 0; i < specifiers.length; i++) {
+        const resolved = resolveEsmGraphSpecifier(specifiers[i], filename, conditions);
+        if (resolved && resolved.filename && esmGraphReachesAny(resolved.filename, stack, seen)) return true;
+    }
+
+    if (isEsmGraphFile(filename, source)) {
+        const factoryNames = collectCreateRequireFactoryNames(source);
+        const aliases = collectCreateRequireAliases(source, factoryNames);
+        const bridgeSpecifiers = collectCreateRequireCallSpecifiers(source, factoryNames).concat(
+            aliases.length === 0 ? [] : collectLiteralRequireSpecifiers(source, aliases),
+        );
+        for (let i = 0; i < bridgeSpecifiers.length; i++) {
+            const resolved = resolveEsmGraphSpecifier(bridgeSpecifiers[i], filename, cjsPackageConditions);
+            if (resolved && resolved.filename && esmGraphReachesAny(resolved.filename, stack, seen)) return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+function scanRequireEsmGraph(filename, marked, seen, stack) {
+    if (seen[filename]) return;
+    seen[filename] = true;
+
+    const source = tryReadFile(filename);
+    if (source === null) return;
+
+    if (!isEsmGraphFile(filename, source)) {
+        const requireSpecifiers = collectLiteralRequireSpecifiers(source);
+        for (let i = 0; i < requireSpecifiers.length; i++) {
+            const resolved = resolveEsmGraphSpecifier(requireSpecifiers[i], filename, cjsPackageConditions);
+            if (resolved && resolved.filename) {
+                const targetSource = tryReadFile(resolved.filename);
+                if (targetSource !== null && isEsmGraphFile(resolved.filename, targetSource) && esmGraphReachesAny(resolved.filename, stack)) {
+                    addRequireEsmGraphMark(resolved.filename, marked);
+                } else {
+                    scanRequireEsmGraph(resolved.filename, marked, seen, stack);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    stack.push(filename);
+
+    const specifiers = collectStaticEsmSpecifiers(source);
+    for (let i = 0; i < specifiers.length; i++) {
+        const resolved = resolveEsmGraphSpecifier(specifiers[i], filename, esmPackageConditions);
+        if (resolved && resolved.filename) {
+            scanRequireEsmGraph(resolved.filename, marked, seen, stack);
+        }
+    }
+    const factoryNames = collectCreateRequireFactoryNames(source);
+    const aliases = collectCreateRequireAliases(source, factoryNames);
+    const createRequireSpecifiers = collectCreateRequireCallSpecifiers(source, factoryNames).concat(
+        aliases.length === 0 ? [] : collectLiteralRequireSpecifiers(source, aliases),
+    );
+    for (let i = 0; i < createRequireSpecifiers.length; i++) {
+        const resolved = resolveEsmGraphSpecifier(createRequireSpecifiers[i], filename, cjsPackageConditions);
+        if (resolved && resolved.filename) {
+            const targetSource = tryReadFile(resolved.filename);
+            if (targetSource !== null && isEsmGraphFile(resolved.filename, targetSource) && esmGraphReachesAny(resolved.filename, stack)) {
+                addRequireEsmGraphMark(resolved.filename, marked);
+            } else {
+                scanRequireEsmGraph(resolved.filename, marked, seen, stack);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    stack.pop();
+}
+
+function markRequireEsmGraph(filename) {
+    const marked = [];
+    scanRequireEsmGraph(filename, marked, Object.create(null), []);
+    return marked;
+}
+
+function unmarkRequireEsmGraph(marked) {
+    const graph = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_graph_in_progress;
+    const counts = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_graph_counts;
+    if (!graph || !counts) return;
+    for (let i = 0; i < marked.length; i++) {
+        const key = marked[i];
+        counts[key] = (counts[key] || 1) - 1;
+        if (counts[key] <= 0) {
+            delete counts[key];
+            delete graph[key];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+function throwIfRequireEsmGraphCycle(resolvedFilename) {
+    const graph = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_graph_in_progress;
+    if (graph && (graph[resolvedFilename] || graph[fileUrlForPath(resolvedFilename)])) {
+        const err = new Error('Cannot require() ES Module ' + resolvedFilename + ' in a cycle.');
+        err.code = 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE';
+        throw err;
+    }
 }
 
 const wrapper = [
@@ -1033,6 +1973,9 @@ function wrap(script) {
 }
 
 function compileCjs(filename, source) {
+    if (source.length > 0 && source.charCodeAt(0) === 0xFEFF) {
+        source = source.slice(1);
+    }
     // Strip shebang
     if (source.length > 1 && source.charCodeAt(0) === 0x23 && source.charCodeAt(1) === 0x21) {
         source = '//' + source;
@@ -1049,10 +1992,101 @@ function compileCjs(filename, source) {
     return _evalWithFilename(wrappedSource, filename);
 }
 
+function compileModuleInto(mod, source, filename) {
+    filename = filename || mod.filename;
+    const dirname = pathModule.dirname(filename);
+    const childRequire = makeRequire(dirname, mod);
+    const compiledFn = compileCjs(filename, String(source));
+    const previousModuleContext = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_current_module;
+    globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_current_module = {
+        filename: filename,
+        source: String(source)
+    };
+    const previousCjsImportDir = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir;
+    globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir = dirname;
+    try {
+        return compiledFn(mod.exports, childRequire, mod, filename, dirname);
+    } finally {
+        globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_current_module = previousModuleContext;
+        if (previousCjsImportDir !== undefined) {
+            globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir = previousCjsImportDir;
+        } else {
+            delete globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+function makeModuleCompile(mod) {
+    return function _compile(content, filename) {
+        return compileModuleInto(mod, content, filename || mod.filename);
+    };
+}
+
+function makeModuleRequire(mod) {
+    return function require(id) {
+        return makeRequire(pathModule.dirname(mod.filename), mod)(id);
+    };
+}
+
+function requireEsmWithCacheGuard(mod, resolvedFilename) {
+    throwIfRequireEsmGraphCycle(resolvedFilename);
+    const markedGraph = markRequireEsmGraph(resolvedFilename);
+    Object.defineProperty(mod, '__wasmRequireEsmInProgress', {
+        value: true,
+        writable: true,
+        configurable: true,
+        enumerable: false,
+    });
+    try {
+        const namespace = _requireEsm(resolvedFilename);
+        if (namespace && typeof namespace === 'object' && Object.hasOwn(namespace, 'module.exports')) {
+            return namespace['module.exports'];
+        }
+        return wrapEsmNamespace(namespace);
+    } finally {
+        unmarkRequireEsmGraph(markedGraph);
+        delete mod.__wasmRequireEsmInProgress;
+    }
+}
+
+function currentMainScriptFilename() {
+    if (!globalThis.process || !globalThis.process.argv || typeof globalThis.process.argv[1] !== 'string') {
+        return null;
+    }
+    const mainScript = globalThis.process.argv[1];
+    if (!mainScript) return null;
+    try {
+        return toCjsCanonicalFilename(mainScript, true);
+    } catch (_) {
+        const absolute = pathModule.isAbsolute(mainScript) ? mainScript : pathModule.resolve('/', mainScript);
+        return absolute;
+    }
+}
+
+function isMainEntryFilename(resolvedFilename) {
+    if (typeof mainModule === 'undefined' || mainModule.filename !== '/') return false;
+    const mainScript = currentMainScriptFilename();
+    if (!mainScript) return false;
+    try {
+        return toCjsCanonicalFilename(resolvedFilename, true) === mainScript;
+    } catch (_) {
+        const absolute = pathModule.isAbsolute(resolvedFilename) ? resolvedFilename : pathModule.resolve('/', resolvedFilename);
+        return absolute === mainScript;
+    }
+}
+
 function loadModule(resolvedFilename, source, parentModule) {
+    const isMainModuleLoad = isMainEntryFilename(resolvedFilename);
+    const filename = toCjsCanonicalFilename(resolvedFilename, isMainModuleLoad);
+
     // Check cache
-    if (moduleCache[resolvedFilename]) {
-        const cached = moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
+    if (moduleCache[filename]) {
+        const cached = moduleCache[filename];
+        if (cached.__wasmRequireEsmInProgress) {
+            const err = new Error('Cannot require() ES Module ' + filename + ' in a cycle.');
+            err.code = 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE';
+            throw err;
+        }
         if (parentModule && parentModule.children && !parentModule.children.includes(cached)) {
             parentModule.children.push(cached);
         }
@@ -1060,69 +2094,76 @@ function loadModule(resolvedFilename, source, parentModule) {
     }
 
     let mod;
-    if ((!parentModule || parentModule === mainModule || parentModule.filename === '/') && typeof mainModule !== 'undefined' && mainModule.filename === '/') {
+    if (isMainModuleLoad) {
         mod = mainModule;
         mod.id = '.';
-        mod.filename = resolvedFilename;
-        mod.path = pathModule.dirname(resolvedFilename);
+        mod.filename = filename;
+        mod.path = pathModule.dirname(filename);
         mod.exports = {};
         mod.loaded = false;
         mod.parent = null;
         mod.children = [];
-        mod.paths = _nodeModulePaths(pathModule.dirname(resolvedFilename));
+        mod.paths = _nodeModulePaths(pathModule.dirname(filename));
+        mod._compile = makeModuleCompile(mod);
+        mod.require = makeModuleRequire(mod);
         if (globalThis.process) {
             globalThis.process.mainModule = mod;
         }
     } else {
         mod = {
-            id: resolvedFilename,
-            filename: resolvedFilename,
-            path: pathModule.dirname(resolvedFilename),
+            id: filename,
+            filename: filename,
+            path: pathModule.dirname(filename),
             exports: {},
             loaded: false,
             parent: parentModule || null,
             children: [],
-            paths: _nodeModulePaths(pathModule.dirname(resolvedFilename)),
+            paths: _nodeModulePaths(pathModule.dirname(filename)),
         };
+        mod._compile = makeModuleCompile(mod);
+        mod.require = makeModuleRequire(mod);
     }
 
     // Cache before executing (handles circular dependencies)
-    moduleCache[resolvedFilename] = mod;
+    moduleCache[filename] = mod;
 
     if (parentModule && parentModule.children) {
         parentModule.children.push(mod);
     }
 
     // Check for custom extension handler
-    const ext = findLongestRegisteredExtension(resolvedFilename);
+    const ext = findLongestRegisteredExtension(filename);
     const handler = requireExtensions[ext];
     if (handler && !_defaultExtHandlers.has(handler)) {
         try {
-            handler(mod, resolvedFilename);
+            handler(mod, filename);
         } catch (err) {
-            delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
+            delete moduleCache[filename];
             throw err;
         }
-    } else if (resolvedFilename.endsWith('.node')) {
-        delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
-        throw new Error("Native .node modules are not supported in WASM: '" + resolvedFilename + "'");
-    } else if (resolvedFilename.endsWith('.json')) {
+    } else if (filename.endsWith('.node')) {
+        delete moduleCache[filename];
+        throw new Error("Native .node modules are not supported in WASM: '" + filename + "'");
+    } else if (filename.endsWith('.json')) {
         try {
+            if (source.length > 0 && source.charCodeAt(0) === 0xFEFF) {
+                source = source.slice(1);
+            }
             mod.exports = JSON.parse(source);
         } catch (e) {
-            delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
-            const err = new SyntaxError(resolvedFilename + ': ' + e.message);
+            delete moduleCache[filename];
+            const err = new SyntaxError(filename + ': ' + e.message);
             err.code = 'ERR_INVALID_JSON';
             throw err;
         }
     } else {
-        const isEsm = resolvedFilename.endsWith('.mjs') ||
-            (resolvedFilename.endsWith('.js') && getPackageScopeType(resolvedFilename) === 'module');
+        const isEsm = filename.endsWith('.mjs') ||
+            (filename.endsWith('.js') && getPackageScopeType(filename) === 'module');
         if (isEsm && hasExecArgvFlag('--no-experimental-require-module')) {
-            delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
+            delete moduleCache[filename];
             const esmErr = new Error(
-                "require() of ES Module " + resolvedFilename + " not supported. " +
-                "Instead change the require of " + resolvedFilename + " to a dynamic " +
+                "require() of ES Module " + filename + " not supported. " +
+                "Instead change the require of " + filename + " to a dynamic " +
                 "import() which is available in all CommonJS modules."
             );
             esmErr.code = 'ERR_REQUIRE_ESM';
@@ -1130,18 +2171,19 @@ function loadModule(resolvedFilename, source, parentModule) {
         }
         if (isEsm) {
             try {
-                mod.exports = wrapEsmNamespace(_requireEsm(resolvedFilename));
+                mod.exports = requireEsmWithCacheGuard(mod, filename);
             } catch (err) {
-                delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
+                delete moduleCache[filename];
                 throw err;
             }
         } else {
-            const dirname = pathModule.dirname(resolvedFilename);
+            const dirname = pathModule.dirname(filename);
             const childRequire = makeRequire(dirname, mod);
             let compiledFn;
             let cjsSyntaxError = null;
+            const cjsWrapperRequireRedeclaration = !filename.endsWith('.cjs') && hasCjsWrapperRequireRedeclaration(source);
             try {
-                compiledFn = compileCjs(resolvedFilename, source);
+                compiledFn = compileCjs(filename, source);
             } catch (err) {
                 // Normalize QuickJS SyntaxError messages for ESM keywords in CJS context
                 if (err && err.name === 'SyntaxError') {
@@ -1150,41 +2192,46 @@ function loadModule(resolvedFilename, source, parentModule) {
                     markAsSyntaxError(err);
                 }
                 // For .js files (not .cjs), detect ESM syntax and fall back to ESM loading
-                if (!resolvedFilename.endsWith('.cjs') && err && err.name === 'SyntaxError') {
+                if (!filename.endsWith('.cjs') && err && err.name === 'SyntaxError' && (looksLikeEsmSource(source) || cjsWrapperRequireRedeclaration)) {
                     cjsSyntaxError = err;
                 } else {
-                    delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
-                    maybeSetArrowMessageOnSyntaxError(err, resolvedFilename, source);
+                    delete moduleCache[filename];
+                    maybeSetArrowMessageOnSyntaxError(err, filename, source);
                     throw err;
                 }
             }
-            if (cjsSyntaxError) {
+            if (cjsSyntaxError || cjsWrapperRequireRedeclaration) {
+                if (hasExecArgvFlag('--no-experimental-require-module') && cjsSyntaxError) {
+                    delete moduleCache[filename];
+                    maybeSetArrowMessageOnSyntaxError(cjsSyntaxError, filename, source);
+                    throw cjsSyntaxError;
+                }
                 // SyntaxError in a .js file — try loading as ESM (entry point detection)
                 try {
-                    mod.exports = wrapEsmNamespace(_requireEsm(resolvedFilename));
+                    mod.exports = requireEsmWithCacheGuard(mod, filename);
                 } catch (esmErr) {
-                    delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
-                    if (looksLikeEsmSource(source)) {
+                    delete moduleCache[filename];
+                    if (looksLikeEsmSource(source) || cjsWrapperRequireRedeclaration) {
                         normalizeEsmSyntaxError(esmErr);
                         throw esmErr;
                     }
                     // ESM loading also failed — throw the original CJS SyntaxError
-                    maybeSetArrowMessageOnSyntaxError(cjsSyntaxError, resolvedFilename, source);
+                    maybeSetArrowMessageOnSyntaxError(cjsSyntaxError, filename, source);
                     throw cjsSyntaxError;
                 }
             } else if (compiledFn) {
                 const previousModuleContext = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_current_module;
                 globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_current_module = {
-                    filename: resolvedFilename,
+                    filename: filename,
                     source: source
                 };
                 const previousCjsImportDir = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir;
                 globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir = dirname;
                 try {
-                    compiledFn(mod.exports, childRequire, mod, resolvedFilename, dirname);
+                    compiledFn(mod.exports, childRequire, mod, filename, dirname);
                 } catch (err) {
-                    delete moduleCache[resolvedFilename];
-                    maybeSetArrowMessageOnSyntaxError(err, resolvedFilename, source);
+                    delete moduleCache[filename];
+                    maybeSetArrowMessageOnSyntaxError(err, filename, source);
                     throw err;
                 } finally {
                     globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_current_module = previousModuleContext;
@@ -1210,6 +2257,8 @@ const mainModule = {
     parent: null,
     children: [],
 };
+mainModule._compile = makeModuleCompile(mainModule);
+mainModule.require = makeModuleRequire(mainModule);
 
 function splitPackageName(id) {
     // Scoped packages: @scope/pkg or @scope/pkg/subpath
@@ -1226,7 +2275,8 @@ function splitPackageName(id) {
     return { name: id.substring(0, idx), subpath: id.substring(idx + 1) };
 }
 
-function resolveFromNodeModules(id, parentDir, parentFilename) {
+function resolveFromNodeModules(id, parentDir, parentFilename, conditions) {
+    conditions = conditions || cjsPackageConditions;
     const dirs = _nodeModulePaths(parentDir);
 
     // Split into package name and subpath for packages with subpath specifiers
@@ -1234,35 +2284,59 @@ function resolveFromNodeModules(id, parentDir, parentFilename) {
     const hasSubpath = parts.subpath.length > 0;
 
     for (let i = 0; i < dirs.length; i++) {
+        const pkgDir = pathModule.join(dirs[i], parts.name);
+        const pkgJsonPath = pathModule.join(pkgDir, 'package.json');
+        const pkgJson = tryReadFile(pkgJsonPath);
+        let pkg = null;
+
+        if (pkgJson !== null) {
+            try {
+                pkg = JSON.parse(pkgJson);
+                const exportsResolved = resolvePackageExports(parts.name, pkgDir, pkg, parts.subpath, conditions);
+                if (exportsResolved !== undefined) {
+                    exportsResolved.packageDir = pkgDir;
+                    return exportsResolved;
+                }
+            } catch (e) {
+                if (e && e.code) {
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                const fromPart = parentFilename || parentDir;
+                const pkgErr = new Error(
+                    'Invalid package config ' + pkgJsonPath +
+                    ' while importing "' + id + '" from ' + fromPart + '.' +
+                    (e.message ? ' ' + e.message : '')
+                );
+                pkgErr.code = 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_CONFIG';
+                throw pkgErr;
+            }
+        }
+
         // If there's a subpath, try resolving it relative to the package directory
         if (hasSubpath) {
-            const pkgDir = pathModule.join(dirs[i], parts.name);
             const subCandidate = pathModule.join(pkgDir, parts.subpath);
             // Try exact subpath
             let content = tryReadFile(subCandidate);
-            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate, content: content };
+            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate, content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
             // Try with extensions
             content = tryReadFile(subCandidate + '.js');
-            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate + '.js', content: content };
+            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate + '.js', content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
             content = tryReadFile(subCandidate + '.mjs');
-            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate + '.mjs', content: content };
+            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate + '.mjs', content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
             content = tryReadFile(subCandidate + '.json');
-            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate + '.json', content: content };
+            if (content !== null) return { filename: subCandidate + '.json', content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
             // Try as directory
             content = tryReadFile(pathModule.join(subCandidate, 'index.js'));
-            if (content !== null) return { filename: pathModule.join(subCandidate, 'index.js'), content: content };
+            if (content !== null) return { filename: pathModule.join(subCandidate, 'index.js'), content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
             content = tryReadFile(pathModule.join(subCandidate, 'index.json'));
-            if (content !== null) return { filename: pathModule.join(subCandidate, 'index.json'), content: content };
+            if (content !== null) return { filename: pathModule.join(subCandidate, 'index.json'), content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
         }
 
-        const candidate = pathModule.join(dirs[i], id);
+        const candidate = pkgDir;
 
         // Try as directory: check package.json "main" field
-        const pkgJsonPath = pathModule.join(candidate, 'package.json');
-        const pkgJson = tryReadFile(pkgJsonPath);
-        if (pkgJson !== null) {
+        if (pkg !== null) {
             try {
-                const pkg = JSON.parse(pkgJson);
                 if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pkg, 'main') && typeof pkg.main === 'string') {
                     const mainPath = pathModule.resolve(candidate, pkg.main);
                     const mainCandidates = [
@@ -1274,7 +2348,7 @@ function resolveFromNodeModules(id, parentDir, parentFilename) {
                     ];
                     for (let m = 0; m < mainCandidates.length; m++) {
                         const content = tryReadFile(mainCandidates[m]);
-                        if (content !== null) return { filename: mainCandidates[m], content: content };
+                        if (content !== null) return { filename: mainCandidates[m], content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
                     }
                 }
             } catch (e) {
@@ -1292,18 +2366,18 @@ function resolveFromNodeModules(id, parentDir, parentFilename) {
         // Try as directory: index.js / index.json
         const indexJs = pathModule.join(candidate, 'index.js');
         let content = tryReadFile(indexJs);
-        if (content !== null) return { filename: indexJs, content: content };
+        if (content !== null) return { filename: indexJs, content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
 
         const indexJson = pathModule.join(candidate, 'index.json');
         content = tryReadFile(indexJson);
-        if (content !== null) return { filename: indexJson, content: content };
+        if (content !== null) return { filename: indexJson, content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
 
         // Try as file with extension
         content = tryReadFile(candidate + '.js');
-        if (content !== null) return { filename: candidate + '.js', content: content };
+        if (content !== null) return { filename: candidate + '.js', content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
 
         content = tryReadFile(candidate + '.json');
-        if (content !== null) return { filename: candidate + '.json', content: content };
+        if (content !== null) return { filename: candidate + '.json', content: content, packageDir: pkgDir };
     }
     return null;
 }
@@ -1370,6 +2444,13 @@ function makeRequire(parentDir, parentModule, parentFilenameOverride) {
             return mod.exports;
         }
 
+        if (id.startsWith('#')) {
+            const importsResolved = resolvePackageImports(id, parentDir, cjsPackageConditions);
+            if (importsResolved.builtin) return builtinModuleMap[importsResolved.builtin];
+            const mod = loadModule(importsResolved.filename, importsResolved.content, parentModule || null);
+            return mod.exports;
+        }
+
         // node_modules resolution for bare specifiers
         const nmResolved = resolveFromNodeModules(id, parentDir, parentFilename);
         if (nmResolved) {
@@ -1417,14 +2498,14 @@ function makeRequire(parentDir, parentModule, parentFilenameOverride) {
                     // Relative/absolute: resolve directly against the search path
                     try {
                         const resolved = resolveFilename(id, searchDir);
-                        return resolved.filename;
+                        return toCjsCanonicalFilename(resolved.filename, false);
                     } catch (e) {
                         // Try next path
                     }
                 } else {
                     // Bare specifier: use node_modules resolution from search path
                     const nmResolved = resolveFromNodeModules(id, searchDir, parentFilename);
-                    if (nmResolved) return nmResolved.filename;
+                    if (nmResolved) return toCjsCanonicalFilename(nmResolved.filename, false);
                 }
             }
             const err = new Error("Cannot find module '" + id + "'");
@@ -1433,12 +2514,17 @@ function makeRequire(parentDir, parentModule, parentFilenameOverride) {
         }
         if (id === '.' || id === '..' || id.startsWith('./') || id.startsWith('../') || id.startsWith('/')) {
             const resolved = resolveFilename(id, parentDir);
-            return resolved.filename;
+            return toCjsCanonicalFilename(resolved.filename, false);
+        }
+        if (id.startsWith('#')) {
+            const importsResolved = resolvePackageImports(id, parentDir, cjsPackageConditions);
+            if (importsResolved.builtin) return importsResolved.builtin;
+            return toCjsCanonicalFilename(importsResolved.filename, false);
         }
         // node_modules resolution for bare specifiers
         const nmResolved = resolveFromNodeModules(id, parentDir, parentFilename);
         if (nmResolved) {
-            return nmResolved.filename;
+            return toCjsCanonicalFilename(nmResolved.filename, false);
         }
         const err = new Error("Cannot find module '" + id + "'");
         err.code = 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND';
@@ -1468,11 +2554,11 @@ function makeRequire(parentDir, parentModule, parentFilenameOverride) {
 // The global require, rooted at '/'
 const globalRequire = makeRequire('/', mainModule);
 
-export function require(id) {
+export let require = function require(id) {
     return globalRequire(id);
-}
+};
 
-export function createRequire(filename) {
+export let createRequire = function createRequire(filename) {
     let filepath;
     const isUrlObj = filename instanceof URL ||
         (filename !== null && typeof filename === 'object' &&
@@ -1512,14 +2598,157 @@ export function createRequire(filename) {
         paths: _nodeModulePaths(dir),
     };
     return makeRequire(dir, syntheticParent, filepath);
+};
+
+function isUrlInstance(value) {
+    return value instanceof URL ||
+        (value !== null && typeof value === 'object' &&
+            typeof value.href === 'string' && typeof value.protocol === 'string');
 }
 
-export { builtinModuleNames as builtinModules };
+function normalizeFindPackageJsonSpecifier(specifier) {
+    if (specifier === undefined) {
+        throw new ERR_MISSING_ARGS('specifier');
+    }
 
-export function isBuiltinModule(id) {
-    return isBuiltin(id);
+    if (isUrlInstance(specifier)) {
+        const filePath = nodeUrl.fileURLToPath(specifier);
+        return {
+            kind: 'absolute',
+            path: filePath,
+            source: filePath,
+        };
+    }
+
+    if (typeof specifier !== 'string') {
+        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('specifier', ['string', 'URL'], specifier);
+    }
+
+    if (specifier.startsWith('file://')) {
+        const filePath = nodeUrl.fileURLToPath(specifier);
+        return {
+            kind: 'absolute',
+            path: filePath,
+            source: specifier,
+        };
+    }
+
+    if (pathModule.isAbsolute(specifier)) {
+        return {
+            kind: 'absolute',
+            path: pathModule.normalize(specifier),
+            source: specifier,
+        };
+    }
+
+    if (specifier === '.' || specifier === '..' || specifier.startsWith('./') || specifier.startsWith('../')) {
+        return {
+            kind: 'relative',
+            value: specifier,
+        };
+    }
+
+    return {
+        kind: 'bare',
+        value: specifier,
+    };
+}
+
+function normalizeFindPackageJsonBase(base, baseRequired) {
+    if (base === undefined) {
+        if (baseRequired) {
+            throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('base', ['string', 'URL'], base);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    if (isUrlInstance(base) || (typeof base === 'string' && base.startsWith('file://'))) {
+        const filename = nodeUrl.fileURLToPath(base);
+        return {
+            filename,
+            dir: pathModule.dirname(pathModule.resolve(filename)),
+        };
+    }
+
+    if (typeof base !== 'string') {
+        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('base', ['string', 'URL'], base);
+    }
+
+    if (!pathModule.isAbsolute(base)) {
+        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('base', ['string', 'URL'], base);
+    }
+
+    const filename = pathModule.resolve(base);
+    return {
+        filename,
+        dir: pathModule.dirname(filename),
+    };
+}
+
+function findNearestPackageJsonPath(startDir) {
+    let dir = pathModule.resolve(startDir || '/');
+    while (true) {
+        if (pathModule.basename(dir) === 'node_modules') return undefined;
+        const pkgJsonPath = pathModule.join(dir, 'package.json');
+        if (tryReadFile(pkgJsonPath) !== null) {
+            return pathModule.toNamespacedPath(pkgJsonPath);
+        }
+        const parent = pathModule.dirname(dir);
+        if (parent === dir) return undefined;
+        dir = parent;
+    }
+}
+
+function packageSearchStartDir(resolvedPath, sourceSpecifier) {
+    if (typeof sourceSpecifier === 'string' &&
+        (/\/$/.test(sourceSpecifier) || /(?:^|\/)\.\.?$/.test(sourceSpecifier))) {
+        return pathModule.resolve(resolvedPath);
+    }
+
+    if (_stat(resolvedPath) === 1) {
+        return pathModule.resolve(resolvedPath);
+    }
+
+    return pathModule.dirname(pathModule.resolve(resolvedPath));
+}
+
+function findBarePackageJson(specifier, parentDir, parentFilename) {
+    const resolved = resolveFromNodeModules(specifier, parentDir, parentFilename, cjsPackageConditions);
+    if (resolved === null) return undefined;
+
+    if (typeof resolved.packageDir === 'string' && resolved.packageDir.length > 0) {
+        const pkgJsonPath = pathModule.join(resolved.packageDir, 'package.json');
+        if (tryReadFile(pkgJsonPath) !== null) {
+            return pathModule.toNamespacedPath(pkgJsonPath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return undefined;
 }
 
+export let findPackageJSON = function findPackageJSON(specifier, base) {
+    const normalizedSpecifier = normalizeFindPackageJsonSpecifier(specifier);
+    if (normalizedSpecifier.kind === 'absolute') {
+        const startDir = packageSearchStartDir(normalizedSpecifier.path, normalizedSpecifier.source);
+        return findNearestPackageJsonPath(startDir);
+    }
+
+    const normalizedBase = normalizeFindPackageJsonBase(base, true);
+    if (normalizedSpecifier.kind === 'relative') {
+        const resolvedPath = pathModule.resolve(normalizedBase.dir, normalizedSpecifier.value);
+        const startDir = packageSearchStartDir(resolvedPath, normalizedSpecifier.value);
+        return findNearestPackageJsonPath(startDir);
+    }
+
+    return findBarePackageJson(normalizedSpecifier.value, normalizedBase.dir, normalizedBase.filename);
+};
+
+export let builtinModules = builtinModuleNames;
+
+export let isBuiltinModule = function isBuiltinModule(id) {
+    return isBuiltin(id);
+};
+
 // "node_modules" reversed as char codes: s-e-l-u-d-o-m-_-e-d-o-n
 const nmChars = [115, 101, 108, 117, 100, 111, 109, 95, 101, 100, 111, 110];
 const nmLen = nmChars.length;
@@ -1656,10 +2885,40 @@ function runMain() {
     }
 }
 
-const moduleExports = {
+export let syncBuiltinESMExports = function() {
+    const registry = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_sync_builtin_esm_exports;
+    if (!registry) return;
+    if (typeof registry.fs === 'function') registry.fs();
+    if (typeof registry.events === 'function') registry.events();
+    require = moduleExports.require;
+    createRequire = moduleExports.createRequire;
+    findPackageJSON = moduleExports.findPackageJSON;
+    builtinModules = moduleExports.builtinModules;
+    isBuiltinModule = moduleExports.isBuiltin;
+    syncBuiltinESMExports = moduleExports.syncBuiltinESMExports;
+};
+
+function Module(id, parent) {
+    this.id = id || '';
+    this.path = '';
+    this.exports = {};
+    this.filename = null;
+    this.loaded = false;
+    this.children = [];
+    this.paths = [];
+    this.parent = parent || null;
+}
+
+Module.prototype.require = function require(id) {
+    return globalRequire(id);
+};
+
+const moduleExports = Object.assign(Module, {
     require: globalRequire,
     createRequire,
+    findPackageJSON,
     builtinModules: builtinModuleNames,
+    syncBuiltinESMExports,
     isBuiltin: isBuiltinModule,
     wrap: wrap,
     wrapper: wrapper,
@@ -1672,7 +2931,8 @@ const moduleExports = {
     _stat: _stat,
     globalPaths: globalPaths,
     setSourceMapsSupport,
-};
+});
+moduleExports.Module = Module;
 
 // Add self-reference so require('module') works
 builtinModuleMap['module'] = moduleExports;
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/node_http.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/node_http.js
index f365525c..a0603a96 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/node_http.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/node_http.js
@@ -249,12 +249,12 @@ export class Agent extends EventEmitter {
             throw err;
         }
 
+        this.options = Object.assign({}, options, { scheduling });
         this.keepAlive = options.keepAlive || false;
         this.keepAliveMsecs = options.keepAliveMsecs || 1000;
         this.maxSockets = options.maxSockets || Infinity;
         this.maxTotalSockets = options.maxTotalSockets || Infinity;
         this.maxFreeSockets = options.maxFreeSockets || 256;
-        this.timeout = options.timeout;
         this.scheduling = scheduling;
         this.freeSockets = {};
         this.requests = {};
@@ -263,6 +263,10 @@ export class Agent extends EventEmitter {
         this._requestQueue = {};
     }
 
+    get timeout() {
+        return this.options ? this.options.timeout : undefined;
+    }
+
     get totalSocketCount() {
         let n = 0;
         for (const key of Object.keys(this.sockets)) {
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/process.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/process.js
index aff4667a..f88aa32f 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/process.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/process.js
@@ -165,6 +165,13 @@ Object.defineProperty(process, 'title', {
 });
 process.release = { name: 'node' };
 process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags = new Set();
+process.report = {};
+Object.defineProperty(process, Symbol.toStringTag, {
+    value: 'process',
+    writable: true,
+    enumerable: false,
+    configurable: true,
+});
 
 let _startTime = null;
 
@@ -731,6 +738,10 @@ globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_rejection_tracker = function(promise, reason, isHandl
         Promise.resolve().then(function() {
             if (_pendingRejections.has(promise)) {
                 _pendingRejections.delete(promise);
+                if (globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_suppress_unhandled_rejection_count > 0) {
+                    globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_suppress_unhandled_rejection_count--;
+                    return;
+                }
                 process.emit('unhandledRejection', reason, promise);
             }
         });
@@ -740,6 +751,10 @@ globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_rejection_tracker = function(promise, reason, isHandl
     }
 };
 
+globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_mark_rejection_handled = function(promise) {
+    _pendingRejections.delete(promise);
+};
+
 // Named exports for import { argv } from 'node:process' style
 export var argv = process.argv;
 export var argv0 = process.argv0;
@@ -762,6 +777,7 @@ export var cpuUsage = process.cpuUsage;
 export var memoryUsage = process.memoryUsage;
 export var uptime = process.uptime;
 export var release = process.release;
+export var report = process.report;
 export var stdin = process.stdin;
 export var kill = process.kill;
 export var emitWarning = process.emitWarning;
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/test.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/test.js
index dd4732c0..5ce4f409 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/test.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/test.js
@@ -14,6 +14,13 @@ let _subtestFilter = (typeof globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_filter === 'nu
     : null;
 let _subtestRegistrationIndex = 0;
 
+function activeTestEntryFile(moduleContext) {
+    if (typeof globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_entry_file === 'string') {
+        return globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_entry_file;
+    }
+    return moduleContext ? moduleContext.filename : undefined;
+}
+
 // --- Custom assertions registry (testAssertions.register) ---
 const _customAssertions = {};
 
@@ -437,7 +444,7 @@ function runTest(parsed, parentSuite) {
     // Handle todo
     const isTodo = options.todo === true || typeof options.todo === 'string';
 
-    const filePath = moduleContext ? moduleContext.filename : undefined;
+    const filePath = activeTestEntryFile(moduleContext);
     const ctx = new TestContext(name, parentSuite, filePath);
 
     // Collect beforeEach from parent suite chain
@@ -567,7 +574,7 @@ function runSuite(name, options, fn, parentSuite, moduleContext) {
 
     const isTodo = options.todo === true || typeof options.todo === 'string';
 
-    const filePath = moduleContext ? moduleContext.filename : undefined;
+    const filePath = activeTestEntryFile(moduleContext);
     const suite = new SuiteContext(name, parentSuite, filePath);
     const prevSuite = currentSuite;
     currentSuite = suite;
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/util.rs b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/util.rs
index ebe5dcb5..7ee9a7ac 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/util.rs
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/util.rs
@@ -2,4 +2,52 @@
 pub const UTIL_JS: &str = include_str!("util.js");
 
 // Re-export for aliases
-pub const REEXPORT_JS: &str = r#"export * from 'node:util'; export { default } from 'node:util';"#;
+pub const BARE_UTIL_REEXPORT_JS: &str =
+    r#"export * from 'node:util'; export { default } from 'node:util';"#;
+pub const UTIL_TYPES_JS: &str = r#"
+import { types as _types } from 'node:util';
+
+export default _types;
+export const isAnyArrayBuffer = _types.isAnyArrayBuffer;
+export const isArgumentsObject = _types.isArgumentsObject;
+export const isArrayBuffer = _types.isArrayBuffer;
+export const isArrayBufferView = _types.isArrayBufferView;
+export const isAsyncFunction = _types.isAsyncFunction;
+export const isBigInt64Array = _types.isBigInt64Array;
+export const isBigIntObject = _types.isBigIntObject;
+export const isBigUint64Array = _types.isBigUint64Array;
+export const isBooleanObject = _types.isBooleanObject;
+export const isBoxedPrimitive = _types.isBoxedPrimitive;
+export const isCryptoKey = _types.isCryptoKey;
+export const isDataView = _types.isDataView;
+export const isDate = _types.isDate;
+export const isExternal = _types.isExternal;
+export const isFloat32Array = _types.isFloat32Array;
+export const isFloat64Array = _types.isFloat64Array;
+export const isGeneratorFunction = _types.isGeneratorFunction;
+export const isGeneratorObject = _types.isGeneratorObject;
+export const isInt8Array = _types.isInt8Array;
+export const isInt16Array = _types.isInt16Array;
+export const isInt32Array = _types.isInt32Array;
+export const isKeyObject = _types.isKeyObject;
+export const isMap = _types.isMap;
+export const isMapIterator = _types.isMapIterator;
+export const isModuleNamespaceObject = _types.isModuleNamespaceObject;
+export const isNativeError = _types.isNativeError;
+export const isNumberObject = _types.isNumberObject;
+export const isPromise = _types.isPromise;
+export const isProxy = _types.isProxy;
+export const isRegExp = _types.isRegExp;
+export const isSet = _types.isSet;
+export const isSetIterator = _types.isSetIterator;
+export const isSharedArrayBuffer = _types.isSharedArrayBuffer;
+export const isStringObject = _types.isStringObject;
+export const isSymbolObject = _types.isSymbolObject;
+export const isTypedArray = _types.isTypedArray;
+export const isUint8Array = _types.isUint8Array;
+export const isUint8ClampedArray = _types.isUint8ClampedArray;
+export const isUint16Array = _types.isUint16Array;
+export const isUint32Array = _types.isUint32Array;
+export const isWeakMap = _types.isWeakMap;
+export const isWeakSet = _types.isWeakSet;
+"#;
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.js b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.js
index ad287e38..4368caa8 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.js
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.js
@@ -233,9 +233,52 @@ export function runInThisContext(code, options) {
 
 export function compileFunction(code, params, options) {
     params = params || [];
+    options = validateOptionsObject(options);
+    validateInt32Option(options.lineOffset, 'options.lineOffset');
+    validateInt32Option(options.columnOffset, 'options.columnOffset');
     return new Function(...params, code);
 }
 
+function validateOptionsObject(options) {
+    if (options === undefined) return {};
+    if (options === null || typeof options !== 'object' || Array.isArray(options)) {
+        throwInvalidArgType('options', 'object', options);
+    }
+    return options;
+}
+
+function validateInt32Option(value, name) {
+    if (value === undefined) return;
+    if (typeof value !== 'number') {
+        throwInvalidArgType(name, 'number', value);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isInteger(value)) {
+        throwOutOfRange(name, 'an integer', value);
+    }
+    if (value < -2147483648 || value > 2147483647) {
+        throwOutOfRange(name, '>= -2147483648 && <= 2147483647', value);
+    }
+}
+
+function throwInvalidArgType(name, expected, value) {
+    const err = new TypeError('The "' + name + '" argument must be of type ' + expected + '. Received ' + formatReceived(value));
+    err.code = 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE';
+    throw err;
+}
+
+function throwOutOfRange(name, range, value) {
+    const err = new RangeError('The value of "' + name + '" is out of range. It must be ' + range + '. Received ' + formatReceived(value));
+    err.code = 'ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE';
+    throw err;
+}
+
+function formatReceived(value) {
+    if (value === null) return 'null';
+    if (typeof value === 'string') return "'" + value + "'";
+    if (typeof value === 'symbol') return value.toString();
+    return String(value);
+}
+
 export class Script {
     constructor(code, options) {
         this._code = String(code);
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.rs b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.rs
index 497a6c2f..5ac00ea3 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.rs
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/builtin/vm.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use rquickjs::qjs;
-use rquickjs::{CaughtError, Persistent, Value};
+use rquickjs::promise::PromiseState;
+use rquickjs::{CaughtError, FromJs, Persistent, Promise, Value};
 use std::ptr::NonNull;
 
 #[rquickjs::module(rename = "camelCase")]
@@ -168,57 +169,55 @@ fn require_esm_impl<'js>(
         return throw_require_async_module(ctx, &globals, filename);
     }
 
-    unsafe {
-        let val = qjs::JS_Eval(
+    enter_require_esm(&ctx, &globals, filename, &file_url)?;
+
+    let eval_result = unsafe {
+        qjs::JS_Eval(
             ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(),
             src.as_ptr(),
             code.len() as _,
             fname.as_ptr(),
             qjs::JS_EVAL_TYPE_MODULE as i32,
-        );
-        if qjs::JS_IsException(val) {
-            return Err(rquickjs::Error::Exception);
-        }
+        )
+    };
 
-        // If the module evaluation returned a Promise (TLA), attach a no-op
-        // .catch() handler so any rejection is marked as handled and doesn't
-        // trigger an unhandledRejection event. We'll report TLA as
-        // ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE below instead.
-        let tag = qjs::JS_VALUE_GET_TAG(val);
-        if tag == qjs::JS_TAG_OBJECT {
-            let catch_str = CString::new("catch").unwrap();
-            let catch_fn = qjs::JS_GetPropertyStr(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), val, catch_str.as_ptr());
-            if !qjs::JS_IsUndefined(catch_fn) && !qjs::JS_IsException(catch_fn) {
-                // Create a no-op function: function() {}
-                let noop_code = CString::new("(function(){})").unwrap();
-                let noop_fname = CString::new("<noop>").unwrap();
-                let noop_fn = qjs::JS_Eval(
-                    ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(),
-                    noop_code.as_ptr(),
-                    14,
-                    noop_fname.as_ptr(),
-                    qjs::JS_EVAL_TYPE_GLOBAL as i32,
-                );
-                if !qjs::JS_IsException(noop_fn) {
-                    // Call promise.catch(noop)
-                    let result = qjs::JS_Call(
-                        ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(),
-                        catch_fn,
-                        val,
-                        1,
-                        &noop_fn as *const _ as *mut _,
-                    );
-                    if !qjs::JS_IsException(result) {
-                        qjs::JS_FreeValue(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), result);
-                    }
-                    qjs::JS_FreeValue(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), noop_fn);
+    if unsafe { qjs::JS_IsException(eval_result) } {
+        leave_require_esm(&globals, filename, &file_url)?;
+        return Err(rquickjs::Error::Exception);
+    }
+
+    let pending_tla = unsafe {
+        let eval_value = Value::from_raw(ctx.clone(), eval_result);
+        if let Ok(promise) = Promise::from_js(&ctx, eval_value.clone()) {
+            match promise.state() {
+                PromiseState::Pending => {
+                    attach_noop_promise_catch(ctx.clone(), eval_value.as_raw());
+                    true
                 }
-                qjs::JS_FreeValue(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), catch_fn);
+                PromiseState::Rejected => {
+                    attach_noop_promise_catch(ctx.clone(), eval_value.as_raw());
+                    mark_rejection_handled(&ctx, eval_value.clone());
+                    let count = globals
+                        .get::<_, i32>("__wasm_rquickjs_suppress_unhandled_rejection_count")
+                        .unwrap_or(0);
+                    let _ = globals.set("__wasm_rquickjs_suppress_unhandled_rejection_count", count + 1);
+                    let _ = promise.result::<Value<'js>>();
+                    let rejected = ctx.catch();
+                    leave_require_esm(&globals, filename, &file_url)?;
+                    return Err(ctx.throw(rejected));
+                }
+                PromiseState::Resolved => false,
             }
+        } else {
+            false
         }
+    };
+
+    leave_require_esm(&globals, filename, &file_url)?;
 
-        // Free the return value (Promise from module evaluation)
-        qjs::JS_FreeValue(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), val);
+    if pending_tla {
+        mark_async_esm_module(&ctx, &globals, filename, &file_url)?;
+        return throw_require_async_module(ctx, &globals, filename);
     }
 
     // Read the namespace from globalThis and clean up
@@ -238,6 +237,86 @@ fn require_esm_impl<'js>(
     }
 }
 
+fn mark_rejection_handled<'js>(ctx: &rquickjs::Ctx<'js>, promise: Value<'js>) {
+    if let Ok(handler) = ctx
+        .globals()
+        .get::<_, rquickjs::Function>("__wasm_rquickjs_mark_rejection_handled")
+    {
+        let _ = handler.call::<_, ()>((promise,));
+    }
+}
+
+fn attach_noop_promise_catch(ctx: rquickjs::Ctx<'_>, val: qjs::JSValue) {
+    unsafe {
+        let catch_fn = qjs::JS_GetPropertyStr(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), val, c"catch".as_ptr());
+        if !qjs::JS_IsUndefined(catch_fn) && !qjs::JS_IsException(catch_fn) {
+            let noop_fn = qjs::JS_Eval(
+                ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(),
+                c"(function(){})".as_ptr(),
+                14,
+                c"<noop>".as_ptr(),
+                qjs::JS_EVAL_TYPE_GLOBAL as i32,
+            );
+            if !qjs::JS_IsException(noop_fn) {
+                let result = qjs::JS_Call(
+                    ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(),
+                    catch_fn,
+                    val,
+                    1,
+                    &noop_fn as *const _ as *mut _,
+                );
+                if !qjs::JS_IsException(result) {
+                    qjs::JS_FreeValue(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), result);
+                }
+                qjs::JS_FreeValue(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), noop_fn);
+            }
+            qjs::JS_FreeValue(ctx.as_raw().as_ptr(), catch_fn);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn enter_require_esm<'js>(
+    ctx: &rquickjs::Ctx<'js>,
+    globals: &rquickjs::Object<'js>,
+    filename: &str,
+    file_url: &str,
+) -> rquickjs::Result<()> {
+    let registry = match globals.get::<_, rquickjs::Value>("__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_in_progress") {
+        Ok(value) if value.is_object() => value.into_object().unwrap(),
+        _ => {
+            let object = rquickjs::Object::new(ctx.clone())?;
+            globals.set("__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_in_progress", object.clone())?;
+            object
+        }
+    };
+
+    if registry.get::<_, bool>(filename).unwrap_or(false)
+        || registry.get::<_, bool>(file_url).unwrap_or(false)
+    {
+        let error_ctor: rquickjs::Function = globals.get("Error")?;
+        let msg = format!("Cannot require() ES Module {filename} in a cycle.");
+        let error_obj: rquickjs::Object = error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
+        error_obj.set("code", "ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE")?;
+        return Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()));
+    }
+
+    registry.set(filename, true)?;
+    registry.set(file_url, true)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn leave_require_esm<'js>(
+    globals: &rquickjs::Object<'js>,
+    filename: &str,
+    file_url: &str,
+) -> rquickjs::Result<()> {
+    if let Ok(registry) = globals.get::<_, rquickjs::Object>("__wasm_rquickjs_require_esm_in_progress") {
+        let _ = registry.remove(filename);
+        let _ = registry.remove(file_url);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn cached_async_esm_module<'js>(globals: &rquickjs::Object<'js>, filename: &str, file_url: &str) -> bool {
     let Ok(registry) = globals.get::<_, rquickjs::Object>("__wasm_rquickjs_async_esm_modules") else {
         return false;
diff --git a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/internal.rs b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/internal.rs
index d4561064..5abd0e1f 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/internal.rs
+++ b/crates/wasm-rquickjs/skeleton/src/internal.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 use futures::future::AbortHandle;
 use futures_concurrency::future::Join;
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use rquickjs::function::{Args, Constructor};
 use rquickjs::loader::{BuiltinLoader, BuiltinResolver, FileResolver, Loader, Resolver};
+use rquickjs::object::Property;
 use rquickjs::{
     AsyncContext, AsyncRuntime, CatchResultExt, Ctx, Error, Filter, FromJs, Function, Module,
-    Object, Promise, Value, async_with,
+    Object, Promise, Value, async_with, Exception,
 };
 use rquickjs::{CaughtError, prelude::*};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::future::Future;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
 use wstd::runtime::block_on;
 
@@ -290,7 +295,8 @@ impl Loader for DataUrlLoader {
         ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
         path: &str,
     ) -> rquickjs::Result<Module<'js, rquickjs::module::Declared>> {
-        let rest = path
+        let path_without_suffix = module_filesystem_path(path);
+        let rest = path_without_suffix
             .strip_prefix("data:")
             .ok_or_else(|| Error::new_loading(path))?;
 
@@ -314,6 +320,13 @@ impl Loader for DataUrlLoader {
         let base_mime = metadata.split(';').next().unwrap_or(metadata).trim();
 
         if base_mime == "application/json" {
+            if import_attr_type_from_path(path) != Some("json") {
+                let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(path);
+                let module_source = format!(
+                    "await Promise.reject(Object.assign(new TypeError('Module \"{escaped}\" needs an import attribute of type: json'), {{code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_MISSING'}}));\n"
+                );
+                return Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, module_source.as_bytes().to_vec());
+            }
             // Validate JSON by attempting a simple parse check.
             // For valid JSON: embed directly as a JS literal.
             // For invalid JSON: throw a SyntaxError with V8-compatible message.
@@ -332,12 +345,19 @@ impl Loader for DataUrlLoader {
             // - If valid, strip the `with { ... }` clause
             // - `assert { ... }` is left as-is (QuickJS will throw SyntaxError, as expected)
             let source = process_static_import_attrs(&source, path);
+            if let Some(error_source) = esm_preflight_error_module_source(&source, false) {
+                return Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, error_source.as_bytes().to_vec());
+            }
+            if let Some(error_source) = data_url_simple_identifier_error_module_source(&source) {
+                return Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, error_source.as_bytes().to_vec());
+            }
 
             let init = ImportMetaInit {
                 url: path.to_string(),
                 filename: None,
                 dirname: None,
                 include_resolve: true,
+                main: false,
             };
             let injected = inject_import_meta_prologue(&init, &source);
             Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, injected.as_bytes().to_vec())
@@ -377,6 +397,8 @@ fn base64_decode(input: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
     Some(buf)
 }
 
+const IMPORT_TYPE_QUERY_PREFIX: &str = "__wasm_rquickjs_import_type=";
+
 /// Process static import attributes in JavaScript module source code.
 ///
 /// Handles patterns like `import "specifier" with { type: "json" }`.
@@ -403,26 +425,83 @@ fn process_static_import_attrs(source: &str, module_path: &str) -> String {
             let import_start = i;
             i += 6;
 
-            // Skip whitespace
+            let mut spec_literal_start = None;
+            let mut spec_literal_end = None;
+            let mut specifier_start = None;
+            let mut specifier_end = None;
+
             while i < len && bytes[i].is_ascii_whitespace() {
                 i += 1;
             }
 
-            // Check for string literal (bare import: import "spec")
+            if i < len && bytes[i] == b'(' {
+                if let Some((rewritten, next)) = rewrite_dynamic_import_call(source, import_start, i) {
+                    result.push_str(&rewritten);
+                    i = next;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                result.push_str(&source[import_start..i]);
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if i < len && (bytes[i] == b'"' || bytes[i] == b'\'') {
+                spec_literal_start = Some(i);
                 let quote = bytes[i];
                 i += 1;
-                let spec_start = i;
+                specifier_start = Some(i);
                 while i < len && bytes[i] != quote {
                     if bytes[i] == b'\\' {
                         i += 1;
                     }
                     i += 1;
                 }
-                let spec_end = i;
+                specifier_end = Some(i);
                 if i < len {
                     i += 1; // skip closing quote
                 }
+                spec_literal_end = Some(i);
+            } else {
+                while i < len {
+                    if bytes[i] == b'f'
+                        && i + 4 <= len
+                        && &source[i..i + 4] == "from"
+                        && (i == 0 || !is_id_char(bytes[i - 1]))
+                        && (i + 4 >= len || !is_id_char(bytes[i + 4]))
+                    {
+                        let mut j = i + 4;
+                        while j < len && bytes[j].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+                            j += 1;
+                        }
+                        if j < len && (bytes[j] == b'"' || bytes[j] == b'\'') {
+                            spec_literal_start = Some(j);
+                            let quote = bytes[j];
+                            j += 1;
+                            specifier_start = Some(j);
+                            while j < len && bytes[j] != quote {
+                                if bytes[j] == b'\\' {
+                                    j += 1;
+                                }
+                                j += 1;
+                            }
+                            specifier_end = Some(j);
+                            if j < len {
+                                j += 1;
+                            }
+                            spec_literal_end = Some(j);
+                            i = j;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if matches!(bytes[i], b';' | b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let (Some(spec_lit_start), Some(spec_lit_end), Some(spec_start), Some(spec_end)) =
+                (spec_literal_start, spec_literal_end, specifier_start, specifier_end)
+            {
                 let specifier = &source[spec_start..spec_end];
 
                 // Skip whitespace
@@ -431,6 +510,14 @@ fn process_static_import_attrs(source: &str, module_path: &str) -> String {
                     i += 1;
                 }
 
+                if i + 6 <= len
+                    && &source[i..i + 6] == "assert"
+                    && (i + 6 >= len || !is_id_char(bytes[i + 6]))
+                {
+                    return "await Promise.reject(new SyntaxError('Unexpected identifier'));\n"
+                        .to_string();
+                }
+
                 // Check for 'with' keyword (not 'with(' which is a with-statement)
                 if i + 4 <= len
                     && &source[i..i + 4] == "with"
@@ -480,14 +567,17 @@ fn process_static_import_attrs(source: &str, module_path: &str) -> String {
                         }
 
                         // Valid: strip the with clause, keep everything else
-                        result.push_str(&source[import_start..after_spec]);
-                        // Skip any remaining content after the with block
-                        // and append the rest of the source
+                        result.push_str(&source[import_start..spec_lit_start]);
+                        result.push_str(&rewrite_import_specifier_literal(
+                            &source[spec_lit_start..spec_lit_end],
+                            specifier,
+                            type_value.as_deref(),
+                        ));
+                        result.push_str(&source[spec_lit_end..after_spec]);
                         while i < len && bytes[i].is_ascii_whitespace() {
                             i += 1;
                         }
-                        result.push_str(&source[i..]);
-                        return result;
+                        continue;
                     } else {
                         // 'with' not followed by '{', not import attrs
                         i = with_start;
@@ -495,7 +585,14 @@ fn process_static_import_attrs(source: &str, module_path: &str) -> String {
                         continue;
                     }
                 }
-                // No 'with' keyword, output as-is
+
+                let format = determine_data_url_format(specifier);
+                if let Some(error_module) =
+                    validate_static_import_attrs(None, format, specifier, module_path)
+                {
+                    return error_module;
+                }
+
                 result.push_str(&source[import_start..i]);
                 continue;
             }
@@ -507,13 +604,245 @@ fn process_static_import_attrs(source: &str, module_path: &str) -> String {
             continue;
         }
 
-        result.push(bytes[i] as char);
-        i += 1;
+        if let Some(ch) = source[i..].chars().next() {
+            result.push(ch);
+            i += ch.len_utf8();
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
     result
 }
 
+fn rewrite_import_specifier_literal(literal: &str, specifier: &str, type_value: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    if type_value != Some("json") {
+        return literal.to_string();
+    }
+    let rewritten = append_import_type_query(specifier, "json");
+    format!("\"{}\"", escape_js_string(&rewritten))
+}
+
+fn rewrite_dynamic_import_call(
+    source: &str,
+    import_start: usize,
+    open_paren: usize,
+) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut i = open_paren + 1;
+    while i < len && bytes[i].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    if i >= len || (bytes[i] != b'"' && bytes[i] != b'\'') {
+        return rewrite_dynamic_import_expression_call(source, open_paren);
+    }
+
+    let quote = bytes[i];
+    let spec_literal_start = i;
+    i += 1;
+    let spec_start = i;
+    while i < len && bytes[i] != quote {
+        if bytes[i] == b'\\' {
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    if i >= len {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let spec_end = i;
+    i += 1;
+    let spec_literal_end = i;
+    let specifier = &source[spec_start..spec_end];
+
+    while i < len && bytes[i].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    if i < len && bytes[i] == b')' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if i >= len || bytes[i] != b',' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i += 1;
+    let options_start = i;
+    let mut paren_depth = 1usize;
+    let mut brace_depth = 0usize;
+    while i < len {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'(' => paren_depth += 1,
+            b')' => {
+                paren_depth = paren_depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                if paren_depth == 0 {
+                    let options = &source[options_start..i];
+                    let type_value = extract_dynamic_import_attr_type_value(options);
+                    let format = determine_data_url_format(specifier);
+                    if let Some((code, message)) =
+                        validate_import_attrs_error(type_value.as_deref(), format, specifier)
+                    {
+                        return Some((import_attr_error_expression(&code, &message), i + 1));
+                    }
+                    let spec_literal = if type_value.as_deref() == Some("json") {
+                        rewrite_import_specifier_literal(
+                            &source[spec_literal_start..spec_literal_end],
+                            specifier,
+                            type_value.as_deref(),
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        source[spec_literal_start..spec_literal_end].to_string()
+                    };
+                    return Some((format!("import({spec_literal})"), i + 1));
+                }
+            }
+            b'{' => brace_depth += 1,
+            b'}' => brace_depth = brace_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    let _ = import_start;
+    let _ = brace_depth;
+    None
+}
+
+fn rewrite_dynamic_import_expression_call(source: &str, open_paren: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut i = open_paren + 1;
+    let expr_start = i;
+    let mut paren_depth = 0usize;
+    let mut bracket_depth = 0usize;
+    let mut brace_depth = 0usize;
+    while i < len {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'(' => paren_depth += 1,
+            b')' if paren_depth == 0 && bracket_depth == 0 && brace_depth == 0 => return None,
+            b')' => paren_depth = paren_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            b'[' => bracket_depth += 1,
+            b']' => bracket_depth = bracket_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            b'{' => brace_depth += 1,
+            b'}' => brace_depth = brace_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            b',' if paren_depth == 0 && bracket_depth == 0 && brace_depth == 0 => break,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    if i >= len || bytes[i] != b',' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let expr = source[expr_start..i].trim();
+    i += 1;
+    let options_start = i;
+    let mut call_paren_depth = 1usize;
+    while i < len {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'(' => call_paren_depth += 1,
+            b')' => {
+                call_paren_depth = call_paren_depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                if call_paren_depth == 0 {
+                    let options = &source[options_start..i];
+                    let type_value = extract_dynamic_import_attr_type_value(options);
+                    let type_literal = type_value
+                        .as_deref()
+                        .map(|value| format!("\"{}\"", escape_js_string(value)))
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string());
+                    return Some((
+                        format!(
+                            "import(globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_import_attr_specifier({}, {}))",
+                            expr, type_literal
+                        ),
+                        i + 1,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn extract_dynamic_import_attr_type_value(options: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let bytes = options.as_bytes();
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    while i < len {
+        if bytes[i] == b'w'
+            && i + 4 <= len
+            && &options[i..i + 4] == "with"
+            && (i == 0 || !is_id_char(bytes[i - 1]))
+            && (i + 4 >= len || !is_id_char(bytes[i + 4]))
+        {
+            i += 4;
+            while i < len && bytes[i].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            if i < len && bytes[i] == b':' {
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            while i < len && bytes[i].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            if i < len && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+                let attrs_start = i + 1;
+                let mut depth = 1usize;
+                i += 1;
+                while i < len && depth > 0 {
+                    match bytes[i] {
+                        b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                            i = skip_string_or_template(options, i);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        b'{' => depth += 1,
+                        b'}' => depth = depth.saturating_sub(1),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                let attrs_end = i.saturating_sub(1);
+                return extract_attr_type_value(&options[attrs_start..attrs_end]);
+            }
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn append_import_type_query(specifier: &str, import_type: &str) -> String {
+    let (base, suffix) = split_module_path_suffix(specifier);
+    let separator = if suffix.is_empty() { "?" } else { "&" };
+    format!("{base}{suffix}{separator}{IMPORT_TYPE_QUERY_PREFIX}{import_type}")
+}
+
+fn import_attr_type_from_path(path: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    let suffix = split_module_path_suffix(path).1;
+    if suffix.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let query = suffix
+        .strip_prefix('?')
+        .or_else(|| suffix.strip_prefix('#'))
+        .unwrap_or(suffix);
+    query
+        .split(['&', '#'])
+        .find_map(|part| part.strip_prefix(IMPORT_TYPE_QUERY_PREFIX))
+}
+
 fn is_id_char(b: u8) -> bool {
     b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || b == b'_' || b == b'$'
 }
@@ -608,8 +937,13 @@ fn determine_data_url_format(specifier: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
-    } else if specifier.ends_with(".json") {
+    } else if module_filesystem_path(specifier).ends_with(".json") {
         return Some("json");
+    } else if module_filesystem_path(specifier).ends_with(".js")
+        || module_filesystem_path(specifier).ends_with(".mjs")
+        || module_filesystem_path(specifier).ends_with(".cjs")
+    {
+        return Some("module");
     }
     None
 }
@@ -621,22 +955,33 @@ fn validate_static_import_attrs(
     specifier: &str,
     _module_path: &str,
 ) -> Option<String> {
+    let (code, message) = validate_import_attrs_error(type_value, format, specifier)?;
+    Some(import_attr_error_module_source(&code, &message))
+}
+
+fn validate_import_attrs_error(
+    type_value: Option<&str>,
+    format: Option<&str>,
+    specifier: &str,
+) -> Option<(String, String)> {
     if let Some(tv) = type_value {
         match tv {
             "json" => {
                 if format == Some("module") {
-                    return Some(
-                        "await Promise.reject(Object.assign(new TypeError('Cannot use import attributes to change the type of a JavaScript module'), {code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE'}));\n".to_string()
-                    );
+                    return Some((
+                        "ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE".to_string(),
+                        "Cannot use import attributes to change the type of a JavaScript module"
+                            .to_string(),
+                    ));
                 }
             }
             "css" => {
                 // CSS is a recognized type, let loader handle it
             }
             other => {
-                let escaped_type = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(other);
-                return Some(format!(
-                    "await Promise.reject(Object.assign(new TypeError('Import attribute type \"{escaped_type}\" is not supported'), {{code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED'}}));\n"
+                return Some((
+                    "ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED".to_string(),
+                    format!("Import attribute type \"{other}\" is not supported"),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -644,471 +989,3539 @@ fn validate_static_import_attrs(
 
     // Check for missing required attributes (JSON without type: "json")
     if format == Some("json") && type_value != Some("json") {
-        let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(specifier);
-        return Some(format!(
-            "await Promise.reject(Object.assign(new TypeError('Module \"{escaped}\" needs an import attribute of type: json'), {{code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_MISSING'}}));\n"
+        return Some((
+            "ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_MISSING".to_string(),
+            format!("Module \"{specifier}\" needs an import attribute of type: json"),
         ));
     }
 
     None
 }
 
-/// Resolver that strips `file://` URL prefixes so that `import('file:///path/to/mod.mjs')`
-/// resolves to the filesystem path `/path/to/mod.mjs`.
-struct FileUrlResolver;
+fn import_attr_error_module_source(code: &str, message: &str) -> String {
+    format!("await {};\n", import_attr_error_expression(code, message))
+}
 
-impl FileUrlResolver {
-    /// Decode a `file://` URL into a filesystem path, handling percent-encoding.
-    fn file_url_to_path(url: &str) -> Option<String> {
-        let encoded = url.strip_prefix("file://")?;
-        let bytes = encoded.as_bytes();
-        let mut decoded = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len());
-        let mut i = 0;
-        while i < bytes.len() {
-            if bytes[i] == b'%'
-                && i + 2 < bytes.len()
-                && let (Some(hi), Some(lo)) =
-                    (Self::hex_val(bytes[i + 1]), Self::hex_val(bytes[i + 2]))
-            {
-                decoded.push(hi << 4 | lo);
-                i += 3;
-                continue;
+fn import_attr_error_expression(code: &str, message: &str) -> String {
+    let escaped_message = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(message);
+    let escaped_code = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(code);
+    format!(
+        "Promise.reject(Object.assign(new TypeError('{escaped_message}'), {{code: '{escaped_code}'}}))"
+    )
+}
+
+fn esm_preflight_error_module_source(source: &str, package_type_module_js: bool) -> Option<String> {
+    if package_type_module_js {
+        let cjs_global = find_bare_cjs_global_in_esm(source);
+        if cjs_global.is_none() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let name = cjs_global.unwrap_or("module");
+        let message = format!(
+            "{name} is not defined in ES module scope. This file is being treated as an ES module because it has a .js file extension and package.json contains \"type\": \"module\". To treat it as a CommonJS script, rename it to use the '.cjs' file extension."
+        );
+        let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(&message);
+        return Some(format!(
+            "await Promise.reject(new ReferenceError('{escaped}'));\n"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let Some(name) = find_bare_cjs_global_in_esm(source) else {
+        return None;
+    };
+    let message = match name {
+        "require" => "require is not defined in ES module scope, you can use import instead",
+        "exports" => "exports is not defined in ES module scope",
+        "module" => "module is not defined in ES module scope",
+        "__filename" => "__filename is not defined in ES module scope",
+        "__dirname" => "__dirname is not defined in ES module scope",
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(message);
+    Some(format!(
+        "await Promise.reject(new ReferenceError('{escaped}'));\n"
+    ))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct StaticNamedImport {
+    imported: String,
+    local: String,
+}
+
+fn cjs_named_import_error_module_source(filename: &str, source: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    find_cjs_named_import_error(filename, source).map(|message| {
+        let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(&message);
+        format!("await Promise.reject(new SyntaxError('{escaped}'));\n")
+    })
+}
+
+fn find_cjs_named_import_error(filename: &str, source: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut result = None;
+    scan_code_positions(source, true, |i, _| {
+        if let Some((specifier, named_imports, next)) = parse_static_named_import(source, i) {
+            if let Some(message) = cjs_named_import_error_message(filename, &specifier, &named_imports) {
+                result = Some(message);
+                return ControlFlow::Break(());
             }
-            decoded.push(bytes[i]);
-            i += 1;
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
         }
-        String::from_utf8(decoded).ok()
+        ControlFlow::Continue(None)
+    });
+    result
+}
+
+fn cjs_named_import_error_message(
+    filename: &str,
+    specifier: &str,
+    named_imports: &[StaticNamedImport],
+) -> Option<String> {
+    if named_imports.is_empty() || !could_resolve_to_cjs_for_named_import_error(specifier) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let resolved = resolve_cjs_reexport_path(filename, specifier)?;
+    if !resolved.ends_with(".cjs") && !is_cjs_js_file_for_named_import_error(&resolved) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let source = std::fs::read_to_string(&resolved).ok()?;
+    let analysis = analyze_cjs_exports_for_file(&resolved, &source, &mut HashSet::new());
+    if !analysis.is_cjs && analysis.exports.is_empty() && analysis.reexports.is_empty() {
+        return None;
     }
 
-    fn hex_val(b: u8) -> Option<u8> {
-        match b {
-            b'0'..=b'9' => Some(b - b'0'),
-            b'A'..=b'F' => Some(b - b'A' + 10),
-            b'a'..=b'f' => Some(b - b'a' + 10),
-            _ => None,
+    for named_import in named_imports {
+        if named_import.imported == "default" {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if !analysis.exports.iter().any(|name| name == &named_import.imported) {
+            let mut message = format!(
+                "Named export '{}' not found. The requested module '{}' is a CommonJS module, which may not support all module.exports as named exports.\nCommonJS modules can always be imported via the default export, for example using:\n\nimport pkg from '{}';\n",
+                named_import.imported, specifier, specifier
+            );
+            if named_imports.len() == 1 {
+                message.push_str(&format!(
+                    "const {{ {} }} = pkg;\n",
+                    format_cjs_named_import_binding(named_import)
+                ));
+            }
+            return Some(message);
         }
     }
+    None
 }
 
-impl Resolver for FileUrlResolver {
-    fn resolve<'js>(
-        &mut self,
-        _ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
-        _base: &str,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
-        if let Some(path) = Self::file_url_to_path(name) {
-            Ok(path)
-        } else {
-            Err(Error::new_resolving(_base, name))
-        }
+fn could_resolve_to_cjs_for_named_import_error(specifier: &str) -> bool {
+    if specifier.starts_with("node:") || specifier.starts_with("data:") || specifier.contains("://") {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if specifier.starts_with("./") || specifier.starts_with("../") || specifier.starts_with('/') {
+        let (path, _) = split_module_path_suffix(specifier);
+        return match std::path::Path::new(path).extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str()) {
+            Some("cjs" | "js") | None => true,
+            Some(_) => false,
+        };
     }
+    true
 }
 
-/// Resolver that handles bare specifier imports by walking up the directory tree
-/// looking for `node_modules/<name>/` directories, reading their `package.json`
-/// to find the entry point.
-/// Resolver that guards against dynamic import from contexts without a module referrer.
-///
-/// QuickJS currently reports `<input>` for both direct and indirect eval, so we
-/// conservatively enforce Node's missing-callback error for `node:` specifiers.
-/// This is enough for Node's `Promise.resolve(...).then(eval)` realm test case
-/// while preserving successful direct-eval imports in CommonJS modules.
-struct RealmGuardResolver;
+fn format_cjs_named_import_binding(named_import: &StaticNamedImport) -> String {
+    let imported = if is_valid_js_identifier_name(&named_import.imported) {
+        named_import.imported.clone()
+    } else {
+        format!("\"{}\"", escape_js_string(&named_import.imported))
+    };
+    if named_import.imported == named_import.local {
+        imported
+    } else {
+        format!("{}: {}", imported, named_import.local)
+    }
+}
 
-impl Resolver for RealmGuardResolver {
-    fn resolve<'js>(&mut self, ctx: &Ctx<'js>, base: &str, name: &str) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
-        if base != "<input>" {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
-        }
+fn is_valid_js_identifier_name(value: &str) -> bool {
+    let bytes = value.as_bytes();
+    let Some((&first, rest)) = bytes.split_first() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    is_ident_start(first) && rest.iter().copied().all(is_ident_continue)
+}
 
-        if !name.starts_with("node:") {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+fn is_cjs_js_file_for_named_import_error(filename: &str) -> bool {
+    filename.ends_with(".js") && package_scope_type(filename).as_deref() != Some("module")
+}
+
+fn find_bare_cjs_global_in_esm(source: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    const NAMES: [&str; 5] = ["require", "exports", "module", "__filename", "__dirname"];
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    let mut declared = Vec::<String>::new();
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        if let Some(next) = parse_object_method_span(source, i) {
+            i = next;
+            continue;
         }
 
-        let globals = ctx.globals();
-        let current_module: Value = globals
-            .get("__wasm_rquickjs_current_module")
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Value::new_undefined(ctx.clone()));
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
 
-        if !current_module.is_undefined() && !current_module.is_null() {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        if let Some((bindings, next)) = parse_import_declaration_bindings(source, i) {
+            for name in bindings {
+                if NAMES.contains(&name.as_str()) && !declared.iter().any(|existing| existing == &name) {
+                    declared.push(name);
+                }
+            }
+            i = next;
+            continue;
         }
 
-        let eval_script: Value = globals
-            .get("__wasm_rquickjs_current_eval_script_name")
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Value::new_undefined(ctx.clone()));
-        if !eval_script.is_undefined() && !eval_script.is_null() {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        if let Some(next) = parse_arrow_function_span(source, i) {
+            i = next;
+            continue;
         }
 
-        let type_error_ctor: Function = globals.get("TypeError")?;
-        let error_obj: Object =
-            type_error_ctor.call(("A dynamic import callback was not specified.",))?;
-        error_obj.set("code", "ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING")?;
-        Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+        if let Some((bindings, next)) = parse_declaration_span(source, i) {
+            for name in bindings {
+                if NAMES.contains(&name.as_str()) && !declared.iter().any(|existing| existing == &name) {
+                    declared.push(name);
+                }
+            }
+            i = next;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        for name in NAMES {
+            if source[i..].starts_with(name)
+                && is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, i)
+                && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + name.len())
+                && previous_significant_byte(source, i) != Some(b'.')
+                && !declared.iter().any(|declared| declared == name)
+            {
+                let next = skip_ws_comments(source, i + name.len());
+                if next < bytes.len() && bytes[next] == b':' {
+                    break;
+                }
+                return Some(name);
+            }
+        }
+        i = next_char_boundary(source, i);
     }
+    None
 }
 
-/// Resolver that intercepts module resolution for mocked modules.
-/// Checks `globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_module_mocks` registry via JS helpers.
-struct MockModuleResolver;
+fn find_statement_end(source: &str, pos: usize) -> usize {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = pos;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
+                continue;
+            }
+            b';' | b'\n' | b'\r' => return i + 1,
+            _ => i = next_char_boundary(source, i),
+        }
+    }
+    i
+}
 
-impl Resolver for MockModuleResolver {
-    fn resolve<'js>(&mut self, ctx: &Ctx<'js>, base: &str, name: &str) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
-        let globals = ctx.globals();
+fn parse_import_declaration_bindings(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(Vec<String>, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !source[pos..].starts_with("import")
+        || !is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, pos)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 6)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 6);
+    if i < bytes.len() && (bytes[i] == b'(' || bytes[i] == b'\'' || bytes[i] == b'"') {
+        return Some((Vec::new(), find_statement_end(source, i)));
+    }
 
-        let canonical_key_fn: Function = globals
-            .get::<_, Function>("__wasm_rquickjs_mock_canonical_key")
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+    let mut bindings = Vec::new();
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'*' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+        if source[i..].starts_with("as") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 2) {
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 2);
+            let (name, _) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+            bindings.push(name);
+        }
+        return Some((bindings, find_statement_end(source, i)));
+    }
 
-        let key: Value = canonical_key_fn
-            .call((name, base))
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+        collect_named_import_bindings(source, i, &mut bindings)?;
+        return Some((bindings, find_statement_end(source, i)));
+    }
 
-        if key.is_null() || key.is_undefined() {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+    if let Some((name, next)) = read_ident(source, i) {
+        bindings.push(name);
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+        if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b',' {
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+            if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'*' {
+                i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+                if source[i..].starts_with("as") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 2) {
+                    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 2);
+                    let (name, _) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+                    bindings.push(name);
+                }
+            } else if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+                collect_named_import_bindings(source, i, &mut bindings)?;
+            }
         }
+        return Some((bindings, find_statement_end(source, i)));
+    }
 
-        let key_str: String = key
-            .get::<String>()
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
-
-        let registry: Object = globals
-            .get::<_, Object>("__wasm_rquickjs_module_mocks")
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+    Some((bindings, find_statement_end(source, i)))
+}
 
-        let entry: Value = registry
-            .get::<_, Value>(&key_str as &str)
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+fn parse_static_named_import(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, Vec<StaticNamedImport>, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !source[pos..].starts_with("import")
+        || !is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, pos)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 6)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 6);
+    if i < bytes.len() && matches!(bytes[i], b'(' | b'\'' | b'"') {
+        return None;
+    }
 
-        if entry.is_undefined() || entry.is_null() {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+    let mut named_imports = Vec::new();
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+        collect_named_import_specifiers(source, i, &mut named_imports)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, find_matching_brace(source, i)? + 1);
+    } else {
+        if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'*' {
+            return None;
         }
+        let (_, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+        if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b',' {
+            return None;
+        }
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+        if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'{' {
+            return None;
+        }
+        collect_named_import_specifiers(source, i, &mut named_imports)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, find_matching_brace(source, i)? + 1);
+    }
 
-        let entry_obj: Object = entry
-            .into_object()
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
-
-        let mock_id: i64 = entry_obj
-            .get::<_, i64>("id")
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
-
-        let cache: bool = entry_obj.get::<_, bool>("cache").unwrap_or(false);
+    if !source[i..].starts_with("from") || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 4) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 4);
+    let (specifier, next) = read_js_string(source, i)?;
+    Some((specifier, named_imports, find_statement_end(source, next)))
+}
 
-        if cache {
-            Ok(format!("__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:{}", mock_id))
+fn collect_named_import_specifiers(
+    source: &str,
+    start: usize,
+    imports: &mut Vec<StaticNamedImport>,
+) -> Option<()> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let end = find_matching_brace(source, start)?;
+    let mut i = start + 1;
+    while i < end {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+        if i >= end {
+            break;
+        }
+        let (imported, next, needs_alias) = if matches!(bytes[i], b'\'' | b'"') {
+            let (name, next) = read_js_string(source, i)?;
+            (name, next, true)
         } else {
-            let seq_key = "__wasm_rquickjs_mock_seq";
-            let seq: i64 = globals.get::<_, i64>(seq_key).unwrap_or(0);
-            let next_seq = seq + 1;
-            let _ = globals.set(seq_key, next_seq);
-            Ok(format!("__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:{}:{}", mock_id, next_seq))
+            let (name, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+            (name, next, false)
+        };
+        let mut local = imported.clone();
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+        if source[i..].starts_with("as") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 2) {
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 2);
+            let (alias, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+            local = alias;
+            i = next;
+        } else if needs_alias {
+            return None;
+        }
+        imports.push(StaticNamedImport { imported, local });
+        while i < end && bytes[i] != b',' {
+            i = next_char_boundary(source, i);
+        }
+        if i < end && bytes[i] == b',' {
+            i += 1;
         }
     }
+    Some(())
 }
 
-/// Loader that handles synthetic mock module IDs produced by MockModuleResolver.
-/// Generates ESM source from the JS-side mock registry.
-struct MockModuleLoader;
-
-impl Loader for MockModuleLoader {
-    fn load<'js>(
-        &mut self,
-        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
-        path: &str,
-    ) -> rquickjs::Result<Module<'js, rquickjs::module::Declared>> {
-        if !path.starts_with("__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:") {
-            return Err(Error::new_loading(path));
+fn collect_named_import_bindings(source: &str, start: usize, bindings: &mut Vec<String>) -> Option<()> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let end = find_matching_brace(source, start)?;
+    let mut i = start + 1;
+    while i < end {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+        if i >= end {
+            break;
+        }
+        let (mut name, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+        if source[i..].starts_with("as") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 2) {
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 2);
+            let (alias, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+            name = alias;
+            i = next;
+        }
+        bindings.push(name);
+        while i < end && bytes[i] != b',' {
+            i = next_char_boundary(source, i);
+        }
+        if i < end && bytes[i] == b',' {
+            i += 1;
         }
-
-        let rest = &path["__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:".len()..];
-        let mock_id_str = rest.split(':').next().unwrap_or(rest);
-        let mock_id: i64 = mock_id_str.parse().map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
-
-        let globals = ctx.globals();
-        let gen_fn: Function = globals
-            .get::<_, Function>("__wasm_rquickjs_get_mock_module_source")
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
-
-        let source: String = gen_fn
-            .call::<_, String>((mock_id,))
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
-
-        Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, source.as_bytes().to_vec())
     }
+    Some(())
 }
 
-/// Resolver that handles relative path imports from eval'd CJS code.
-/// When base is `<input>` (from eval) and there's a CJS module context,
-/// resolves relative paths against the module's directory.
-struct CjsEvalResolver;
+fn parse_declaration_span(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(Vec<String>, usize)> {
+    if let Some((bindings, next)) = parse_variable_declaration_span(source, pos) {
+        return Some((bindings, next));
+    }
+    if let Some((bindings, next)) = parse_function_declaration_span(source, pos) {
+        return Some((bindings, next));
+    }
+    if let Some((bindings, next)) = parse_class_declaration_span(source, pos) {
+        return Some((bindings, next));
+    }
+    None
+}
 
-impl CjsEvalResolver {
-    fn normalize_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> String {
-        use std::path::Component;
-        let mut parts: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-        let is_absolute = path.has_root();
+fn parse_variable_declaration_span(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(Vec<String>, usize)> {
+    for keyword in ["const", "let", "var"] {
+        if source[pos..].starts_with(keyword)
+            && is_ident_start_boundary(source.as_bytes(), pos)
+            && is_ident_boundary(source.as_bytes(), pos + keyword.len())
+        {
+            let start = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + keyword.len());
+            let end = find_variable_declaration_end(source, start);
+            return Some((collect_cjs_global_names_in_span(source, start, end), end));
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
 
-        for component in path.components() {
-            match component {
-                Component::RootDir | Component::Prefix(_) => {}
-                Component::CurDir => {}
-                Component::ParentDir => {
-                    parts.pop();
+fn find_variable_declaration_end(source: &str, pos: usize) -> usize {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = pos;
+    let mut paren = 0usize;
+    let mut brace = 0usize;
+    let mut bracket = 0usize;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
                 }
-                Component::Normal(part) => {
-                    parts.push(part.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'(' => paren += 1,
+            b')' => paren = paren.saturating_sub(1),
+            b'{' => brace += 1,
+            b'}' => {
+                if paren == 0 && brace == 0 && bracket == 0 {
+                    return i;
                 }
+                brace = brace.saturating_sub(1);
             }
+            b'[' => bracket += 1,
+            b']' => bracket = bracket.saturating_sub(1),
+            b';' if paren == 0 && brace == 0 && bracket == 0 => return i + 1,
+            _ => {}
         }
+        i = next_char_boundary(source, i);
+    }
+    i
+}
 
-        if is_absolute {
-            format!("/{}", parts.join("/"))
-        } else {
-            parts.join("/")
+fn parse_function_declaration_span(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(Vec<String>, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !source[pos..].starts_with("function")
+        || !is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, pos)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 8)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 8);
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'*' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    }
+    let mut bindings = Vec::new();
+    if let Some((name, next)) = read_ident(source, i) {
+        bindings.push(name);
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    }
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'(' {
+        let params_end = find_matching_paren(source, i)?;
+        bindings.extend(collect_cjs_global_names_in_span(source, i + 1, params_end));
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, params_end + 1);
+        if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+            return Some((bindings, find_matching_brace(source, i)? + 1));
         }
     }
+    Some((bindings, i))
 }
 
-impl Resolver for CjsEvalResolver {
-    fn resolve<'js>(&mut self, ctx: &Ctx<'js>, base: &str, name: &str) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
-        if base != "<input>" {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
-        }
+fn parse_arrow_function_span(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i;
+    if pos < bytes.len() && bytes[pos] == b'(' {
+        let params_end = find_matching_paren(source, pos)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, params_end + 1);
+    } else {
+        let (_, next) = read_ident(source, pos)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    }
+    if i + 1 >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'=' || bytes[i + 1] != b'>' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 2);
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+        Some(find_matching_brace(source, i)? + 1)
+    } else {
+        Some(find_statement_end(source, i))
+    }
+}
 
-        if !name.starts_with("./") && !name.starts_with("../") {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+fn parse_object_method_span(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    if !matches!(previous_significant_byte_before_method(source, pos), Some(b'{') | Some(b',')) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = pos;
+    if source[i..].starts_with("async") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 5) {
+        let next = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 5);
+        if next < bytes.len() && bytes[next] != b':' {
+            i = next;
         }
+    }
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'*' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    }
+    if (source[i..].starts_with("get") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 3))
+        || (source[i..].starts_with("set") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 3))
+    {
+        let next = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 3);
+        if next < bytes.len() && bytes[next] != b':' {
+            i = next;
+        }
+    }
+    if i >= bytes.len() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if matches!(bytes[i], b'\'' | b'"') {
+        let (_, next) = read_js_string(source, i)?;
+        i = next;
+    } else if bytes[i].is_ascii_digit() {
+        while i < bytes.len() && bytes[i].is_ascii_digit() {
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        let (_, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+        i = next;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let params_end = find_matching_paren(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, params_end + 1);
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+        Some(find_matching_brace(source, i)? + 1)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn previous_significant_byte_before_method(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<u8> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut end = pos;
+    loop {
+        while end > 0 && bytes[end - 1].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+            end -= 1;
+        }
+        if end >= 2 && bytes[end - 2] == b'*' && bytes[end - 1] == b'/' {
+            if let Some(start) = source[..end - 2].rfind("/*") {
+                end = start;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        return if end == 0 { None } else { Some(bytes[end - 1]) };
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_class_declaration_span(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(Vec<String>, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !source[pos..].starts_with("class")
+        || !is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, pos)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 5)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 5);
+    let mut bindings = Vec::new();
+    if let Some((name, next)) = read_ident(source, i) {
+        bindings.push(name);
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    }
+    while i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] != b'{' {
+        i = next_char_boundary(source, i);
+    }
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'{' {
+        return Some((bindings, find_matching_brace(source, i)? + 1));
+    }
+    Some((bindings, i))
+}
+
+fn collect_cjs_global_names_in_span(source: &str, start: usize, end: usize) -> Vec<String> {
+    const NAMES: [&str; 5] = ["require", "exports", "module", "__filename", "__dirname"];
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut names = Vec::new();
+    let mut i = start;
+    while i < end && i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < end && i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < end && i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(end).min(bytes.len());
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        for name in NAMES {
+            if source[i..].starts_with(name)
+                && is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, i)
+                && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + name.len())
+                && !names.iter().any(|existing| existing == name)
+            {
+                names.push(name.to_string());
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        i = next_char_boundary(source, i);
+    }
+    names
+}
+
+fn data_url_simple_identifier_error_module_source(source: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let ident = source.trim().strip_suffix(';').unwrap_or(source.trim()).trim();
+    if ident.is_empty()
+        || ["require", "exports", "module", "__filename", "__dirname"].contains(&ident)
+        || !is_ascii_js_identifier(ident)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(&format!("{ident} is not defined"));
+    Some(format!(
+        "await Promise.reject(new ReferenceError('{escaped}'));\n"
+    ))
+}
+
+fn has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration(source: &str) -> bool {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut found = false;
+    let mut brace_depth = 0usize;
+    scan_code_positions(source, true, |i, byte| {
+        match byte {
+            b'{' => {
+                brace_depth += 1;
+                return ControlFlow::Continue(None);
+            }
+            b'}' => {
+                brace_depth = brace_depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                return ControlFlow::Continue(None);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        if brace_depth == 0 {
+            for keyword in ["const", "let"] {
+                if source[i..].starts_with(keyword)
+                    && is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, i)
+                    && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + keyword.len())
+                {
+                    let next = skip_ws_comments(source, i + keyword.len());
+                    if source[next..].starts_with("require")
+                        && is_ident_start_boundary(bytes, next)
+                        && is_ident_boundary(bytes, next + 7)
+                    {
+                        if !is_create_require_import_meta_url_declaration(source, next) {
+                            found = true;
+                            return ControlFlow::Break(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ControlFlow::Continue(None)
+    });
+    found
+}
+
+fn is_create_require_import_meta_url_declaration(source: &str, require_pos: usize) -> bool {
+    let mut next = skip_ws_comments(source, require_pos + "require".len());
+    if source.as_bytes().get(next) != Some(&b'=') {
+        return false;
+    }
+    next = skip_ws_comments(source, next + 1);
+    if !source[next..].starts_with("createRequire")
+        || !is_ident_start_boundary(source.as_bytes(), next)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(source.as_bytes(), next + "createRequire".len())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    next = skip_ws_comments(source, next + "createRequire".len());
+    if source.as_bytes().get(next) != Some(&b'(') {
+        return false;
+    }
+    next = skip_ws_comments(source, next + 1);
+    source[next..].starts_with("import.meta.url")
+        && is_ident_boundary(source.as_bytes(), next + "import.meta.url".len())
+}
+
+fn is_ascii_js_identifier(value: &str) -> bool {
+    let bytes = value.as_bytes();
+    if bytes.is_empty() || !(bytes[0] == b'_' || bytes[0] == b'$' || bytes[0].is_ascii_alphabetic()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    bytes[1..]
+        .iter()
+        .all(|byte| *byte == b'_' || *byte == b'$' || byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
+}
+
+/// Resolver that strips `file://` URL prefixes so that `import('file:///path/to/mod.mjs')`
+/// resolves to the filesystem path `/path/to/mod.mjs`.
+struct FileUrlResolver;
+
+impl FileUrlResolver {
+    /// Decode a `file://` URL into a filesystem path, handling percent-encoding.
+    fn file_url_to_path(url: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        let (mut path, suffix) = Self::file_url_to_path_parts(url)?;
+        path.push_str(suffix);
+        Some(path)
+    }
+
+    fn file_url_to_path_parts(url: &str) -> Option<(String, &str)> {
+        let (encoded_path, suffix) = Self::file_url_path_and_suffix(url)?;
+        let bytes = encoded_path.as_bytes();
+        let mut decoded = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len());
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < bytes.len() {
+            if bytes[i] == b'%'
+                && i + 2 < bytes.len()
+                && let (Some(hi), Some(lo)) =
+                    (Self::hex_val(bytes[i + 1]), Self::hex_val(bytes[i + 2]))
+            {
+                decoded.push(hi << 4 | lo);
+                i += 3;
+                continue;
+            }
+            decoded.push(bytes[i]);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        Some((String::from_utf8(decoded).ok()?, suffix))
+    }
+
+    fn file_url_path_and_suffix(url: &str) -> Option<(&str, &str)> {
+        let encoded = url.strip_prefix("file://")?;
+        let end = encoded
+            .find(|ch| ch == '?' || ch == '#')
+            .unwrap_or(encoded.len());
+        let encoded_path = &encoded[..end];
+        let (host, path) = if encoded_path.starts_with('/') {
+            ("", encoded_path)
+        } else if let Some(slash) = encoded_path.find('/') {
+            (&encoded_path[..slash], &encoded_path[slash..])
+        } else {
+            (encoded_path, "/")
+        };
+
+        if host.is_empty() || host.eq_ignore_ascii_case("localhost") {
+            Some((path, &encoded[end..]))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_invalid_file_url_host(url: &str) -> bool {
+        url.starts_with("file://") && Self::file_url_path_and_suffix(url).is_none()
+    }
+
+    fn hex_val(b: u8) -> Option<u8> {
+        match b {
+            b'0'..=b'9' => Some(b - b'0'),
+            b'A'..=b'F' => Some(b - b'A' + 10),
+            b'a'..=b'f' => Some(b - b'a' + 10),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Resolver for FileUrlResolver {
+    fn resolve<'js>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+        if let Some(encoded) = name.strip_prefix("file://") {
+            let end = encoded
+                .find(|ch| ch == '?' || ch == '#')
+                .unwrap_or(encoded.len());
+            if NodeFileResolver::has_encoded_path_separator(&encoded[..end]) {
+                return NodeFileResolver::throw_invalid_encoded_separator(ctx, base, name);
+            }
+            if Self::has_invalid_file_url_host(name) {
+                return NodeFileResolver::throw_invalid_file_url_host(
+                    ctx,
+                    format!("File URL host must be \"localhost\" or empty: {}", name),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some((path, suffix)) = Self::file_url_to_path_parts(name) {
+            let normalized = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(std::path::Path::new(&path));
+            let url = NodeFileResolver::module_url_for_file_specifier(name);
+            if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_dir() {
+                return NodeFileResolver::throw_module_resolution_error(
+                    ctx,
+                    "ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT",
+                    format!("Directory import '{}' is not supported resolving ES modules", name),
+                    url,
+                );
+            }
+            if !std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_file() {
+                return NodeFileResolver::throw_module_resolution_error(
+                    ctx,
+                    "ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND",
+                    format!("Cannot find module '{}'", name),
+                    url,
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(format!("{normalized}{suffix}"))
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolver that handles bare specifier imports by walking up the directory tree
+/// looking for `node_modules/<name>/` directories, reading their `package.json`
+/// to find the entry point.
+/// Resolver that guards against dynamic import from contexts without a module referrer.
+///
+/// QuickJS currently reports `<input>` for both direct and indirect eval, so we
+/// conservatively enforce Node's missing-callback error for `node:` specifiers.
+/// This is enough for Node's `Promise.resolve(...).then(eval)` realm test case
+/// while preserving successful direct-eval imports in CommonJS modules.
+struct RealmGuardResolver;
+
+impl Resolver for RealmGuardResolver {
+    fn resolve<'js>(&mut self, ctx: &Ctx<'js>, base: &str, name: &str) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+        if base != "<input>" {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        if !name.starts_with("node:") {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let globals = ctx.globals();
+        let current_module: Value = globals
+            .get("__wasm_rquickjs_current_module")
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Value::new_undefined(ctx.clone()));
+
+        if !current_module.is_undefined() && !current_module.is_null() {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let eval_script: Value = globals
+            .get("__wasm_rquickjs_current_eval_script_name")
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Value::new_undefined(ctx.clone()));
+        if !eval_script.is_undefined() && !eval_script.is_null() {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let type_error_ctor: Function = globals.get("TypeError")?;
+        let error_obj: Object =
+            type_error_ctor.call(("A dynamic import callback was not specified.",))?;
+        error_obj.set("code", "ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING")?;
+        Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolver that intercepts module resolution for mocked modules.
+/// Checks `globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_module_mocks` registry via JS helpers.
+struct MockModuleResolver;
+
+impl Resolver for MockModuleResolver {
+    fn resolve<'js>(&mut self, ctx: &Ctx<'js>, base: &str, name: &str) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+        let globals = ctx.globals();
+
+        let canonical_key_fn: Function = globals
+            .get::<_, Function>("__wasm_rquickjs_mock_canonical_key")
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        let key: Value = canonical_key_fn
+            .call((name, base))
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        if key.is_null() || key.is_undefined() {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let key_str: String = key
+            .get::<String>()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        let registry: Object = globals
+            .get::<_, Object>("__wasm_rquickjs_module_mocks")
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        let entry: Value = registry
+            .get::<_, Value>(&key_str as &str)
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        if entry.is_undefined() || entry.is_null() {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let entry_obj: Object = entry
+            .into_object()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        let mock_id: i64 = entry_obj
+            .get::<_, i64>("id")
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        let cache: bool = entry_obj.get::<_, bool>("cache").unwrap_or(false);
+
+        if cache {
+            Ok(format!("__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:{}", mock_id))
+        } else {
+            let seq_key = "__wasm_rquickjs_mock_seq";
+            let seq: i64 = globals.get::<_, i64>(seq_key).unwrap_or(0);
+            let next_seq = seq + 1;
+            let _ = globals.set(seq_key, next_seq);
+            Ok(format!("__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:{}:{}", mock_id, next_seq))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Loader that handles synthetic mock module IDs produced by MockModuleResolver.
+/// Generates ESM source from the JS-side mock registry.
+struct MockModuleLoader;
+
+impl Loader for MockModuleLoader {
+    fn load<'js>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        path: &str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<Module<'js, rquickjs::module::Declared>> {
+        if !path.starts_with("__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:") {
+            return Err(Error::new_loading(path));
+        }
+
+        let rest = &path["__wasm_rquickjs_mock__:".len()..];
+        let mock_id_str = rest.split(':').next().unwrap_or(rest);
+        let mock_id: i64 = mock_id_str.parse().map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
+
+        let globals = ctx.globals();
+        let gen_fn: Function = globals
+            .get::<_, Function>("__wasm_rquickjs_get_mock_module_source")
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
+
+        let source: String = gen_fn
+            .call::<_, String>((mock_id,))
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
+
+        Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, source.as_bytes().to_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolver that handles relative path imports from eval'd CJS code.
+/// When base is `<input>` (from eval) and there's a CJS module context,
+/// resolves relative paths against the module's directory.
+struct CjsEvalResolver;
+
+impl CjsEvalResolver {
+    fn normalize_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> String {
+        use std::path::Component;
+        let mut parts: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+        let is_absolute = path.has_root();
+
+        for component in path.components() {
+            match component {
+                Component::RootDir | Component::Prefix(_) => {}
+                Component::CurDir => {}
+                Component::ParentDir => {
+                    parts.pop();
+                }
+                Component::Normal(part) => {
+                    parts.push(part.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if is_absolute {
+            format!("/{}", parts.join("/"))
+        } else {
+            parts.join("/")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Resolver for CjsEvalResolver {
+    fn resolve<'js>(&mut self, ctx: &Ctx<'js>, base: &str, name: &str) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+        if base != "<input>" {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        if !name.starts_with("./") && !name.starts_with("../") {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let globals = ctx.globals();
+        let import_dir: Value = globals
+            .get("__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir")
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Value::new_undefined(ctx.clone()));
+
+        if import_dir.is_undefined() || import_dir.is_null() {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let dir_str: String = import_dir
+            .get::<String>()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+
+        let module_dir = std::path::Path::new(&dir_str);
+        let resolved = module_dir.join(name);
+        let normalized = Self::normalize_path(&resolved);
+
+        let candidates = [
+            normalized.clone(),
+            format!("{}.js", normalized),
+            format!("{}.mjs", normalized),
+        ];
+
+        for candidate in &candidates {
+            if std::path::Path::new(candidate).is_file() {
+                return Ok(candidate.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolver for filesystem-backed ES modules.
+///
+/// QuickJS gives dynamic imports from CommonJS `eval()` a synthetic `<input>`
+/// base (handled by `CjsEvalResolver` above), but normal ESM resolution still
+/// needs Node-style filesystem handling for absolute paths and paths relative
+/// to the referrer module. `rquickjs::FileResolver` is kept as a fallback, but
+/// it does not reliably accept already-absolute guest paths in this WASI setup.
+struct NodeFileResolver;
+
+impl NodeFileResolver {
+    fn decode_module_path<'js, 'path>(
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        path: &'path str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<Cow<'path, str>> {
+        if path.as_bytes().contains(&b'%') {
+            if Self::has_encoded_path_separator(path) {
+                return Self::throw_invalid_encoded_separator(ctx, base, name);
+            }
+            percent_decode(path)
+                .map(Cow::Owned)
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::new_resolving(base, name))
+        } else {
+            Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_encoded_path_separator(path: &str) -> bool {
+        let bytes = path.as_bytes();
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i + 2 < bytes.len() {
+            if bytes[i] == b'%' && bytes[i + 1] == b'2' && matches!(bytes[i + 2], b'f' | b'F') {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if bytes[i] == b'%' && bytes[i + 1] == b'5' && matches!(bytes[i + 2], b'c' | b'C') {
+                return true;
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn throw_invalid_encoded_separator<'js, T>(
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<T> {
+        let msg = format!(
+            "Invalid module \"{}\" must not include encoded \"/\" or \"\\\" characters imported from {}",
+            name, base
+        );
+        let type_error_ctor: Function = ctx.globals().get("TypeError")?;
+        let error_obj: Object = type_error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
+        error_obj.set("code", "ERR_INVALID_MODULE_SPECIFIER")?;
+        Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+    }
+
+    fn throw_invalid_file_url_host<'js, T>(
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        message: String,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<T> {
+        let _ = Exception::throw_type(ctx, &message);
+        let error_value = ctx.catch();
+        let Some(error_obj) = error_value.clone().into_object() else {
+            return Err(ctx.throw(error_value));
+        };
+        Self::define_error_property(&error_obj, "code", "ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_HOST")?;
+        Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_candidate(candidate: std::path::PathBuf, suffix: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        let normalized = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(&candidate);
+        if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_file() {
+            return Some(format!("{normalized}{suffix}"));
+        }
+
+        if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).extension().is_none() {
+            for ext in ["js", "mjs", "json"] {
+                let with_ext = format!("{}.{}", normalized, ext);
+                if std::path::Path::new(&with_ext).is_file() {
+                    return Some(format!("{with_ext}{suffix}"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn module_url_for_path(path: &str, suffix: &str) -> String {
+        format!(
+            "{}{}",
+            path_without_suffix_to_file_url(path),
+            serialize_url_preserving_escapes(suffix)
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn module_url_for_encoded_path(path: &str, suffix: &str) -> String {
+        let path = normalize_encoded_module_path(path);
+        format!(
+            "{}{}",
+            path_with_preserved_escapes_to_file_url(&path),
+            serialize_url_preserving_escapes(suffix)
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn module_url_for_file_specifier(specifier: &str) -> String {
+        if !specifier.starts_with("file://") {
+            return serialize_url_preserving_escapes(specifier);
+        }
+        let Some((encoded_path, suffix)) = FileUrlResolver::file_url_path_and_suffix(specifier)
+        else {
+            return serialize_url_preserving_escapes(specifier);
+        };
+        let encoded_path = normalize_encoded_module_path(encoded_path);
+        format!(
+            "{}{}",
+            path_with_preserved_escapes_to_file_url(&encoded_path),
+            serialize_url_preserving_escapes(suffix)
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn throw_module_resolution_error<'js, T>(
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        code: &str,
+        message: String,
+        url: String,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<T> {
+        let error_obj = Exception::from_message(ctx.clone(), &message)?.into_object();
+        Self::define_error_property(&error_obj, "code", code)?;
+        Self::define_error_property(&error_obj, "url", &url)?;
+        Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+    }
+
+    fn define_error_property<'js>(
+        error_obj: &Object<'js>,
+        name: &str,
+        value: &str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<()> {
+        error_obj.prop(
+            name,
+            Property::from(value)
+                .writable()
+                .enumerable()
+                .configurable(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl Resolver for NodeFileResolver {
+    fn resolve<'js>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+        if name.contains("://") || name.starts_with("node:") {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        }
+
+        let (name_path, suffix) = split_module_path_suffix(name);
+        let (candidate, url) = if name_path.starts_with('/') {
+            let encoded_path = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(std::path::Path::new(name_path));
+            let url = Self::module_url_for_encoded_path(&encoded_path, suffix);
+            let name_path = Self::decode_module_path(ctx, base, name, name_path)?;
+            (std::path::PathBuf::from(name_path.as_ref()), url)
+        } else if name_path.starts_with("./") || name_path.starts_with("../") {
+            let base_path = if let Some(path) = FileUrlResolver::file_url_to_path(base) {
+                path
+            } else {
+                base.to_string()
+            };
+            let base_path = module_filesystem_path(&base_path);
+
+            if base_path == "<input>" {
+                return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+            }
+
+            let base_dir = std::path::Path::new(&base_path)
+                .parent()
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
+            let encoded_candidate = base_dir.join(name_path);
+            let encoded_path = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(&encoded_candidate);
+            let url = Self::module_url_for_encoded_path(&encoded_path, suffix);
+            let name_path = Self::decode_module_path(ctx, base, name, name_path)?;
+            (base_dir.join(name_path.as_ref()), url)
+        } else {
+            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+        };
+
+        let normalized = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(&candidate);
+        if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_dir() {
+            return Self::throw_module_resolution_error(
+                ctx,
+                "ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT",
+                format!("Directory import '{}' is not supported resolving ES modules", name),
+                url,
+            );
+        }
+
+        if let Some(resolved) = Self::resolve_candidate(candidate, suffix) {
+            return Ok(resolved);
+        }
+
+        Self::throw_module_resolution_error(
+            ctx,
+            "ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND",
+            format!("Cannot find module '{}'", name),
+            url,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolver that provides Node.js-style error codes for failed module resolution.
+/// This should be the LAST resolver in the chain, catching everything that
+/// preceding resolvers couldn't handle.
+struct NodeModuleErrorResolver;
+
+impl Resolver for NodeModuleErrorResolver {
+    fn resolve<'js>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        _base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+        let globals = ctx.globals();
+
+        if name.starts_with("node:") {
+            let msg = format!("No such built-in module: {}", name);
+            let type_error_ctor: Function = globals.get("TypeError")?;
+            let error_obj: Object = type_error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
+            error_obj.set("code", "ERR_UNKNOWN_BUILTIN_MODULE")?;
+            return Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(scheme_end) = name.find("://") {
+            let scheme = &name[..scheme_end];
+            if scheme != "file" && scheme != "data" {
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "Only URLs with a scheme in: file, data, and node are supported by the default ESM loader. Received protocol '{}:'",
+                    scheme
+                );
+                let error_ctor: Function = globals.get("Error")?;
+                let error_obj: Object = error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
+                error_obj.set("code", "ERR_UNSUPPORTED_ESM_URL_SCHEME")?;
+                return Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let msg = format!("Cannot find module '{}'", name);
+        let error_ctor: Function = globals.get("Error")?;
+        let error_obj: Object = error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
+        error_obj.set("code", "ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND")?;
+        Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+    }
+}
+
+enum NodePackageResolveError {
+    InvalidModuleSpecifier { specifier: String, base: String },
+    PackagePathNotExported { package_name: String, subpath: String },
+    PackageImportNotDefined { specifier: String },
+    InvalidPackageTarget { kind: &'static str, target: String },
+    InvalidPackageConfig { path: String },
+    ModuleNotFound { request: String },
+}
+
+enum PackageTargetResolution {
+    Resolved(String),
+    NoMatch,
+    Blocked,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+enum PackageTarget {
+    String(String),
+    Array(Vec<PackageTarget>),
+    Object(IndexMap<String, PackageTarget>),
+    Bool(bool),
+    Null,
+    Invalid(serde_json::Value),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+struct PackageJson {
+    main: Option<String>,
+    exports: Option<PackageTarget>,
+    imports: Option<PackageTarget>,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    package_type: Option<String>,
+}
+
+struct NodeModulesResolver;
+
+impl NodeModulesResolver {
+    const ESM_CONDITIONS: [&'static str; 5] = ["golem", "node", "module-sync", "import", "default"];
+    const CJS_CONDITIONS: [&'static str; 5] = ["golem", "node", "require", "module-sync", "default"];
+
+    fn try_resolve(
+        &self,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<String>, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+        if name.starts_with('#') {
+            return self.try_resolve_package_import(base, name);
+        }
+
+        // Only handle bare specifiers (not relative, absolute, or URL)
+        if name.starts_with('.') || name.starts_with('/') || name.contains("://") {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let Some((package_name, subpath)) = Self::split_package_name(name) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        Self::validate_package_name(base, name, package_name)?;
+
+        // Extract directory from base module path
+        let Some(base_dir) = Path::new(base).parent() else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        // Walk up directory tree looking for node_modules
+        let mut dir = base_dir.to_path_buf();
+        loop {
+            let nm_dir = dir.join("node_modules").join(package_name);
+            if nm_dir.is_dir() {
+                let pkg_path = nm_dir.join("package.json");
+                if let Ok(pkg_content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&pkg_path) {
+                    let package: PackageJson = serde_json::from_str(&pkg_content).map_err(|_| {
+                        NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageConfig {
+                            path: pkg_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                        }
+                    })?;
+
+                    if let Some(exports_field) = package.exports.as_ref() {
+                        return Self::resolve_package_exports(
+                            package_name,
+                            &nm_dir,
+                            exports_field,
+                            subpath,
+                            &Self::ESM_CONDITIONS,
+                        )
+                        .map(Some);
+                    }
+
+                    if subpath.is_empty()
+                        && let Some(main) = package.main.as_ref()
+                        && let Some(resolved) = Self::resolve_package_target(&nm_dir, main)
+                    {
+                        return Ok(Some(resolved));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if !subpath.is_empty()
+                    && let Some(resolved) = Self::resolve_package_target(&nm_dir, subpath)
+                {
+                    return Ok(Some(resolved));
+                }
+
+                // Fallback: index.mjs, index.js
+                let fallbacks: [PathBuf; 2] = [nm_dir.join("index.mjs"), nm_dir.join("index.js")];
+                for fallback in &fallbacks {
+                    if fallback.is_file() {
+                        return Ok(Some(fallback.to_string_lossy().into_owned()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !dir.pop() {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn try_resolve_for_cjs_analysis(
+        &self,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<String>, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        use std::path::Path;
+
+        if name.starts_with('#') {
+            return self.try_resolve_package_import_with_conditions(base, name, &Self::CJS_CONDITIONS);
+        }
+
+        if name.starts_with('.') || name.starts_with('/') || name.contains("://") {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let Some((package_name, subpath)) = Self::split_package_name(name) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        Self::validate_package_name(base, name, package_name)?;
+        let Some(base_dir) = Path::new(base).parent() else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let mut dir = base_dir.to_path_buf();
+        loop {
+            let package_path = dir.join("node_modules").join(package_name);
+            if package_path.is_dir() {
+                let pkg_path = package_path.join("package.json");
+                if let Ok(pkg_content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&pkg_path) {
+                    let package: PackageJson = serde_json::from_str(&pkg_content).map_err(|_| {
+                        NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageConfig {
+                            path: pkg_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                        }
+                    })?;
+
+                    if let Some(exports_field) = package.exports.as_ref() {
+                        return Self::resolve_package_exports(
+                            package_name,
+                            &package_path,
+                            exports_field,
+                            subpath,
+                            &Self::CJS_CONDITIONS,
+                        )
+                        .map(Some);
+                    }
+
+                    if subpath.is_empty()
+                        && let Some(main) = package.main.as_ref()
+                        && let Some(resolved) = Self::resolve_cjs_analysis_main(&package_path, main)
+                    {
+                        return Ok(Some(resolved));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if !subpath.is_empty()
+                    && let Some(resolved) = Self::resolve_cjs_analysis_subpath(&package_path, subpath)
+                {
+                    return Ok(Some(resolved));
+                }
+
+                if subpath.is_empty()
+                    && let Some(resolved) = Self::resolve_cjs_analysis_package_root(&package_path)
+                {
+                    return Ok(Some(resolved));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if subpath.is_empty() {
+                for candidate in [package_path.with_extension("js"), package_path.with_extension("json")] {
+                    let normalized = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(&candidate);
+                    if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_file() {
+                        return Ok(Some(normalized));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !dir.pop() {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    fn try_resolve_package_import(
+        &self,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<String>, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        self.try_resolve_package_import_with_conditions(base, name, &Self::ESM_CONDITIONS)
+    }
+
+    fn try_resolve_package_import_with_conditions(
+        &self,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        conditions: &[&str],
+    ) -> Result<Option<String>, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        use std::path::Path;
+
+        let Some(parent) = Path::new(base).parent() else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let mut dir = parent.to_path_buf();
+        loop {
+            if dir.file_name().is_some_and(|name| name == "node_modules") {
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined {
+                    specifier: name.to_string(),
+                });
+            }
+
+            let pkg_path = dir.join("package.json");
+            if let Ok(pkg_content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&pkg_path) {
+                let package: PackageJson = serde_json::from_str(&pkg_content).map_err(|_| {
+                    NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageConfig {
+                        path: pkg_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                    }
+                })?;
+                let Some(imports) = package.imports.as_ref() else {
+                    return Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined {
+                        specifier: name.to_string(),
+                    });
+                };
+                return Self::resolve_package_import(&dir, imports, name, conditions).map(Some);
+            }
+
+            if !dir.pop() {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined {
+            specifier: name.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn split_package_name(name: &str) -> Option<(&str, &str)> {
+        if name.starts_with('@') {
+            let Some(first) = name.find('/') else {
+                return Some((name, ""));
+            };
+            let rest = &name[first + 1..];
+            if rest.is_empty() {
+                return Some((name, ""));
+            }
+            if let Some(second_rel) = rest.find('/') {
+                let second = first + 1 + second_rel;
+                Some((&name[..second], &name[second + 1..]))
+            } else {
+                Some((name, ""))
+            }
+        } else if let Some(idx) = name.find('/') {
+            Some((&name[..idx], &name[idx + 1..]))
+        } else {
+            Some((name, ""))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn validate_package_name(
+        base: &str,
+        specifier: &str,
+        package_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), NodePackageResolveError> {
+        let invalid_scoped_name = package_name.starts_with('@') && !package_name.contains('/');
+        if invalid_scoped_name || package_name.contains('%') || package_name.contains('\\') {
+            return Err(NodePackageResolveError::InvalidModuleSpecifier {
+                specifier: specifier.to_string(),
+                base: base.to_string(),
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_package_target(package_dir: &std::path::Path, target: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        let target_path = package_dir.join(target.strip_prefix("./").unwrap_or(target));
+        let mut candidates = vec![target_path.clone()];
+        if target_path.extension().is_none() {
+            candidates.push(target_path.with_extension("mjs"));
+            candidates.push(target_path.with_extension("js"));
+            candidates.push(target_path.with_extension("cjs"));
+            candidates.push(target_path.with_extension("json"));
+        }
+        candidates.push(target_path.join("index.mjs"));
+        candidates.push(target_path.join("index.js"));
+        candidates.push(target_path.join("index.cjs"));
+        candidates.push(target_path.join("index.json"));
+
+        for candidate in &candidates {
+            if candidate.is_file() {
+                return Some(candidate.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn first_existing_normalized(candidates: Vec<std::path::PathBuf>) -> Option<String> {
+        for candidate in candidates {
+            let normalized = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(&candidate);
+            if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_file() {
+                return Some(normalized);
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_cjs_analysis_main(package_dir: &std::path::Path, target: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        let target_path = package_dir.join(target.strip_prefix("./").unwrap_or(target));
+        Self::first_existing_normalized(vec![
+            target_path.clone(),
+            target_path.with_extension("js"),
+            target_path.with_extension("json"),
+            target_path.join("index.js"),
+            target_path.join("index.json"),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_cjs_analysis_subpath(package_dir: &std::path::Path, target: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        let target_path = package_dir.join(target.strip_prefix("./").unwrap_or(target));
+        Self::first_existing_normalized(vec![
+            target_path.clone(),
+            target_path.with_extension("js"),
+            target_path.with_extension("mjs"),
+            target_path.with_extension("json"),
+            target_path.join("index.js"),
+            target_path.join("index.json"),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_cjs_analysis_package_root(package_dir: &std::path::Path) -> Option<String> {
+        Self::first_existing_normalized(vec![package_dir.join("index.js"), package_dir.join("index.json")])
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_package_exports(
+        package_name: &str,
+        package_dir: &std::path::Path,
+        exports: &PackageTarget,
+        subpath: &str,
+        conditions: &[&str],
+    ) -> Result<String, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        let key = if subpath.is_empty() {
+            ".".to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("./{}", subpath)
+        };
+
+        if matches!(exports, PackageTarget::String(_) | PackageTarget::Array(_))
+            || Self::is_conditions_object(exports)
+        {
+            if key != "." {
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackagePathNotExported {
+                    package_name: package_name.to_string(),
+                    subpath: subpath.to_string(),
+                });
+            }
+            return Self::resolve_package_target_value(
+                package_dir,
+                exports,
+                false,
+                "exports",
+                conditions,
+                None,
+            )
+            .and_then(|resolution| {
+                Self::target_resolution_to_export_result(resolution, package_name, subpath)
+            });
+        }
+
+        if let PackageTarget::Object(map) = exports {
+            if let Some(target) = map.get(&key) {
+                return Self::resolve_package_target_value(
+                    package_dir,
+                    target,
+                    false,
+                    "exports",
+                    conditions,
+                    None,
+                )
+                .and_then(|resolution| {
+                    Self::target_resolution_to_export_result(resolution, package_name, subpath)
+                });
+            }
+            if let Some((pattern_key, pattern_substitution)) = Self::find_best_package_pattern(map, &key)
+                && let Some(target) = map.get(pattern_key)
+            {
+                return Self::resolve_package_target_value(
+                    package_dir,
+                    target,
+                    false,
+                    "exports",
+                    conditions,
+                    Some(&pattern_substitution),
+                )
+                .and_then(|resolution| {
+                    Self::target_resolution_to_export_result(resolution, package_name, subpath)
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackagePathNotExported {
+            package_name: package_name.to_string(),
+            subpath: subpath.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_package_import(
+        package_dir: &std::path::Path,
+        imports: &PackageTarget,
+        specifier: &str,
+        conditions: &[&str],
+    ) -> Result<String, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        if let PackageTarget::Object(map) = imports
+        {
+            let (target, pattern_substitution) = if let Some(target) = map.get(specifier) {
+                (target, None)
+            } else if let Some((pattern_key, pattern_substitution)) =
+                Self::find_best_package_pattern(map, specifier)
+            {
+                let Some(target) = map.get(pattern_key) else {
+                    return Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined {
+                        specifier: specifier.to_string(),
+                    });
+                };
+                (target, Some(pattern_substitution))
+            } else {
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined {
+                    specifier: specifier.to_string(),
+                });
+            };
+            return Self::resolve_package_target_value(
+                package_dir,
+                target,
+                true,
+                "imports",
+                conditions,
+                pattern_substitution.as_deref(),
+            ).and_then(
+                |resolution| Self::target_resolution_to_import_result(resolution, specifier),
+            );
+        }
+        Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined {
+            specifier: specifier.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn is_conditions_object(value: &PackageTarget) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            value,
+            PackageTarget::Object(map) if !map.is_empty() && !map.iter().any(|(key, _)| key.starts_with('.'))
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_package_target_value(
+        package_dir: &std::path::Path,
+        target: &PackageTarget,
+        allow_bare_target: bool,
+        kind: &'static str,
+        conditions: &[&str],
+        pattern_substitution: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<PackageTargetResolution, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        match target {
+            PackageTarget::Null | PackageTarget::Bool(false) => {
+                return Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Blocked);
+            }
+            PackageTarget::Bool(true) => {
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageTarget {
+                    kind,
+                    target: "true".to_string(),
+                });
+            }
+            PackageTarget::Invalid(value) => {
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageTarget {
+                    kind,
+                    target: value.to_string(),
+                });
+            }
+            PackageTarget::String(target_str) => {
+            let target_str = if let Some(pattern_substitution) = pattern_substitution {
+                target_str.replace('*', pattern_substitution)
+            } else {
+                target_str.clone()
+            };
+            if allow_bare_target && Self::is_bare_package_specifier(&target_str) {
+                let base = package_dir.join("package.json");
+                let base_str = base.to_string_lossy();
+                let resolver = NodeModulesResolver;
+                if let Some(resolved) = resolver.try_resolve(&base_str, &target_str)? {
+                    return Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Resolved(resolved));
+                }
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::ModuleNotFound {
+                    request: target_str,
+                });
+            }
+            if allow_bare_target && target_str.starts_with("node:") {
+                return Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Resolved(target_str));
+            }
+            if !target_str.starts_with("./") {
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageTarget {
+                    kind,
+                    target: target_str,
+                });
+            }
+            let Some(candidate) = Self::resolve_valid_package_target_path(package_dir, &target_str) else {
+                return Err(NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageTarget {
+                    kind,
+                    target: target_str,
+                });
+            };
+            if candidate.is_file() {
+                return Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Resolved(
+                    candidate.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            return Err(NodePackageResolveError::ModuleNotFound {
+                request: candidate.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            });
+            }
+            PackageTarget::Array(array) => {
+            for item in array {
+                match Self::resolve_package_target_value(package_dir, item, allow_bare_target, kind, conditions, pattern_substitution) {
+                    Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Resolved(path)) => {
+                        return Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Resolved(path));
+                    }
+                    Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Blocked) => {
+                        return Ok(PackageTargetResolution::Blocked);
+                    }
+                    Ok(PackageTargetResolution::NoMatch) => continue,
+                    Err(NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageTarget { .. })
+                    | Err(NodePackageResolveError::ModuleNotFound { .. }) => continue,
+                    Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                }
+            }
+                return Ok(PackageTargetResolution::NoMatch);
+            }
+            PackageTarget::Object(map) => {
+            for (condition, value) in map {
+                if conditions.contains(&condition.as_str()) {
+                    match Self::resolve_package_target_value(
+                        package_dir,
+                        value,
+                        allow_bare_target,
+                        kind,
+                        conditions,
+                        pattern_substitution,
+                    )? {
+                        PackageTargetResolution::NoMatch => continue,
+                        resolution => return Ok(resolution),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+                Ok(PackageTargetResolution::NoMatch)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn package_pattern_key_match(pattern_key: &str, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        let star = pattern_key.find('*')?;
+        let prefix = &pattern_key[..star];
+        let suffix = &pattern_key[star + 1..];
+        if !key.starts_with(prefix) || !key.ends_with(suffix) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if key.len() < prefix.len() + suffix.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(key[prefix.len()..key.len() - suffix.len()].to_string())
+    }
+
+    fn find_best_package_pattern<'a>(
+        map: &'a IndexMap<String, PackageTarget>,
+        key: &str,
+    ) -> Option<(&'a str, String)> {
+        let mut best: Option<(&str, String)> = None;
+        for pattern_key in map.keys() {
+            if !pattern_key.contains('*') {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(substitution) = Self::package_pattern_key_match(pattern_key, key) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if best
+                .as_ref()
+                .is_none_or(|(best_key, _)| Self::package_pattern_compare(pattern_key, best_key).is_lt())
+            {
+                best = Some((pattern_key.as_str(), substitution));
+            }
+        }
+        best
+    }
+
+    fn package_pattern_compare(a: &str, b: &str) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        let a_star = a.find('*').unwrap_or(a.len());
+        let b_star = b.find('*').unwrap_or(b.len());
+        match b_star.cmp(&a_star) {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => {}
+            ordering => return ordering,
+        }
+        let a_trailer = a.len().saturating_sub(a_star + 1);
+        let b_trailer = b.len().saturating_sub(b_star + 1);
+        match b_trailer.cmp(&a_trailer) {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => {}
+            ordering => return ordering,
+        }
+        match b.len().cmp(&a.len()) {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => a.cmp(b),
+            ordering => ordering,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn target_resolution_to_export_result(
+        resolution: PackageTargetResolution,
+        package_name: &str,
+        subpath: &str,
+    ) -> Result<String, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        match resolution {
+            PackageTargetResolution::Resolved(path) => Ok(path),
+            PackageTargetResolution::NoMatch | PackageTargetResolution::Blocked => {
+                Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackagePathNotExported {
+                    package_name: package_name.to_string(),
+                    subpath: subpath.to_string(),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn target_resolution_to_import_result(
+        resolution: PackageTargetResolution,
+        specifier: &str,
+    ) -> Result<String, NodePackageResolveError> {
+        match resolution {
+            PackageTargetResolution::Resolved(path) => Ok(path),
+            PackageTargetResolution::NoMatch | PackageTargetResolution::Blocked => {
+                Err(NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined {
+                    specifier: specifier.to_string(),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_bare_package_specifier(target: &str) -> bool {
+        !target.is_empty()
+            && !target.starts_with('.')
+            && !target.starts_with('/')
+            && !target.starts_with('#')
+            && !target.contains(':')
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_valid_package_target_path(
+        package_dir: &std::path::Path,
+        target: &str,
+    ) -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
+        let mut relative_parts = Vec::<&str>::new();
+        for part in target.strip_prefix("./")?.split('/') {
+            match part {
+                "" => {}
+                part if Self::is_invalid_package_target_segment(part) => return None,
+                part => relative_parts.push(part),
+            }
+        }
+        if relative_parts.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut candidate = package_dir.to_path_buf();
+        for part in relative_parts {
+            candidate.push(part);
+        }
+        Some(candidate)
+    }
+
+    fn is_invalid_package_target_segment(segment: &str) -> bool {
+        if matches!(segment, "." | ".." | "node_modules") {
+            return true;
+        }
+        let decoded = percent_decode(segment).unwrap_or_else(|| segment.to_string());
+        matches!(decoded.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str(), "." | ".." | "node_modules")
+    }
+}
+
+fn percent_decode(input: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let bytes = input.as_bytes();
+    let mut decoded = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len());
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        if bytes[i] == b'%'
+            && i + 2 < bytes.len()
+            && let (Some(hi), Some(lo)) = (
+                FileUrlResolver::hex_val(bytes[i + 1]),
+                FileUrlResolver::hex_val(bytes[i + 2]),
+            )
+        {
+            decoded.push(hi << 4 | lo);
+            i += 3;
+            continue;
+        }
+        decoded.push(bytes[i]);
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    String::from_utf8(decoded).ok()
+}
+
+fn throw_node_package_resolve_error<'js>(
+    ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+    err: NodePackageResolveError,
+) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+    let (code, message, type_error) = match err {
+        NodePackageResolveError::InvalidModuleSpecifier { specifier, base } => (
+            "ERR_INVALID_MODULE_SPECIFIER",
+            format!(
+                "Invalid module \"{}\" is not a valid package name imported from {}",
+                specifier, base
+            ),
+            true,
+        ),
+        NodePackageResolveError::PackagePathNotExported {
+            package_name,
+            subpath,
+        } => {
+            let subpath = if subpath.is_empty() {
+                ".".to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("./{}", subpath)
+            };
+            (
+                "ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED",
+                format!("Package subpath '{}' is not defined by \"exports\" in package {}", subpath, package_name),
+                false,
+            )
+        }
+        NodePackageResolveError::PackageImportNotDefined { specifier } => (
+            "ERR_PACKAGE_IMPORT_NOT_DEFINED",
+            format!("Package import specifier '{}' is not defined", specifier),
+            false,
+        ),
+        NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageTarget { kind, target } => (
+            "ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET",
+            format!("Invalid \"{}\" target '{}'", kind, target),
+            false,
+        ),
+        NodePackageResolveError::InvalidPackageConfig { path } => (
+            "ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_CONFIG",
+            format!("Invalid package config {}", path),
+            false,
+        ),
+        NodePackageResolveError::ModuleNotFound { request } => (
+            "ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND",
+            format!("Cannot find module '{}'", request),
+            false,
+        ),
+    };
+
+    let globals = ctx.globals();
+    let error_ctor: Function = globals.get(if type_error { "TypeError" } else { "Error" })?;
+    let error_obj: Object = error_ctor.call((message,))?;
+    error_obj.set("code", code)?;
+    Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+}
+
+impl Resolver for NodeModulesResolver {
+    fn resolve<'js>(
+        &mut self,
+        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
+        base: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
+        match self.try_resolve(base, name) {
+            Ok(Some(resolved)) => Ok(resolved),
+            Ok(None) => Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name)),
+            Err(err) => throw_node_package_resolve_error(ctx, err),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Loader that wraps CJS `.js` and `.cjs` files in ESM-compatible wrappers when loaded via `import()`.
+/// This enables ESM modules to import CJS packages from `node_modules`.
+struct CjsCompatLoader;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct CjsExportAnalysis {
+    exports: Vec<String>,
+    reexports: Vec<String>,
+    is_cjs: bool,
+}
+
+fn add_unique(items: &mut Vec<String>, item: String) {
+    if !items.iter().any(|existing| existing == &item) {
+        items.push(item);
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_ident_start(byte: u8) -> bool {
+    byte == b'_' || byte == b'$' || byte.is_ascii_alphabetic() || byte >= 0x80
+}
+
+fn is_ident_continue(byte: u8) -> bool {
+    is_ident_start(byte) || byte.is_ascii_digit()
+}
+
+fn is_ident_boundary(source: &[u8], pos: usize) -> bool {
+    pos >= source.len() || !is_ident_continue(source[pos])
+}
+
+fn is_ident_start_boundary(source: &[u8], pos: usize) -> bool {
+    pos == 0 || !is_ident_continue(source[pos - 1])
+}
+
+fn is_free_ident_start(source: &[u8], pos: usize) -> bool {
+    is_ident_start_boundary(source, pos) && (pos == 0 || source[pos - 1] != b'.')
+}
+
+fn skip_ws_comments(source: &str, mut pos: usize) -> usize {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    loop {
+        while pos < bytes.len() && bytes[pos].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+            pos += 1;
+        }
+        if pos + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[pos] == b'/' && bytes[pos + 1] == b'/' {
+            pos += 2;
+            while pos < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[pos], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                pos += 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if pos + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[pos] == b'/' && bytes[pos + 1] == b'*' {
+            pos += 2;
+            while pos + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[pos] == b'*' && bytes[pos + 1] == b'/') {
+                pos += 1;
+            }
+            pos = (pos + 2).min(bytes.len());
+            continue;
+        }
+        return pos;
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_ident(source: &str, mut pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if pos >= bytes.len() || !is_ident_start(bytes[pos]) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let start = pos;
+    pos += 1;
+    while pos < bytes.len() && is_ident_continue(bytes[pos]) {
+        pos += 1;
+    }
+    Some((source[start..pos].to_string(), pos))
+}
+
+fn read_js_string(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if pos >= bytes.len() || !matches!(bytes[pos], b'\'' | b'"') {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let quote = bytes[pos];
+    let mut units = Vec::<u16>::new();
+    let mut i = pos + 1;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        let byte = bytes[i];
+        if byte == quote {
+            return String::from_utf16(&units).ok().map(|s| (s, i + 1));
+        }
+        if byte == b'\\' {
+            i += 1;
+            if i >= bytes.len() {
+                return None;
+            }
+            match bytes[i] {
+                b'n' => units.push(b'\n' as u16),
+                b'r' => units.push(b'\r' as u16),
+                b't' => units.push(b'\t' as u16),
+                b'b' => units.push(8),
+                b'f' => units.push(12),
+                b'v' => units.push(11),
+                b'x' if i + 2 < bytes.len()
+                    && bytes[i + 1].is_ascii_hexdigit()
+                    && bytes[i + 2].is_ascii_hexdigit() =>
+                {
+                    let value = hex_byte(bytes[i + 1])? * 16 + hex_byte(bytes[i + 2])?;
+                    units.push(value as u16);
+                    i += 2;
+                }
+                b'x' => return None,
+                b'u' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'{' => {
+                    let start = i + 2;
+                    let end = source[start..].find('}')? + start;
+                    let code = u32::from_str_radix(&source[start..end], 16).ok()?;
+                    if code <= 0xFFFF {
+                        units.push(code as u16);
+                    } else {
+                        let code = code - 0x1_0000;
+                        units.push(0xD800 | ((code >> 10) as u16));
+                        units.push(0xDC00 | ((code & 0x3FF) as u16));
+                    }
+                    i = end;
+                }
+                b'u' if i + 4 < bytes.len()
+                    && bytes[i + 1].is_ascii_hexdigit()
+                    && bytes[i + 2].is_ascii_hexdigit()
+                    && bytes[i + 3].is_ascii_hexdigit()
+                    && bytes[i + 4].is_ascii_hexdigit() =>
+                {
+                    let value = u16::from(hex_byte(bytes[i + 1])?) << 12
+                        | u16::from(hex_byte(bytes[i + 2])?) << 8
+                        | u16::from(hex_byte(bytes[i + 3])?) << 4
+                        | u16::from(hex_byte(bytes[i + 4])?);
+                    units.push(value);
+                    i += 4;
+                }
+                b'u' => return None,
+                other => units.push(other as u16),
+            }
+            i += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if byte == b'\n' || byte == b'\r' {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let ch = source[i..].chars().next()?;
+        let mut buf = [0u16; 2];
+        units.extend_from_slice(ch.encode_utf16(&mut buf));
+        i += ch.len_utf8();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn hex_byte(byte: u8) -> Option<u8> {
+    match byte {
+        b'0'..=b'9' => Some(byte - b'0'),
+        b'a'..=b'f' => Some(byte - b'a' + 10),
+        b'A'..=b'F' => Some(byte - b'A' + 10),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn skip_string_or_template(source: &str, pos: usize) -> usize {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if pos >= bytes.len() {
+        return pos;
+    }
+    let quote = bytes[pos];
+    let mut i = pos + 1;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        if bytes[i] == b'\\' {
+            i += 2;
+        } else if bytes[i] == quote {
+            return i + 1;
+        } else {
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    i
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum CjsExportTarget {
+    Exports,
+    ModuleExports,
+}
+
+fn parse_exports_target(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(CjsExportTarget, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+        && source[pos..].starts_with("exports")
+        && is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 7)
+    {
+        return Some((CjsExportTarget::Exports, pos + 7));
+    }
+    if is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+        && source[pos..].starts_with("module")
+        && is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 6)
+    {
+        let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 6);
+        if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'.' {
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+            if source[i..].starts_with("exports") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 7) {
+                return Some((CjsExportTarget::ModuleExports, i + 7));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn parse_export_member(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let (_, mut i) = parse_exports_target(source, pos)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    let name;
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'.' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+        let (ident, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+        name = ident;
+        i = next;
+    } else if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'[' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+        let (string_name, next) = read_js_string(source, i)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+        if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b']' {
+            return None;
+        }
+        name = string_name;
+        i += 1;
+    } else {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i < bytes.len()
+        && bytes[i] == b'='
+        && (i + 1 >= bytes.len() || !matches!(bytes[i + 1], b'=' | b'>'))
+    {
+        Some((name, i + 1))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_require_string(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+        || !source[pos..].starts_with("require")
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 7)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 7);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (specifier, next) = read_js_string(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b')' {
+        Some((specifier, i + 1))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_require_string_loose(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !source[pos..].starts_with("require") || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 7) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 7);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (specifier, next) = read_js_string(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b')' {
+        Some((specifier, i + 1))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_define_property_export(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+        || !source[pos..].starts_with("Object")
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 6)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 6);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'.' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if !source[i..].starts_with("defineProperty") || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 14) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 14);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (_, next) = parse_exports_target(source, i)?;
+    i = next;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b',' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (name, next) = read_js_string(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b',' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let descriptor_start = i + 1;
+    let end = find_matching_paren(source, pos)?;
+    let descriptor = &source[descriptor_start..end];
+    if descriptor_has_value_property(descriptor) || is_safe_getter_descriptor(descriptor) {
+        Some((name, end + 1))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn descriptor_has_value_property(descriptor: &str) -> bool {
+    let bytes = descriptor.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    let mut depth = 0usize;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(descriptor, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(descriptor, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(descriptor, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'{' => {
+                depth += 1;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            b'}' => {
+                depth = depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            b'v' if depth == 1
+                && is_free_ident_start(bytes, i)
+                && descriptor[i..].starts_with("value")
+                && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 5) =>
+            {
+                let next = skip_ws_comments(descriptor, i + 5);
+                return next < bytes.len() && bytes[next] == b':';
+            }
+            _ => i += 1,
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn find_matching_paren(source: &str, start: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = source[start..].find('(')? + start;
+    let mut depth = 0usize;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => i = skip_string_or_template(source, i),
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i);
+            }
+            b'(' => {
+                depth += 1;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            b')' => {
+                depth = depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                if depth == 0 {
+                    return Some(i);
+                }
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            _ => i += 1,
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_matching_brace(source: &str, start: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = start;
+    let mut depth = 0usize;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => i = skip_string_or_template(source, i),
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i);
+            }
+            b'{' => {
+                depth += 1;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            b'}' => {
+                depth = depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                if depth == 0 {
+                    return Some(i);
+                }
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            _ => i += 1,
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+
+fn is_safe_getter_descriptor(descriptor: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some((body_start, body_end)) = find_getter_body(descriptor) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    is_simple_getter_body(&descriptor[body_start..body_end])
+}
+
+fn find_getter_body(source: &str) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    let mut depth = 0usize;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'{' => {
+                depth += 1;
+                i += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'}' => {
+                depth = depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                i += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'g' if depth == 1
+                && is_free_ident_start(bytes, i)
+                && source[i..].starts_with("get")
+                && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 3) =>
+            {
+                let mut j = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 3);
+                if j < bytes.len() && bytes[j] == b'(' {
+                    let params_end = find_matching_paren(source, j)?;
+                    j = skip_ws_comments(source, params_end + 1);
+                    if j < bytes.len() && bytes[j] == b'{' {
+                        let body_end = find_matching_brace(source, j)?;
+                        return Some((j + 1, body_end));
+                    }
+                } else if j < bytes.len() && bytes[j] == b':' {
+                    j = skip_ws_comments(source, j + 1);
+                    if !source[j..].starts_with("function") || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, j + 8) {
+                        i += 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    j = skip_ws_comments(source, j + 8);
+                    if let Some((_, next)) = read_ident(source, j) {
+                        j = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+                    }
+                    if j >= bytes.len() || bytes[j] != b'(' {
+                        i += 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let params_end = find_matching_paren(source, j)?;
+                    j = skip_ws_comments(source, params_end + 1);
+                    if j < bytes.len() && bytes[j] == b'{' {
+                        let body_end = find_matching_brace(source, j)?;
+                        return Some((j + 1, body_end));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn is_simple_getter_body(body: &str) -> bool {
+    let return_pos = skip_ws_comments(body, 0);
+    if !body[return_pos..].starts_with("return")
+        || !is_free_ident_start(body.as_bytes(), return_pos)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(body.as_bytes(), return_pos + 6)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(body, return_pos + 6);
+    let Some((_, next)) = read_ident(body, i) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    i = skip_ws_comments(body, next);
+    if i < body.len() && body.as_bytes()[i] == b'.' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + 1);
+        let Some((_, next)) = read_ident(body, i) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        i = next;
+    } else if i < body.len() && body.as_bytes()[i] == b'[' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + 1);
+        let Some((_, next)) = read_js_string(body, i) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        i = skip_ws_comments(body, next);
+        if i >= body.len() || body.as_bytes()[i] != b']' {
+            return false;
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(body, i);
+    if i < body.len() && body.as_bytes()[i] == b';' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + 1);
+    }
+    i >= body.len()
+}
+
+
+fn parse_exports_assign_require_value(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if let Some((specifier, next)) = parse_require_string(source, pos) {
+        return Some((specifier, next));
+    }
+
+    if !is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+        || !source[pos..].starts_with("_interopRequireWildcard")
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 23)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 23);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (specifier, next) = parse_require_string(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b')' {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some((specifier, i + 1))
+}
+
+fn parse_require_binding(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, String, usize)> {
+    for keyword in ["var", "let", "const"] {
+        if is_free_ident_start(source.as_bytes(), pos)
+            && source[pos..].starts_with(keyword)
+            && is_ident_boundary(source.as_bytes(), pos + keyword.len())
+        {
+            let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + keyword.len());
+            let (name, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+            if i >= source.len() || source.as_bytes()[i] != b'=' {
+                return None;
+            }
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+            let (specifier, next) = parse_exports_assign_require_value(source, i)?;
+            let after_require = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+            if !is_statement_boundary(source, after_require) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            return Some((name, specifier, next));
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn is_statement_boundary(source: &str, pos: usize) -> bool {
+    pos >= source.len() || matches!(source.as_bytes()[pos], b';' | b'}')
+}
+
+fn parse_module_exports_reexport(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let (target, mut i) = parse_exports_target(source, pos)?;
+    if target != CjsExportTarget::ModuleExports {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i >= source.len() || source.as_bytes()[i] != b'=' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let (specifier, next) = parse_require_string(source, skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1))?;
+    let after_require = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if is_statement_boundary(source, after_require) {
+        Some((specifier, after_require.min(source.len())))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_export_star_reexport(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    fn parse_export_star_callee(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+        let member_access = previous_significant_byte(source, pos) == Some(b'.');
+        if is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+            && !member_access
+            && source[pos..].starts_with("__exportStar")
+            && is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 12)
+        {
+            return Some(pos + 12);
+        }
+        if is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+            && !member_access
+            && source[pos..].starts_with("__export")
+            && is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 8)
+        {
+            return Some(pos + 8);
+        }
+        if is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+            && source[pos..].starts_with("tslib")
+            && is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 5)
+        {
+            let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 5);
+            if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'.' {
+                return None;
+            }
+            i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+            if source[i..].starts_with("__exportStar") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 12) {
+                return Some(i + 12);
+            }
+            if source[i..].starts_with("__export") && is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 8) {
+                return Some(i + 8);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = parse_export_star_callee(source, pos)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (specifier, next) = parse_require_string(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b',' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+        let (_, next_target) = parse_exports_target(source, i)?;
+        i = skip_ws_comments(source, next_target);
+    }
+
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b')' {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let after_call = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if is_statement_boundary(source, after_call) {
+        Some((specifier, after_call.min(source.len())))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_module_exports_assignment(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let (target, mut i) = parse_exports_target(source, pos)?;
+    if target != CjsExportTarget::ModuleExports {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i < bytes.len()
+        && bytes[i] == b'='
+        && (i + 1 >= bytes.len() || !matches!(bytes[i + 1], b'=' | b'>'))
+    {
+        Some(i + 1)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_exports_literal_key(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(String, bool, usize)> {
+    if let Some((ident, next)) = read_ident(source, pos) {
+        return Some((ident, true, next));
+    }
+    let (name, next) = read_js_string(source, pos)?;
+    Some((name, false, next))
+}
+
+fn skip_object_literal_value(source: &str, pos: usize, object_end: usize) -> usize {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = pos;
+    let mut brace_depth = 0usize;
+    let mut paren_depth = 0usize;
+    let mut bracket_depth = 0usize;
+    while i < object_end {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => {
+                i = skip_string_or_template(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < object_end && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i < object_end && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if i + 1 < object_end && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' => {
+                i += 2;
+                while i + 1 < object_end && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                i = (i + 2).min(object_end);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'/' if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) => {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i).min(object_end);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'{' => brace_depth += 1,
+            b'}' => brace_depth = brace_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            b'(' => paren_depth += 1,
+            b')' => paren_depth = paren_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            b'[' => bracket_depth += 1,
+            b']' => bracket_depth = bracket_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            b',' if brace_depth == 0 && paren_depth == 0 && bracket_depth == 0 => return i,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        i = next_char_boundary(source, i);
+    }
+    object_end
+}
+
+fn is_named_export_object_literal_value(source: &str, pos: usize, object_end: usize) -> bool {
+    let Some((name, mut next)) = read_ident(source, pos) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if matches!(name.as_str(), "true" | "false" | "null" | "undefined") {
+        return false;
+    }
+    next = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    next >= object_end || matches!(source.as_bytes()[next], b',' | b'(')
+}
+
+fn parse_module_exports_object_literal(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<(Vec<String>, Vec<String>, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let (target, mut i) = parse_exports_target(source, pos)?;
+    if target != CjsExportTarget::ModuleExports {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'=' || (i + 1 < bytes.len() && matches!(bytes[i + 1], b'=' | b'>')) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'{' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let object_end = find_matching_brace(source, i)?;
 
-        let globals = ctx.globals();
-        let import_dir: Value = globals
-            .get("__wasm_rquickjs_cjs_import_dir")
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Value::new_undefined(ctx.clone()));
+    let mut exports = Vec::new();
+    let mut reexports = Vec::new();
+    let mut cursor = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
 
-        if import_dir.is_undefined() || import_dir.is_null() {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
+    while cursor < object_end {
+        if bytes[cursor] == b',' {
+            cursor = skip_ws_comments(source, cursor + 1);
+            continue;
         }
 
-        let dir_str: String = import_dir
-            .get::<String>()
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
-
-        let module_dir = std::path::Path::new(&dir_str);
-        let resolved = module_dir.join(name);
-        let normalized = Self::normalize_path(&resolved);
+        if source[cursor..].starts_with("...") {
+            let (specifier, next) = parse_require_string_loose(source, skip_ws_comments(source, cursor + 3))?;
+            add_unique(&mut reexports, specifier);
+            cursor = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+            if cursor < object_end {
+                if bytes[cursor] != b',' {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                cursor = skip_ws_comments(source, cursor + 1);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
 
-        let candidates = [
-            normalized.clone(),
-            format!("{}.js", normalized),
-            format!("{}.mjs", normalized),
-        ];
+        let Some((name, key_is_ident, key_end)) = parse_exports_literal_key(source, cursor) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        let mut next = skip_ws_comments(source, key_end);
+        if next < object_end && bytes[next] == b':' {
+            next = skip_ws_comments(source, next + 1);
+            if parse_require_string_loose(source, next).is_some() {
+                add_unique(&mut exports, name);
+                break;
+            }
+            if is_named_export_object_literal_value(source, next, object_end) {
+                add_unique(&mut exports, name);
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+            cursor = skip_ws_comments(source, skip_object_literal_value(source, next, object_end));
+        } else if key_is_ident {
+            add_unique(&mut exports, name);
+            cursor = next;
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
 
-        for candidate in &candidates {
-            if std::path::Path::new(candidate).is_file() {
-                return Ok(candidate.clone());
+        if cursor < object_end {
+            if bytes[cursor] != b',' {
+                return None;
             }
+            cursor = skip_ws_comments(source, cursor + 1);
         }
+    }
 
-        Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name))
+    let after_object = skip_ws_comments(source, object_end + 1);
+    if is_statement_boundary(source, after_object) {
+        Some((exports, reexports, after_object.min(source.len())))
+    } else {
+        None
     }
 }
 
-/// Resolver for filesystem-backed ES modules.
-///
-/// QuickJS gives dynamic imports from CommonJS `eval()` a synthetic `<input>`
-/// base (handled by `CjsEvalResolver` above), but normal ESM resolution still
-/// needs Node-style filesystem handling for absolute paths and paths relative
-/// to the referrer module. `rquickjs::FileResolver` is kept as a fallback, but
-/// it does not reliably accept already-absolute guest paths in this WASI setup.
-struct NodeFileResolver;
+fn parse_object_keys_reexport(source: &str, pos: usize, bindings: &HashMap<String, String>) -> Option<(String, usize)> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+        || !source[pos..].starts_with("Object")
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 6)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 6);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'.' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if !source[i..].starts_with("keys") || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 4) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 4);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (binding, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+    let specifier = bindings.get(&binding)?.clone();
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b')' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let after_keys = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if after_keys >= bytes.len() || bytes[after_keys] != b'.' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let for_each_pos = skip_ws_comments(source, after_keys + 1);
+    if !source[for_each_pos..].starts_with("forEach") || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, for_each_pos + 7) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let end = find_matching_paren(source, for_each_pos + 7).unwrap_or(for_each_pos + 7);
+    let callback = &source[for_each_pos..end];
+    if callback_has_transpiler_reexport(callback, &binding) {
+        Some((specifier, end + 1))
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
 
-impl NodeFileResolver {
-    fn resolve_candidate(candidate: std::path::PathBuf) -> Option<String> {
-        let normalized = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(&candidate);
-        if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_file() {
-            return Some(normalized);
+fn callback_has_transpiler_reexport(callback: &str, binding: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut found = false;
+    scan_code_positions(callback, true, |i, _| {
+        if parse_define_property_reexport(callback, i, binding).is_some() {
+            found = true;
+            return ControlFlow::Break(());
         }
-
-        if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).extension().is_none() {
-            for ext in ["js", "mjs", "json"] {
-                let with_ext = format!("{}.{}", normalized, ext);
-                if std::path::Path::new(&with_ext).is_file() {
-                    return Some(with_ext);
-                }
-            }
+        if parse_direct_exports_reexport_assignment(callback, i, binding).is_some() {
+            found = true;
+            return ControlFlow::Break(());
         }
+        ControlFlow::Continue(None)
+    });
+    found
+}
+
+fn parse_direct_exports_reexport_assignment(source: &str, pos: usize, binding: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let (target, mut i) = parse_exports_target(source, pos)?;
+    if target != CjsExportTarget::Exports {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'[' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (key, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b']' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'=' || (i + 1 < bytes.len() && matches!(bytes[i + 1], b'=' | b'>')) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if !source[i..].starts_with(binding)
+        || !is_free_ident_start(bytes, i)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + binding.len())
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + binding.len());
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'[' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if !source[i..].starts_with(&key) || !is_free_ident_start(bytes, i) || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + key.len()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + key.len());
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b']' {
+        return None;
+    }
 
+    let after_rhs = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if is_statement_boundary(source, after_rhs) {
+        Some(after_rhs.min(source.len()))
+    } else {
         None
     }
 }
 
-impl Resolver for NodeFileResolver {
-    fn resolve<'js>(
-        &mut self,
-        _ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
-        base: &str,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
-        if name.contains("://") || name.starts_with("node:") {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
-        }
+fn parse_define_property_reexport(source: &str, pos: usize, binding: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    if !is_free_ident_start(bytes, pos)
+        || !source[pos..].starts_with("Object")
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, pos + 6)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + 6);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'.' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    if !source[i..].starts_with("defineProperty") || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 14) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 14);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'(' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (target, next) = parse_exports_target(source, i)?;
+    if target != CjsExportTarget::Exports {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b',' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, i + 1);
+    let (key, next) = read_ident(source, i)?;
+    i = skip_ws_comments(source, next);
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b',' {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let descriptor_start = i + 1;
+    let end = find_matching_paren(source, pos)?;
+    let descriptor = &source[descriptor_start..end];
+    if descriptor_getter_returns_binding_key(descriptor, binding, &key) {
+        Some(end + 1)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
 
-        let candidate = if name.starts_with('/') {
-            std::path::PathBuf::from(name)
-        } else if name.starts_with("./") || name.starts_with("../") {
-            let base_path = if let Some(path) = FileUrlResolver::file_url_to_path(base) {
-                path
-            } else {
-                base.to_string()
-            };
+fn descriptor_getter_returns_binding_key(descriptor: &str, binding: &str, key: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some((body_start, body_end)) = find_getter_body(descriptor) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    getter_body_returns_binding_key(&descriptor[body_start..body_end], binding, key)
+}
 
-            if base_path == "<input>" {
-                return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
-            }
+fn getter_body_returns_binding_key(body: &str, binding: &str, key: &str) -> bool {
+    let bytes = body.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = skip_ws_comments(body, 0);
+    if !body[i..].starts_with("return")
+        || !is_free_ident_start(bytes, i)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + 6)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + 6);
+    if !body[i..].starts_with(binding)
+        || !is_free_ident_start(bytes, i)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + binding.len())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + binding.len());
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b'[' {
+        return false;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + 1);
+    if !body[i..].starts_with(key)
+        || !is_free_ident_start(bytes, i)
+        || !is_ident_boundary(bytes, i + key.len())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + key.len());
+    if i >= bytes.len() || bytes[i] != b']' {
+        return false;
+    }
+    i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + 1);
+    if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b';' {
+        i = skip_ws_comments(body, i + 1);
+    }
+    i >= bytes.len()
+}
 
-            let base_dir = std::path::Path::new(&base_path)
-                .parent()
-                .ok_or_else(|| Error::new_resolving(base, name))?;
-            base_dir.join(name)
-        } else {
-            return Err(Error::new_resolving(base, name));
-        };
+fn next_char_boundary(source: &str, pos: usize) -> usize {
+    if pos >= source.len() {
+        return source.len();
+    }
+    pos + source[pos..].chars().next().map_or(1, char::len_utf8)
+}
 
-        Self::resolve_candidate(candidate).ok_or_else(|| Error::new_resolving(base, name))
+fn previous_significant_byte(source: &str, pos: usize) -> Option<u8> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = pos;
+    while i > 0 {
+        i -= 1;
+        if !bytes[i].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+            return Some(bytes[i]);
+        }
     }
+    None
 }
 
-/// Resolver that provides Node.js-style error codes for failed module resolution.
-/// This should be the LAST resolver in the chain, catching everything that
-/// preceding resolvers couldn't handle.
-struct NodeModuleErrorResolver;
+fn is_regex_literal_start(source: &str, pos: usize) -> bool {
+    if matches!(
+        previous_significant_byte(source, pos),
+        None | Some(b'(' | b'{' | b'[' | b'=' | b':' | b',' | b';' | b'!' | b'?' | b'&' | b'|' | b'+' | b'-' | b'*' | b'~' | b'^' | b'%' | b'>')
+    ) {
+        return true;
+    }
 
-impl Resolver for NodeModuleErrorResolver {
-    fn resolve<'js>(
-        &mut self,
-        ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
-        _base: &str,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
-        let globals = ctx.globals();
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut end = pos;
+    while end > 0 && bytes[end - 1].is_ascii_whitespace() {
+        end -= 1;
+    }
+    let mut start = end;
+    while start > 0 && is_ident_continue(bytes[start - 1]) {
+        start -= 1;
+    }
+    matches!(&source[start..end], "return" | "throw" | "case" | "yield")
+}
 
-        if name.starts_with("node:") {
-            let msg = format!("No such built-in module: {}", name);
-            let type_error_ctor: Function = globals.get("TypeError")?;
-            let error_obj: Object = type_error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
-            error_obj.set("code", "ERR_UNKNOWN_BUILTIN_MODULE")?;
-            return Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()));
+fn skip_regex_literal(source: &str, pos: usize) -> usize {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = pos + 1;
+    let mut in_class = false;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'\\' => i += 2,
+            b'[' => {
+                in_class = true;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            b']' => {
+                in_class = false;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            b'/' if !in_class => {
+                i += 1;
+                while i < bytes.len() && bytes[i].is_ascii_alphabetic() {
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                return i;
+            }
+            b'\n' | b'\r' => return pos + 1,
+            _ => i += 1,
         }
+    }
+    pos + 1
+}
 
-        if let Some(scheme_end) = name.find("://") {
-            let scheme = &name[..scheme_end];
-            if scheme != "file" && scheme != "data" {
-                let msg = format!(
-                    "Only URLs with a scheme in: file, data, and node are supported by the default ESM loader. Received protocol '{}:'",
-                    scheme
-                );
-                let error_ctor: Function = globals.get("Error")?;
-                let error_obj: Object = error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
-                error_obj.set("code", "ERR_UNSUPPORTED_ESM_URL_SCHEME")?;
-                return Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()));
+fn skip_non_code(source: &str, pos: usize, skip_regex: bool) -> Option<usize> {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    match bytes.get(pos).copied()? {
+        b'\'' | b'"' | b'`' => Some(skip_string_or_template(source, pos)),
+        b'/' if pos + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[pos + 1] == b'/' => {
+            let mut i = pos + 2;
+            while i < bytes.len() && !matches!(bytes[i], b'\n' | b'\r') {
+                i += 1;
             }
+            Some(i)
         }
-
-        let msg = format!("Cannot find module '{}'", name);
-        let error_ctor: Function = globals.get("Error")?;
-        let error_obj: Object = error_ctor.call((&msg,))?;
-        error_obj.set("code", "ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND")?;
-        Err(ctx.throw(error_obj.into_value()))
+        b'/' if pos + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[pos + 1] == b'*' => {
+            let mut i = pos + 2;
+            while i + 1 < bytes.len() && !(bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/') {
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            Some((i + 2).min(bytes.len()))
+        }
+        b'/' if skip_regex && is_regex_literal_start(source, pos) => {
+            Some(skip_regex_literal(source, pos))
+        }
+        _ => None,
     }
 }
 
-struct NodeModulesResolver;
+fn scan_code_positions<F>(source: &str, skip_regex: bool, mut visitor: F) -> ControlFlow<()>
+where
+    F: FnMut(usize, u8) -> ControlFlow<(), Option<usize>>,
+{
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        if let Some(next) = skip_non_code(source, i, skip_regex) {
+            i = next;
+            continue;
+        }
 
-impl NodeModulesResolver {
-    fn try_resolve(&self, base: &str, name: &str) -> Option<String> {
-        use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+        match visitor(i, bytes[i]) {
+            ControlFlow::Break(()) => return ControlFlow::Break(()),
+            ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next)) => i = next,
+            ControlFlow::Continue(None) => i = next_char_boundary(source, i),
+        }
+    }
+    ControlFlow::Continue(())
+}
 
-        // Only handle bare specifiers (not relative, absolute, or URL)
-        if name.starts_with('.') || name.starts_with('/') || name.contains("://") {
-            return None;
+fn scan_code_positions_with_brace_depth<F>(
+    source: &str,
+    skip_regex: bool,
+    mut visitor: F,
+) -> ControlFlow<()>
+where
+    F: FnMut(usize, u8, usize) -> ControlFlow<(), Option<usize>>,
+{
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    let mut brace_depth = 0usize;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        if let Some(next) = skip_non_code(source, i, skip_regex) {
+            i = next;
+            continue;
         }
 
-        // Extract directory from base module path
-        let base_dir = Path::new(base).parent()?;
+        let current = bytes[i];
+        match visitor(i, current, brace_depth) {
+            ControlFlow::Break(()) => return ControlFlow::Break(()),
+            ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next)) => i = next,
+            ControlFlow::Continue(None) => i = next_char_boundary(source, i),
+        }
 
-        // Walk up directory tree looking for node_modules
-        let mut dir = base_dir.to_path_buf();
-        loop {
-            let nm_dir = dir.join("node_modules").join(name);
-            if nm_dir.is_dir() {
-                // Try package.json main field
-                let pkg_path = nm_dir.join("package.json");
-                if let Ok(pkg_content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&pkg_path)
-                    && let Some(main) = Self::extract_json_string_field(&pkg_content, "main")
-                {
-                    // Try the main entry with various extensions
-                    let main_path = nm_dir.join(&main);
-                    let candidates = [
-                        main_path.clone(),
-                        main_path.with_extension("mjs"),
-                        main_path.with_extension("js"),
-                        main_path.join("index.mjs"),
-                        main_path.join("index.js"),
-                    ];
-                    for candidate in &candidates {
-                        if candidate.is_file() {
-                            return Some(candidate.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
+        match current {
+            b'{' => brace_depth += 1,
+            b'}' => brace_depth = brace_depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    ControlFlow::Continue(())
+}
 
-                // Fallback: index.mjs, index.js
-                let fallbacks: [PathBuf; 2] = [nm_dir.join("index.mjs"), nm_dir.join("index.js")];
-                for fallback in &fallbacks {
-                    if fallback.is_file() {
-                        return Some(fallback.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
-                    }
-                }
+fn analyze_cjs_exports(source: &str) -> CjsExportAnalysis {
+    let mut analysis = CjsExportAnalysis::default();
+    let mut require_bindings = HashMap::<String, String>::new();
+    scan_code_positions_with_brace_depth(source, true, |i, _, brace_depth| {
+        if let Some((name, next)) = parse_export_member(source, i) {
+            analysis.is_cjs = true;
+            add_unique(&mut analysis.exports, name);
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
+        }
+        if let Some((name, next)) = parse_define_property_export(source, i) {
+            analysis.is_cjs = true;
+            add_unique(&mut analysis.exports, name);
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
+        }
+        if let Some((binding, specifier, next)) = parse_require_binding(source, i) {
+            require_bindings.insert(binding, specifier);
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
+        }
+        if brace_depth == 0
+            && let Some((specifier, next)) = parse_export_star_reexport(source, i)
+        {
+            analysis.is_cjs = true;
+            add_unique(&mut analysis.reexports, specifier);
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
+        }
+        if let Some((specifier, next)) = parse_module_exports_reexport(source, i) {
+            analysis.is_cjs = true;
+            analysis.reexports.clear();
+            add_unique(&mut analysis.reexports, specifier);
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
+        }
+        if let Some((exports, reexports, next)) = parse_module_exports_object_literal(source, i) {
+            analysis.is_cjs = true;
+            analysis.reexports.clear();
+            for name in exports {
+                add_unique(&mut analysis.exports, name);
             }
-
-            if !dir.pop() {
-                break;
+            for specifier in reexports {
+                add_unique(&mut analysis.reexports, specifier);
             }
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
         }
+        if let Some(next) = parse_module_exports_assignment(source, i) {
+            analysis.is_cjs = true;
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
+        }
+        if let Some((specifier, next)) = parse_object_keys_reexport(source, i, &require_bindings) {
+            analysis.is_cjs = true;
+            add_unique(&mut analysis.reexports, specifier);
+            return ControlFlow::Continue(Some(next));
+        }
+        ControlFlow::Continue(None)
+    });
+    analysis
+}
 
-        None
+fn resolve_cjs_reexport_path(filename: &str, specifier: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    if !specifier.starts_with("./") && !specifier.starts_with("../") && !specifier.starts_with('/') {
+        let resolver = NodeModulesResolver;
+        return resolver.try_resolve_for_cjs_analysis(filename, specifier).ok().flatten();
+    }
+    let base = if specifier.starts_with('/') {
+        std::path::PathBuf::from(specifier)
+    } else {
+        std::path::Path::new(filename).parent()?.join(specifier)
+    };
+    let candidates = [
+        base.clone(),
+        base.with_extension("js"),
+        base.with_extension("cjs"),
+        base.join("index.js"),
+        base.join("index.cjs"),
+    ];
+    for candidate in candidates {
+        let normalized = CjsEvalResolver::normalize_path(&candidate);
+        if std::path::Path::new(&normalized).is_file() {
+            return Some(normalized);
+        }
     }
+    None
+}
 
-    /// Extract a simple string field value from a JSON object string.
-    fn extract_json_string_field(json: &str, field: &str) -> Option<String> {
-        let pattern = format!("\"{}\"", field);
-        let idx = json.find(&pattern)?;
-        let after_key = &json[idx + pattern.len()..];
-        let after_colon = after_key.trim_start();
-        let after_colon = after_colon.strip_prefix(':')?;
-        let after_colon = after_colon.trim_start();
-        let after_colon = after_colon.strip_prefix('"')?;
-        let end = after_colon.find('"')?;
-        Some(after_colon[..end].to_string())
+fn analyze_cjs_exports_for_file(filename: &str, source: &str, seen: &mut HashSet<String>) -> CjsExportAnalysis {
+    let mut analysis = analyze_cjs_exports(source);
+    if !seen.insert(filename.to_string()) {
+        return analysis;
+    }
+    let reexports = analysis.reexports.clone();
+    for reexport in reexports {
+        if let Some(path) = resolve_cjs_reexport_path(filename, &reexport)
+            && !seen.contains(&path)
+            && let Ok(source) = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
+        {
+            let child = analyze_cjs_exports_for_file(&path, &source, seen);
+            for name in child.exports {
+                add_unique(&mut analysis.exports, name);
+            }
+        }
     }
+    analysis
 }
 
-impl Resolver for NodeModulesResolver {
-    fn resolve<'js>(
-        &mut self,
-        _ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
-        base: &str,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> rquickjs::Result<String> {
-        self.try_resolve(base, name)
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new_resolving(base, name))
+fn package_scope_type(filename: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut dir = std::path::Path::new(filename).parent()?.to_path_buf();
+    loop {
+        if dir.file_name().is_some_and(|name| name == "node_modules") {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let pkg_path = dir.join("package.json");
+        if let Ok(pkg_content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&pkg_path)
+            && let Ok(package) = serde_json::from_str::<PackageJson>(&pkg_content)
+        {
+            return package.package_type;
+        }
+        if !dir.pop() {
+            break;
+        }
     }
+    None
 }
 
-/// Loader that wraps CJS `.js` and `.cjs` files in ESM-compatible wrappers when loaded via `import()`.
-/// This enables ESM modules to import CJS packages from `node_modules`.
-struct CjsCompatLoader;
+fn is_js_in_module_package_scope(filename: &str) -> bool {
+    filename.ends_with(".js") && package_scope_type(filename).as_deref() == Some("module")
+}
+
+fn cjs_named_export_source(names: &[String]) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for (index, name) in names.iter().enumerate() {
+        if name == "default" {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let local = format!("__cjs_export_{}", index);
+        let escaped = escape_js_string(name);
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "var {local} = __cjs_default[\"{escaped}\"];\nexport {{ {local} as \"{escaped}\" }};\n"
+        ));
+    }
+    out
+}
 
 impl Loader for CjsCompatLoader {
     fn load<'js>(
@@ -1116,12 +4529,13 @@ impl Loader for CjsCompatLoader {
         ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
         path: &str,
     ) -> rquickjs::Result<Module<'js, rquickjs::module::Declared>> {
-        let is_cjs_ext = path.ends_with(".cjs");
-        if !path.ends_with(".js") && !is_cjs_ext {
+        let fs_path = module_filesystem_path(path);
+        let is_cjs_ext = fs_path.ends_with(".cjs");
+        if !fs_path.ends_with(".js") && !is_cjs_ext {
             return Err(Error::new_loading(path));
         }
 
-        let source = match std::fs::read_to_string(path) {
+        let mut source = match std::fs::read_to_string(fs_path) {
             Ok(s) => s,
             Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                 let globals = ctx.globals();
@@ -1134,62 +4548,65 @@ impl Loader for CjsCompatLoader {
             Err(_) => return Err(Error::new_loading(path)),
         };
 
-        let abs_path = ensure_absolute_path(path);
-        let std_path = std::path::Path::new(&abs_path);
-        let filename = Some(abs_path.clone());
-        let dirname = std_path.parent().map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+        let fs_abs_path = ensure_absolute_path(fs_path);
+        source = process_static_import_attrs(&source, path);
+        let filename = Some(fs_abs_path.clone());
         let url = path_to_file_url(path);
 
         let init = ImportMetaInit {
             url,
             filename,
-            dirname,
+            dirname: std::path::Path::new(&fs_abs_path)
+                .parent()
+                .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
             include_resolve: true,
+            main: import_meta_main_for_path(ctx, &fs_abs_path),
         };
 
-        // .cjs files are always CommonJS; for .js files, detect CJS patterns
+        let detected_analysis = analyze_cjs_exports_for_file(&fs_abs_path, &source, &mut HashSet::new());
+        let has_esm_syntax = source_looks_like_esm(&source);
+        // .cjs files are always CommonJS; for .js files, use the analyzer so
+        // comments, strings, templates, and regex literals do not force CJS.
         let is_cjs = is_cjs_ext
-            || source.contains("module.exports")
-            || source.contains("exports.")
-            || (source.contains("require(") && !source.contains("import "));
+            || (!is_js_in_module_package_scope(&fs_abs_path)
+                && !has_esm_syntax
+                && !has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration(&source)
+                && (detected_analysis.is_cjs
+                    || !detected_analysis.exports.is_empty()
+                    || !detected_analysis.reexports.is_empty()));
 
         if !is_cjs {
+            if fs_path.ends_with(".js")
+                && is_js_in_module_package_scope(&fs_abs_path)
+                && let Some(error_source) = esm_preflight_error_module_source(&source, true)
+            {
+                return Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, error_source.as_bytes().to_vec());
+            }
+            if let Some(error_source) = cjs_named_import_error_module_source(&fs_abs_path, &source) {
+                return Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, error_source.as_bytes().to_vec());
+            }
             // Treat as ESM — inject import.meta prologue (handles shebangs)
             let injected = inject_import_meta_prologue(&init, &source);
             return Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, injected.as_bytes().to_vec());
         }
 
-        // Strip shebang before wrapping in IIFE (it would be invalid inside the wrapper)
-        let cjs_source = if let Some(rest) = source.strip_prefix("#!") {
-            if let Some(newline_pos) = rest.find('\n') {
-                // Replace shebang with a comment to preserve line numbers
-                format!(
-                    "//{}{}",
-                    &source[2..2 + newline_pos + 1],
-                    &source[2 + newline_pos + 1..]
-                )
-            } else {
-                String::new()
-            }
-        } else {
-            source
-        };
+        let named_exports = cjs_named_export_source(&detected_analysis.exports);
 
-        // Wrap CJS source in ESM-compatible wrapper, with import.meta prologue before the wrapper
+        // Let the existing CommonJS loader execute and cache the module. The
+        // facade only exposes the shared module.exports object to ESM.
         let prologue = inject_import_meta_prologue(&init, "");
         let wrapped = format!(
-            r#"{}
-var module = {{ exports: {{}} }};
-var exports = module.exports;
-(function(module, exports) {{
+            r#"import {{ createRequire as __wasm_rquickjs_createRequire }} from 'node:module';
 {}
-}})(module, exports);
-var __cjs_default = module.exports;
+var __wasm_rquickjs_require = __wasm_rquickjs_createRequire("{}");
+var __cjs_default = __wasm_rquickjs_require("{}");
 export default __cjs_default;
-export var __esModule = __cjs_default && __cjs_default.__esModule;
+{}
 "#,
             prologue.trim(),
-            cjs_source
+            escape_js_string(&fs_abs_path),
+            escape_js_string(&fs_abs_path),
+            named_exports
         );
 
         Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, wrapped.as_bytes().to_vec())
@@ -1201,19 +4618,35 @@ struct ImportMetaInit {
     filename: Option<String>,
     dirname: Option<String>,
     include_resolve: bool,
+    main: bool,
 }
 
 /// Ensure a path is absolute. If relative, prepend `/` (WASI cwd is `/`).
 fn ensure_absolute_path(path: &str) -> String {
-    if path.starts_with('/') {
+    let (path, suffix) = split_module_path_suffix(path);
+    let mut absolute = if path.starts_with('/') {
         path.to_string()
     } else {
         format!("/{}", path)
-    }
+    };
+    absolute.push_str(suffix);
+    absolute
 }
 
 fn path_to_file_url(path: &str) -> String {
     let abs_path = ensure_absolute_path(path);
+    let (abs_path, suffix) = split_module_path_suffix(&abs_path);
+    let mut url = path_without_suffix_to_file_url(abs_path);
+    url.push_str(suffix);
+    url
+}
+
+fn path_without_suffix_to_file_url(path: &str) -> String {
+    let abs_path = if path.starts_with('/') {
+        Cow::Borrowed(path)
+    } else {
+        Cow::Owned(format!("/{path}"))
+    };
     let mut url = String::from("file://");
     for byte in abs_path.as_bytes() {
         match byte {
@@ -1238,6 +4671,138 @@ fn path_to_file_url(path: &str) -> String {
     url
 }
 
+fn path_with_preserved_escapes_to_file_url(path: &str) -> String {
+    let abs_path = if path.starts_with('/') {
+        Cow::Borrowed(path)
+    } else {
+        Cow::Owned(format!("/{path}"))
+    };
+    let mut url = String::from("file://");
+    let bytes = abs_path.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'%' if i + 2 < bytes.len()
+                && FileUrlResolver::hex_val(bytes[i + 1]).is_some()
+                && FileUrlResolver::hex_val(bytes[i + 2]).is_some() =>
+            {
+                url.push('%');
+                url.push(bytes[i + 1] as char);
+                url.push(bytes[i + 2] as char);
+                i += 3;
+                continue;
+            }
+            b'%' => url.push_str("%25"),
+            b' ' => url.push_str("%20"),
+            b'#' => url.push_str("%23"),
+            b'?' => url.push_str("%3F"),
+            b'A'..=b'Z'
+            | b'a'..=b'z'
+            | b'0'..=b'9'
+            | b'-'
+            | b'_'
+            | b'.'
+            | b'~'
+            | b'/'
+            | b':' => url.push(bytes[i] as char),
+            _ => {
+                url.push_str(&format!("%{:02X}", bytes[i]));
+            }
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    url
+}
+
+fn normalize_encoded_module_path(path: &str) -> String {
+    let is_absolute = path.starts_with('/');
+    let mut parts = Vec::new();
+
+    for segment in path.split('/') {
+        if segment.is_empty() || is_encoded_dot_segment(segment, ".") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if is_encoded_dot_segment(segment, "..") {
+            parts.pop();
+        } else {
+            parts.push(segment);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if is_absolute {
+        format!("/{}", parts.join("/"))
+    } else {
+        parts.join("/")
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_encoded_dot_segment(segment: &str, expected: &str) -> bool {
+    if segment == expected {
+        return true;
+    }
+    percent_decode(segment).is_some_and(|decoded| decoded == expected)
+}
+
+fn serialize_url_preserving_escapes(input: &str) -> String {
+    let bytes = input.as_bytes();
+    let mut encoded = String::with_capacity(input.len());
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        match bytes[i] {
+            b'%' if i + 2 < bytes.len()
+                && FileUrlResolver::hex_val(bytes[i + 1]).is_some()
+                && FileUrlResolver::hex_val(bytes[i + 2]).is_some() =>
+            {
+                encoded.push('%');
+                encoded.push(bytes[i + 1] as char);
+                encoded.push(bytes[i + 2] as char);
+                i += 3;
+                continue;
+            }
+            b' ' => encoded.push_str("%20"),
+            0x00..=0x20 | b'"' | b'<' | b'>' | b'`' => {
+                encoded.push_str(&format!("%{:02X}", bytes[i]));
+            }
+            _ if bytes[i] > 0x7F => {
+                encoded.push_str(&format!("%{:02X}", bytes[i]));
+            }
+            _ => encoded.push(bytes[i] as char),
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    encoded
+}
+
+fn split_module_path_suffix(path: &str) -> (&str, &str) {
+    let suffix_start = path.find(|ch| ch == '?' || ch == '#').unwrap_or(path.len());
+    (&path[..suffix_start], &path[suffix_start..])
+}
+
+fn module_filesystem_path(path: &str) -> &str {
+    split_module_path_suffix(path).0
+}
+
+fn import_meta_main_for_path(ctx: &Ctx<'_>, fs_abs_path: &str) -> bool {
+    let Ok(process) = ctx.globals().get::<_, Object>("process") else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let Ok(argv) = process.get::<_, rquickjs::Array>("argv") else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let Ok(main_script) = argv.get::<String>(1) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if main_script.is_empty() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let main_script = main_script
+        .strip_prefix("file://")
+        .unwrap_or(main_script.as_str());
+    let main_path = module_filesystem_path(main_script);
+    ensure_absolute_path(main_path) == fs_abs_path
+}
+
 fn escape_js_string(s: &str) -> String {
     let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len());
     for ch in s.chars() {
@@ -1304,6 +4869,10 @@ fn source_has_top_level_await(source: &str) -> bool {
                 i = (i + 2).min(bytes.len());
                 continue;
             }
+            if is_regex_literal_start(source, i) {
+                i = skip_regex_literal(source, i);
+                continue;
+            }
         }
 
         if b == b'\'' || b == b'"' || b == b'`' {
@@ -1399,6 +4968,68 @@ fn source_has_top_level_await(source: &str) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
+fn source_looks_like_esm(source: &str) -> bool {
+    if source_has_top_level_await(source) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    scan_code_positions(source, true, |i, _| {
+        if source[i..].starts_with("export")
+            && is_ident_start_boundary(source.as_bytes(), i)
+            && is_ident_boundary(source.as_bytes(), i + "export".len())
+            && is_static_export_syntax(source, i)
+        {
+            return ControlFlow::Break(());
+        }
+        if source[i..].starts_with("import")
+            && is_ident_start_boundary(source.as_bytes(), i)
+            && is_ident_boundary(source.as_bytes(), i + "import".len())
+            && is_static_import_syntax(source, i)
+        {
+            return ControlFlow::Break(());
+        }
+        ControlFlow::Continue(None)
+    })
+    .is_break()
+}
+
+fn is_static_export_syntax(source: &str, pos: usize) -> bool {
+    if previous_significant_byte(source, pos) == Some(b'.') {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let next = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + "export".len());
+    if source.as_bytes().get(next) == Some(&b':') {
+        return false;
+    }
+    match source.as_bytes().get(next).copied() {
+        Some(b'{' | b'*') => true,
+        _ => ["default", "const", "let", "var", "function", "class"]
+            .iter()
+            .any(|keyword| {
+                source[next..].starts_with(keyword)
+                    && is_ident_boundary(source.as_bytes(), next + keyword.len())
+            }),
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_static_import_syntax(source: &str, pos: usize) -> bool {
+    if previous_significant_byte(source, pos) == Some(b'.') {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let next = skip_ws_comments(source, pos + "import".len());
+    if matches!(source.as_bytes().get(next), Some(b'(' | b':')) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    matches!(
+        source.as_bytes().get(next).copied(),
+        Some(b'\'' | b'"' | b'{' | b'*')
+    ) || source
+        .as_bytes()
+        .get(next)
+        .copied()
+        .is_some_and(is_js_identifier_start)
+}
+
 fn is_js_identifier_start(byte: u8) -> bool {
     byte == b'_' || byte == b'$' || byte.is_ascii_alphabetic()
 }
@@ -1431,6 +5062,11 @@ fn inject_import_meta_prologue(init: &ImportMetaInit, source: &str) -> String {
         ));
     }
 
+    props.push(format!(
+        "main:{{value:{},writable:true,enumerable:true,configurable:true}}",
+        if init.main { "true" } else { "false" }
+    ));
+
     props.push(format!(
         "url:{{value:\"{}\",writable:true,enumerable:true,configurable:true}}",
         escape_js_string(&init.url)
@@ -1443,6 +5079,9 @@ fn inject_import_meta_prologue(init: &ImportMetaInit, source: &str) -> String {
         "Object.defineProperties(import.meta,{{{}}});",
         props.join(",")
     );
+    prologue.push_str(
+        r##"if(!globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_import_attr_specifier){Object.defineProperty(globalThis,"__wasm_rquickjs_import_attr_specifier",{value:(s,t)=>{const v=String(s);const b=v.split(/[?#]/,1)[0];let f=null;if(v.startsWith("data:")){const c=v.indexOf(",");const m=(c<0?v.slice(5):v.slice(5,c)).split(";")[0];if(m==="application/json")f="json";else if(m==="text/javascript"||m==="application/javascript")f="module";else if(m==="text/css")f="css";}else if(b.endsWith(".json"))f="json";else if(b.endsWith(".js")||b.endsWith(".mjs")||b.endsWith(".cjs"))f="module";function e(c,m){return"data:text/javascript,"+encodeURIComponent(`await Promise.reject(Object.assign(new TypeError(${JSON.stringify(m)}),{code:${JSON.stringify(c)}}));`)}if(t&&t!=="json"&&t!=="css")return e("ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED",`Import attribute type "${t}" is not supported`);if(t==="json"&&f==="module")return e("ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE","Cannot use import attributes to change the type of a JavaScript module");if(f==="json"&&t!=="json")return e("ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_MISSING",`Module "${v}" needs an import attribute of type: json`);if(t==="json"){const h=v.indexOf("#");const p=h<0?v.length:h;const q=v.indexOf("?");const sep=q>=0&&q<p?"&":"?";return v.slice(0,p)+sep+"__wasm_rquickjs_import_type=json"+v.slice(p);}return v;},writable:true,configurable:true});}"##,
+    );
     if let Some(ref filename) = init.filename {
         prologue.push_str(&format!(
             "var __filename=\"{}\";",
@@ -1475,11 +5114,13 @@ impl Loader for ImportMetaLoader {
         ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
         path: &str,
     ) -> rquickjs::Result<Module<'js, rquickjs::module::Declared>> {
-        if !path.ends_with(".mjs") {
+        let fs_path = module_filesystem_path(path);
+        let is_extensionless = std::path::Path::new(fs_path).extension().is_none();
+        if !fs_path.ends_with(".mjs") && !is_extensionless {
             return Err(Error::new_loading(path));
         }
 
-        let source = match std::fs::read_to_string(path) {
+        let mut source = match std::fs::read_to_string(fs_path) {
             Ok(s) => s,
             Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                 let globals = ctx.globals();
@@ -1492,9 +5133,11 @@ impl Loader for ImportMetaLoader {
             Err(_) => return Err(Error::new_loading(path)),
         };
 
-        let abs_path = ensure_absolute_path(path);
-        let std_path = std::path::Path::new(&abs_path);
-        let filename = Some(abs_path.clone());
+        let fs_abs_path = ensure_absolute_path(fs_path);
+        let module_abs_path = ensure_absolute_path(path);
+        source = process_static_import_attrs(&source, path);
+        let std_path = std::path::Path::new(&fs_abs_path);
+        let filename = Some(fs_abs_path.clone());
         let dirname = std_path.parent().map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
         let url = path_to_file_url(path);
 
@@ -1503,6 +5146,7 @@ impl Loader for ImportMetaLoader {
             filename,
             dirname,
             include_resolve: true,
+            main: import_meta_main_for_path(ctx, &fs_abs_path),
         };
 
         // Check if there's a cached compilation error for this module.
@@ -1517,9 +5161,13 @@ impl Loader for ImportMetaLoader {
             return Err(ctx.throw(cached_error));
         }
 
+        if let Some(error_source) = cjs_named_import_error_module_source(&fs_abs_path, &source) {
+            return Module::declare(ctx.clone(), path, error_source.as_bytes().to_vec());
+        }
+
         let mut injected = inject_import_meta_prologue(&init, &source);
         if source_has_top_level_await(&source) {
-            let escaped_path = escape_js_string(&abs_path);
+            let escaped_path = escape_js_string(&module_abs_path);
             let escaped_url = escape_js_string(&init.url);
             let marker = format!(
                 "globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_async_esm_modules=globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_async_esm_modules||Object.create(null);globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_async_esm_modules[\"{}\"]=true;globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_async_esm_modules[\"{}\"]=true;\n",
@@ -1563,14 +5211,23 @@ impl Loader for JsonFileLoader {
         ctx: &Ctx<'js>,
         path: &str,
     ) -> rquickjs::Result<Module<'js, rquickjs::module::Declared>> {
-        if !path.ends_with(".json") {
+        let fs_path = module_filesystem_path(path);
+        if !fs_path.ends_with(".json") {
             return Err(Error::new_loading(path));
         }
 
-        let source = std::fs::read_to_string(path).map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
-        let module_source = if DataUrlLoader::is_valid_json(&source) {
-            let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(&source);
-            format!("export default JSON.parse('{escaped}');\n")
+        let source = std::fs::read_to_string(fs_path).map_err(|_| Error::new_loading(path))?;
+        let module_source = if import_attr_type_from_path(path) != Some("json") {
+            let escaped = DataUrlLoader::js_string_escape(path);
+            format!(
+                "await Promise.reject(Object.assign(new TypeError('Module \"{escaped}\" needs an import attribute of type: json'), {{code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_MISSING'}}));\n"
+            )
+        } else if DataUrlLoader::is_valid_json(&source) {
+            format!(
+                "import {{ createRequire as __wasm_rquickjs_createRequire }} from 'node:module';\nconst __wasm_rquickjs_require = __wasm_rquickjs_createRequire(\"{}\");\nexport default __wasm_rquickjs_require(\"{}\");\n",
+                escape_js_string(fs_path),
+                escape_js_string(fs_path)
+            )
         } else {
             DataUrlLoader::make_json_error_module(&source)
         };
@@ -1667,6 +5324,7 @@ impl JsState {
                     filename: None,
                     dirname: None,
                     include_resolve: true,
+                    main: false,
                 },
                 crate::js_export_module(),
             ),
@@ -1679,6 +5337,7 @@ impl JsState {
                     filename: None,
                     dirname: None,
                     include_resolve: true,
+                    main: false,
                 },
                 &source,
             );
@@ -2560,6 +6219,538 @@ pub fn format_caught_error(caught: CaughtError) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod cjs_export_analyzer_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn assert_analysis(
+        source: &str,
+        is_cjs: bool,
+        exports: &[&str],
+        reexports: &[&str],
+    ) {
+        let analysis = analyze_cjs_exports(source);
+        assert_eq!(analysis.is_cjs, is_cjs, "is_cjs mismatch for {source}");
+        assert_eq!(analysis.exports, exports, "exports mismatch for {source}");
+        assert_eq!(
+            analysis.reexports, reexports,
+            "reexports mismatch for {source}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn assert_cjs_global(source: &str, expected: Option<&str>) {
+        assert_eq!(
+            find_bare_cjs_global_in_esm(source),
+            expected,
+            "CJS global detection mismatch for {source}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_supported_cjs_export_patterns() {
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                exports.foo = 1;
+                module.exports.bar = 2;
+                exports["baz"] = 3;
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "valueExport", { value: 4 });
+                Object.defineProperty(module.exports, "getterExport", { get() { return dep.value; } });
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "functionGetter", { get: function () { return dep["other"]; } });
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["foo", "bar", "baz", "valueExport", "getterExport", "functionGetter"],
+            &[],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_non_ascii_escapes_do_not_panic() {
+        assert_analysis(r#"exports["\xaé"] = 1;"#, false, &[], &[]);
+        assert_analysis(r#"exports["\uabcé"] = 1;"#, false, &[], &[]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_module_exports_assignments_with_comments() {
+        assert_analysis(r#"module /*x*/ . /*y*/ exports = {};"#, true, &[], &[]);
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"module /*x*/ . /*y*/ exports = require("./dep.cjs");"#,
+            true,
+            &[],
+            &["./dep.cjs"],
+        );
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"module.exports = require("./dep.cjs").nested;"#,
+            true,
+            &[],
+            &[],
+        );
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"module.exports = require("./dep.cjs")();"#,
+            true,
+            &[],
+            &[],
+        );
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var dep = require("./dep.cjs").nested;
+                Object.keys(dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    Object.defineProperty(exports, key, { get: function () { return dep[key]; } });
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &[],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_module_exports_object_literal_names_and_spread_reexports() {
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                const a = 1;
+                const c = 2;
+                const e = 4;
+                module.exports = { a, b: c, "d": e, ...require("./dep.cjs") };
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["a", "b", "d"],
+            &["./dep.cjs"],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                const a = 1;
+                module.exports = { a, dynamic: factory() };
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["a", "dynamic"],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                const a = 1;
+                module.exports = { a, b: require("./dep.cjs"), c: "not-detected" };
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["a", "b"],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                module.exports = {
+                    identifierValue: value,
+                    callExpression: factory(),
+                    memberExpression: ns.x,
+                    booleanLiteral: true,
+                    nullLiteral: null,
+                    undefinedLiteral: undefined,
+                };
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["identifierValue", "callExpression"],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                module.exports = {
+                    stringLiteral: "not-detected",
+                    numberLiteral: 1,
+                    objectLiteral: {},
+                    callExpression: factory(),
+                    identifierValue: value,
+                };
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &[],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                const a = 1;
+                const c = 3;
+                module.exports = { a, ...require("./dep.cjs"), c };
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["a", "c"],
+            &["./dep.cjs"],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                const a = 1;
+                module.exports = { a, [dynamic]: value, c: "not-detected" };
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["a"],
+            &[],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_only_documented_export_star_helper_reexports() {
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                __export(require("./dep-a.cjs"));
+                __exportStar(require("./dep-b.cjs"), exports);
+                tslib.__export(require("./dep-c.cjs"), exports);
+                tslib.__exportStar(require("./dep-d.cjs"), exports);
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &["./dep-a.cjs", "./dep-b.cjs", "./dep-c.cjs", "./dep-d.cjs"],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                function nested() {
+                    __export(require("./dep-a.cjs"));
+                }
+                nested();
+                helper.__export(require("./dep-b.cjs"), exports);
+                __export(require(depName));
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &[],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn require_binding_alone_does_not_classify_esm_as_cjs() {
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                import { createRequire } from "node:module";
+                const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+                const dep = require("./dep.cjs");
+                export const value = dep.value;
+            "#,
+            false,
+            &[],
+            &[],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_free_cjs_globals_for_esm_diagnostics() {
+        assert_cjs_global("require;", Some("require"));
+        assert_cjs_global("require('x');", Some("require"));
+        assert_cjs_global("exports = {};", Some("exports"));
+        assert_cjs_global("module;", Some("module"));
+        assert_cjs_global("__filename;", Some("__filename"));
+        assert_cjs_global("__dirname;", Some("__dirname"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ignores_bound_or_non_free_cjs_global_names() {
+        assert_cjs_global("export default { require: 1 };", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("export default import.meta.require;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("const require = 1; export default require;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("let exports = 1; export default exports;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("var module = 1; export default module;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("class __dirname {} export default __dirname;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global(
+            "import require from 'data:text/javascript,export default 1'; export default require;",
+            None,
+        );
+        assert_cjs_global(
+            "import * as module from 'data:text/javascript,export default {}'; export default module;",
+            None,
+        );
+        assert_cjs_global(
+            "import { value as exports } from 'data:text/javascript,export const value = 1'; export default exports;",
+            None,
+        );
+        assert_cjs_global(
+            "function f(require) { return require; } export default f(1);",
+            None,
+        );
+        assert_cjs_global("const f = (require) => require; export default f(1);", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("export default ((require) => require)(1);", None);
+        assert_cjs_global(
+            "const {\n  module\n} = { module: 1 };\nexport default module;",
+            None,
+        );
+        assert_cjs_global("const x = 0,\n  require = 1;\nexport default require;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global(
+            "export default { require() { return 1; }, f(module) { return module; } }.f(2);",
+            None,
+        );
+        assert_cjs_global("export default { async require() { return 1; } };", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("export default { *module() { yield 1; } }.module().next().value;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("export default { get exports() { return 1; } }.exports;", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("export default { \"x\"(require) { return require; } }.x(1);", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("export default { /* comment */ require() { return 1; } }.require();", None);
+        assert_cjs_global("function* module() { yield 1; } export default module;", None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn package_type_diagnostics_ignore_local_exports_binding() {
+        assert!(esm_preflight_error_module_source(
+            r#"
+                const exports = {};
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+                exports.default = "value";
+                export default exports;
+                export { exports as "module.exports" };
+            "#,
+            true,
+        )
+        .is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_static_named_import_specifiers_for_cjs_diagnostics() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_static_named_import(r#"import { comeOn } from './fail.cjs';"#, 0),
+            Some((
+                "./fail.cjs".to_string(),
+                vec![StaticNamedImport {
+                    imported: "comeOn".to_string(),
+                    local: "comeOn".to_string(),
+                }],
+                r#"import { comeOn } from './fail.cjs';"#.len()
+            ))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_static_named_import(r#"import { comeOn as renamed } from "deep-fail""#, 0)
+                .map(|(specifier, imports, _)| (specifier, imports)),
+            Some((
+                "deep-fail".to_string(),
+                vec![StaticNamedImport {
+                    imported: "comeOn".to_string(),
+                    local: "renamed".to_string(),
+                }],
+            ))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_static_named_import(
+                r#"import defaultValue, { comeOn, everybody } from './fail.cjs';"#,
+                0,
+            )
+            .map(|(specifier, imports, _)| (specifier, imports)),
+            Some((
+                "./fail.cjs".to_string(),
+                vec![
+                    StaticNamedImport {
+                        imported: "comeOn".to_string(),
+                        local: "comeOn".to_string(),
+                    },
+                    StaticNamedImport {
+                        imported: "everybody".to_string(),
+                        local: "everybody".to_string(),
+                    },
+                ],
+            ))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_static_named_import(r#"import { default as cjsDefault } from './dep.cjs';"#, 0)
+                .map(|(specifier, imports, _)| (specifier, imports)),
+            Some((
+                "./dep.cjs".to_string(),
+                vec![StaticNamedImport {
+                    imported: "default".to_string(),
+                    local: "cjsDefault".to_string(),
+                }],
+            ))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_static_named_import(
+                r#"import { "missing-name" as missingName } from './dep.cjs';"#,
+                0,
+            )
+            .map(|(specifier, imports, _)| (specifier, imports)),
+            Some((
+                "./dep.cjs".to_string(),
+                vec![StaticNamedImport {
+                    imported: "missing-name".to_string(),
+                    local: "missingName".to_string(),
+                }],
+            ))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            format_cjs_named_import_binding(&StaticNamedImport {
+                imported: "missing-name".to_string(),
+                local: "missingName".to_string(),
+            }),
+            r#""missing-name": missingName"#
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn package_type_diagnostics_use_first_cjs_global() {
+        let require_diag = esm_preflight_error_module_source("require('x');", true).unwrap();
+        assert!(require_diag.contains("require is not defined"));
+        assert!(require_diag.contains(".cjs"));
+
+        let filename_diag = esm_preflight_error_module_source("console.log(__filename);", true).unwrap();
+        assert!(filename_diag.contains("__filename is not defined"));
+        assert!(filename_diag.contains(".cjs"));
+
+        assert!(esm_preflight_error_module_source("const require = 1; export default require;", true).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn require_redeclaration_scanner_skips_non_code() {
+        assert!(has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration("const require = 1;"));
+        assert!(has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration("let /*x*/ require = 1;"));
+        assert!(!has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration(
+            "const text = `const require = 1`; export default text;"
+        ));
+        assert!(!has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration(
+            "// const require = 1\nexport default 1;"
+        ));
+        assert!(!has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration(
+            "const re = /const require = 1/; export default re;"
+        ));
+        assert!(!has_cjs_wrapper_require_redeclaration(
+            "function f() { const require = 1; return require; }"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ignores_false_positive_assignments_and_define_property_descriptors() {
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                if (module.exports === undefined) {}
+                if (exports.fake == "no") {}
+                const template = `exports.templateOnly = "no";`;
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "setterOnly", { set(v) { return dep.value; } });
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "unrelated", { other: function () { return dep.value; } });
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "regexDescriptor", { enumerable: /value:/ });
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "multipleReturn", { get() { return dep.value; return dynamic(); } });
+                Object.defineProperty(exports, "conditionalReturn", { get() { if (dep) return dep.value; return dynamic(); } });
+            "#,
+            false,
+            &[],
+            &[],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_only_real_transpiler_reexport_callbacks() {
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var _dep = require("./dep.cjs");
+                Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    const π = 1;
+                    Object.defineProperty(exports, key, {
+                        enumerable: true,
+                        get: function () { return _dep[key]; }
+                    });
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &["./dep.cjs"],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var _dep = require("./dep.cjs");
+                Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    const msg = "Object.defineProperty(exports, key, { get: function () { return _dep[key]; } })";
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var _dep = require("./dep.cjs");
+                Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    Object.defineProperty(other, key, { value: 1 });
+                    exports;
+                    function unrelated() { return _dep[key]; }
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var dep = require("./dep.cjs");
+                Object.keys(dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    if (key === "default" || key === "__esModule") return;
+                    exports[key] = dep[key];
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &["./dep.cjs"],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var dep = require("./dep.cjs");
+                Object.keys(dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    exports[key] = other[key];
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var _dep = _interopRequireWildcard(require("./dep.cjs"));
+                Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    if (key === "default" || key === "__esModule") return;
+                    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(exports, key)) return;
+                    exports[key] = _dep[key];
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &["./dep.cjs"],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var _dep = _interopWildcard(require("./dep.cjs"));
+                Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    exports[key] = _dep[key];
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        assert_analysis(
+            r#"
+                var name = "./dep.cjs";
+                var _dep = _interopRequireWildcard(require(name));
+                Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {
+                    exports[key] = _dep[key];
+                });
+                exports.own = "own";
+            "#,
+            true,
+            &["own"],
+            &[],
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 /// Wizer pre-initialization entry point: full initialization including user module.
 /// After Wizer snapshots this state, the runtime is ready to handle exports immediately.
 #[allow(static_mut_refs)]
diff --git a/examples/runtime/cjs-require/src/cjs-require.js b/examples/runtime/cjs-require/src/cjs-require.js
index b0e4700e..3d8b9e5c 100644
--- a/examples/runtime/cjs-require/src/cjs-require.js
+++ b/examples/runtime/cjs-require/src/cjs-require.js
@@ -188,3 +188,192 @@ export const testRequireModuleNotFound = () => {
         return false;
     }
 };
+
+export const testRequirePackageExports = () => {
+    try {
+        const assert = require('assert');
+        const fs = require('fs');
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            exports: {
+                '.': {
+                    import: './esm.mjs',
+                    require: './cjs.cjs',
+                    default: './default.js',
+                },
+                './feature': {
+                    require: './feature.cjs',
+                    default: './feature-default.js',
+                },
+                './import-only': {
+                    import: './import-only.mjs',
+                },
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/esm.mjs', 'export default { mode: "esm" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/cjs.cjs', 'module.exports = { mode: "cjs" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/default.js', 'module.exports = { mode: "default" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/feature.cjs', 'module.exports = { feature: "cjs" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/feature-default.js', 'module.exports = { feature: "default" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/import-only.mjs', 'export default { mode: "import" };');
+
+        const appRequire = require('module').createRequire('/exports-app/app.js');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(appRequire('conditional-pkg'), { mode: 'cjs' });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(appRequire('conditional-pkg/feature'), { feature: 'cjs' });
+
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('conditional-pkg/import-only'), {
+            code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED',
+        });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('conditional-pkg/private'), {
+            code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED',
+        });
+
+        assert.strictEqual(appRequire.resolve('conditional-pkg'), '/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/cjs.cjs');
+        assert.strictEqual(appRequire.resolve('conditional-pkg/feature'), '/exports-app/node_modules/conditional-pkg/feature.cjs');
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (e) {
+        console.error(e);
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testRequirePackageImports = () => {
+    try {
+        const assert = require('assert');
+        const fs = require('fs');
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/imports-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/imports-app/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            imports: {
+                '#dep': {
+                    require: './dep.cjs',
+                    default: './dep-default.js',
+                },
+                '#default-only': {
+                    default: './default-only.js',
+                },
+                '#import-only': {
+                    import: './import-only.mjs',
+                },
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/imports-app/dep.cjs', 'module.exports = { mode: "require" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/imports-app/dep-default.js', 'module.exports = { mode: "default" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/imports-app/default-only.js', 'module.exports = { mode: "default-only" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/imports-app/import-only.mjs', 'export default { mode: "import" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/imports-app/main.cjs', [
+            'exports.dep = require("#dep");',
+            'exports.defaultOnly = require("#default-only");',
+            'exports.missing = function() { return require("#missing"); };',
+            'exports.importOnly = function() { return require("#import-only"); };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const appRequire = require('module').createRequire('/imports-app/main.cjs');
+        const mod = appRequire('./main.cjs');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(mod.dep, { mode: 'require' });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(mod.defaultOnly, { mode: 'default-only' });
+        assert.throws(() => mod.missing(), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_IMPORT_NOT_DEFINED' });
+        assert.throws(() => mod.importOnly(), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_IMPORT_NOT_DEFINED' });
+        assert.strictEqual(appRequire.resolve('#dep'), '/imports-app/dep.cjs');
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (e) {
+        console.error(e);
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testRequirePackageMapEdgeCases = () => {
+    try {
+        const assert = require('assert');
+        const fs = require('fs');
+        const { createRequire } = require('module');
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/outside.js', 'module.exports = { escaped: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            main: './main.js',
+            exports: {
+                './public': './public.js',
+                './missing-selected': {
+                    require: './missing.cjs',
+                    default: './default.js',
+                },
+                './escape': './../outside.js',
+                './nested-escape': './sub/../../outside.js',
+                './node-modules-target': './sub/../node_modules/other/index.js',
+                './dot-segment-target': './sub/../public.js',
+                './encoded-dot-target': './%2e%2e/outside.js',
+                './blocked-null': null,
+                './blocked-false': false,
+                './array-fallback': [
+                    { browser: './browser.js' },
+                    './public.js',
+                ],
+                './array-blocked': [
+                    null,
+                    './public.js',
+                ],
+                './array-invalid-fallback': [
+                    '../outside.js',
+                    './public.js',
+                ],
+                './condition-no-match-fallback': {
+                    node: { browser: './browser.js' },
+                    default: './public.js',
+                },
+                './no-ext': './real',
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/main.js', 'module.exports = { main: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/private.js', 'module.exports = { private: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/public.js', 'module.exports = { public: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/default.js', 'module.exports = { defaulted: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/real.js', 'module.exports = { extensionFallback: true };');
+
+        const appRequire = createRequire('/package-map-edge-app/app.js');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(appRequire('exported-pkg/public'), { public: true });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg'), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/private.js'), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/missing-selected'), { code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/escape'), { code: 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/nested-escape'), { code: 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/node-modules-target'), { code: 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/dot-segment-target'), { code: 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/encoded-dot-target'), { code: 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/blocked-null'), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED' });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/blocked-false'), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED' });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(appRequire('exported-pkg/array-fallback'), { public: true });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/array-blocked'), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED' });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(appRequire('exported-pkg/array-invalid-fallback'), { public: true });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(appRequire('exported-pkg/condition-no-match-fallback'), { public: true });
+        assert.throws(() => appRequire('exported-pkg/no-ext'), { code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/external-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/external-pkg/index.js', 'module.exports = { external: true };');
+        fs.mkdirSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/dep', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            imports: {
+                '#app-alias': './app-alias.js',
+                '#external': 'external-pkg',
+                '#fs': 'node:fs',
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/app-alias.js', 'module.exports = { appAlias: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/package-map-edge-app/node_modules/dep/index.js', [
+            'exports.loadAppAlias = function() { return require("#app-alias"); };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(appRequire('#external'), { external: true });
+        assert.strictEqual(typeof appRequire('#fs').readFileSync, 'function');
+        const dep = appRequire('dep');
+        assert.throws(() => dep.loadAppAlias(), { code: 'ERR_PACKAGE_IMPORT_NOT_DEFINED' });
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (e) {
+        console.error(e);
+        return false;
+    }
+};
diff --git a/examples/runtime/cjs-require/wit/cjs-require.wit b/examples/runtime/cjs-require/wit/cjs-require.wit
index 8b847291..7315f107 100644
--- a/examples/runtime/cjs-require/wit/cjs-require.wit
+++ b/examples/runtime/cjs-require/wit/cjs-require.wit
@@ -10,4 +10,7 @@ world cjs-require {
   export test-require-json: func() -> bool;
   export test-require-module-exports-function: func() -> bool;
   export test-require-module-not-found: func() -> bool;
+  export test-require-package-exports: func() -> bool;
+  export test-require-package-imports: func() -> bool;
+  export test-require-package-map-edge-cases: func() -> bool;
 }
diff --git a/examples/runtime/module-resolution/src/module-resolution.js b/examples/runtime/module-resolution/src/module-resolution.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d8d2281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/runtime/module-resolution/src/module-resolution.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1732 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+async function expectImportError(specifier, code) {
+    let thrown = false;
+    try {
+        await import(specifier);
+    } catch (error) {
+        thrown = true;
+        assert.strictEqual(error && error.code, code, error && error.stack ? error.stack : String(error));
+    }
+    if (!thrown) {
+        throw new Error(`Expected import(${specifier}) to throw ${code}`);
+    }
+}
+
+async function expectImportRejectsMessage(specifier, pattern) {
+    let thrown = false;
+    try {
+        await import(specifier);
+    } catch (error) {
+        thrown = true;
+        assert.match(String(error && error.message), pattern, error && error.stack ? `${error.message}\n${error.stack}` : String(error));
+    }
+    if (!thrown) {
+        throw new Error(`Expected import(${specifier}) to reject`);
+    }
+}
+
+async function expectImportRejectsCode(specifier, code) {
+    let thrown = false;
+    try {
+        await import(specifier);
+    } catch (error) {
+        thrown = true;
+        assert.strictEqual(error && error.code, code, error && error.stack ? error.stack : String(error));
+    }
+    if (!thrown) {
+        throw new Error(`Expected import(${specifier}) to reject with ${code}`);
+    }
+}
+
+function writeImportEntry(path, specifier) {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path, `export default await import(${JSON.stringify(specifier)});`);
+}
+
+export const testEsmPackageMapEdgeCases = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/outside.mjs', 'export default { escaped: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            type: 'module',
+            main: './main.mjs',
+            exports: {
+                './public': './public.mjs',
+                './condition-order': {
+                    default: './default.mjs',
+                    import: './import.mjs',
+                },
+                './escape': './../outside.mjs',
+                './nested-escape': './sub/../../outside.mjs',
+                './node-modules-target': './sub/../node_modules/other/index.mjs',
+                './dot-segment-target': './sub/../public.mjs',
+                './encoded-dot-target': './%2e%2e/outside.mjs',
+                './blocked-null': null,
+                './blocked-false': false,
+                './array-fallback': [
+                    { browser: './browser.mjs' },
+                    './public.mjs',
+                ],
+                './array-blocked': [
+                    null,
+                    './public.mjs',
+                ],
+                './array-invalid-fallback': [
+                    '../outside.mjs',
+                    './public.mjs',
+                ],
+                './condition-no-match-fallback': {
+                    node: { browser: './browser.mjs' },
+                    default: './public.mjs',
+                },
+                './no-ext': './real',
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/main.mjs', 'export default { main: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/private.mjs', 'export default { private: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/public.mjs', 'export default { public: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/default.mjs', 'export default { condition: "default" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/import.mjs', 'export default { condition: "import" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/real.mjs', 'export default { extensionFallback: true };');
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/entry.mjs', [
+            'export const publicValue = (await import("exported-pkg/public")).default;',
+            'export const conditionOrder = (await import("exported-pkg/condition-order")).default;',
+            'export const arrayFallback = (await import("exported-pkg/array-fallback")).default;',
+            'export const arrayInvalidFallback = (await import("exported-pkg/array-invalid-fallback")).default;',
+            'export const conditionNoMatchFallback = (await import("exported-pkg/condition-no-match-fallback")).default;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const entry = await import('/esm-package-map-edge-app/entry.mjs');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(entry.publicValue, { public: true });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(entry.conditionOrder, { condition: 'default' });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(entry.arrayFallback, { public: true });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(entry.arrayInvalidFallback, { public: true });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(entry.conditionNoMatchFallback, { public: true });
+
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/missing-root.mjs', 'exported-pkg');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/private-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/private.mjs');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/escape-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/escape');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/nested-escape-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/nested-escape');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node-modules-target-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/node-modules-target');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/dot-segment-target-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/dot-segment-target');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/encoded-dot-target-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/encoded-dot-target');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/blocked-null-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/blocked-null');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/blocked-false-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/blocked-false');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/array-blocked-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/array-blocked');
+        writeImportEntry('/esm-package-map-edge-app/no-ext-subpath.mjs', 'exported-pkg/no-ext');
+
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/missing-root.mjs', 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/private-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/escape-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/nested-escape-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node-modules-target-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/dot-segment-target-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/encoded-dot-target-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_INVALID_PACKAGE_TARGET');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/blocked-null-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/blocked-false-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/array-blocked-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/no-ext-subpath.mjs', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND');
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/external-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/external-pkg/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            type: 'module',
+            exports: './index.mjs',
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/external-pkg/index.mjs', 'export default { external: true };');
+        fs.mkdirSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/dep', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            imports: {
+                '#app-alias': './app-alias.mjs',
+                '#external': 'external-pkg',
+                '#fs': 'node:fs',
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/app-alias.mjs', 'export default { appAlias: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/imports-entry.mjs', [
+            'import external from "#external";',
+            'import fs from "#fs";',
+            'export default external;',
+            'export const readFileSyncType = typeof fs.readFileSync;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/node_modules/dep/index.mjs', [
+            'import appAlias from "#app-alias";',
+            'export default appAlias;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-package-map-edge-app/imports-boundary-entry.mjs', 'export default await import("dep");');
+
+        const importsEntry = await import('/esm-package-map-edge-app/imports-entry.mjs');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(importsEntry.default, { external: true });
+        assert.strictEqual(importsEntry.readFileSyncType, 'function');
+        await expectImportError('/esm-package-map-edge-app/imports-boundary-entry.mjs', 'ERR_PACKAGE_IMPORT_NOT_DEFINED');
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testEsmEncodedRelativePaths = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/esm-encoded-relative-app/sub', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-encoded-relative-app/sub/test-esm-ok.mjs', 'export default "ok";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-encoded-relative-app/sub/test-esm-comma,.mjs', 'export default "comma";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-encoded-relative-app/sub/test-esm-double-encoding-native%20.mjs', 'export default "percent";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-encoded-relative-app/sub/blocked.mjs', 'export default "blocked";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-encoded-relative-app/entry.mjs', [
+            'import ok from "./sub/test-%65%73%6d-ok.mjs";',
+            'import comma from "./sub/test-esm-comma%2c.mjs";',
+            'import percent from "./sub/test-esm-double-encoding-native%2520.mjs";',
+            'export default { ok, comma, percent };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await import('/esm-encoded-relative-app/entry.mjs')).default, {
+            ok: 'ok',
+            comma: 'comma',
+            percent: 'percent',
+        });
+        await expectImportRejectsCode('/esm-encoded-relative-app/sub%2Fblocked.mjs', 'ERR_INVALID_MODULE_SPECIFIER');
+        await expectImportRejectsCode('/esm-encoded-relative-app/sub%5Cblocked.mjs', 'ERR_INVALID_MODULE_SPECIFIER');
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testEsmInvalidPackageSpecifiers = async () => {
+    try {
+        await Promise.all([
+            'as%2Ff',
+            'as%5Cf',
+            'as\\df',
+            '@as@df',
+        ].map((specifier) => expectImportRejectsCode(specifier, 'ERR_INVALID_MODULE_SPECIFIER')));
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testSyncBuiltinEsmExports = async () => {
+    try {
+        const module = await import('node:module');
+        const fsModule = await import('node:fs');
+        const eventsModule = await import('node:events');
+
+        const fs = fsModule.default;
+        const originalReadFile = fs.readFile;
+        const originalReadFileSync = fs.readFileSync;
+        const originalWriteFile = fs.writeFile;
+        const originalExistsSync = fs.existsSync;
+        const originalOpenAsBlob = fs.openAsBlob;
+        const replacementReadFile = function replacementReadFile() {};
+        const replacementReadFileSync = function replacementReadFileSync() {};
+        const replacementWriteFile = function replacementWriteFile() {};
+        const replacementExistsSync = function replacementExistsSync() {};
+        const replacementOpenAsBlob = function replacementOpenAsBlob() {};
+
+        fs.readFile = replacementReadFile;
+        fs.readFileSync = replacementReadFileSync;
+        fs.writeFile = replacementWriteFile;
+        fs.existsSync = replacementExistsSync;
+        fs.openAsBlob = replacementOpenAsBlob;
+        module.syncBuiltinESMExports();
+        assert.strictEqual(fsModule.readFile, replacementReadFile);
+        assert.strictEqual(fsModule.readFileSync, replacementReadFileSync);
+        assert.strictEqual(fsModule.writeFile, replacementWriteFile);
+        assert.strictEqual(fsModule.existsSync, replacementExistsSync);
+        assert.strictEqual(fsModule.openAsBlob, replacementOpenAsBlob);
+
+        delete fs.readFile;
+        module.syncBuiltinESMExports();
+        assert.strictEqual(fsModule.readFile, undefined);
+
+        fs.readFile = originalReadFile;
+        fs.readFileSync = originalReadFileSync;
+        fs.writeFile = originalWriteFile;
+        fs.existsSync = originalExistsSync;
+        fs.openAsBlob = originalOpenAsBlob;
+        module.syncBuiltinESMExports();
+
+        const events = eventsModule.default;
+        const originalDefaultMaxListeners = events.defaultMaxListeners;
+        const originalOnce = events.once;
+        const originalGetMaxListeners = events.getMaxListeners;
+        const replacementOnce = function replacementOnce() {};
+        const replacementGetMaxListeners = function replacementGetMaxListeners() {};
+        events.defaultMaxListeners = originalDefaultMaxListeners + 1;
+        events.once = replacementOnce;
+        events.getMaxListeners = replacementGetMaxListeners;
+        module.syncBuiltinESMExports();
+        assert.strictEqual(eventsModule.defaultMaxListeners, originalDefaultMaxListeners + 1);
+        assert.strictEqual(eventsModule.once, replacementOnce);
+        assert.strictEqual(eventsModule.getMaxListeners, replacementGetMaxListeners);
+        events.defaultMaxListeners = originalDefaultMaxListeners;
+        events.once = originalOnce;
+        events.getMaxListeners = originalGetMaxListeners;
+        module.syncBuiltinESMExports();
+
+        const moduleDefault = module.default;
+        const originalSyncBuiltinESMExports = moduleDefault.syncBuiltinESMExports;
+        const originalCreateRequire = moduleDefault.createRequire;
+        const replacementSyncBuiltinESMExports = function replacementSyncBuiltinESMExports() {};
+        const replacementCreateRequire = function replacementCreateRequire() {};
+        moduleDefault.syncBuiltinESMExports = replacementSyncBuiltinESMExports;
+        moduleDefault.createRequire = replacementCreateRequire;
+        originalSyncBuiltinESMExports();
+        assert.strictEqual(module.syncBuiltinESMExports, replacementSyncBuiltinESMExports);
+        assert.strictEqual(module.createRequire, replacementCreateRequire);
+        moduleDefault.syncBuiltinESMExports = originalSyncBuiltinESMExports;
+        moduleDefault.createRequire = originalCreateRequire;
+        originalSyncBuiltinESMExports();
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testEsmResolutionErrorUrls = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/esm-error-url-app/dir', { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync('/esm-error-url-app/sub', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-error-url-app/entry.mjs', "await import('./miss%2Eing');\n");
+        fs.writeFileSync('/esm-error-url-app/entry-dot.mjs', "await import('./sub/%2e%2e/missing');\n");
+        const originalError = globalThis.Error;
+        const originalTypeError = globalThis.TypeError;
+        const poisonUrl = {
+            configurable: true,
+            get() {
+                throw new originalError('prototype url getter should not be read');
+            },
+            set() {
+                throw new originalError('prototype url setter should not be called');
+            },
+        };
+        Object.defineProperty(Error.prototype, 'url', poisonUrl);
+        Object.defineProperty(Object.prototype, 'url', poisonUrl);
+        const originalDefineProperty = Object.defineProperty;
+        Object.defineProperty = () => {
+            throw new originalError('patched Object.defineProperty should not be called');
+        };
+        globalThis.Error = function PatchedError() {
+            throw new originalError('patched Error constructor should not be called');
+        };
+        globalThis.TypeError = function PatchedTypeError() {
+            throw new originalError('patched TypeError constructor should not be called');
+        };
+        const cases = [
+            ['/esm-error-url-app/dir', 'ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT'],
+            ['/esm-error-url-app/missing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND'],
+            ['/esm-error-url-app/miss%2Eing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/miss%2Eing'],
+            ['/esm-error-url-app/missing?x= a#b c', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/missing?x=%20a#b%20c'],
+            ['/esm-error-url-app/entry.mjs', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/miss%2Eing'],
+            ['/esm-error-url-app/sub/%2e%2e/missing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/missing'],
+            ['/esm-error-url-app/entry-dot.mjs', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/missing'],
+            ['file:///esm-error-url-app/miss%23ing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/miss%23ing'],
+            ['file:///esm-error-url-app/miss%2Eing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/miss%2Eing'],
+            ['file:///esm-error-url-app/missing?x= a#b c', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/missing?x=%20a#b%20c'],
+            ['file:///esm-error-url-app/sub/%2e%2e/missing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/missing'],
+            ['file://localhost/esm-error-url-app/sub/%2e%2e/missing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/missing'],
+            ['file://LOCALHOST/esm-error-url-app/sub/%2e%2e/missing', 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND', 'file:///esm-error-url-app/missing'],
+            ['file://example.com/esm-error-url-app/missing', 'ERR_INVALID_FILE_URL_HOST', null],
+        ];
+
+        try {
+            for (const [specifier, code, expectedUrl = pathToFileURL(specifier).href] of cases) {
+                await assert.rejects(
+                    import(specifier),
+                    (error) => {
+                        assert.strictEqual(error.code, code);
+                        if (expectedUrl === null) {
+                            assert(!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(error, 'url'));
+                            assert(error instanceof originalError || error.name === 'TypeError');
+                        } else {
+                            assert(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(error, 'url'));
+                            assert.strictEqual(error.url, expectedUrl);
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                );
+                const dataSpecifier = expectedUrl === null ? specifier : expectedUrl;
+                await assert.rejects(
+                    import(`data:text/javascript,import${encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(dataSpecifier))}`),
+                    (error) => {
+                        assert.strictEqual(error.code, code);
+                        if (expectedUrl === null) {
+                            assert(!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(error, 'url'));
+                            assert(error instanceof originalError || error.name === 'TypeError');
+                        } else {
+                            assert(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(error, 'url'));
+                            assert.strictEqual(error.url, expectedUrl);
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                );
+            }
+        } finally {
+            globalThis.TypeError = originalTypeError;
+            globalThis.Error = originalError;
+            Object.defineProperty = originalDefineProperty;
+            delete Error.prototype.url;
+            delete Object.prototype.url;
+        }
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsDirectNamedExports = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-named-export-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-named-export-app/direct.cjs', [
+            'exports.foo = "foo";',
+            'module.exports.bar = "bar";',
+            'exports["baz"] = "baz";',
+            'module.exports["π"] = "pi";',
+            'exports["invalid identifier"] = "invalid";',
+            'module.exports["?invalid"] = "question";',
+            'exports.package = "reserved";',
+            '// exports.commentOnly = "no";',
+            '/* module.exports.blockCommentOnly = "no"; */',
+            'const text = "exports.stringOnly = no";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-named-export-app/bracket-only.js', [
+            'exports["bracketOnly"] = "bracket";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-named-export-app/define-only.js', [
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "definedOnly", { value: "defined" });',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-named-export-app/false-positives.cjs', [
+            'const myexports = {};',
+            'myexports.fake1 = "no";',
+            'const obj = { exports: {} };',
+            'obj.exports.fake2 = "no";',
+            'const notmodule = {};',
+            'notmodule.exports = {};',
+            'notmodule.exports.fake3 = "no";',
+            'if (exports.fake4 === "no") {}',
+            'if (module.exports.fake5 == "no") {}',
+            'const re = /exports.fake6 = "no"/;',
+            'exports.real = "yes";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-named-export-app/direct-entry.mjs', [
+            'import def, { foo, bar, baz, π, package as packageExport } from "./direct.cjs";',
+            'import { bracketOnly } from "./bracket-only.js";',
+            'import { definedOnly } from "./define-only.js";',
+            'import * as ns from "./direct.cjs";',
+            'import * as fp from "./false-positives.cjs";',
+            'export default {',
+            '  def, foo, bar, baz, pi: π, packageExport, bracketOnly, definedOnly,',
+            '  invalidIdentifier: ns["invalid identifier"],',
+            '  questionInvalid: ns["?invalid"],',
+            '  hasCommentOnly: Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(ns, "commentOnly"),',
+            '  hasBlockCommentOnly: Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(ns, "blockCommentOnly"),',
+            '  hasStringOnly: Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(ns, "stringOnly"),',
+            '  falsePositiveKeys: Object.keys(fp).filter((key) => key !== "default" && key !== "real"),',
+            '  real: fp.real,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const result = (await import('/cjs-named-export-app/direct-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.strictEqual(result.foo, 'foo');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.bar, 'bar');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.baz, 'baz');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.pi, 'pi');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.packageExport, 'reserved');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.bracketOnly, 'bracket');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.definedOnly, 'defined');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.invalidIdentifier, 'invalid');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.questionInvalid, 'question');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.def.foo, 'foo');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.def['π'], 'pi');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.falsePositiveKeys, []);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.real, 'yes');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.hasCommentOnly, false);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.hasBlockCommentOnly, false);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.hasStringOnly, false);
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsDefinePropertyNamedExports = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-define-export-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-define-export-app/define.cjs', [
+            'const dep = { value: "getter-value" };',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "valueExport", { value: "value" });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "getterExport", { enumerable: true, get: function () { return dep.value; } });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(module.exports, "moduleGetter", { enumerable: true, get() { return dep.value; } });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafe", { enumerable: true, get() { return dynamic(); } });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafeValueWord", { enumerable: true, get() { return value(); } });',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-define-export-app/define-entry.mjs', [
+            'import { valueExport, getterExport, moduleGetter } from "./define.cjs";',
+            'import * as ns from "./define.cjs";',
+            'export default {',
+            '  valueExport, getterExport, moduleGetter,',
+            '  hasUnsafe: Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(ns, "unsafe"),',
+            '  hasUnsafeValueWord: Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(ns, "unsafeValueWord"),',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const result = (await import('/cjs-define-export-app/define-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.strictEqual(result.valueExport, 'value');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.getterExport, 'getter-value');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.moduleGetter, 'getter-value');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.hasUnsafe, false);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.hasUnsafeValueWord, false);
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsReexportNamedExports = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-reexport-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-reexport-app/dep.cjs', [
+            'exports.alpha = "alpha";',
+            'exports.beta = "beta";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-reexport-app/reexport.cjs', 'module.exports = require("./dep.cjs");');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-reexport-app/transpiler.cjs', [
+            'var _dep = require("./dep.cjs");',
+            'Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {',
+            '  if (key === "default" || key === "__esModule") return;',
+            '  Object.defineProperty(exports, key, {',
+            '    enumerable: true,',
+            '    get: function () { return _dep[key]; }',
+            '  });',
+            '});',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-reexport-app/not-reexport.cjs', [
+            'var _dep = require("./dep.cjs");',
+            'Object.keys(_dep).forEach(console.log);',
+            'exports.own = "own";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-reexport-app/reexport-entry.mjs', [
+            'import { alpha, beta } from "./reexport.cjs";',
+            'import { alpha as transAlpha, beta as transBeta } from "./transpiler.cjs";',
+            'import * as nonReexport from "./not-reexport.cjs";',
+            'export default {',
+            '  alpha, beta, transAlpha, transBeta,',
+            '  nonReexportKeys: Object.keys(nonReexport).filter((key) => key !== "default" && key !== "own"),',
+            '  nonReexportOwn: nonReexport.own,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const result = (await import('/cjs-reexport-app/reexport-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result, {
+            alpha: 'alpha',
+            beta: 'beta',
+            transAlpha: 'alpha',
+            transBeta: 'beta',
+            nonReexportKeys: [],
+            nonReexportOwn: 'own',
+        });
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsAnalyzerFalsePositiveGuards = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/esm-with-cjs-text.js', [
+            '// exports.commentOnly = "no";',
+            'const text = "module.exports = {}; require(";',
+            'const re = /exports.regexOnly = "no"/;',
+            'const fn = () => /module.exports.arrowRegexOnly = "no"/;',
+            'if (typeof module !== "undefined" && module.exports === undefined) {}',
+            'const require = () => ({ value: 64 });',
+            'const dep = require("./dep.cjs");',
+            'export const value = 42;',
+            'export const requireValue = dep.value;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/esm-entry.mjs', [
+            'import { value, requireValue } from "./esm-with-cjs-text.js";',
+            'export default { value, requireValue };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await import('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/esm-entry.mjs')).default, { value: 42, requireValue: 64 });
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/whitespace-module.js', 'module /*x*/ . /*y*/ exports = { value: "module" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/whitespace-entry.mjs', [
+            'import mod from "./whitespace-module.js";',
+            'export default mod.value;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        assert.strictEqual((await import('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/whitespace-entry.mjs')).default, 'module');
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/false-positives.cjs', [
+            'const myexports = {};',
+            'myexports.fake1 = "no";',
+            'const obj = { exports: {} };',
+            'obj.exports.fake2 = "no";',
+            'const notmodule = {};',
+            'notmodule.exports = {};',
+            'notmodule.exports.fake3 = "no";',
+            'if (exports.fake4 === "no") {}',
+            'if (module.exports.fake5 == "no") {}',
+            'function f() { return /exports.fake6 = "no"/; }',
+            'const g = () => /module.exports.fake7 = "no"/;',
+            'exports.real = "yes";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/unsafe-define.cjs', [
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafeStringReturn", { enumerable: true, get() { const s = "return dep.value"; return dynamic(); } });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafeRegexValue", { enumerable: true, get() { return /value:/; } });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafeRegexDescriptor", { enumerable: /value:/ });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafeNestedValue", { enumerable: true, get() { return { value: dynamic() }; } });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafeMultipleReturn", { enumerable: true, get() { return dep.value; return dynamic(); } });',
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "unsafeConditionalReturn", { enumerable: true, get() { if (dep) return dep.value; return dynamic(); } });',
+            'exports.safe = "yes";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/dep.cjs', 'exports.alpha = "alpha";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/dep-nested.cjs', 'exports.nested = { beta: "beta" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/not-reexport.cjs', [
+            'var _dep = require("./dep.cjs");',
+            'var other = {};',
+            'Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {',
+            '  const msg = "Object.defineProperty(exports, key, { get: function () { return _dep[key]; } })";',
+            '});',
+            'Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {',
+            '  Object.defineProperty(other, key, { value: 1 });',
+            '  exports;',
+            '  function unrelated() { return _dep[key]; }',
+            '});',
+            'exports.own = "own";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/unicode-reexport.cjs', [
+            'var _dep = require("./dep.cjs");',
+            'Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {',
+            '  const π = 1;',
+            '  Object.defineProperty(exports, key, { enumerable: true, get: function () { return _dep[key]; } });',
+            '});',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/continuation.cjs', [
+            'module.exports = require("./dep.cjs").nested;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/binding-continuation.cjs', [
+            'var dep = require("./dep-nested.cjs").nested;',
+            'Object.keys(dep).forEach(function (key) {',
+            '  Object.defineProperty(exports, key, { enumerable: true, get: function () { return dep[key]; } });',
+            '});',
+            'exports.own = "own";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/object-literal-values.cjs', [
+            'const identifierValue = "identifier";',
+            'const memberSource = { x: "member" };',
+            'module.exports = {',
+            '  identifierValue,',
+            '  callExpression: factory(),',
+            '  memberExpression: memberSource.x,',
+            '  booleanLiteral: true,',
+            '  nullLiteral: null,',
+            '  undefinedLiteral: undefined,',
+            '};',
+            'function factory() { return "call"; }',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/object-literal-require-value.cjs', [
+            'module.exports = {',
+            '  requireValue: require("./dep.cjs"),',
+            '  afterRequire: "not-detected",',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/object-literal-unsupported.cjs', [
+            'const identifierValue = "identifier";',
+            'module.exports = {',
+            '  stringLiteral: "not-detected",',
+            '  numberLiteral: 1,',
+            '  objectLiteral: {},',
+            '  callExpression: factory(),',
+            '  identifierValue,',
+            '};',
+            'function factory() { return "not-detected"; }',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/guards-entry.mjs', [
+            'import * as fp from "./false-positives.cjs";',
+            'import * as unsafe from "./unsafe-define.cjs";',
+            'import * as nonReexport from "./not-reexport.cjs";',
+            'import * as unicodeReexport from "./unicode-reexport.cjs";',
+            'import * as continuation from "./continuation.cjs";',
+            'import * as bindingContinuation from "./binding-continuation.cjs";',
+            'import * as objectLiteralValues from "./object-literal-values.cjs";',
+            'import * as objectLiteralRequireValue from "./object-literal-require-value.cjs";',
+            'import * as objectLiteralUnsupported from "./object-literal-unsupported.cjs";',
+            'export default {',
+            '  fpKeys: Object.keys(fp).filter((key) => key !== "default" && key !== "real"),',
+            '  real: fp.real,',
+            '  unsafeKeys: Object.keys(unsafe).filter((key) => key !== "default" && key !== "safe"),',
+            '  safe: unsafe.safe,',
+            '  nonReexportKeys: Object.keys(nonReexport).filter((key) => key !== "default" && key !== "own"),',
+            '  own: nonReexport.own,',
+            '  unicodeAlpha: unicodeReexport.alpha,',
+            '  continuationKeys: Object.keys(continuation).filter((key) => key !== "default"),',
+            '  bindingContinuationKeys: Object.keys(bindingContinuation).filter((key) => key !== "default" && key !== "own"),',
+            '  bindingContinuationOwn: bindingContinuation.own,',
+            '  objectLiteralValueKeys: Object.keys(objectLiteralValues).filter((key) => key !== "default").sort(),',
+            '  identifierValue: objectLiteralValues.identifierValue,',
+            '  callExpression: objectLiteralValues.callExpression,',
+            '  objectLiteralRequireValueKeys: Object.keys(objectLiteralRequireValue).filter((key) => key !== "default").sort(),',
+            '  requireValue: objectLiteralRequireValue.requireValue,',
+            '  objectLiteralUnsupportedKeys: Object.keys(objectLiteralUnsupported).filter((key) => key !== "default").sort(),',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const result = (await import('/cjs-analyzer-guards-app/guards-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.fpKeys, []);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.real, 'yes');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.unsafeKeys, []);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.safe, 'yes');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.nonReexportKeys, []);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.own, 'own');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.unicodeAlpha, 'alpha');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.continuationKeys, []);
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.bindingContinuationKeys, []);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.bindingContinuationOwn, 'own');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.objectLiteralValueKeys, [
+            'callExpression',
+            'identifierValue',
+        ]);
+        assert.strictEqual(result.identifierValue, 'identifier');
+        assert.strictEqual(result.callExpression, 'call');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.objectLiteralRequireValueKeys, ['requireValue']);
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.requireValue, { alpha: 'alpha' });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result.objectLiteralUnsupportedKeys, []);
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsSharedLoaderIdentity = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/shared.cjs', [
+            'globalThis.__sharedLoaderCount = (globalThis.__sharedLoaderCount || 0) + 1;',
+            'exports.count = globalThis.__sharedLoaderCount;',
+            'exports.marker = "shared";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/named.cjs', [
+            'globalThis.__sharedNamedCount = (globalThis.__sharedNamedCount || 0) + 1;',
+            'exports.alpha = "alpha";',
+            'module.exports.beta = "beta";',
+            'exports.count = globalThis.__sharedNamedCount;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/esm-first.mjs', [
+            'import { createRequire } from "node:module";',
+            'import shared from "./shared.cjs";',
+            'const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);',
+            'const required = require("./shared.cjs");',
+            'required.fromRequire = "mutated";',
+            'const resolved = require.resolve("./shared.cjs");',
+            'export default {',
+            '  same: shared === required,',
+            '  count: globalThis.__sharedLoaderCount,',
+            '  sharedFromRequire: shared.fromRequire,',
+            '  cacheExportsSame: require.cache[resolved].exports === shared,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/cjs-first.cjs', [
+            'exports.run = async function () {',
+            '  const required = require("./shared.cjs");',
+            '  required.fromCjsFirst = "yes";',
+            '  const imported = await import("./shared.cjs");',
+            '  const resolved = require.resolve("./shared.cjs");',
+            '  return {',
+            '    same: imported.default === required,',
+            '    count: globalThis.__sharedLoaderCount,',
+            '    importedMutation: imported.default.fromCjsFirst,',
+            '    cacheExportsSame: require.cache[resolved].exports === imported.default,',
+            '  };',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/named-entry.mjs', [
+            'import { createRequire } from "node:module";',
+            'import namedDefault, { alpha, beta, count } from "./named.cjs";',
+            'const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);',
+            'const required = require("./named.cjs");',
+            'export default {',
+            '  same: namedDefault === required,',
+            '  alpha, beta, count,',
+            '  loadCount: globalThis.__sharedNamedCount,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/type-module/node_modules/dep-without-package-json', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/type-module/package.json', JSON.stringify({ type: 'module' }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/type-module/index.js', [
+            'import dep from "dep-without-package-json/dep.js";',
+            'export default { esm: true, dep };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/type-module/node_modules/dep-without-package-json/dep.js', [
+            'globalThis.__sharedBoundaryCount = (globalThis.__sharedBoundaryCount || 0) + 1;',
+            'module.exports = { cjs: true, count: globalThis.__sharedBoundaryCount };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-shared-loader-app/handled.js', 'exports.source = "source";');
+
+        globalThis.__sharedLoaderCount = 0;
+        globalThis.__sharedNamedCount = 0;
+        globalThis.__sharedBoundaryCount = 0;
+
+        const esmFirst = (await import('/cjs-shared-loader-app/esm-first.mjs')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(esmFirst, {
+            same: true,
+            count: 1,
+            sharedFromRequire: 'mutated',
+            cacheExportsSame: true,
+        });
+
+        const cjsFirst = await (await import('/cjs-shared-loader-app/cjs-first.cjs')).default.run();
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(cjsFirst, {
+            same: true,
+            count: 1,
+            importedMutation: 'yes',
+            cacheExportsSame: true,
+        });
+
+        const named = (await import('/cjs-shared-loader-app/named-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(named, {
+            same: true,
+            alpha: 'alpha',
+            beta: 'beta',
+            count: 1,
+            loadCount: 1,
+        });
+
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const require = createRequire('/cjs-shared-loader-app/main.cjs');
+        const originalJsHandler = require.extensions['.js'];
+        try {
+            require.extensions['.js'] = (module) => {
+                module.exports = { fromExtension: true };
+            };
+            const handled = (await import('/cjs-shared-loader-app/handled.js')).default;
+            assert.deepStrictEqual(handled, { fromExtension: true });
+            assert.strictEqual(require('/cjs-shared-loader-app/handled.js'), handled);
+        } finally {
+            require.extensions['.js'] = originalJsHandler;
+        }
+
+        const boundary = (await import('/cjs-shared-loader-app/type-module/index.js')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(boundary, {
+            esm: true,
+            dep: { cjs: true, count: 1 },
+        });
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testModuleSyntaxDetectionAndDiagnostics = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/module-syntax-app/package-without-type', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/loose.js', [
+            'export default "loose-module";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/static-source.mjs', [
+            'export const named = "named";',
+            'export default "source-default";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/static-import-side-effect.js', [
+            'import "./static-source.mjs";',
+            'export default "side-effect-import";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/static-import-default.js', [
+            'import value from "./static-source.mjs";',
+            'export default value;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/static-import-named.js', [
+            'import { named } from "./static-source.mjs";',
+            'export default named;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/static-import-namespace.js', [
+            'import * as ns from "./static-source.mjs";',
+            'export default ns.named;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/static-export-list.js', [
+            'const listed = "listed";',
+            'export { listed as default };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/static-export-star.js', [
+            'export * from "./static-source.mjs";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/tla-only.js', [
+            'globalThis.__moduleSyntaxTlaOnly = "before";',
+            'await Promise.resolve();',
+            'globalThis.__moduleSyntaxTlaOnly = "after";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/tla-require-only.js', [
+            'await Promise.resolve();',
+            'globalThis.__moduleSyntaxTlaRequireOnly = true;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/mixed-export-cjs.js', [
+            'export default "esm-wins";',
+            'if (false) module.exports = { wrong: true };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/local-cjs-names.js', [
+            'const require = 1;',
+            'const module = 2;',
+            'const exports = 3;',
+            'export default { require, module, exports };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/create-require-idiom.js', [
+            'import { createRequire } from "node:module";',
+            'const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);',
+            'export default { kind: typeof require, resolved: require.resolve("./false-positive.cjs") };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/entry-main-dep.cjs', [
+            'module.exports = {',
+            '  isMain: require.main === module,',
+            '  mainFilename: require.main && require.main.filename,',
+            '  processMainFilename: process.mainModule && process.mainModule.filename,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/entry-main.cjs', [
+            'const dep = require("./entry-main-dep.cjs");',
+            'module.exports = {',
+            '  isMain: require.main === module,',
+            '  processMain: process.mainModule === module,',
+            '  mainFilename: require.main && require.main.filename,',
+            '  processMainFilename: process.mainModule && process.mainModule.filename,',
+            '  dep,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/entry-main-dep.mjs', [
+            'export const main = import.meta.main;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/entry-main.mjs', [
+            'import { main as depMain } from "./entry-main-dep.mjs";',
+            'export default { main: import.meta.main, depMain };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/package-without-type/package.json', JSON.stringify({ main: 'index.js' }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/package-without-type/noext-esm', [
+            'export default "extensionless-module";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/false-positive.cjs', [
+            'const a = "export default no";',
+            'const b = /import { nope } from "x"/;',
+            '// export const commentOnly = 1;',
+            '/* import "comment-only"; */',
+            'exports.value = "cjs";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.mkdirSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/package.json', JSON.stringify({ type: 'module' }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/cjs.js', 'module.exports = "wrong-extension";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/require.js', 'require("x");');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/exports.js', 'exports = {};');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/filename.js', 'console.log(__filename);');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/dirname.js', 'console.log(__dirname);');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/local-require.js', 'const require = 1; export default require;');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/dep.mjs', 'export default 2;');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/import-module.js', 'import module from "./dep.mjs"; export default module;');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/type-module/object-exports.js', 'export default { exports: 3 };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/query.mjs', [
+            'globalThis.__queryModuleCount = (globalThis.__queryModuleCount || 0) + 1;',
+            'export const count = globalThis.__queryModuleCount;',
+            'export const url = import.meta.url;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/relative-query-entry.mjs', [
+            'const one = await import("./query.mjs?relative-one");',
+            'const two = await import("./query.mjs?relative-two");',
+            'export default {',
+            '  one: one.count,',
+            '  two: two.count,',
+            '  oneUrl: one.url,',
+            '  twoUrl: two.url,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-data.json', JSON.stringify({ one: 1 }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-cjs.cjs', [
+            'exports.data = require("./attr-data.json");',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-entry.mjs', [
+            'import data from "./attr-data.json" with { type: "json" };',
+            'import dataWithQuery from "./attr-data.json?cache" with { type: "json" };',
+            'import cjs from "./attr-cjs.cjs";',
+            'export default {',
+            '  data,',
+            '  dataWithQuery,',
+            '  sameAsCjs: data === cjs.data,',
+            '  querySameAsCjs: dataWithQuery === cjs.data,',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-missing.mjs', [
+            'import data from "./attr-data.json";',
+            'export default data;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-type-mismatch.mjs', [
+            'import value from "./static-source.mjs" with { type: "json" };',
+            'export default value;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-unsupported.mjs', [
+            'import data from "./attr-data.json" with { type: "unsupported" };',
+            'export default data;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-data-url-entry.mjs', [
+            'import data from "data:application/json,{%22two%22:2}" with { type: "json" };',
+            'export default data;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/attr-data-url-missing.mjs', [
+            'import data from "data:application/json,{%22two%22:2}";',
+            'export default data;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/member-false-positive.js', [
+            'const obj = { import: 1 };',
+            'obj.import;',
+            'const = ;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/property-false-positive.js', [
+            '({ export: 1 });',
+            'const = ;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/module-syntax-app/dynamic-import-false-positive.js', [
+            'import("./static-source.mjs");',
+            'const = ;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const require = createRequire('/module-syntax-app/main.cjs');
+
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/loose.js').default, 'loose-module');
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/static-import-side-effect.js').default, 'side-effect-import');
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/static-import-default.js').default, 'source-default');
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/static-import-named.js').default, 'named');
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/static-import-namespace.js').default, 'named');
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/static-export-list.js').default, 'listed');
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/static-export-star.js').named, 'named');
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/package-without-type/noext-esm').default, 'extensionless-module');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/false-positive.cjs'), { value: 'cjs' });
+        globalThis.__moduleSyntaxTlaOnly = undefined;
+        await import('/module-syntax-app/tla-only.js');
+        assert.strictEqual(globalThis.__moduleSyntaxTlaOnly, 'after');
+        assert.throws(() => require('/module-syntax-app/tla-require-only.js'), /async|top-level await|ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE/i);
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/mixed-export-cjs.js').default, 'esm-wins');
+        assert.strictEqual((await import('/module-syntax-app/mixed-export-cjs.js')).default, 'esm-wins');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(require('/module-syntax-app/local-cjs-names.js').default, {
+            require: 1,
+            module: 2,
+            exports: 3,
+        });
+        const createRequireIdiom = require('/module-syntax-app/create-require-idiom.js').default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(createRequireIdiom, {
+            kind: 'function',
+            resolved: '/module-syntax-app/false-positive.cjs',
+        });
+
+        const originalArgv = process.argv.slice();
+        const originalMainModule = process.mainModule;
+        const originalRequireMain = {
+            id: require.main.id,
+            filename: require.main.filename,
+            path: require.main.path,
+            exports: require.main.exports,
+            loaded: require.main.loaded,
+            parent: require.main.parent,
+            children: require.main.children.slice(),
+            paths: require.main.paths ? require.main.paths.slice() : require.main.paths,
+        };
+        try {
+            process.argv[1] = '/module-syntax-app/entry-main.cjs';
+            const cjsMain = require('/module-syntax-app/entry-main.cjs');
+            assert.deepStrictEqual(cjsMain, {
+                isMain: true,
+                processMain: true,
+                mainFilename: '/module-syntax-app/entry-main.cjs',
+                processMainFilename: '/module-syntax-app/entry-main.cjs',
+                dep: {
+                    isMain: false,
+                    mainFilename: '/module-syntax-app/entry-main.cjs',
+                    processMainFilename: '/module-syntax-app/entry-main.cjs',
+                },
+            });
+
+            process.argv[1] = '/module-syntax-app/entry-main.mjs';
+            const esmMain = (await import('/module-syntax-app/entry-main.mjs')).default;
+            assert.deepStrictEqual(esmMain, { main: true, depMain: false });
+        } finally {
+            Object.assign(require.main, originalRequireMain);
+            process.argv = originalArgv;
+            process.mainModule = originalMainModule;
+        }
+
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('/module-syntax-app/type-module/cjs.js', /use the '\.cjs' file extension/);
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('/module-syntax-app/type-module/require.js', /require is not defined.*use the '\.cjs' file extension/);
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('/module-syntax-app/type-module/exports.js', /exports is not defined.*use the '\.cjs' file extension/);
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('/module-syntax-app/type-module/filename.js', /__filename is not defined.*use the '\.cjs' file extension/);
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('/module-syntax-app/type-module/dirname.js', /__dirname is not defined.*use the '\.cjs' file extension/);
+        assert.strictEqual((await import('/module-syntax-app/type-module/local-require.js')).default, 1);
+        assert.strictEqual((await import('/module-syntax-app/type-module/import-module.js')).default, 2);
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await import('/module-syntax-app/type-module/object-exports.js')).default, { exports: 3 });
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('data:text/javascript,require;', /require.*not defined/i);
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('data:text/javascript,exports={};', /exports.*not defined/i);
+        await expectImportRejectsMessage('data:text/javascript,require_custom;', /^(?!.*in ES module scope)(?!.*use import instead).*$/);
+
+        const propertyKeyModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default { require: 1 };');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(propertyKeyModule.default, { require: 1 });
+        const localBindingModule = await import('data:text/javascript,const module = 1; export default module;');
+        assert.strictEqual(localBindingModule.default, 1);
+        const importBindingModule = await import('data:text/javascript,import require from "data:text/javascript,export default 1"; export default require;');
+        assert.strictEqual(importBindingModule.default, 1);
+        const namespaceImportBindingModule = await import('data:text/javascript,import * as module from "data:text/javascript,export default 1"; export default module.default;');
+        assert.strictEqual(namespaceImportBindingModule.default, 1);
+        const namedImportBindingModule = await import('data:text/javascript,import { value as exports } from "data:text/javascript,export const value = 1"; export default exports;');
+        assert.strictEqual(namedImportBindingModule.default, 1);
+        const functionParamModule = await import('data:text/javascript,function f(require) { return require; } export default f(1);');
+        assert.strictEqual(functionParamModule.default, 1);
+        const arrowParamModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default ((require) => require)(1);');
+        assert.strictEqual(arrowParamModule.default, 1);
+        const methodNameModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default { require() { return 1; }, f(module) { return module; } }.f(2);');
+        assert.strictEqual(methodNameModule.default, 2);
+        const asyncMethodModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default { async require() { return 1; } };');
+        assert.strictEqual(await asyncMethodModule.default.require(), 1);
+        const generatorMethodModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default { *module() { yield 1; } }.module().next().value;');
+        assert.strictEqual(generatorMethodModule.default, 1);
+        const getterMethodModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default { get exports() { return 1; } }.exports;');
+        assert.strictEqual(getterMethodModule.default, 1);
+        const stringKeyMethodModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default { "x"(require) { return require; } }.x(1);');
+        assert.strictEqual(stringKeyMethodModule.default, 1);
+        const commentedMethodModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default { /* comment */ require() { return 1; } }.require();');
+        assert.strictEqual(commentedMethodModule.default, 1);
+        const generatorModule = await import('data:text/javascript,function* module() { yield 1; } export default module().next().value;');
+        assert.strictEqual(generatorModule.default, 1);
+        const multiDeclarationModule = await import('data:text/javascript,const a = 0,\n  require = 1;\nexport default require;');
+        assert.strictEqual(multiDeclarationModule.default, 1);
+        const destructuringModule = await import('data:text/javascript,const {\n  module\n} = { module: 1 };\nexport default module;');
+        assert.strictEqual(destructuringModule.default, 1);
+        const memberNameModule = await import('data:text/javascript,export default import.meta.require;');
+        assert.strictEqual(memberNameModule.default, undefined);
+
+        globalThis.__queryModuleCount = 0;
+        const queryBase = pathToFileURL('/module-syntax-app/query.mjs').href;
+        const queryOne = await import(`${queryBase}?one`);
+        const queryTwo = await import(`${queryBase}?two`);
+        assert.strictEqual(queryOne.count, 1);
+        assert.strictEqual(queryTwo.count, 2);
+        assert.match(queryOne.url, /\?one$/);
+        assert.match(queryTwo.url, /\?two$/);
+        const relativeQuery = (await import('/module-syntax-app/relative-query-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(relativeQuery, {
+            one: 3,
+            two: 4,
+            oneUrl: 'file:///module-syntax-app/query.mjs?relative-one',
+            twoUrl: 'file:///module-syntax-app/query.mjs?relative-two',
+        });
+        const attrEntry = (await import('/module-syntax-app/attr-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(attrEntry, {
+            data: { one: 1 },
+            dataWithQuery: { one: 1 },
+            sameAsCjs: true,
+            querySameAsCjs: true,
+        });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await import('/module-syntax-app/attr-data-url-entry.mjs')).default, { two: 2 });
+        await expectImportRejectsCode('/module-syntax-app/attr-missing.mjs', 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_MISSING');
+        await expectImportRejectsCode('/module-syntax-app/attr-type-mismatch.mjs', 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE');
+        await expectImportRejectsCode('/module-syntax-app/attr-unsupported.mjs', 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED');
+        await expectImportRejectsCode('/module-syntax-app/attr-data-url-missing.mjs', 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_MISSING');
+
+        assert.throws(() => require('/module-syntax-app/member-false-positive.js'), /unexpected|expecting|SyntaxError/i);
+        assert.throws(() => require('/module-syntax-app/property-false-positive.js'), /unexpected|expecting|SyntaxError/i);
+        assert.throws(() => require('/module-syntax-app/dynamic-import-false-positive.js'), /unexpected|expecting|SyntaxError/i);
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsPackageReexportNamedExports = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/pkg/index.js', [
+            'exports.alpha = "alpha";',
+            'exports.beta = "beta";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/pkg/subpath.js', [
+            'exports.sub = "sub";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-package.cjs', 'module.exports = require("pkg");');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-subpath.cjs', 'module.exports = require("pkg/subpath");');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/file-pkg.js', 'exports.file = "file";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-file-package.cjs', 'module.exports = require("file-pkg");');
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            exports: {
+                '.': './main.cjs',
+                './feature': './feature.cjs',
+                './condition': {
+                    import: './import.mjs',
+                    'module-sync': './sync.cjs',
+                    require: './require.cjs',
+                    default: './default.cjs',
+                },
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/main.cjs', 'exports.main = "main";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/feature.cjs', 'exports.feature = "feature";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/sync.cjs', 'exports.condition = "module-sync";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/require.cjs', 'exports.condition = "require";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/default.cjs', 'exports.condition = "default";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/exported-pkg/import.mjs', 'export const condition = "import";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-exported-root.cjs', 'module.exports = require("exported-pkg");');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-exported-feature.cjs', 'module.exports = require("exported-pkg/feature");');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-exported-condition.cjs', 'module.exports = require("exported-pkg/condition");');
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            imports: {
+                '#dep': './imports-target.cjs',
+            },
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/imports-target.cjs', 'exports.imported = "imported";');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-imports.cjs', 'module.exports = require("#dep");');
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/transitive-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/transitive-pkg/index.js', [
+            'exports.gamma = "gamma";',
+            'exports.delta = "delta";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-transpiler.cjs', [
+            'var dep = require("transitive-pkg");',
+            'Object.keys(dep).forEach(function (key) {',
+            '  Object.defineProperty(exports, key, {',
+            '    enumerable: true,',
+            '    get: function () { return dep[key]; }',
+            '  });',
+            '});',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/cycle-pkg', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/cycle-a.cjs', [
+            'module.exports = require("cycle-pkg");',
+            'exports.a = "a";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/node_modules/cycle-pkg/index.js', [
+            'module.exports = require("../../cycle-a.cjs");',
+            'exports.b = "b";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/reexport-continuation.cjs', [
+            'var ignored = require("pkg").nested;',
+            'exports.own = "own";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/cjs-package-reexport-app/package-entry.mjs', [
+            'import packageDefault, { alpha, beta } from "./reexport-package.cjs";',
+            'import { sub } from "./reexport-subpath.cjs";',
+            'import { file } from "./reexport-file-package.cjs";',
+            'import { main } from "./reexport-exported-root.cjs";',
+            'import { feature } from "./reexport-exported-feature.cjs";',
+            'import { condition } from "./reexport-exported-condition.cjs";',
+            'import { imported } from "./reexport-imports.cjs";',
+            'import { gamma, delta } from "./reexport-transpiler.cjs";',
+            'import * as continuation from "./reexport-continuation.cjs";',
+            'import * as cycle from "./cycle-a.cjs";',
+            'export default {',
+            '  alpha, beta, defaultAlpha: packageDefault.alpha, sub, file, main, feature, condition, imported, gamma, delta,',
+            '  continuationKeys: Object.keys(continuation).filter((key) => key !== "default" && key !== "own"),',
+            '  continuationOwn: continuation.own,',
+            '  cycleKeys: Object.keys(cycle).filter((key) => key !== "default").sort(),',
+            '};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const result = (await import('/cjs-package-reexport-app/package-entry.mjs')).default;
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(result, {
+            alpha: 'alpha',
+            beta: 'beta',
+            defaultAlpha: 'alpha',
+            sub: 'sub',
+            file: 'file',
+            main: 'main',
+            feature: 'feature',
+            condition: 'module-sync',
+            imported: 'imported',
+            gamma: 'gamma',
+            delta: 'delta',
+            continuationKeys: [],
+            continuationOwn: 'own',
+            cycleKeys: ['a', 'b'],
+        });
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testFindPackageJson = async () => {
+    try {
+        const { createRequire, findPackageJSON } = await import('node:module');
+        const require = createRequire('/find-package-json-app/entry.cjs');
+
+        fs.mkdirSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder', { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder2', { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg2', { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync('/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/sub-pkg-cjs', { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync('/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/sub-pkg-esm', { recursive: true });
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/package.json', JSON.stringify({ name: 'root-app' }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/package.json', JSON.stringify({ name: 'nested-parent' }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/sub-pkg-cjs/index.cjs', [
+            'const { findPackageJSON } = require("node:module");',
+            'module.exports = findPackageJSON("..", __filename);',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/sub-pkg-esm/index.mjs', [
+            'import { findPackageJSON } from "node:module";',
+            'export default findPackageJSON("..", import.meta.url);',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder/index.js', 'module.exports = { subfolder: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            name: 'pkg-subfolder',
+            secretNumberSubfolder: 11,
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder2/index.js', 'module.exports = { subfolder2: true };');
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder2/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            name: 'pkg-subfolder2',
+            secretNumberSubfolder2: 22,
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            name: 'pkg',
+            exports: './subfolder/index.js',
+            secretNumberPkgRoot: 33,
+        }));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg2/package.json', JSON.stringify({
+            name: 'pkg2',
+            main: '/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder2/index.js',
+            secretNumberPkg2: 44,
+        }));
+
+        assert.throws(
+            () => findPackageJSON(),
+            { code: 'ERR_MISSING_ARGS' },
+        );
+
+        for (const invalidBase of [null, {}, [], Symbol('invalid'), () => {}, true, false, 1, 0]) {
+            assert.throws(
+                () => findPackageJSON('', invalidBase),
+                { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' },
+            );
+        }
+
+        const basePath = '/find-package-json-app/entry.mjs';
+        const baseUrl = pathToFileURL(basePath);
+        const subfolderPackageJson = '/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/subfolder/package.json';
+        const nestedPackageJson = '/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/package.json';
+        const pkgRootPackageJson = '/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg/package.json';
+        const pkg2RootPackageJson = '/find-package-json-app/node_modules/pkg2/package.json';
+
+        assert.strictEqual(
+            findPackageJSON('./node_modules/pkg/subfolder/index.js', baseUrl.href),
+            subfolderPackageJson,
+        );
+        assert.strictEqual(
+            findPackageJSON(new URL('./node_modules/pkg/subfolder/index.js', baseUrl), baseUrl),
+            subfolderPackageJson,
+        );
+        assert.strictEqual(
+            findPackageJSON('./node_modules/pkg/subfolder/index.js', basePath),
+            subfolderPackageJson,
+        );
+
+        const cjsParentPackageJson = require('/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/sub-pkg-cjs/index.cjs');
+        assert.strictEqual(cjsParentPackageJson, nestedPackageJson);
+
+        const esmParentPackageJson = (await import('/find-package-json-app/packages/nested/sub-pkg-esm/index.mjs')).default;
+        assert.strictEqual(esmParentPackageJson, nestedPackageJson);
+
+        assert.strictEqual(findPackageJSON('pkg', baseUrl), pkgRootPackageJson);
+        assert.strictEqual(findPackageJSON('pkg2', baseUrl), pkg2RootPackageJson);
+
+        const pkgResolved = require.resolve('pkg', { paths: ['/find-package-json-app'] });
+        assert.strictEqual(findPackageJSON(pkgResolved), subfolderPackageJson);
+        assert.strictEqual(findPackageJSON(pathToFileURL(pkgResolved).href), subfolderPackageJson);
+        assert.strictEqual(findPackageJSON(pathToFileURL(pkgResolved)), subfolderPackageJson);
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testRequireEsmErrorHandling = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/require-esm-errors-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/runtime-error.mjs', [
+            'throw new Error("hello");',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/reference-error.mjs', [
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/ambiguous-reference.js', [
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });',
+            'const require = () => {};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/valid-transpiled.js', [
+            'Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });',
+            'exports.foo = "foo";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/module-exports-marker.mjs', [
+            'const value = { marker: true };',
+            'export default "namespace default";',
+            'export { value as "module.exports" };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/cjs-missing-named.cjs', [
+            'module.exports = { missing: "runtime" };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/cjs-default-named.cjs', [
+            'module.exports = { defaultNamed: true };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/cjs-quoted-named.cjs', [
+            'module.exports = {};',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/import-missing-named.mjs', [
+            'import { missing } from "./cjs-missing-named.cjs";',
+            'export default missing;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/import-default-named.mjs', [
+            'import { default as cjsDefault } from "./cjs-default-named.cjs";',
+            'export default cjsDefault;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-errors-app/import-quoted-named.mjs', [
+            'import { "missing-name" as missingName } from "./cjs-quoted-named.cjs";',
+            'export default missingName;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const require = createRequire('/require-esm-errors-app/main.cjs');
+
+        assert.throws(() => require('/require-esm-errors-app/runtime-error.mjs'), {
+            message: 'hello',
+        });
+        assert.throws(() => require('/require-esm-errors-app/reference-error.mjs'), {
+            name: 'ReferenceError',
+        });
+        assert.throws(() => require('/require-esm-errors-app/ambiguous-reference.js'), {
+            name: 'ReferenceError',
+        });
+        assert.strictEqual(require('/require-esm-errors-app/valid-transpiled.js').foo, 'foo');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(require('/require-esm-errors-app/module-exports-marker.mjs'), { marker: true });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual((await import('/require-esm-errors-app/import-default-named.mjs')).default, {
+            defaultNamed: true,
+        });
+        await assert.rejects(() => import('/require-esm-errors-app/import-missing-named.mjs'), {
+            name: 'SyntaxError',
+            message: [
+                "Named export 'missing' not found. The requested module './cjs-missing-named.cjs' is a CommonJS module, which may not support all module.exports as named exports.",
+                'CommonJS modules can always be imported via the default export, for example using:',
+                '',
+                "import pkg from './cjs-missing-named.cjs';",
+                'const { missing } = pkg;',
+                '',
+            ].join('\n'),
+        });
+        await assert.rejects(() => import('/require-esm-errors-app/import-quoted-named.mjs'), {
+            name: 'SyntaxError',
+            message: [
+                'Named export \'missing-name\' not found. The requested module \'./cjs-quoted-named.cjs\' is a CommonJS module, which may not support all module.exports as named exports.',
+                'CommonJS modules can always be imported via the default export, for example using:',
+                '',
+                "import pkg from './cjs-quoted-named.cjs';",
+                'const { "missing-name": missingName } = pkg;',
+                '',
+            ].join('\n'),
+        });
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testRequireEsmTlaRetry = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/require-esm-tla-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-tla-app/tla-success.mjs', [
+            'await Promise.resolve();',
+            'export const hello = "world";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const require = createRequire('/require-esm-tla-app/main.cjs');
+
+        assert.throws(() => require('/require-esm-tla-app/tla-success.mjs'), {
+            code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE',
+        });
+
+        const first = await import('/require-esm-tla-app/tla-success.mjs');
+        const second = await import('/require-esm-tla-app/tla-success.mjs');
+        assert.strictEqual(first.hello, 'world');
+        assert.strictEqual(second.hello, 'world');
+        assert.strictEqual(first, second);
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testRequireEsmCycleGuards = async () => {
+    try {
+        fs.mkdirSync('/require-esm-cycle-app', { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-cycle-app/a.mjs', [
+            'import { createRequire } from "node:module";',
+            'const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);',
+            'let cycleCode;',
+            'try {',
+            '  require("./a.mjs");',
+            '} catch (error) {',
+            '  cycleCode = error && error.code;',
+            '}',
+            'export const value = 1;',
+            'export { cycleCode };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync('/require-esm-cycle-app/syntax-detected.js', [
+            'import { createRequire } from "node:module";',
+            'const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);',
+            'let cycleCode;',
+            'try {',
+            '  require("./syntax-detected.js");',
+            '} catch (error) {',
+            '  cycleCode = error && error.code;',
+            '}',
+            'export const value = 2;',
+            'export { cycleCode };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const require = createRequire('/require-esm-cycle-app/main.cjs');
+
+        const ns = require('/require-esm-cycle-app/a.mjs');
+        assert.strictEqual(ns.value, 1);
+        assert.strictEqual(ns.cycleCode, 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE');
+        const detected = require('/require-esm-cycle-app/syntax-detected.js');
+        assert.strictEqual(detected.value, 2);
+        assert.strictEqual(detected.cycleCode, 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE');
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsSymlinkCircularCache = async () => {
+    try {
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const root = '/cjs-symlink-cycle-app';
+        const moduleA = `${root}/node_modules/moduleA`;
+        const moduleB = `${root}/node_modules/moduleB`;
+        const moduleALink = `${moduleB}/node_modules/moduleA`;
+        const moduleBLink = `${moduleA}/node_modules/moduleB`;
+
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${moduleA}/node_modules`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${moduleB}/node_modules`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.symlinkSync(moduleA, moduleALink);
+        fs.symlinkSync(moduleB, moduleBLink);
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/index.cjs`, 'module.exports = require("moduleA");');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${moduleA}/index.js`, 'module.exports = { b: require("moduleB") };');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${moduleB}/index.js`, 'module.exports = { a: require("moduleA") };');
+
+        const require = createRequire(`${root}/index.cjs`);
+        const obj = require(`${root}/index.cjs`);
+        assert.ok(obj);
+        assert.ok(obj.b);
+        assert.ok(obj.b.a);
+        assert.ok(!obj.b.a.b);
+
+        const cacheKeys = Object.keys(require.cache).filter((key) => key.startsWith(root));
+        assert.strictEqual(cacheKeys.some((key) => key.includes('/moduleA/node_modules/moduleB/')), false);
+        assert.strictEqual(cacheKeys.some((key) => key.includes('/moduleB/node_modules/moduleA/')), false);
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsNodeModuleLoadingCompat = async () => {
+    try {
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const root = '/cjs-node-module-loading-app';
+        const require = createRequire(`${root}/entry.cjs`);
+
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${root}/missing-main-with-index`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/missing-main-with-index/package.json`, JSON.stringify({ main: 'missing.js' }));
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/missing-main-with-index/index.js`, 'module.exports = { ok: true };');
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(require(`${root}/missing-main-with-index`), { ok: true });
+
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${root}/missing-main-no-index`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/missing-main-no-index/package.json`, JSON.stringify({ main: 'missing.js' }));
+        assert.throws(() => require(`${root}/missing-main-no-index`), {
+            code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND',
+            path: `${root}/missing-main-no-index/package.json`,
+            requestPath: `${root}/missing-main-no-index`,
+        });
+
+        require.extensions['.test'] = function(module, filename) {
+            const content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8').replace('VALUE', 'module.exports.value');
+            module._compile(content, filename);
+        };
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/custom.test`, 'VALUE = 42;');
+        assert.strictEqual(require(`${root}/custom`).value, 42);
+
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${root}/parent/child/node_modules/target`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/parent/child/node_modules/target/index.js`, 'module.exports = { from: "child" };');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/parent/child/index.js`, 'exports.module = module; exports.loaded = require("target");');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/parent/index.js`, [
+            'const child = require("./child");',
+            'module.exports = { fromModuleRequire: child.module.require("target"), fromChildRequire: child.loaded };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        const parent = require(`${root}/parent`);
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(parent.fromModuleRequire, { from: 'child' });
+        assert.strictEqual(parent.fromModuleRequire, parent.fromChildRequire);
+
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/bom.js`, '\uFEFFmodule.exports = 42;');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/bom.json`, '\uFEFF42');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/bom-shebang-shebang.js`, '\uFEFF#!shebang\n#!shebang\nmodule.exports = 1;');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/shebang-bom.js`, '#!shebang\n\uFEFFmodule.exports = 42;');
+        assert.strictEqual(require(`${root}/bom.js`), 42);
+        assert.strictEqual(require(`${root}/bom.json`), 42);
+        assert.throws(() => require(`${root}/bom-shebang-shebang.js`), { name: 'SyntaxError' });
+        assert.strictEqual(require(`${root}/shebang-bom.js`), 42);
+
+        require.extensions['.reg'] = require.extensions['.js'];
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${root}/dir-index-reg`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/dir-index-reg/index.reg`, 'exports.value = "index.reg";');
+        assert.strictEqual(require(`${root}/dir-index-reg`).value, 'index.reg');
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsNestedDependencyCacheShape = async () => {
+    try {
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const root = '/cjs-nested-dependency-cache-app';
+
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${root}/b/package`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/b/package/index.js`, [
+            'exports.hello = "world";',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/b/d.js`, [
+            'let value = "D";',
+            'exports.D = function() { return value; };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/b/c.js`, [
+            'const d = require("./d");',
+            'const package = require("./package");',
+            'if (package.hello !== "world") throw new Error("bad package");',
+            'let value = "C";',
+            'exports.SomeClass = function() {};',
+            'exports.C = function() { return value; };',
+            'exports.D = function() { return d.D(); };',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/a.js`, [
+            'const c = require("./b/c");',
+            'let value = "A";',
+            'exports.SomeClass = c.SomeClass;',
+            'exports.A = function() { return value; };',
+            'exports.C = function() { return c.C(); };',
+            'exports.D = function() { return c.D(); };',
+            'exports.number = 42;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const require = createRequire(`${root}/entry.cjs`);
+        const withExtension = require(`${root}/a.js`);
+        const withoutExtension = require(`${root}/a`);
+        const c = require(`${root}/b/c`);
+        const d = require(`${root}/b/d`);
+
+        assert.strictEqual(withExtension, withoutExtension);
+        assert.strictEqual(withExtension.number, 42);
+        assert.strictEqual(withExtension.A(), 'A');
+        assert.strictEqual(withExtension.C(), 'C');
+        assert.strictEqual(withExtension.D(), 'D');
+        assert.ok(new withExtension.SomeClass() instanceof c.SomeClass);
+        assert.strictEqual(d.D(), 'D');
+
+        const aCacheKeys = Object.keys(require.cache).filter((key) => key === `${root}/a.js`);
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(aCacheKeys, [`${root}/a.js`]);
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
+
+export const testCjsModuleChildrenGraph = async () => {
+    try {
+        const { createRequire } = await import('node:module');
+        const root = '/cjs-module-children-app';
+
+        fs.mkdirSync(`${root}/nested`, { recursive: true });
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/nested/grandchild.js`, 'exports.name = "grandchild";');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/nested/child.js`, [
+            'exports.grandchild = require("./grandchild");',
+            'exports.module = module;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/data.json`, JSON.stringify({ name: 'json' }));
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/custom.test`, 'module.exports.name = "custom";');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/module-require-target.js`, 'exports.name = "module-require-target";');
+        fs.writeFileSync(`${root}/entry.js`, [
+            'require.extensions[".test"] = function(mod, filename) {',
+            '  mod._compile(require("fs").readFileSync(filename, "utf8"), filename);',
+            '};',
+            'exports.child = require("./nested/child");',
+            'exports.childAgain = require("./nested/child");',
+            'exports.json = require("./data.json");',
+            'exports.custom = require("./custom.test");',
+            'exports.moduleRequireTarget = module.require("./module-require-target");',
+            'exports.module = module;',
+        ].join('\n'));
+
+        const require = createRequire(`${root}/main.cjs`);
+        const entry = require(`${root}/entry.js`);
+        assert.strictEqual(entry.child, entry.childAgain);
+        assert.strictEqual(entry.child.grandchild.name, 'grandchild');
+        assert.strictEqual(entry.json.name, 'json');
+        assert.strictEqual(entry.custom.name, 'custom');
+        assert.strictEqual(entry.moduleRequireTarget.name, 'module-require-target');
+
+        const childIds = entry.module.children.map((child) => child.filename);
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(childIds, [
+            `${root}/nested/child.js`,
+            `${root}/data.json`,
+            `${root}/custom.test`,
+            `${root}/module-require-target.js`,
+        ]);
+        assert.strictEqual(childIds.filter((filename) => filename === `${root}/nested/child.js`).length, 1);
+
+        const nestedChildIds = entry.child.module.children.map((child) => child.filename);
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(nestedChildIds, [`${root}/nested/grandchild.js`]);
+
+        return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error(error);
+        throw error;
+    }
+};
diff --git a/examples/runtime/module-resolution/wit/module-resolution.wit b/examples/runtime/module-resolution/wit/module-resolution.wit
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46b07241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/runtime/module-resolution/wit/module-resolution.wit
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package quickjs:module-resolution;
+
+world module-resolution {
+  export test-esm-package-map-edge-cases: func() -> bool;
+  export test-esm-encoded-relative-paths: func() -> bool;
+  export test-esm-invalid-package-specifiers: func() -> bool;
+  export test-sync-builtin-esm-exports: func() -> bool;
+  export test-esm-resolution-error-urls: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-direct-named-exports: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-define-property-named-exports: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-reexport-named-exports: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-analyzer-false-positive-guards: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-shared-loader-identity: func() -> bool;
+  export test-module-syntax-detection-and-diagnostics: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-package-reexport-named-exports: func() -> bool;
+  export test-find-package-json: func() -> bool;
+  export test-require-esm-error-handling: func() -> bool;
+  export test-require-esm-tla-retry: func() -> bool;
+  export test-require-esm-cycle-guards: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-symlink-circular-cache: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-node-module-loading-compat: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-nested-dependency-cache-shape: func() -> bool;
+  export test-cjs-module-children-graph: func() -> bool;
+}
diff --git a/examples/runtime/node-compat-runner/src/node-compat-runner.js b/examples/runtime/node-compat-runner/src/node-compat-runner.js
index dee59b65..da017d34 100644
--- a/examples/runtime/node-compat-runner/src/node-compat-runner.js
+++ b/examples/runtime/node-compat-runner/src/node-compat-runner.js
@@ -43,13 +43,19 @@ function drainAsync() {
 // (set via rquickjs 0.10's set_host_promise_rejection_tracker) emits
 // process.emit('unhandledRejection', reason) which we listen for here.
 var _firstUnhandledRejection = null;
+var _firstUnhandledRejectionHadTestListener = false;
 
 function installRejectionTracking() {
     _firstUnhandledRejection = null;
+    _firstUnhandledRejectionHadTestListener = false;
 
     function onUnhandledRejection(reason) {
         if (!_firstUnhandledRejection) {
             _firstUnhandledRejection = reason;
+            _firstUnhandledRejectionHadTestListener =
+                globalThis.process &&
+                typeof globalThis.process.listenerCount === 'function' &&
+                globalThis.process.listenerCount('unhandledRejection') > 1;
         }
     }
 
@@ -62,8 +68,10 @@ function installRejectionTracking() {
             globalThis.process.removeListener('unhandledRejection', onUnhandledRejection);
         }
         var rejection = _firstUnhandledRejection;
+        var hadTestListener = _firstUnhandledRejectionHadTestListener;
         _firstUnhandledRejection = null;
-        return rejection;
+        _firstUnhandledRejectionHadTestListener = false;
+        return hadTestListener ? null : rejection;
     };
 }
 
@@ -108,6 +116,8 @@ export const runTest = async (testPath) => {
     var restorePromise = null;
     var restoreArgv = null;
     var restoreCwd = null;
+    var previousNodeTestEntryFile = globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_entry_file;
+    globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_entry_file = testPath;
 
     if (globalThis.process) {
         var originalArgv = Array.isArray(globalThis.process.argv) ? globalThis.process.argv.slice() : null;
@@ -220,6 +230,11 @@ export const runTest = async (testPath) => {
         var fullMsg = (e && e.message) ? (e.message + "\n" + msg) : msg;
         return "FAIL: " + fullMsg;
     } finally {
+        if (previousNodeTestEntryFile === undefined) {
+            delete globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_entry_file;
+        } else {
+            globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_entry_file = previousNodeTestEntryFile;
+        }
         if (restoreCwd) {
             restoreCwd();
         }
diff --git a/examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner/src/node-modules-app-runner.js b/examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner/src/node-modules-app-runner.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87ee7453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner/src/node-modules-app-runner.js
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+function getRunFunction(module) {
+    if (module && typeof module.run === 'function') return module.run;
+    if (module && module.default && typeof module.default.run === 'function') return module.default.run;
+    throw new Error('Node modules app test module must export run()');
+}
+
+export const runTest = async (testPath) => {
+    const module = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+        ? createRequire(testPath)(testPath)
+        : await import(pathToFileURL(testPath).href);
+
+    const result = await getRunFunction(module)();
+    if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) {
+        throw new Error(`Unexpected node modules app test result: ${result}`);
+    }
+    return result;
+};
diff --git a/examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner/wit/node-modules-app-runner.wit b/examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner/wit/node-modules-app-runner.wit
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40885ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner/wit/node-modules-app-runner.wit
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package quickjs:node-modules-app-runner;
+
+world node-modules-app-runner {
+  export run-test: func(test-path: string) -> string;
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/js_subtest_parser.rs b/tests/common/js_subtest_parser.rs
index c48d6f6c..fc070a61 100644
--- a/tests/common/js_subtest_parser.rs
+++ b/tests/common/js_subtest_parser.rs
@@ -146,16 +146,90 @@ fn is_require_node_test(expr: &Expression) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-/// Check if an expression is a `test(...)` or `suite(...)` call.
+fn call_name<'a>(call: &'a CallExpression<'a>) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    if let Expression::Identifier(id) = &call.callee {
+        Some(id.name.as_str())
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_test_call_name(name: &str) -> bool {
+    name == "test" || name == "it"
+}
+
+fn is_suite_call_name(name: &str) -> bool {
+    name == "suite" || name == "describe"
+}
+
+/// Check if an expression is a discoverable node:test call.
 fn is_test_or_suite_call(expr: &Expression) -> bool {
     if let Expression::CallExpression(call) = expr
-        && let Expression::Identifier(id) = &call.callee
+        && let Some(name) = call_name(call)
     {
-        return id.name == "test" || id.name == "suite" || id.name == "describe";
+        return is_test_call_name(name) || is_suite_call_name(name);
     }
     false
 }
 
+fn extract_callback_body<'a>(call: &'a CallExpression<'a>) -> Option<&'a FunctionBody<'a>> {
+    for arg in call.arguments.iter().rev() {
+        match arg {
+            Argument::FunctionExpression(function) => {
+                if let Some(body) = function.body.as_ref() {
+                    return Some(body);
+                }
+            }
+            Argument::ArrowFunctionExpression(arrow) => {
+                if !arrow.expression {
+                    return Some(&arrow.body);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn build_test_info_from_call(index: usize, call: &CallExpression, span: (u32, u32)) -> TestInfo {
+    let name = extract_test_name(call)
+        .map(|n| sanitize_name(&n))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("test_{index:02}"));
+    let full_name = format!("test_{index:02}_{name}");
+    TestInfo {
+        index,
+        span,
+        name: full_name,
+    }
+}
+
+fn discover_top_level_suite_nested_tests(
+    call: &CallExpression,
+    index: &mut usize,
+) -> Vec<TestInfo> {
+    let Some(body) = extract_callback_body(call) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let mut tests = Vec::new();
+    for stmt in &body.statements {
+        if let Statement::ExpressionStatement(expr_stmt) = stmt
+            && let Expression::CallExpression(nested_call) = &expr_stmt.expression
+            && let Some(name) = call_name(nested_call)
+            && is_test_call_name(name)
+        {
+            tests.push(build_test_info_from_call(
+                *index,
+                nested_call,
+                (expr_stmt.span.start, expr_stmt.span.end),
+            ));
+            *index += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    tests
+}
+
 /// Extract test name from a test() call's first argument.
 fn extract_test_name(call: &CallExpression) -> Option<String> {
     if let Some(arg) = call.arguments.first() {
@@ -182,6 +256,14 @@ fn extract_test_name(call: &CallExpression) -> Option<String> {
 /// - `path`: file path (used to determine SourceType: .js → CJS, .mjs → ESM)
 /// - `source`: the JS source code
 pub fn discover_subtests(path: &str, source: &str) -> SubtestDiscovery {
+    discover_subtests_with_options(path, source, false)
+}
+
+pub fn discover_subtests_with_options(
+    path: &str,
+    source: &str,
+    nested_node_test: bool,
+) -> SubtestDiscovery {
     let source_type = if path.ends_with(".mjs") {
         SourceType::mjs()
     } else {
@@ -202,16 +284,29 @@ pub fn discover_subtests(path: &str, source: &str) -> SubtestDiscovery {
                 && let Expression::CallExpression(call) = &expr_stmt.expression
                 && is_test_or_suite_call(&expr_stmt.expression)
             {
-                let name = extract_test_name(call)
-                    .map(|n| sanitize_name(&n))
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("test_{index:02}"));
-                let full_name = format!("test_{index:02}_{name}");
-                tests.push(TestInfo {
-                    index,
-                    span: (expr_stmt.span.start, expr_stmt.span.end),
-                    name: full_name,
-                });
-                index += 1;
+                if nested_node_test
+                    && let Some(name) = call_name(call)
+                    && is_suite_call_name(name)
+                {
+                    let nested_tests = discover_top_level_suite_nested_tests(call, &mut index);
+                    if nested_tests.is_empty() {
+                        tests.push(build_test_info_from_call(
+                            index,
+                            call,
+                            (expr_stmt.span.start, expr_stmt.span.end),
+                        ));
+                        index += 1;
+                    } else {
+                        tests.extend(nested_tests);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    tests.push(build_test_info_from_call(
+                        index,
+                        call,
+                        (expr_stmt.span.start, expr_stmt.span.end),
+                    ));
+                    index += 1;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -277,11 +372,28 @@ pub fn rewrite_for_block(source: &str, blocks: &[BlockInfo], target_index: usize
     String::from_utf8(result).expect("UTF-8 source remained valid after block rewrite")
 }
 
-/// Rewrite source to filter to a single node:test test by index.
+/// Rewrite source to keep only the targeted discovered node:test call.
 ///
-/// Uses `globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_filter` which the node:test
-/// polyfill reads on initialization. This works for both CJS and ESM files
-/// and doesn't break `'use strict'` directive prologue.
-pub fn rewrite_for_node_test(source: &str, target_index: usize) -> String {
-    format!("globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_filter = {target_index};\n{source}")
+/// Non-target discovered calls are blanked by span in reverse order to
+/// preserve offsets while keeping unrelated top-level code intact.
+pub fn rewrite_for_node_test(source: &str, tests: &[TestInfo], target_index: usize) -> String {
+    let bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mut result = bytes.to_vec();
+
+    for test in tests.iter().rev() {
+        if test.index != target_index {
+            let start = test.span.0 as usize;
+            let end = test.span.1 as usize;
+            if start >= bytes.len() || end > bytes.len() || start >= end {
+                eprintln!(
+                    "WARNING: node:test span ({},{}) is invalid, skipping rewrite",
+                    start, end
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            result.splice(start..end, std::iter::once(b' '));
+        }
+    }
+
+    String::from_utf8(result).expect("UTF-8 source remained valid after node:test rewrite")
 }
diff --git a/tests/common/mod.rs b/tests/common/mod.rs
index 80c7016a..3822b69e 100644
--- a/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -145,11 +145,68 @@ pub struct NodeCompatTestEntry {
     pub category: NodeCompatCategory,
     pub reason: Option<String>,
     pub split: bool,
+    pub nested_node_test: bool,
     pub timeout_secs: u64,
     pub flaky: bool,
     pub subtests: Vec<NodeCompatSubtestEntry>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum NodeModulesAppCategory {
+    Runnable,
+    KnownGap,
+    Deferred,
+}
+
+impl NodeModulesAppCategory {
+    pub fn from_config_value(value: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "runnable" => Ok(Self::Runnable),
+            "known-gap" | "gap" => Ok(Self::KnownGap),
+            "deferred" => Ok(Self::Deferred),
+            other => anyhow::bail!("unknown node_modules_apps category '{other}'"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Runnable => "runnable",
+            Self::KnownGap => "known gap",
+            Self::Deferred => "deferred",
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn status_label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Runnable => "Passing",
+            Self::KnownGap => "Known gap",
+            Self::Deferred => "Deferred",
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn should_ignore_in_runner(self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(self, Self::Runnable)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct NodeModulesAppTestEntry {
+    pub file: String,
+    pub category: NodeModulesAppCategory,
+    pub coverage: String,
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
+    pub timeout_secs: u64,
+    pub flaky: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct NodeModulesAppEntry {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub category: NodeModulesAppCategory,
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
+    pub tests: Vec<NodeModulesAppTestEntry>,
+}
+
 /// Extract the numeric index from a subtest name like "block_00_foo" or "test_03_bar".
 /// Panics if the name doesn't match the expected format (config is authoritative).
 pub fn extract_node_compat_subtest_index(name: &str) -> usize {
@@ -233,6 +290,10 @@ pub fn load_node_compat_config(path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<NodeCompatTestE
             .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
             .map(|s| s.to_string());
         let split = opts.get("split").and_then(|v| v.as_bool()).unwrap_or(false);
+        let nested_node_test = opts
+            .get("nestedNodeTest")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_bool())
+            .unwrap_or(false);
         let timeout_secs = opts
             .get("timeout")
             .and_then(|v| v.as_u64())
@@ -269,6 +330,7 @@ pub fn load_node_compat_config(path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<NodeCompatTestE
             category,
             reason,
             split,
+            nested_node_test,
             timeout_secs,
             flaky,
             subtests,
@@ -278,6 +340,111 @@ pub fn load_node_compat_config(path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<NodeCompatTestE
     Ok(tests)
 }
 
+pub fn load_node_modules_apps_config(path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<NodeModulesAppEntry>> {
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(path)?;
+    let json_str = strip_jsonc_comments(&content);
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&json_str)?;
+
+    let apps_obj = value
+        .get("apps")
+        .and_then(|v| v.as_object())
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("node_modules_apps config missing 'apps' object"))?;
+
+    let mut apps = Vec::new();
+    for (app_name, opts) in apps_obj {
+        let category = node_modules_app_category_from_value(opts, None)?;
+        let reason = opts
+            .get("reason")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+            .map(str::to_string);
+        let default_timeout_secs = opts
+            .get("timeout")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_u64())
+            .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_NODE_COMPAT_TEST_TIMEOUT_SECS);
+        let tests_obj = opts
+            .get("tests")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_object())
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                anyhow::anyhow!("node_modules app '{app_name}' missing 'tests' object")
+            })?;
+
+        let mut tests = Vec::new();
+        for (test_file, test_opts) in tests_obj {
+            let test_category = node_modules_app_category_from_value(test_opts, Some(category))?;
+            let (coverage, test_reason, timeout_secs, flaky) = match test_opts {
+                serde_json::Value::String(coverage) => (
+                    coverage.clone(),
+                    reason.clone(),
+                    default_timeout_secs,
+                    false,
+                ),
+                serde_json::Value::Object(_) => {
+                    let coverage = test_opts
+                        .get("coverage")
+                        .or_else(|| test_opts.get("description"))
+                        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+                        .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                                "node_modules app '{app_name}' test '{test_file}' missing coverage"
+                            )
+                        })?
+                        .to_string();
+                    let test_reason = test_opts
+                        .get("reason")
+                        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+                        .map(str::to_string)
+                        .or_else(|| reason.clone());
+                    let timeout_secs = test_opts
+                        .get("timeout")
+                        .and_then(|v| v.as_u64())
+                        .unwrap_or(default_timeout_secs);
+                    let flaky = test_opts
+                        .get("flaky")
+                        .and_then(|v| v.as_bool())
+                        .unwrap_or(false);
+                    (coverage, test_reason, timeout_secs, flaky)
+                }
+                _ => anyhow::bail!(
+                    "node_modules app '{app_name}' test '{test_file}' must be a coverage string or object"
+                ),
+            };
+
+            tests.push(NodeModulesAppTestEntry {
+                file: test_file.clone(),
+                category: test_category,
+                coverage,
+                reason: test_reason,
+                timeout_secs,
+                flaky,
+            });
+        }
+        tests.sort_by(|a, b| a.file.cmp(&b.file));
+
+        apps.push(NodeModulesAppEntry {
+            name: app_name.clone(),
+            category,
+            reason,
+            tests,
+        });
+    }
+    apps.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name));
+
+    Ok(apps)
+}
+
+fn node_modules_app_category_from_value(
+    value: &serde_json::Value,
+    inherited: Option<NodeModulesAppCategory>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<NodeModulesAppCategory> {
+    if let Some(category) = value.get("category").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
+        return NodeModulesAppCategory::from_config_value(category);
+    }
+    if value.get("skip").and_then(|v| v.as_bool()).unwrap_or(false) {
+        return Ok(NodeModulesAppCategory::KnownGap);
+    }
+    Ok(inherited.unwrap_or(NodeModulesAppCategory::Runnable))
+}
+
 /// Recursively copy a directory and all its contents to a destination.
 pub fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &std::path::Path, dst: &std::path::Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
@@ -319,6 +486,24 @@ pub fn setup_node_compat_test_files(temp: &Utf8Path, test_rel_path: &str) -> any
     let dst_test = suite_dir.join(test_filename);
     fs::copy(&src_test, &dst_test)?;
 
+    // Some vendored ESM tests import sibling test files with relative specifiers.
+    // The split runner still executes one configured test at a time, but those
+    // relative imports need the original suite directory shape.
+    let src_suite_dir = std::path::Path::new("tests/node_compat/suite").join(suite);
+    if suite == "es-module" && src_suite_dir.exists() {
+        for entry in fs::read_dir(&src_suite_dir)? {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            if entry.file_type()?.is_file() {
+                let file_name = entry.file_name();
+                let file_name_str = file_name.to_string_lossy();
+                let dst = suite_dir.join(file_name_str.as_ref());
+                if !dst.exists() {
+                    fs::copy(entry.path(), dst)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // Copy the common shim
     let src_shim = "tests/node_compat/common-shim/index.js";
     let dst_shim = common_dir.join("index.js");
@@ -347,6 +532,22 @@ pub fn setup_node_compat_test_files(temp: &Utf8Path, test_rel_path: &str) -> any
         }
     }
 
+    // Copy vendored ESM common helpers that are not replaced by local shims.
+    let vendored_common_dir = std::path::Path::new("tests/node_compat/suite/common");
+    if vendored_common_dir.exists() {
+        for entry in fs::read_dir(vendored_common_dir)? {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            let file_name = entry.file_name();
+            let file_name_str = file_name.to_string_lossy();
+            if entry.file_type()?.is_file()
+                && file_name_str.ends_with(".mjs")
+                && !common_dir.join(file_name_str.as_ref()).exists()
+            {
+                fs::copy(entry.path(), common_dir.join(file_name_str.as_ref()))?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // Create /tmp directory for tmpdir shim
     let tmp_dir = temp.join("tmp");
     fs::create_dir_all(&tmp_dir)?;
diff --git a/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_cjs-require_exports.d.ts b/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_cjs-require_exports.d.ts
index 5b178879..8d188d65 100644
--- a/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_cjs-require_exports.d.ts
+++ b/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_cjs-require_exports.d.ts
@@ -8,4 +8,7 @@ declare module 'cjs-require' {
   export function testRequireJson(): Promise<boolean>;
   export function testRequireModuleExportsFunction(): Promise<boolean>;
   export function testRequireModuleNotFound(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testRequirePackageExports(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testRequirePackageImports(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testRequirePackageMapEdgeCases(): Promise<boolean>;
 }
diff --git a/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_module-resolution_exports.d.ts b/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_module-resolution_exports.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4384ee86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_module-resolution_exports.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+declare module 'module-resolution' {
+  export function testEsmPackageMapEdgeCases(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsDirectNamedExports(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsDefinePropertyNamedExports(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsReexportNamedExports(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsAnalyzerFalsePositiveGuards(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsSharedLoaderIdentity(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testModuleSyntaxDetectionAndDiagnostics(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsPackageReexportNamedExports(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testFindPackageJson(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testRequireEsmErrorHandling(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testRequireEsmTlaRetry(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testRequireEsmCycleGuards(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsSymlinkCircularCache(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsNodeModuleLoadingCompat(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsNestedDependencyCacheShape(): Promise<boolean>;
+  export function testCjsModuleChildrenGraph(): Promise<boolean>;
+}
diff --git a/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_node-modules-app-runner_exports.d.ts b/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_node-modules-app-runner_exports.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..091dad2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/goldenfiles/generated_types_node-modules-app-runner_exports.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+declare module 'node-modules-app-runner' {
+  export function runTest(testPath: string): Promise<string>;
+}
diff --git a/tests/js_subtest_parser.rs b/tests/js_subtest_parser.rs
index f803988a..1b09e365 100644
--- a/tests/js_subtest_parser.rs
+++ b/tests/js_subtest_parser.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ test_r::enable!();
 mod common;
 
 use crate::common::js_subtest_parser::{
-    BlockInfo, SubtestDiscovery, discover_subtests, rewrite_for_block, rewrite_for_node_test,
-    sanitize_name,
+    BlockInfo, SubtestDiscovery, discover_subtests, discover_subtests_with_options,
+    rewrite_for_block, rewrite_for_node_test, sanitize_name,
 };
 use test_r::test;
 
@@ -104,10 +104,15 @@ fn test_rewrite_for_block() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rewrite_for_node_test() {
-    let source = "test('a', () => {});\ntest('b', () => {});";
-    let result = rewrite_for_node_test(source, 0);
-    assert!(result.starts_with("globalThis.__wasm_rquickjs_node_test_filter = 0;"));
-    assert!(result.contains(source));
+    let source =
+        "const { test } = require('node:test');\ntest('a', () => {});\ntest('b', () => {});\n";
+    let tests = match discover_subtests("test.js", source) {
+        SubtestDiscovery::NodeTest(tests) => tests,
+        other => panic!("Expected NodeTest discovery, got {:?}", other),
+    };
+    let result = rewrite_for_node_test(source, &tests, 1);
+    assert!(!result.contains("test('a', () => {});"));
+    assert!(result.contains("test('b', () => {});"));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -159,6 +164,44 @@ test('another standalone', () => {});
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_describe_it_nested_discovery() {
+    let source = r#"
+'use strict';
+const { describe, it } = require('node:test');
+
+describe('findPackageJSON', () => {
+    it('first same-process case', () => {});
+    it('second same-process case', () => {});
+});
+"#;
+    match discover_subtests_with_options("test.js", source, true) {
+        SubtestDiscovery::NodeTest(tests) => {
+            assert_eq!(tests.len(), 2);
+            assert_eq!(tests[0].name, "test_00_first_same_process_case");
+            assert_eq!(tests[1].name, "test_01_second_same_process_case");
+        }
+        other => panic!("Expected NodeTest discovery, got {:?}", other),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_describe_it_default_discovers_suite_only() {
+    let source = r#"
+'use strict';
+const { describe, it } = require('node:test');
+
+describe('findPackageJSON', () => {
+    it('first same-process case', () => {});
+    it('second same-process case', () => {});
+});
+"#;
+    match discover_subtests("test.js", source) {
+        SubtestDiscovery::None => {}
+        other => panic!("Expected no split for one top-level suite, got {:?}", other),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_no_split_for_single_block() {
     let source = "'use strict';\n{ assert(1); }";
diff --git a/tests/node_compat.rs b/tests/node_compat.rs
index 5ddb5877..ce8a5dc8 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat.rs
+++ b/tests/node_compat.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 test_r::enable!();
 
 use crate::common::js_subtest_parser::{
-    BlockInfo, SubtestDiscovery, discover_subtests, rewrite_for_block, rewrite_for_node_test,
+    BlockInfo, SubtestDiscovery, TestInfo, discover_subtests_with_options, rewrite_for_block,
+    rewrite_for_node_test,
 };
 use crate::common::{
     CompiledTest, GolemPreparedComponent, TestInstance, load_node_compat_config,
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ fn prepare_node_compat_full(
 #[derive(Clone)]
 enum DiscoveryData {
     Block(Vec<BlockInfo>),
-    NodeTest,
+    NodeTest(Vec<TestInfo>),
 }
 
 fn handle_test_result(
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ fn gen_node_compat_tests(r: &mut DynamicTestRegistration) {
                 }
             };
 
-            let discovery = discover_subtests(&path, &source);
+            let discovery = discover_subtests_with_options(&path, &source, entry.nested_node_test);
 
             // Staleness check: compare discovered subtest count vs config count
             let discovered_count = match &discovery {
@@ -246,7 +247,9 @@ fn gen_node_compat_tests(r: &mut DynamicTestRegistration) {
                 let discovery_clone = match &discovery {
                     SubtestDiscovery::None => None,
                     SubtestDiscovery::Block(blocks) => Some(DiscoveryData::Block(blocks.clone())),
-                    SubtestDiscovery::NodeTest(_) => Some(DiscoveryData::NodeTest),
+                    SubtestDiscovery::NodeTest(tests) => {
+                        Some(DiscoveryData::NodeTest(tests.clone()))
+                    }
                 };
                 let subtest_flaky = subtest.flaky;
 
@@ -284,8 +287,8 @@ fn gen_node_compat_tests(r: &mut DynamicTestRegistration) {
                                         Some(DiscoveryData::Block(blocks)) => {
                                             rewrite_for_block(&source, blocks, subtest_index)
                                         }
-                                        Some(DiscoveryData::NodeTest) => {
-                                            rewrite_for_node_test(&source, subtest_index)
+                                        Some(DiscoveryData::NodeTest(tests)) => {
+                                            rewrite_for_node_test(&source, tests, subtest_index)
                                         }
                                         None => source.clone(),
                                     };
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/common-shim/index.mjs b/tests/node_compat/common-shim/index.mjs
index 5d21f650..43f538f0 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/common-shim/index.mjs
+++ b/tests/node_compat/common-shim/index.mjs
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ const {
 } = common;
 
 export {
+  createRequire,
   isWindows,
   isAIX,
   isSunOS,
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc b/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
index bc78cbc4..c240b667 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
+++ b/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
@@ -1695,10 +1695,10 @@
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-elliptic-curve-jwk.js": {},
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-encrypted-private-key-der.js": {},
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-encrypted-private-key.js": {},
-    "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-explicit-elliptic-curve-encrypted-p256.js": {},
+    "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-explicit-elliptic-curve-encrypted-p256.js": { "flaky": true, "timeout": 300 },
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-explicit-elliptic-curve-encrypted.js.js": {},
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-explicit-elliptic-curve.js": {},
-    "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-named-elliptic-curve-encrypted-p256.js": {},
+    "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-named-elliptic-curve-encrypted-p256.js": { "flaky": true, "timeout": 300 },
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-named-elliptic-curve-encrypted.js": {},
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-named-elliptic-curve.js": {},
     "parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-rsa.js": {},
@@ -2719,7 +2719,7 @@
         "block_00_connect_without_calling_dns_lookup": {},
         "block_01_connect_with_single_ip_returned_by_dns_lookup": {},
         "block_02_connect_with_autoselectfamily_and_single_ip": {},
-        "block_03_connect_with_autoselectfamily_and_multiple_ips": { "flaky": true }
+        "block_03_connect_with_autoselectfamily_and_multiple_ips": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "net.BlockList with autoSelectFamily and multiple lookup addresses does not yet raise ERR_IP_BLOCKED before connection attempts" }
       }
     },
     "parallel/test-net-buffersize.js": {},
@@ -2930,7 +2930,7 @@
     "parallel/test-net-write-arguments.js": {},
     "parallel/test-net-write-cb-on-destroy-before-connect.js": {},
     "parallel/test-net-write-connect-write.js": {},
-    "parallel/test-net-write-fully-async-buffer.js": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "parallel/test-net-write-fully-async-buffer.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "net write backpressure/drain handling for repeated large Buffer writes can hang in the WASM socket implementation" },
     "parallel/test-net-write-fully-async-hex-string.js": { "category": "runnable" },
     "parallel/test-net-write-slow.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "net.js TCP implementation incomplete - needs event handling and API fixes" },
     "parallel/test-process-next-tick.js": {},
@@ -5822,7 +5822,7 @@
     "es-module/test-disable-require-module-with-detection.js": {},
     "es-module/test-esm-assertionless-json-import.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks (--experimental-loader) and assertionless JSON import behavior are not implemented" },
     "es-module/test-esm-cjs-builtins.js": {},
-    "es-module/test-esm-cjs-exports.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM<->CJS export interop semantics (including __esModule/default/named export behavior and related errors) are not Node-compatible yet" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-cjs-exports.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "child_process execPath emulation does not yet support this ESM/CJS fixture runner path; direct CJS named export interop is covered by test-require-module.js" },
     "es-module/test-esm-cjs-main.js": {},
     "es-module/test-esm-data-urls.js": {},
     "es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-attribute.js": {},
@@ -5858,16 +5858,14 @@
     "es-module/test-esm-symlink.js": {},
     "es-module/test-esm-type-field-errors-2.js": {},
     "es-module/test-esm-type-field-errors.js": {},
-    "es-module/test-esm-undefined-cjs-global-like-variables.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM diagnostics for require/exports globals and package type=module .js error messaging do not match Node yet" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-undefined-cjs-global-like-variables.js": {},
     "es-module/test-esm-unknown-extension.js": {},
     "es-module/test-esm-url-extname.js": { "category": "node-internals", "reason": "uses --expose-internals and imports node:internal/modules/esm/get_format" },
     "es-module/test-esm-windows.js": {},
     "es-module/test-loaders-hidden-from-users.js": { "category": "node-internals", "reason": "uses --expose-internals plus Node internals (require('internal/...'), process.binding('natives'))" },
     "es-module/test-require-module-cached-tla.js": {},
-    "es-module/test-require-module-conditional-exports-module.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "node:module does not implement package.json exports condition resolution (module-sync/require/import/default)" },
+    "es-module/test-require-module-conditional-exports-module.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-conditional-exports.js": {
-      "category": "known-gap",
-      "reason": "node:module does not implement package.json exports condition resolution (require/import/default)",
       "split": true,
       "subtests": {
         "block_00_if_only_require_exports_are_defined_return_require_exports": {},
@@ -5878,7 +5876,7 @@
     "es-module/test-require-module-cycle-cjs-esm-esm.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js": {
       "category": "known-gap",
-      "reason": "QuickJS module system does not support ESM-CJS interop cycle detection",
+      "reason": "remaining failures run through spawnSync(process.execPath, ...) and assert exact child-process status/stderr cycle diagnostics; direct node modules app same-process module graph coverage lives in tests/node_modules_apps",
       "split": true,
       "subtests": {
         "block_00_a_mjs_b_cjs_c_mjs_a_mjs": {},
@@ -5888,7 +5886,7 @@
     },
     "es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm.js": {
       "category": "known-gap",
-      "reason": "QuickJS module system does not support ESM-CJS interop cycle detection",
+      "reason": "remaining failures run through spawnSync(process.execPath, ...) and assert exact child-process status/stderr cycle diagnostics; direct node modules app same-process module graph coverage lives in tests/node_modules_apps",
       "split": true,
       "subtests": {
         "block_00_require_a_cjs_a_mjs_b_cjs_a_mjs": {},
@@ -5899,7 +5897,7 @@
     },
     "es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js": {
       "category": "known-gap",
-      "reason": "QuickJS module system does not support ESM-CJS interop cycle detection",
+      "reason": "remaining failures run through spawnSync(process.execPath, ...) and assert exact child-process status/stderr cycle diagnostics; direct node modules app same-process module graph coverage lives in tests/node_modules_apps",
       "split": true,
       "subtests": {
         "block_00_a_mjs_b_mjs_c_cjs_z_mjs_a_mjs": {},
@@ -5910,7 +5908,7 @@
     },
     "es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js": {
       "category": "known-gap",
-      "reason": "require()/import cycle handling in ESM graphs is incomplete (missing ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE and can hit QuickJS linker assert)",
+      "reason": "remaining failures run through spawnSync(process.execPath, ...) and assert exact child-process status/stdout/stderr diagnostics; one TLA/dynamic-import sequencing case can still hit a QuickJS linker assert through process.execPath emulation, but direct same-process node modules app coverage passes",
       "split": true,
       "subtests": {
         "block_00_a_mjs_b_mjs_c_mjs_d_mjs_c_mjs": {},
@@ -5930,20 +5928,20 @@
     "es-module/test-require-module-detect-entry-point-aou.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-detect-entry-point.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-dont-detect-cjs.js": {},
-    "es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-1.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires CJS named export analysis (cjs-module-lexer) for ESM import of CJS modules" },
-    "es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-2.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires CJS named export analysis (cjs-module-lexer) for ESM import of CJS modules" },
+    "es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-1.js": {},
+    "es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-2.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-3.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-4.js": {},
-    "es-module/test-require-module-error-catching.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "QuickJS require(esm) bridge reports async-module semantics before surfacing synchronous ESM evaluation errors" },
+    "es-module/test-require-module-error-catching.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-errors.js": { "category": "engine-difference", "reason": "asserts V8-specific syntax error stderr text/format that differs in QuickJS" },
     "es-module/test-require-module-feature-detect.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-implicit.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-preload.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "child_process execPath emulation lacks full --import/--require preload semantics" },
-    "es-module/test-require-module-retry-import-errored.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM loader does not correctly retry/resume top-level-await module evaluation after require() throws ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE" },
-    "es-module/test-require-module-retry-import-evaluating.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM loader does not correctly retry/resume top-level-await module evaluation after require() throws ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE" },
-    "es-module/test-require-module-synchronous-rejection-handling.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "require(esm) rejection handling does not match Node behavior (unexpected unhandledRejection)" },
-    "es-module/test-require-module-tla-retry-import-2.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM loader does not correctly recover/reuse cached module state after require() ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE" },
-    "es-module/test-require-module-tla-retry-import.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM loader does not correctly recover/reuse cached module state after require() ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE" },
+    "es-module/test-require-module-retry-import-errored.js": {},
+    "es-module/test-require-module-retry-import-evaluating.js": {},
+    "es-module/test-require-module-synchronous-rejection-handling.js": {},
+    "es-module/test-require-module-tla-retry-import-2.js": {},
+    "es-module/test-require-module-tla-retry-import.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-tla-retry-require.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-tla.js": {
       "split": true,
@@ -5953,15 +5951,13 @@
       }
     },
     "es-module/test-require-module-transpiled.js": {},
-    "es-module/test-require-module-twice.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "CJS named export analysis for ESM/CJS interop is incomplete (missing named exports like π)" },
+    "es-module/test-require-module-twice.js": {},
     "es-module/test-require-module-warning.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "child_process execPath emulation does not implement --trace-require-module warning output" },
     "es-module/test-require-module-with-detection.js": {
-      "category": "known-gap",
-      "reason": "module syntax detection for extensionless/.js sources required by require(esm) is incomplete",
       "split": true,
       "subtests": {
-        "block_00_block_00": { "reason": "inherited: module syntax detection for extensionless/.js sources required by require(esm) is incomplete" },
-        "block_01_block_01": { "reason": "inherited: module syntax detection for extensionless/.js sources required by require(esm) is incomplete" }
+        "block_00_block_00": {},
+        "block_01_block_01": {}
       }
     },
     "es-module/test-require-module.js": {
@@ -5971,20 +5967,124 @@
       "subtests": {
         "block_00_test_named_exports": { "category": "runnable" },
         "block_01_test_esm_that_import_esm": { "category": "runnable" },
-        "block_02_test_esm_that_import_cjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "CJS named export analysis for ESM/CJS interop is incomplete (missing named exports like π)" },
+        "block_02_test_esm_that_import_cjs": { "category": "runnable" },
         "block_03_test_esm_that_require_cjs": { "category": "runnable" },
-        "block_04_also_test_default_export": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "package resolution from ESM (node_modules dependency without package.json) is incomplete" },
+        "block_04_also_test_default_export": { "category": "runnable" },
         "block_05_test_data_import": { "category": "runnable" }
       }
     },
     "es-module/test-require-node-modules-warning.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "child_process execPath emulation does not implement --trace-require-module warning output" },
-    "es-module/test-vm-compile-function-lineoffset.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "vm.compileFunction options range validation (lineOffset/columnOffset) is incomplete" },
+    "es-module/test-vm-compile-function-lineoffset.js": { "category": "runnable" },
     "es-module/test-vm-main-context-default-loader.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "vm.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER behavior for dynamic import resolution is incomplete" },
     "es-module/test-vm-source-text-module-leak.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "common-shim gc helper does not provide V8-style collectability checks used by this leak test" },
     "es-module/test-vm-synthetic-module-leak.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "common-shim gc helper does not provide V8-style collectability checks used by this leak test" },
     "es-module/test-wasm-memory-out-of-bound.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "WebAssembly global is missing in current runtime" },
     "es-module/test-wasm-simple.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "WebAssembly global is missing in current runtime" },
     "es-module/test-wasm-web-api.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "WebAssembly global is missing in current runtime" },
+
+    // === es-module completeness sweep (tracked after coverage audit) ===
+    "es-module/test-esm-assert-strict.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-basic-imports.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-child-process-fork-main.mjs": { "category": "wasi-impossible", "reason": "requires child_process.fork IPC semantics, which are not available in WASM" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-cjs-load-error-note.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-cjs-named-error.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-custom-exports.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-cyclic-dynamic-import.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-default-type.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-detect-ambiguous.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-dns-promises.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-double-encoding.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-attribute.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-commonjs.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-mutating-fs.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-encoded-path.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-example-loader.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-experimental-warnings.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-export-not-found.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-exports-deprecations.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-exports.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-extension-lookup-deprecation.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-extensionless-esm-and-wasm.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-forbidden-globals.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM compatibility shim intentionally exposes CommonJS-style __filename/__dirname; switching to strict Node ESM globals needs a product compatibility decision" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-fs-promises.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-warning.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-1.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-2.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-3.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-errors.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-import-flag.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-import-json-named-export.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-imports-deprecations.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-imports.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-initialization.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-json-cache.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-json.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-live-binding.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-chaining.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-custom-condition.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-default-resolver.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-dependency.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-entry-url.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-event-loop.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-hooks.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-http-imports.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-invalid-format.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-invalid-url.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-mock.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-not-found.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-programmatically.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-resolve-type.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-spawn-promisified.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-stringify-text.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-thenable.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-with-source.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader-with-syntax-error.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-loader.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-main-lookup.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-module-not-found-commonjs-hint.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-named-exports.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires loader pre-import fixture support for --import setup modules" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-namespace.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-no-addons.mjs": { "category": "wasi-impossible", "reason": "requires worker_threads/native addon process isolation semantics, which are not available in single-threaded WASM" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-non-js.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-nowarn-exports.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-path-posix.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-path-win32.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-pkgname.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-preserve-symlinks-not-found-plain.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM preserve-symlinks / preserve-symlinks-main behavior is incomplete" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-preserve-symlinks-not-found.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM preserve-symlinks / preserve-symlinks-main behavior is incomplete" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-process.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-prototype-pollution.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-recursive-cjs-dependencies.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-require-cache.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-resolve-type.mjs": { "category": "node-internals", "reason": "requires --expose-internals and node:internal/modules/esm/resolve" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-scope-node-modules.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-shared-loader-dep.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-shebang.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-snapshot.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "V8 startup snapshot fixture mutates CommonJS require.cache; the WASM runner does not model Node/V8 startup snapshot and cache coupling" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-source-map.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-syntax-error.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-throw-undefined.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-tla-unfinished.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-tla.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-type-field.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-type-flag-cli-entry.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-type-flag-errors.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-type-flag-loose-files.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-type-flag-package-scopes.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-type-flag-string-input.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-type-main.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-util-types.mjs": {},
+    "es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires module.register loader hooks to synthesize virtual JSON modules" },
+    "es-module/test-esm-wasm.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-import-module-conditional-exports-module.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage" },
+    "es-module/test-loaders-unknown-builtin-module.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented" },
+    "es-module/test-loaders-workers-spawned.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR" },
+    "es-module/test-require-as-esm-interop.mjs": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "es-module/test-typescript-commonjs.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires Node TypeScript stripping/Amaro support, which is out of scope for this module PR" },
+    "es-module/test-typescript-eval.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires Node TypeScript stripping/Amaro support, which is out of scope for this module PR" },
+    "es-module/test-typescript-module.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires Node TypeScript stripping/Amaro support, which is out of scope for this module PR" },
+    "es-module/test-typescript-transform.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires Node TypeScript stripping/Amaro support, which is out of scope for this module PR" },
+    "es-module/test-typescript.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires Node TypeScript stripping/Amaro support, which is out of scope for this module PR" },
     "parallel/test-abortcontroller-internal.js": { "category": "node-internals", "reason": "requires --expose-internals and internal/event_target (kWeakHandler)" },
     "parallel/test-accessor-properties.js": {
       "category": "node-internals",
@@ -6492,7 +6592,31 @@
       }
     },
     "parallel/test-filehandle-readablestream.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "fs/promises FileHandle.readableWebStream support is missing or incomplete" },
-    "parallel/test-find-package-json.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "node:module.findPackageJSON API behavior is incomplete" },
+    "parallel/test-find-package-json.js": {
+      "split": true,
+      "nestedNodeTest": true,
+      "subtests": {
+        "test_00_should_throw_when_no_arguments_are_provided": {},
+        "test_01_should_throw_when_parent_location_is_invalid": {},
+        "test_02_should_accept_a_file_url_string": {},
+        "test_03_should_accept_a_file_url_instance": {},
+        "test_04_should_be_able_to_crawl_up_cjs": {},
+        "test_05_should_be_able_to_crawl_up_esm": {},
+        "test_06_can_require_via_package_json": {},
+        "test_07_should_resolve_root_and_closest_package_json": {
+          "category": "known-gap",
+          "reason": "uses child_process spawn path (spawnPromisified)"
+        },
+        "test_08_should_work_within_a_loader": {
+          "category": "known-gap",
+          "reason": "requires child process loader/eval flags"
+        },
+        "test_09_should_work_with_async_resolve_hook_registered": {
+          "category": "known-gap",
+          "reason": "requires child process loader/eval flags"
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "parallel/test-fixed-queue.js": {
       "category": "node-internals",
       "reason": "requires --expose-internals and internal/fixed_queue",
@@ -6787,7 +6911,7 @@
     "parallel/test-mime-whatwg.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "util.MIMEType parsing API is not implemented" },
     "parallel/test-module-builtin.js": {},
     "parallel/test-module-children.js": {},
-    "parallel/test-module-circular-symlinks.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "module cache behavior with circular symlinked dependencies is not Node-compatible" },
+    "parallel/test-module-circular-symlinks.js": {},
     "parallel/test-module-create-require-multibyte.js": {
       "split": true,
       "subtests": {
@@ -6817,6 +6941,7 @@
     },
     "parallel/test-module-nodemodulepaths.js": {},
     "parallel/test-module-parent-deprecation.js": {},
+    "parallel/test-module-print-timing.mjs": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI module_timer and trace-event support" },
     "parallel/test-module-prototype-mutation.js": {},
     "parallel/test-module-readonly.js": { "category": "wasi-impossible", "reason": "Windows-specific readonly-module filesystem behavior is not applicable in WASI" },
     "parallel/test-module-relative-lookup.js": {},
@@ -7256,7 +7381,7 @@
     "parallel/test-promises-unhandled-rejections.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "process unhandledRejection/rejectionHandled/warning mode behavior is incomplete" },
     "parallel/test-promises-unhandled-symbol-rejections.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "process unhandledRejection/rejectionHandled/warning mode behavior is incomplete" },
     "parallel/test-promises-warning-on-unhandled-rejection.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "process unhandledRejection/rejectionHandled/warning mode behavior is incomplete" },
-    "parallel/test-punycode.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "legacy punycode builtin is not wired into CommonJS module resolution" },
+    "parallel/test-punycode.js": {},
     "parallel/test-queue-microtask-uncaught-asynchooks.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "async_hooks lifecycle events for microtasks are not implemented" },
     "parallel/test-queue-microtask.js": {
       "category": "known-gap",
@@ -10289,7 +10414,7 @@
         "block_02_block_02": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "perf_hooks.monitorEventLoopDelay is not implemented" }
       }
     },
-    "sequential/test-pipe.js": { "category": "runnable" },
+    "sequential/test-pipe.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "HTTP request piping into a raw TCP stream with large payloads can hang in current net/http stream backpressure handling" },
     "sequential/test-process-title.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "child_process -p/process.title behavior is incomplete in WASM child emulation" },
     "sequential/test-process-warnings.js": {},
     "sequential/test-repl-timeout-throw.js": { "category": "known-gap", "reason": "child_process.spawn emulation does not support --interactive REPL sessions" },
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/report.md b/tests/node_compat/report.md
index 2fc4b106..f624ddc6 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/report.md
+++ b/tests/node_compat/report.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Node.js v22.14.0 Compatibility Inventory
 
-Generated: 2026-05-20 | Source: `tests/node_compat/config.jsonc` | Engine: wasm-rquickjs (QuickJS)
+Generated: 2026-06-25 | Source: `tests/node_compat/config.jsonc` | Engine: wasm-rquickjs (QuickJS)
 
 This report is generated from `config.jsonc` only. It does **not** run the vendored tests itself. Entries classified as `runnable` are reported as passing because the `node_compat` PR test executes runnable entries and fails CI if any of them fail.
 
@@ -8,19 +8,19 @@ This report is generated from `config.jsonc` only. It does **not** run the vendo
 
 Primary compatibility is measured over the public API surface we can provide: CI-enforced passing (`runnable`) plus `known-gap`. WASI-impossible tests, engine differences, unevaluated tests, and Node.js-internals tests are acknowledged separately and excluded from the primary percentage.
 
-**Primary compatibility (CI-enforced):** 3085/4295 (71.8%)
+**Primary compatibility (CI-enforced):** 3142/4404 (71.3%)
 
 | Classification | Count | Primary % | Public inventory % | All listed % |
 |----------------|-------|-----------|--------------------|--------------|
-| ✅ passing (runnable) | 3085 | 71.8% | 55.0% | 45.8% |
-| 🧩 known gap | 1210 | 28.2% | 21.6% | 18.0% |
-| 🚫 WASI-impossible (excluded) | 1153 | — | 20.6% | 17.1% |
-| ⚙️ engine difference (excluded) | 162 | — | 2.9% | 2.4% |
+| ✅ passing (runnable) | 3142 | 71.3% | 54.9% | 45.9% |
+| 🧩 known gap | 1262 | 28.7% | 22.1% | 18.4% |
+| 🚫 WASI-impossible (excluded) | 1155 | — | 20.2% | 16.9% |
+| ⚙️ engine difference (excluded) | 162 | — | 2.8% | 2.4% |
 | ❔ unevaluated (excluded) | 0 | — | 0.0% | 0.0% |
-| 🔒 Node.js internals (excluded) | 1121 | — | — | 16.7% |
-| **Total** | **6731** |  |  | **100.0%** |
+| 🔒 Node.js internals (excluded) | 1122 | — | — | 16.4% |
+| **Total** | **6843** |  |  | **100.0%** |
 
-Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently excluded from primary: **3085/5610 (55.0%)**.
+Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently excluded from primary: **3142/5721 (54.9%)**.
 
 ## Inventory by Module
 
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | fs | 482 | 374 | 12 | 20 | 5 | 0 | 71 | 96.9% | 91.0% |
 | global | 11 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 44.4% | 44.4% |
 | heap | 22 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
-| http | 898 | 244 | 305 | 267 | 2 | 0 | 80 | 44.4% | 29.8% |
+| http | 898 | 243 | 306 | 267 | 2 | 0 | 80 | 44.3% | 29.7% |
 | inspector | 95 | 1 | 0 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100.0% | 1.1% |
 | internal | 53 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 100.0% | 100.0% |
-| module | 184 | 102 | 62 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 62.2% | 59.3% |
-| net | 223 | 150 | 36 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 80.6% | 72.8% |
+| module | 184 | 121 | 43 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 73.8% | 70.3% |
+| net | 223 | 147 | 39 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 79.0% | 71.4% |
 | node | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
 | os | 6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100.0% | 100.0% |
-| other | 469 | 101 | 92 | 83 | 11 | 0 | 182 | 52.3% | 35.2% |
+| other | 581 | 142 | 160 | 85 | 11 | 0 | 183 | 47.0% | 35.7% |
 | path | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.0% | 100.0% |
 | perf_hooks | 41 | 3 | 34 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8.1% | 7.7% |
 | permission | 55 | 4 | 38 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9.5% | 7.5% |
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | url | 29 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100.0% | 100.0% |
 | util | 174 | 90 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 76 | 91.8% | 91.8% |
 | v8 | 45 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 93.3% | 31.1% |
-| vm | 121 | 25 | 84 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 22.9% | 20.7% |
+| vm | 121 | 26 | 83 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 23.9% | 21.5% |
 | webcrypto | 107 | 43 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 67.2% | 66.2% |
 | webstreams | 68 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100.0% | 100.0% |
 | whatwg | 261 | 54 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 186 | 72.0% | 72.0% |
@@ -93,15 +93,15 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | File | Subtests | Passing | Gap | WASI-impossible | Engine diff | Unevaluated | Internals |
 |------|----------|----------|-----|-----------------|-------------|-------------|-----------|
 | `test-esm-loader-modulemap.js` | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
-| `test-require-module-conditional-exports.js` | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+| `test-require-module-conditional-exports.js` | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js` | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm.js` | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js` | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js` | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-require-module-defined-esmodule.js` | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-require-module-tla.js` | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
-| `test-require-module-with-detection.js` | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
-| `test-require-module.js` | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+| `test-require-module-with-detection.js` | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+| `test-require-module.js` | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-abortcontroller.js` | 19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-aborted-util.js` | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-abortsignal-cloneable.js` | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | `test-eventtarget-memoryleakwarning.js` | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
 | `test-eventtarget.js` | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61 |
 | `test-file.js` | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+| `test-find-package-json.js` | 10 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-fixed-queue.js` | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
 | `test-freeze-intrinsics.js` | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-fs-access.js` | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
@@ -363,7 +364,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | `test-net-autoselectfamily-default.js` | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-net-autoselectfamily.js` | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-net-better-error-messages-path.js` | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
-| `test-net-blocklist.js` | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+| `test-net-blocklist.js` | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-net-bytes-written-large.js` | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-net-connect-options-port.js` | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | `test-net-normalize-args.js` | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
@@ -680,21 +681,23 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 
 ## Classified Non-Runnable Tests
 
-### known gap (1210)
+### known gap (1262)
 
 | Reason | Count | Example entries |
 |--------|-------|-----------------|
 | node:http2 public API is a stub in WebAssembly runtime | 106 | `parallel/test-http2-head-request.js`, `parallel/test-http2-info-headers.js`, `parallel/test-http2-invalidargtypes-errors.js`, ... (+103) |
+| requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI mode support deferred to follow-up PR | 36 | `es-module/test-esm-cjs-load-error-note.mjs`, `es-module/test-esm-detect-ambiguous.mjs`, `es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-mutating-fs.mjs`, ... (+33) |
 | stream edge case not yet handled | 22 | `parallel/test-stream-compose.js#block_17_block_17`, `parallel/test-stream-drop-take.js#block_01_don_t_wait_for_next_item_in_the_original_stream_when_already`, `parallel/test-stream-duplex-from.js#block_17_block_17`, ... (+19) |
 | process.permission and --permission CLI semantics are incomplete in execPath emulation | 18 | `parallel/test-cli-permission-deny-fs.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-cli-permission-deny-fs.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-cli-permission-deny-fs.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+15) |
 | wasi:sockets UDP implementation crashes in wasmtime | 14 | `parallel/test-dgram-connect-send-callback-buffer.js`, `parallel/test-dgram-connect-send-callback-multi-buffer.js`, `parallel/test-dgram-connect-send-default-host.js`, ... (+11) |
 | domain module depends on async_hooks, not fully working | 13 | `parallel/test-domain-promise.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-domain-promise.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-domain-promise.js#block_03_block_03`, ... (+10) |
+| custom ESM loader hooks / module.register are not implemented | 12 | `es-module/test-esm-example-loader.mjs`, `es-module/test-esm-loader-custom-condition.mjs`, `es-module/test-esm-loader-dependency.mjs`, ... (+9) |
 | inherited: dns.getServers()/setServers default-server behavior and validation are not Node-compatible | 12 | `parallel/test-dns.js#block_00_verify_that_setservers_handles_arrays_with_holes_and_other_o`, `parallel/test-dns.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-dns.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+9) |
 | node:readline module is not yet supported in WebAssembly environment | 12 | `parallel/test-readline-keys.js`, `parallel/test-readline-position.js`, `parallel/test-readline-reopen.js`, ... (+9) |
-| QuickJS module system does not support ESM-CJS interop cycle detection | 11 | `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js#block_00_a_mjs_b_cjs_c_mjs_a_mjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js#block_01_b_cjs_c_mjs_a_mjs_b_cjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js#block_02_c_mjs_a_mjs_b_cjs_c_mjs`, ... (+8) |
 | full script module-loading test still exposes incomplete main-module/cache/package-main edge semantics | 11 | `sequential/test-module-loading.js#block_00_block_00`, `sequential/test-module-loading.js#block_01_block_01`, `sequential/test-module-loading.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+8) |
 | inherited: process.permission and --permission CLI semantics are incomplete in execPath emulation | 11 | `parallel/test-permission-allow-child-process-cli.js#block_00_guarantee_the_initial_state`, `parallel/test-permission-allow-child-process-cli.js#block_01_to_spawn_unless_allow_child_process_is_sent`, `parallel/test-permission-allow-wasi-cli.js#block_00_guarantee_the_initial_state`, ... (+8) |
 | net.js TCP implementation incomplete - needs event handling and API fixes | 11 | `parallel/test-net-connect-nodelay.js`, `parallel/test-net-connect-paused-connection.js`, `parallel/test-net-during-close.js`, ... (+8) |
+| remaining failures run through spawnSync(process.execPath, ...) and assert exact child-process status/stderr cycle diagnostics; direct node modules app same-process module graph coverage lives in tests/node_modules_apps | 11 | `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js#block_00_a_mjs_b_cjs_c_mjs_a_mjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js#block_01_b_cjs_c_mjs_a_mjs_b_cjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-cjs-esm-esm.js#block_02_c_mjs_a_mjs_b_cjs_c_mjs`, ... (+8) |
 | wasi:sockets UDP implementation hangs in wasmtime | 11 | `parallel/test-dgram-implicit-bind.js`, `parallel/test-dgram-multicast-set-interface.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-dgram-multicast-set-interface.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+8) |
 | dgram multicast membership APIs are not implemented (ENOSYS) | 10 | `parallel/test-dgram-membership.js#block_02_addmembership_with_no_argument_should_throw`, `parallel/test-dgram-membership.js#block_03_dropmembership_with_no_argument_should_throw`, `parallel/test-dgram-membership.js#block_04_addmembership_with_invalid_multicast_address_should_throw`, ... (+7) |
 | async_hooks not fully implemented | 9 | `parallel/test-async-hooks-destroy-on-gc.js`, `parallel/test-async-hooks-disable-during-promise.js`, `parallel/test-async-hooks-disable-gc-tracking.js`, ... (+6) |
@@ -706,6 +709,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | Intl is not available in current runtime | 8 | `parallel/test-intl-v8BreakIterator.js`, `parallel/test-intl.js`, `parallel/test-whatwg-encoding-custom-textdecoder-fatal.js`, ... (+5) |
 | process unhandledRejection/rejectionHandled/warning mode behavior is incomplete | 8 | `parallel/test-promise-unhandled-silent-no-hook.js`, `parallel/test-promise-unhandled-silent.js`, `parallel/test-promise-unhandled-warn-no-hook.js`, ... (+5) |
 | vm.constants.DONT_CONTEXTIFY and vanilla-context behavior are not implemented | 8 | `parallel/test-vm-context-dont-contextify.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-vm-context-dont-contextify.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-vm-context-dont-contextify.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+5) |
+| ESM package type/exports/imports behavior needs resolver unification triage | 7 | `es-module/test-esm-custom-exports.mjs`, `es-module/test-esm-exports-deprecations.mjs`, `es-module/test-esm-exports.mjs`, ... (+4) |
 | common-shim spawnPromisified child emulation does not support --experimental-webstorage/--localstorage-file flags | 7 | `parallel/test-webstorage.js#test_01_emits_a_warning_when_used`, `parallel/test-webstorage.js#test_02_storage_instances_cannot_be_created_in_userland`, `parallel/test-webstorage.js#test_03_sessionstorage_is_not_persisted`, ... (+4) |
 | inherited: Intl is not available in current runtime | 7 | `parallel/test-icu-transcode.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-icu-transcode.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-icu-transcode.js#block_02_test_that_uint8array_arguments_are_okay`, ... (+4) |
 | WebAssembly global is missing in current runtime | 6 | `es-module/test-wasm-memory-out-of-bound.js`, `es-module/test-wasm-simple.js`, `es-module/test-wasm-web-api.js`, ... (+3) |
@@ -718,6 +722,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | inherited: perf_hooks PerformanceResourceTiming/markResourceTiming behavior is incomplete | 5 | `parallel/test-perf-hooks-resourcetiming.js#block_00_performanceresourcetiming_should_not_be_initialized_external`, `parallel/test-perf-hooks-resourcetiming.js#block_01_using_performance_getentries`, `parallel/test-perf-hooks-resourcetiming.js#block_02_default_values`, ... (+2) |
 | node:readline createInterface/async iterator API is not implemented | 5 | `parallel/test-readline-async-iterators-backpressure.js`, `parallel/test-readline-async-iterators-destroy.js`, `parallel/test-readline-async-iterators.js`, ... (+2) |
 | process.getActiveResourcesInfo() is not implemented | 5 | `parallel/test-process-getactiveresources-track-active-handles.js`, `parallel/test-process-getactiveresources-track-active-requests.js`, `parallel/test-process-getactiveresources-track-interval-lifetime.js`, ... (+2) |
+| requires Node TypeScript stripping/Amaro support, which is out of scope for this module PR | 5 | `es-module/test-typescript-commonjs.mjs`, `es-module/test-typescript-eval.mjs`, `es-module/test-typescript-module.mjs`, ... (+2) |
 | util.format output formatting differences | 5 | `parallel/test-util-format.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-util-format.js#block_01_string_format_specifier_including_tostring_properties_on_the`, `parallel/test-util-format.js#block_02_symbol_toprimitive_handling_for_string_format_specifier`, ... (+2) |
 | WASM child emulation does not support Node.js --test CLI output behavior | 4 | `parallel/test-runner-extraneous-async-activity.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-runner-extraneous-async-activity.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-runner-extraneous-async-activity.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+1) |
 | crypto.scrypt/scryptSync support is missing (test reports 'no scrypt support') | 4 | `parallel/test-crypto-scrypt.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-crypto-scrypt.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-crypto-scrypt.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+1) |
@@ -727,7 +732,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | isMarkedAsUntransferable() and related mark/query behavior are incomplete | 4 | `parallel/test-worker-message-transfer-port-mark-as-untransferable.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-worker-message-transfer-port-mark-as-untransferable.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-worker-message-transfer-port-mark-as-untransferable.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+1) |
 | markAsUncloneable and DataCloneError semantics are incomplete | 4 | `parallel/test-worker-message-mark-as-uncloneable.js#block_00_uncloneables_cannot_be_cloned_during_message_posting`, `parallel/test-worker-message-mark-as-uncloneable.js#block_01_uncloneables_cannot_be_cloned_during_structured_cloning`, `parallel/test-worker-message-mark-as-uncloneable.js#block_02_markasuncloneable_cannot_affect_arraybuffer`, ... (+1) |
 | promisified exec()/execFile() contract is incomplete (promise.child is not a ChildProcess instance) | 4 | `parallel/test-child-process-promisified.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-child-process-promisified.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-child-process-promisified.js#block_02_block_02`, ... (+1) |
-| require()/import cycle handling in ESM graphs is incomplete (missing ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE and can hit QuickJS linker assert) | 4 | `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js#block_00_a_mjs_b_mjs_c_mjs_d_mjs_c_mjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js#block_01_b_mjs_c_mjs_d_mjs_c_mjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js#block_02_c_mjs_d_mjs_c_mjs`, ... (+1) |
+| remaining failures run through spawnSync(process.execPath, ...) and assert exact child-process status/stdout/stderr diagnostics; one TLA/dynamic-import sequencing case can still hit a QuickJS linker assert through process.execPath emulation, but direct same-process node modules app coverage passes | 4 | `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js#block_00_a_mjs_b_mjs_c_mjs_d_mjs_c_mjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js#block_01_b_mjs_c_mjs_d_mjs_c_mjs`, `es-module/test-require-module-cycle-esm-esm-cjs-esm.js#block_02_c_mjs_d_mjs_c_mjs`, ... (+1) |
 | timeout enforcement with microtaskMode='afterEvaluate' is incomplete | 4 | `parallel/test-vm-timeout-escape-promise-2.js`, `parallel/test-vm-timeout-escape-promise-module.js`, `parallel/test-vm-timeout-escape-promise.js`, ... (+1) |
 | unhandled-rejection mode and uncaughtException bridging semantics are incomplete | 4 | `parallel/test-promise-unhandled-default.js`, `parallel/test-promise-unhandled-error.js`, `parallel/test-promise-unhandled-throw-handler.js`, ... (+1) |
 | wasi:http client does not surface 103 Early Hints as 'information' events | 4 | `parallel/test-http-early-hints.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-http-early-hints.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-http-early-hints.js#block_03_block_03`, ... (+1) |
@@ -753,7 +758,6 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | inherited: server parser accepts bare-LF header separators instead of replying 400 and closing | 3 | `parallel/test-http-missing-header-separator-lf.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-http-missing-header-separator-lf.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-http-missing-header-separator-lf.js#block_02_block_02` |
 | inherited: setServers argument validation (ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE details) is incomplete for dns and dns/promises | 3 | `parallel/test-dns-setservers-type-check.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-dns-setservers-type-check.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-dns-setservers-type-check.js#block_02_this_test_for_dns_promises` |
 | net edge case not yet handled | 3 | `parallel/test-net-autoselectfamily.js#block_01_test_that_only_the_last_successful_connection_is_established`, `parallel/test-net-connect-reset.js`, `parallel/test-net-pingpong.js` |
-| node:module does not implement package.json exports condition resolution (require/import/default) | 3 | `es-module/test-require-module-conditional-exports.js#block_00_if_only_require_exports_are_defined_return_require_exports`, `es-module/test-require-module-conditional-exports.js#block_01_if_both_are_defined_require_is_used`, `es-module/test-require-module-conditional-exports.js#block_02_if_import_and_default_are_defined_default_is_used` |
 | node:readline Interface constructor/options are not implemented | 3 | `parallel/test-readline-interface-escapecodetimeout.js`, `parallel/test-readline-interface-no-trailing-newline.js`, `parallel/test-readline-interface-recursive-writes.js` |
 | node:test concurrency scheduling/completion semantics are incomplete | 3 | `parallel/test-runner-concurrency.js#test_00_concurrency_option_boolean_true`, `parallel/test-runner-concurrency.js#test_01_concurrency_option_boolean_false`, `parallel/test-runner-concurrency.js#test_02_concurrency_true_implies_infinity` |
 | node_compat common shim is missing ../common/wpt harness | 3 | `parallel/test-whatwg-events-event-constructors.js`, `parallel/test-whatwg-events-eventtarget-this-of-listener.js`, `parallel/test-whatwg-url-custom-searchparams-sort.js` |
@@ -762,11 +766,9 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | setUncaughtExceptionCaptureCallback does not fully intercept thrown uncaught exceptions | 3 | `parallel/test-process-exception-capture-should-abort-on-uncaught-setflagsfromstring.js`, `parallel/test-process-exception-capture-should-abort-on-uncaught.js`, `parallel/test-process-exception-capture.js` |
 | spawn() stdio validation/pipe semantics are not Node-compatible in WASM emulation | 3 | `parallel/test-child-process-stdio.js#block_00_test_stdio_piping`, `parallel/test-child-process-stdio.js#block_02_asset_options_invariance`, `parallel/test-child-process-stdio.js#block_03_test_stdout_buffering` |
 | test runner edge case | 3 | `parallel/test-runner-filetest-location.js`, `parallel/test-runner-root-after-with-refed-handles.js`, `parallel/test-runner-todo-skip-tests.js` |
-| CJS named export analysis for ESM/CJS interop is incomplete (missing named exports like π) | 2 | `es-module/test-require-module-twice.js`, `es-module/test-require-module.js#block_02_test_esm_that_import_cjs` |
 | CLI/NODE_OPTIONS max-http-header-size propagation in child process emulation is incomplete | 2 | `parallel/test-set-http-max-http-headers.js#test_01_test_01`, `parallel/test-set-http-max-http-headers.js#test_02_same_checks_using_node_options_if_it_is_supported` |
 | DSA keygen currently supports only modern key sizes; legacy 512-bit variant fails | 2 | `parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-dsa-key-object.js`, `parallel/test-crypto-keygen-async-dsa.js` |
-| ESM loader does not correctly recover/reuse cached module state after require() ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE | 2 | `es-module/test-require-module-tla-retry-import-2.js`, `es-module/test-require-module-tla-retry-import.js` |
-| ESM loader does not correctly retry/resume top-level-await module evaluation after require() throws ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE | 2 | `es-module/test-require-module-retry-import-errored.js`, `es-module/test-require-module-retry-import-evaluating.js` |
+| ESM preserve-symlinks / preserve-symlinks-main behavior is incomplete | 2 | `es-module/test-esm-preserve-symlinks-not-found-plain.mjs`, `es-module/test-esm-preserve-symlinks-not-found.mjs` |
 | HTTP keep-alive socket identity reuse across sequential requests is not implemented | 2 | `parallel/test-http-keepalive-client.js`, `parallel/test-http-keepalive-request.js` |
 | IncomingMessage 'aborted' event is not emitted when the server destroys a keep-alive response | 2 | `parallel/test-http-client-aborted-event.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-http-client-aborted-event.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | TextDecoderStream invalid-encoding errors are not Node-compatible yet | 2 | `parallel/test-whatwg-webstreams-encoding.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-whatwg-webstreams-encoding.js#block_01_block_01` |
@@ -791,7 +793,6 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | inherited: dgram multicast loopback API is not implemented (ENOSYS) | 2 | `parallel/test-dgram-multicast-loopback.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-dgram-multicast-loopback.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | inherited: dgram setBroadcast API is not implemented (ENOSYS) | 2 | `parallel/test-dgram-setBroadcast.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-dgram-setBroadcast.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | inherited: listen(options) argument validation/error semantics are not fully Node-compatible | 2 | `parallel/test-net-server-listen-options.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-net-server-listen-options.js#block_02_block_02` |
-| inherited: module syntax detection for extensionless/.js sources required by require(esm) is incomplete | 2 | `es-module/test-require-module-with-detection.js#block_00_block_00`, `es-module/test-require-module-with-detection.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | inherited: process.getActiveResourcesInfo() is not implemented | 2 | `parallel/test-process-getactiveresources-track-timer-lifetime.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-process-getactiveresources-track-timer-lifetime.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | inherited: queueMicrotask argument validation/error codes are incomplete | 2 | `parallel/test-queue-microtask.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-queue-microtask.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | inherited: requires perf_hooks.PerformanceObserver with net detail | 2 | `parallel/test-net-perf_hooks.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-net-perf_hooks.js#block_01_block_01` |
@@ -803,7 +804,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | process.permission worker-thread restrictions are incomplete | 2 | `parallel/test-permission-dc-worker-threads.js`, `parallel/test-permission-worker-threads-cli.js` |
 | process.report.writeReport and permission-model integration are missing | 2 | `parallel/test-permission-fs-write-report.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-permission-fs-write-report.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | promisified exec()/execFile() rejection errors miss stdout/stderr fields | 2 | `parallel/test-child-process-promisified.js#block_04_block_04`, `parallel/test-child-process-promisified.js#block_05_block_05` |
-| requires CJS named export analysis (cjs-module-lexer) for ESM import of CJS modules | 2 | `es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-1.js`, `es-module/test-require-module-dynamic-import-2.js` |
+| requires child process loader/eval flags | 2 | `parallel/test-find-package-json.js#test_08_should_work_within_a_loader`, `parallel/test-find-package-json.js#test_09_should_work_with_async_resolve_hook_registered` |
 | spawn() timeout/killSignal behavior is not Node-compatible in WASM emulation | 2 | `parallel/test-child-process-spawn-timeout-kill-signal.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-child-process-spawn-timeout-kill-signal.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | tls.connect() stub throws instead of constructing a TLSSocket for allowHalfOpen option checks | 2 | `parallel/test-tls-connect-allow-half-open-option.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-tls-connect-allow-half-open-option.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | uncaughtExceptionMonitor event behavior in child_process flows is incomplete | 2 | `parallel/test-process-uncaught-exception-monitor.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-process-uncaught-exception-monitor.js#block_01_block_01` |
@@ -863,9 +864,8 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | ECDH key import/deriveKey compatibility for test vectors is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-webcrypto-derivekey-ecdh.js` |
 | ECDSA key import/sign/verify compatibility for test vectors is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-webcrypto-sign-verify-ecdsa.js` |
 | ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING_FLAG behavior is not implemented | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-dynamic-import-callback-missing-flag.js` |
-| ESM diagnostics for require/exports globals and package type=module .js error messaging do not match Node yet | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-undefined-cjs-global-like-variables.js` |
+| ESM compatibility shim intentionally exposes CommonJS-style __filename/__dirname; switching to strict Node ESM globals needs a product compatibility decision | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-forbidden-globals.mjs` |
 | ESM directory import errors do not match Node ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT behavior | 1 | `parallel/test-directory-import.js` |
-| ESM<->CJS export interop semantics (including __esModule/default/named export behavior and related errors) are not Node-compatible yet | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-cjs-exports.js` |
 | EdDSA sign/verify vector compatibility is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-webcrypto-sign-verify-eddsa.js` |
 | Error.prepareStackTrace default behavior is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-error-prepare-stack-trace.js` |
 | EventEmitter captureRejections option validation/behavior is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-event-capture-rejections.js` |
@@ -887,6 +887,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | HTTP parser does not emit Node-compatible HPE_INVALID_TRANSFER_ENCODING clientError semantics | 1 | `parallel/test-http-server-reject-chunked-with-content-length.js` |
 | HTTP parser handling for blank request headers and 400 response framing is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-http-blank-header.js` |
 | HTTP parser/clientError path does not reject duplicate Content-Length with HPE_UNEXPECTED_CONTENT_LENGTH | 1 | `parallel/test-http-double-content-length.js` |
+| HTTP request piping into a raw TCP stream with large payloads can hang in current net/http stream backpressure handling | 1 | `sequential/test-pipe.js` |
 | HTTP request piping with constrained agent sockets can stall queued requests | 1 | `parallel/test-http-pipe-fs.js` |
 | HTTP request streaming/pipe backpressure behavior is not fully Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-pipe-file-to-http.js` |
 | HTTP response serialization/header ordering differs from Node for first-chunk single-byte encodings | 1 | `parallel/test-http-outgoing-first-chunk-singlebyte-encoding.js` |
@@ -897,6 +898,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | HTTP server incorrectly emits chunked terminator semantics for 204/304 responses | 1 | `parallel/test-http-chunked-304.js` |
 | HTTP server parser does not emit Node-compatible HPE_HEADER_OVERFLOW/431 behavior for oversized headers | 1 | `parallel/test-http-header-overflow.js` |
 | HTTP server socket.setEncoding('') error path (ERR_HTTP_SOCKET_ENCODING) is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-socket-encoding-error.js` |
+| HTTP/1.0 keep-alive client/server framing is not Node-compatible; consistently fails on CI even with retries | 1 | `parallel/test-http-1.0-keep-alive.js` |
 | HTTP/1.0 keep-alive response connection-closing semantics are not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-wget.js` |
 | Happy Eyeballs autoSelectFamily over custom dual-stack DNS is not wired through wasi:http transport | 1 | `parallel/test-http-autoselectfamily.js` |
 | Host header generation ignores globalAgent.defaultPort and incorrectly includes the port | 1 | `parallel/test-http-default-port.js` |
@@ -927,7 +929,6 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | OutgoingMessage implicit Content-Length/Transfer-Encoding and Connection header behavior is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-content-length.js` |
 | OutgoingMessage.getHeaders() shape is not Node-compatible (null-prototype object expected) | 1 | `parallel/test-http-mutable-headers.js` |
 | Overridden globalAgent socket bookkeeping (agent.sockets/close lifecycle) is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-client-override-global-agent.js` |
-| QuickJS require(esm) bridge reports async-module semantics before surfacing synchronous ESM evaluation errors | 1 | `es-module/test-require-module-error-catching.js` |
 | QuickJS stack frame formatting differs for Error objects whose name is a non-string object | 1 | `parallel/test-util-inspect.js#block_97_block_97` |
 | RSA imported-key algorithm metadata compatibility is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-webcrypto-encrypt-decrypt-rsa.js` |
 | RSA key import/export metadata compatibility is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-webcrypto-export-import-rsa.js` |
@@ -959,6 +960,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | SourceTextModule import.meta initialization hook is not implemented | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-module-import-meta.js` |
 | SourceTextModule linker/dependency parsing semantics are incomplete (imports, cycles, and attributes) | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-module-link.js` |
 | Timeout listener bookkeeping on keep-alive sockets is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-client-timeout-option-listeners.js` |
+| V8 startup snapshot fixture mutates CommonJS require.cache; the WASM runner does not model Node/V8 startup snapshot and cache coupling | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-snapshot.mjs` |
 | WASI UDP ping-pong over loopback does not reliably deliver datagrams in the local runtime despite Node-compatible hostname resolution | 1 | `sequential/test-dgram-pingpong.js` |
 | WASM child emulation does not support --experimental-test-module-mocks CLI flag | 1 | `parallel/test-runner-module-mocking.js#test_11_node_modules_can_be_used_by_both_module_systems` |
 | WASM child emulation does not support --experimental-test-module-mocks/--experimental-default-type flags | 1 | `parallel/test-runner-module-mocking.js#test_16_wrong_import_syntax_should_throw_error_after_module_mocking` |
@@ -1015,6 +1017,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | child_process execPath emulation does not implement --completion-bash output | 1 | `parallel/test-bash-completion.js` |
 | child_process execPath emulation does not implement --experimental-print-required-tla diagnostics output | 1 | `es-module/test-require-module-tla.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | child_process execPath emulation does not yet match Node CLI argument validation/exit codes | 1 | `parallel/test-cli-bad-options.js` |
+| child_process execPath emulation does not yet support this ESM/CJS fixture runner path; direct CJS named export interop is covered by test-require-module.js | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-cjs-exports.js` |
 | child_process execPath emulation has incomplete --require preload/argv handling | 1 | `parallel/test-preload-print-process-argv.js` |
 | child_process execPath emulation lacks full --import/--require preload semantics | 1 | `es-module/test-require-module-preload.js` |
 | child_process execPath emulation lacks full NODE_OPTIONS and CLI flag semantics | 1 | `parallel/test-cli-node-options.js` |
@@ -1150,15 +1153,15 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | keep-alive socket reuse plus drain/backpressure behavior for corked responses is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-outgoing-end-cork.js` |
 | keep-alive socket timeout/reuse race handling is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-keep-alive-timeout-race-condition.js` |
 | large raw pipelined request load (10k) exhausts current WASM/runtime resources | 1 | `parallel/test-http-pipeline-requests-connection-leak.js` |
-| legacy punycode builtin is not wired into CommonJS module resolution | 1 | `parallel/test-punycode.js` |
 | maxRequestsPerSocket keep-alive header behavior (Keep-Alive/Connection framing) is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-keep-alive-max-requests.js` |
 | missing importModuleDynamically callback does not raise ERR_VM_DYNAMIC_IMPORT_CALLBACK_MISSING | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-no-dynamic-import-callback.js` |
 | mixed headersTimeout/requestTimeout handling is not Node-compatible | 1 | `sequential/test-http-server-request-timeouts-mixed.js` |
-| module cache behavior with circular symlinked dependencies is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-module-circular-symlinks.js` |
 | moveMessagePortToContext cross-context object/prototype semantics are incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-worker-message-port-move.js` |
 | native rquickjs URL accessors report Rust conversion errors for invalid receivers before JS can normalize them to V8/Web IDL private-member messages | 1 | `parallel/test-whatwg-url-invalidthis.js` |
 | native rquickjs URL class property enumeration order does not match Web IDL order and descriptors are not fully configurable from JS | 1 | `parallel/test-whatwg-url-custom-properties.js` |
 | net reusePort listen option/support probing is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-net-reuseport.js` |
+| net write backpressure/drain handling for repeated large Buffer writes can hang in the WASM socket implementation | 1 | `parallel/test-net-write-fully-async-buffer.js` |
+| net.BlockList with autoSelectFamily and multiple lookup addresses does not yet raise ERR_IP_BLOCKED before connection attempts | 1 | `parallel/test-net-blocklist.js#block_03_connect_with_autoselectfamily_and_multiple_ips` |
 | net.Server blockList enforcement is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-net-server-blocklist.js` |
 | net.Server captureRejections async error propagation is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-net-server-capture-rejection.js` |
 | node-compat runner drainAsync() relies on global setTimeout after this test deletes timer globals | 1 | `parallel/test-timers-api-refs.js` |
@@ -1168,8 +1171,6 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | node:http client socketPath transport flow is incomplete (unix-socket request hangs) | 1 | `parallel/test-http-client-pipe-end.js` |
 | node:https Agent constructor compatibility is incomplete (call without new) | 1 | `parallel/test-https-agent-constructor.js` |
 | node:https Agent#getName TLS option keying is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-https-agent-getname.js` |
-| node:module does not implement package.json exports condition resolution (module-sync/require/import/default) | 1 | `es-module/test-require-module-conditional-exports-module.js` |
-| node:module.findPackageJSON API behavior is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-find-package-json.js` |
 | node:sqlite applyChangeset conflict-resolution behavior is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-sqlite-session.js#test_05_conflict_resolution` |
 | node:sqlite rejects mixed named+positional parameters where Node accepts them | 1 | `parallel/test-sqlite-statement-sync.js#test_06_statementsync_prototype_expandedsql` |
 | node:test mock timers Date behavior is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-runner-mock-timers-date.js` |
@@ -1184,7 +1185,6 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | node_compat test fixture module ../common/process-exit-code-cases is not resolved in this runtime | 1 | `parallel/test-process-exit-code.js` |
 | non-writable global property semantics in vm contexts are incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-global-non-writable-properties.js` |
 | options.agent validation/lifecycle is not fully Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-client-reject-unexpected-agent.js` |
-| package resolution from ESM (node_modules dependency without package.json) is incomplete | 1 | `es-module/test-require-module.js#block_04_also_test_default_export` |
 | passive listener semantics are incomplete (test currently self-skips) | 1 | `parallel/test-whatwg-events-add-event-listener-options-passive.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | per-context Symbol/global binding behavior is incomplete in vm contexts | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-harmony-symbols.js` |
 | perf_hooks HTTP PerformanceEntry emission/detail fields are incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-http-perf_hooks.js` |
@@ -1229,7 +1229,6 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | request drain captureRejections path hangs when request is never finalized with end() under wasi:http | 1 | `parallel/test-http-outgoing-message-capture-rejection.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | request header population/normalization (for example Accept) is incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-http.js` |
 | request/response pause-resume flow control does not complete with Node-compatible behavior | 1 | `parallel/test-http-pause.js` |
-| require(esm) rejection handling does not match Node behavior (unexpected unhandledRejection) | 1 | `es-module/test-require-module-synchronous-rejection-handling.js` |
 | requires ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE validation on resolve methods (not yet implemented) | 1 | `parallel/test-dns-resolvens-typeerror.js` |
 | requires HTTP server functionality, we only support clients | 1 | `parallel/test-diagnostic-channel-http-response-created.js` |
 | requires Intl/timezone data support that is not available in the current runtime | 1 | `parallel/test-datetime-change-notify.js` |
@@ -1238,10 +1237,13 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | requires actual TCP socket reuse with remotePort identity tracking via server; wasi:http creates new connections per request | 1 | `parallel/test-http-agent-scheduling.js` |
 | requires createConnection to forward keepAlive/keepAliveInitialDelay options; wasi:http does not use Agent.createConnection for outbound requests | 1 | `parallel/test-http-agent-keepalive-delay.js` |
 | requires fd option for listen | 1 | `parallel/test-net-listen-fd0.js` |
+| requires loader pre-import fixture support for --import setup modules | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-named-exports.mjs` |
+| requires module.register loader hooks to synthesize virtual JSON modules | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs` |
 | requires net.createServer with pauseOnConnect and socket.localPort; wasi:http does not expose socket-level properties | 1 | `parallel/test-http-agent-reuse-drained-socket-only.js` |
 | requires onread option with buffer/callback | 1 | `parallel/test-net-onread-static-buffer.js` |
 | requires raw TCP response with obsolete HTTP line-folded headers; wasi:http rejects them | 1 | `parallel/test-http-multi-line-headers.js` |
 | requires remote server close detection on idle keep-alive sockets and socket hang up errors; wasi:http creates independent connections per request with no shared socket lifecycle | 1 | `parallel/test-http-agent-keepalive.js` |
+| requires simulated process.execPath / Node CLI module_timer and trace-event support | 1 | `parallel/test-module-print-timing.mjs` |
 | response writable state around aborted proxy close is not Node-compatible | 1 | `parallel/test-http-writable-true-after-close.js` |
 | response write + socket-error path does not preserve the expected truncated raw HTTP ending | 1 | `parallel/test-http-header-badrequest.js` |
 | runInContext does not preserve symbol/prototype property access on contextified objects | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-symbols.js` |
@@ -1317,6 +1319,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | uncaughtException handling after response end can stall socket cleanup | 1 | `parallel/test-http-end-throw-socket-handling.js` |
 | uncaughtException rethrow exit-code semantics are incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-unhandled-exception-rethrow-error.js` |
 | uses V8 native %GetUndetectable() syntax which QuickJS cannot evaluate | 1 | `parallel/test-util-inspect.js#block_83_https_github_com_nodejs_node_issues_31889` |
+| uses child_process spawn path (spawnPromisified) | 1 | `parallel/test-find-package-json.js#test_07_should_resolve_root_and_closest_package_json` |
 | util.MIMEType parsing API is not implemented | 1 | `parallel/test-mime-whatwg.js` |
 | util.MIMEType/util.MIMEParams are not implemented | 1 | `parallel/test-mime-api.js` |
 | util.debuglog formatting/callback behavior is not fully Node-compatible | 1 | `sequential/test-util-debug.js` |
@@ -1339,7 +1342,6 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | vm.Script.sourceMapURL parsing for //# sourceMappingURL comments is not implemented | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-source-map-url.js` |
 | vm.SyntheticModule API behavior is missing/incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-module-synthetic.js` |
 | vm.USE_MAIN_CONTEXT_DEFAULT_LOADER behavior for dynamic import resolution is incomplete | 1 | `es-module/test-vm-main-context-default-loader.js` |
-| vm.compileFunction options range validation (lineOffset/columnOffset) is incomplete | 1 | `es-module/test-vm-compile-function-lineoffset.js` |
 | vm.compileFunction validation, options handling, and error fidelity are incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-basic.js#block_06_vm_compilefunction` |
 | vm.createContext argument type validation and error codes are incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-create-context-arg.js` |
 | vm.createContext argument validation and error codes are incomplete | 1 | `parallel/test-vm-basic.js#block_04_vm_createcontext` |
@@ -1370,7 +1372,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | zlib invalid compressed input error event/callback behavior differs from Node | 1 | `parallel/test-zlib-invalid-input.js` |
 | zlib stream bytesWritten/bytesRead accounting and end/data callbacks differ from Node | 1 | `parallel/test-zlib-bytes-read.js` |
 
-### WASI-impossible (1153)
+### WASI-impossible (1155)
 
 | Reason | Count | Example entries |
 |--------|-------|-----------------|
@@ -1487,6 +1489,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | requires child_process.exec subprocess behavior | 1 | `parallel/test-error-reporting.js` |
 | requires child_process.exec which is not available in WASM | 1 | `parallel/test-child-process-exec-cwd.js` |
 | requires child_process.execSync which is not available in WASM | 1 | `parallel/test-domain-abort-on-uncaught.js` |
+| requires child_process.fork IPC semantics, which are not available in WASM | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-child-process-fork-main.mjs` |
 | requires child_process.fork(), which is unavailable in WASI | 1 | `parallel/test-http-server-stale-close.js` |
 | requires child_process.spawn of a separate Node process to reproduce stack-overflow behavior | 1 | `sequential/test-fs-stat-sync-overflow.js` |
 | requires child_process.spawn of a separate server process | 1 | `sequential/test-net-response-size.js` |
@@ -1526,6 +1529,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 | requires worker_threads to interrupt generatePrime; worker_threads is unavailable in WASM | 1 | `parallel/test-crypto-prime.js#block_09_block_09` |
 | requires worker_threads trace propagation | 1 | `parallel/test-trace-events-async-hooks-worker.js` |
 | requires worker_threads, which are unavailable in WASM | 1 | `sequential/test-vm-break-on-sigint.js` |
+| requires worker_threads/native addon process isolation semantics, which are not available in single-threaded WASM | 1 | `es-module/test-esm-no-addons.mjs` |
 | sending host process signals is not supported in WASI | 1 | `parallel/test-process-kill-null.js` |
 | test is gated to Linux/macOS/Windows shell behavior and excludes WASI | 1 | `parallel/test-stdin-from-file-spawn.js` |
 | tests Worker terminate() during http2.respondWithFile() in the worker; requires real worker_threads execution which is not available in single-threaded WASM | 1 | `parallel/test-worker-terminate-http2-respond-with-file.js` |
@@ -1586,7 +1590,7 @@ Secondary full-public compatibility, including public tests that are currently e
 
 _No entries._
 
-### Node.js internals (1121)
+### Node.js internals (1122)
 
 | Reason | Count | Example entries |
 |--------|-------|-----------------|
@@ -1655,6 +1659,7 @@ _No entries._
 | inherited: requires --expose-internals and internalBinding('cares_wrap') to stub getaddrinfo | 3 | `parallel/test-dns-lookup.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-dns-lookup.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-dns-lookup.js#block_02_block_02` |
 | inherited: uses --expose-internals with dgram._createSocketHandle and internal/test/binding | 3 | `parallel/test-dgram-create-socket-handle-fd.js#block_00_return_a_negative_number_if_the_existing_fd_is_invalid`, `parallel/test-dgram-create-socket-handle-fd.js#block_01_return_a_negative_number_if_the_type_of_fd_is_not_udp`, `parallel/test-dgram-create-socket-handle-fd.js#block_02_create_a_bound_handle` |
 | requires --expose-internals and internal/options | 3 | `parallel/test-options-binding.js`, `parallel/test-pending-deprecation.js`, `parallel/test-worker-cli-options.js` |
+| requires --expose-internals and node:internal/modules/esm/resolve | 3 | `es-module/test-cjs-legacyMainResolve-permission.js`, `es-module/test-cjs-legacyMainResolve.js`, `es-module/test-esm-resolve-type.mjs` |
 | requires internal/test/binding and internalBinding('js_stream') | 3 | `parallel/test-util-types.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-util-types.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-util-types.js#block_02_block_02` |
 | requires internal/test/binding internalBinding('tcp_wrap') | 3 | `parallel/test-tcp-wrap-connect.js`, `parallel/test-tcp-wrap-listen.js`, `parallel/test-tcp-wrap.js` |
 | uses --expose-internals and internal/errors AbortError | 3 | `parallel/test-errors-aborterror.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-errors-aborterror.js#block_01_block_01`, `parallel/test-errors-aborterror.js#block_02_block_02` |
@@ -1676,7 +1681,6 @@ _No entries._
 | requires --expose-internals and internal/error_serdes | 2 | `sequential/test-error-serdes.js#block_00_block_00`, `sequential/test-error-serdes.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | requires --expose-internals and internal/priority_queue | 2 | `parallel/test-priority-queue.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-priority-queue.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | requires --expose-internals and internal/timers | 2 | `parallel/test-child-process-http-socket-leak.js`, `parallel/test-tls-wrap-timeout.js` |
-| requires --expose-internals and node:internal/modules/esm/resolve | 2 | `es-module/test-cjs-legacyMainResolve-permission.js`, `es-module/test-cjs-legacyMainResolve.js` |
 | requires --expose-internals and require('internal/js_stream_socket') | 2 | `parallel/test-stream-wrap-encoding.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-stream-wrap-encoding.js#block_01_block_01` |
 | requires --expose-internals plus internal/js_stream_socket and internalBinding('stream_wrap') | 2 | `parallel/test-stream-wrap-drain.js`, `parallel/test-stream-wrap.js` |
 | requires internal _tls_common module | 2 | `parallel/test-tls-translate-peer-certificate.js#block_00_block_00`, `parallel/test-tls-translate-peer-certificate.js#block_01_block_01` |
diff --git a/tests/node_compat_config_report.rs b/tests/node_compat_config_report.rs
index 60f84264..e709616f 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat_config_report.rs
+++ b/tests/node_compat_config_report.rs
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@ use common::{
     NodeCompatCategory, NodeCompatTestEntry, classify_test, load_node_compat_config,
     strip_jsonc_comments,
 };
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
 use test_r::test;
 
 const CONFIG_PATH: &str = "tests/node_compat/config.jsonc";
 const REPORT_PATH: &str = "tests/node_compat/report.md";
+const SUITE_ROOT: &str = "tests/node_compat/suite";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct InventoryItem {
@@ -141,6 +143,85 @@ fn generate_node_compat_config_report() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn module_related_node_compat_entries_are_configured() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let entries = load_node_compat_config(CONFIG_PATH)?;
+    let configured: BTreeSet<_> = entries.into_iter().map(|entry| entry.path).collect();
+    let expected = collect_module_related_entrypoints()?;
+
+    let missing: Vec<_> = expected
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|entry| !configured.contains(entry))
+        .collect();
+
+    assert!(
+        missing.is_empty(),
+        "module-related node_compat tests are vendored but missing from {CONFIG_PATH}:\n{}",
+        missing.join("\n")
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn collect_module_related_entrypoints() -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<String>> {
+    let mut entries = BTreeSet::new();
+    collect_matching_files("es-module", is_es_module_entrypoint, &mut entries)?;
+    collect_matching_files("parallel", is_parallel_module_entrypoint, &mut entries)?;
+    collect_matching_files("sequential", is_sequential_module_entrypoint, &mut entries)?;
+    Ok(entries)
+}
+
+fn collect_matching_files(
+    suite_dir: &str,
+    predicate: fn(&str) -> bool,
+    entries: &mut BTreeSet<String>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let dir = Path::new(SUITE_ROOT).join(suite_dir);
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(&dir)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        if !entry.file_type()?.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let file_name = entry.file_name();
+        let file_name = file_name.to_string_lossy();
+        if predicate(&file_name) {
+            entries.insert(format!("{suite_dir}/{file_name}"));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_js_entrypoint(name: &str) -> bool {
+    name.starts_with("test-") && (name.ends_with(".js") || name.ends_with(".mjs"))
+}
+
+fn is_es_module_entrypoint(name: &str) -> bool {
+    is_js_entrypoint(name)
+}
+
+fn is_parallel_module_entrypoint(name: &str) -> bool {
+    is_js_entrypoint(name)
+        && [
+            "test-module-",
+            "test-module.",
+            "test-require-",
+            "test-require.",
+            "test-cjs-",
+            "test-cjs.",
+            "test-esm-",
+            "test-esm.",
+            "test-commonjs-",
+            "test-commonjs.",
+        ]
+        .iter()
+        .any(|prefix| name.starts_with(prefix))
+}
+
+fn is_sequential_module_entrypoint(name: &str) -> bool {
+    is_js_entrypoint(name) && name.starts_with("test-module")
+}
+
 fn expand_entries(entries: &[NodeCompatTestEntry]) -> Vec<InventoryItem> {
     let mut items = Vec::new();
     for entry in entries {
diff --git a/tests/node_compat_validate.rs b/tests/node_compat_validate.rs
index 060da817..bf870312 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat_validate.rs
+++ b/tests/node_compat_validate.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ mod common;
 
 use camino::Utf8Path;
 use common::js_subtest_parser::{
-    SubtestDiscovery, discover_subtests, rewrite_for_block, rewrite_for_node_test,
+    SubtestDiscovery, discover_subtests_with_options, rewrite_for_block, rewrite_for_node_test,
 };
 use common::{
     CompiledTest, GolemPreparedComponent, NodeCompatCategory, TestInstance,
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ struct ValidationCase {
     reason: Option<String>,
     timeout_secs: u64,
     subtest_index: Option<usize>,
+    nested_node_test: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -162,6 +163,7 @@ fn load_cases() -> anyhow::Result<Vec<ValidationCase>> {
                     reason: subtest.reason,
                     timeout_secs: entry.timeout_secs,
                     subtest_index: Some(subtest.index),
+                    nested_node_test: entry.nested_node_test,
                 });
             }
         } else {
@@ -172,6 +174,7 @@ fn load_cases() -> anyhow::Result<Vec<ValidationCase>> {
                 reason: entry.reason,
                 timeout_secs: entry.timeout_secs,
                 subtest_index: None,
+                nested_node_test: entry.nested_node_test,
             });
         }
     }
@@ -221,10 +224,11 @@ async fn run_case(
         setup_node_compat_test_files(instance.temp_dir_path(), &case.path)?;
 
         if let Some(index) = case.subtest_index {
-            let (source, discovery) = load_split_source(&case.path, source_cache)?;
+            let (source, discovery) =
+                load_split_source(&case.path, case.nested_node_test, source_cache)?;
             let rewritten = match discovery {
                 SubtestDiscovery::Block(blocks) => rewrite_for_block(source, blocks, index),
-                SubtestDiscovery::NodeTest(_) => rewrite_for_node_test(source, index),
+                SubtestDiscovery::NodeTest(tests) => rewrite_for_node_test(source, tests, index),
                 SubtestDiscovery::None => source.to_string(),
             };
             let test_filename = case.path.rsplit('/').next().unwrap_or(&case.path);
@@ -270,15 +274,17 @@ async fn run_case(
 
 fn load_split_source<'a>(
     path: &str,
+    nested_node_test: bool,
     source_cache: &'a mut BTreeMap<String, (String, SubtestDiscovery)>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<(&'a str, &'a SubtestDiscovery)> {
-    if !source_cache.contains_key(path) {
+    let cache_key = format!("{path}#{nested_node_test}");
+    if !source_cache.contains_key(&cache_key) {
         let source = fs::read_to_string(format!("tests/node_compat/suite/{path}"))?;
-        let discovery = discover_subtests(path, &source);
-        source_cache.insert(path.to_string(), (source, discovery));
+        let discovery = discover_subtests_with_options(path, &source, nested_node_test);
+        source_cache.insert(cache_key.clone(), (source, discovery));
     }
     let (source, discovery) = source_cache
-        .get(path)
+        .get(&cache_key)
         .expect("split source was just inserted");
     Ok((source.as_str(), discovery))
 }
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/README.md b/tests/node_modules_apps/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4e2646c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# Node Modules App Tests
+
+This runtime suite tests unbundled npm apps with real `node_modules` attached to the component filesystem. It is intentionally separate from `tests/libraries/`, which tests Rollup-bundled package usage and records human compatibility notes in `tests/libraries/libraries.md`.
+
+## What This Suite Covers
+
+Use node modules app tests for:
+
+- Node-style package resolution from a filesystem `node_modules` tree
+- package `exports` / `imports`, including wildcard patterns
+- CJS/ESM interop and same-process `require(esm)` behavior
+- package graphs that behave differently when bundled versus installed
+- small smoke tests for pure-JS packages that should run without subprocesses or live services
+
+Do not use node modules app tests for native `.node` bindings, packages that load WASM artifacts, subprocess-heavy behavior, or live network/cloud service calls.
+
+## Source Of Truth
+
+`tests/node_modules_apps/config.jsonc` is the source of truth. Runtime tests in `tests/runtime/node_modules_apps.rs` are generated from this config.
+
+Each app has this shape:
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "apps": {
+    "example-app": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Short suite description",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-basic.mjs": "Coverage summary shown in the report"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Test entries can also be objects when a per-test category, reason, or timeout is needed:
+
+```jsonc
+"test-02-edge.cjs": {
+  "category": "known-gap",
+  "coverage": "Coverage summary",
+  "reason": "Specific gap explanation",
+  "timeout": 180
+}
+```
+
+Supported categories are:
+
+| Category | Runner behavior | Report meaning |
+|---|---|---|
+| `runnable` | Runs in `cargo test --test runtime` | Expected to pass |
+| `known-gap` | Ignored | Public behavior is in scope but missing/incomplete |
+| `deferred` | Ignored | Intentionally outside this node modules app suite's current scope |
+
+## App Directory Layout
+
+Each app lives under `tests/node_modules_apps/apps/<app-name>/`:
+
+```text
+tests/node_modules_apps/apps/example-app/
+├── package.json
+├── run-node.mjs
+├── test-01-basic.mjs
+└── test-02-edge.cjs
+```
+
+`package.json` should pin direct dependency versions. The harness installs dependencies with:
+
+```sh
+npm install --install-links --ignore-scripts --no-audit --no-fund
+```
+
+`run-node.mjs` should import or require the requested test file, call its exported `run()` function, print the returned result, and fail if it does not start with `PASS:`.
+
+## Test Format
+
+Each test file must export `run()` and return a `PASS:` string:
+
+```js
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+
+export async function run() {
+  assert.strictEqual(1 + 1, 2);
+  return 'PASS: basic behavior works';
+}
+```
+
+CommonJS tests can use `.cjs` and `module.exports.run = ...`.
+
+## How Runtime Tests Run
+
+For every runnable config entry, the harness:
+
+1. Copies the app directory to a temporary directory.
+2. Runs `npm install --install-links --ignore-scripts --no-audit --no-fund`.
+3. Verifies the raw app test with host Node.js: `node run-node.mjs <test-file>`.
+4. Copies the npm app into the WASI preopen as `/app`.
+5. Runs `examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner`, which imports or requires the test from `/app` and executes it against real `/app/node_modules`.
+
+## Commands
+
+Node modules app tests are baselined against Node.js 22.14.0, matching CI and
+the vendored Node.js compatibility suite. Use nvm before local runs:
+
+```sh
+source ~/.nvm/nvm.sh
+nvm install
+nvm use
+node --version
+```
+
+Local runs accept Node.js 22.14.0 or newer patch/minor releases within major
+22, but print a warning when the exact baseline differs because Node-baselined
+fixtures can change across minor releases. CI sets
+`NODE_MODULES_APP_STRICT_NODE_BASELINE=1`, which requires exactly Node.js
+22.14.0.
+
+Run the node modules app suite after skeleton changes:
+
+```sh
+./cleanup-skeleton.sh
+cargo test --test runtime --features use-golem-wasmtime -- node_modules_app --nocapture
+```
+
+Run a narrower filter:
+
+```sh
+cargo test --test runtime --features use-golem-wasmtime -- node_modules_app__module_interop --nocapture
+```
+
+Run the CI-style node modules app group:
+
+```sh
+cargo test --test runtime --features use-golem-wasmtime -- ':tag:group9'
+```
+
+Node modules app tests run as runtime `group9` in CI. Regular runtime tests use `group1` through `group8`.
+
+## Relationship To Rollup Library Tests
+
+| Suite | Purpose | Execution |
+|---|---|---|
+| `tests/libraries/` | Documents package compatibility when bundled with Rollup like the Golem CLI pipeline | Manual/agent workflow using Rollup, generated wrapper crates, and `wasmtime run` |
+| `tests/node_modules_apps/` | CI-enforced regression tests for unbundled apps with real filesystem `node_modules` | Rust runtime harness generated from `config.jsonc` |
+
+The same npm package may be covered in both suites for different reasons. Rollup tests answer whether bundled usage works; node modules app tests answer whether Node-style installed package loading works.
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d95fa5bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@anthropic-ai/sdk": "0.39.0",
+    "@aws-sdk/client-s3": "3.717.0",
+    "openai": "4.85.4",
+    "stripe": "17.6.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-01-openai.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-01-openai.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32c80844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-01-openai.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import OpenAI from 'openai';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const client = new OpenAI({ apiKey: 'sk-test', baseURL: 'https://example.invalid/v1' });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof client.chat.completions.create, 'function');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof client.files.create, 'function');
+  const error = new OpenAI.APIError(400, { error: { message: 'bad request' } }, 'bad request', {});
+  assert.strictEqual(error.status, 400);
+  return 'PASS: OpenAI SDK imports and exposes offline client surfaces from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-02-anthropic.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-02-anthropic.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db5ecb0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-02-anthropic.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import Anthropic from '@anthropic-ai/sdk';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const client = new Anthropic({ apiKey: 'sk-ant-test', baseURL: 'https://example.invalid' });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof client.messages.create, 'function');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof client.models.list, 'function');
+  const error = new Anthropic.APIError(401, { error: { message: 'unauthorized' } }, 'unauthorized', {});
+  assert.strictEqual(error.status, 401);
+  return 'PASS: Anthropic SDK imports and exposes offline client surfaces from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-03-aws-s3.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-03-aws-s3.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e4f6e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-03-aws-s3.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const { GetObjectCommand, PutObjectCommand, S3Client } = require('@aws-sdk/client-s3');
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const client = new S3Client({
+    region: 'us-east-1',
+    endpoint: 'https://example.invalid',
+    credentials: { accessKeyId: 'test', secretAccessKey: 'test' },
+  });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof client.send, 'function');
+
+  const put = new PutObjectCommand({ Bucket: 'bucket', Key: 'key', Body: 'body' });
+  assert.strictEqual(put.input.Bucket, 'bucket');
+  assert.strictEqual(put.input.Key, 'key');
+
+  const get = new GetObjectCommand({ Bucket: 'bucket', Key: 'key' });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(get.input, { Bucket: 'bucket', Key: 'key' });
+  return 'PASS: AWS S3 SDK command construction works from installed node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-04-stripe.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-04-stripe.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee8312a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/cloud-sdk-offline/test-04-stripe.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const Stripe = require('stripe');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const stripe = new Stripe('sk_test_123', { apiVersion: '2024-06-20' });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof stripe.customers.create, 'function');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof stripe.paymentIntents.retrieve, 'function');
+  const err = new Stripe.errors.StripeCardError({ message: 'declined', code: 'card_declined' });
+  assert.strictEqual(err.code, 'card_declined');
+  return 'PASS: Stripe SDK imports and exposes offline client surfaces from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3ef889f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "bcryptjs": "2.4.3",
+    "cookie": "1.0.2",
+    "cookie-signature": "1.2.2",
+    "jose": "5.9.6",
+    "jsonwebtoken": "9.0.2",
+    "nanoid": "5.0.9"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-01-jsonwebtoken-bcrypt.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-01-jsonwebtoken-bcrypt.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..205ef4ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-01-jsonwebtoken-bcrypt.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
+const bcrypt = require('bcryptjs');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const token = jwt.sign({ sub: 'user-1', role: 'admin' }, 'secret', { algorithm: 'HS256', expiresIn: '1h' });
+  const payload = jwt.verify(token, 'secret', { algorithms: ['HS256'] });
+  assert.strictEqual(payload.sub, 'user-1');
+  assert.strictEqual(payload.role, 'admin');
+
+  const hash = bcrypt.hashSync('password', 4);
+  assert.strictEqual(bcrypt.compareSync('password', hash), true);
+  assert.strictEqual(bcrypt.compareSync('wrong', hash), false);
+  return 'PASS: jsonwebtoken and bcryptjs execute from installed CommonJS packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-02-jose.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-02-jose.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f90a0198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-02-jose.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose';
+
+export const run = async () => {
+  const secret = new TextEncoder().encode('0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef');
+  const token = await new SignJWT({ scope: 'installed-app' })
+    .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })
+    .setSubject('user-1')
+    .sign(secret);
+  const { payload, protectedHeader } = await jwtVerify(token, secret, { algorithms: ['HS256'] });
+  assert.strictEqual(protectedHeader.alg, 'HS256');
+  assert.strictEqual(payload.sub, 'user-1');
+  assert.strictEqual(payload.scope, 'installed-app');
+  return 'PASS: jose ESM JWT signing and verification works from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-03-nanoid-cookie.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-03-nanoid-cookie.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27ff83ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/crypto-auth/test-03-nanoid-cookie.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { customAlphabet } from 'nanoid';
+import * as cookie from 'cookie';
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const signature = require('cookie-signature');
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const makeId = customAlphabet('abc123', 12);
+  const id = makeId();
+  assert.match(id, /^[abc123]{12}$/);
+
+  const serialized = cookie.serialize('session', id, { httpOnly: true, sameSite: 'strict' });
+  assert(serialized.includes('HttpOnly'));
+  const parsed = cookie.parse(`session=${id}; theme=dark`);
+  assert.strictEqual(parsed.session, id);
+  assert.strictEqual(parsed.theme, 'dark');
+
+  const signed = signature.sign(id, 'secret');
+  assert.strictEqual(signature.unsign(signed, 'secret'), id);
+  assert.strictEqual(signature.unsign(signed, 'wrong'), false);
+  return 'PASS: nanoid, cookie, and cookie-signature work from installed packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f017efa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "csv-parse": "5.6.0",
+    "msgpackr": "1.11.5",
+    "papaparse": "5.5.3",
+    "protobufjs": "7.5.3",
+    "xml2js": "0.6.2",
+    "yaml": "2.8.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-01-csv.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-01-csv.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c56950d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-01-csv.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const Papa = require('papaparse');
+const { parse } = require('csv-parse/sync');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const csv = 'name,count\na,1\nb,2\n';
+  const papa = Papa.parse(csv, { header: true, dynamicTyping: true, skipEmptyLines: true });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(papa.data, [{ name: 'a', count: 1 }, { name: 'b', count: 2 }]);
+  const parsed = parse(csv, { columns: true, cast: true });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(parsed, [{ name: 'a', count: 1 }, { name: 'b', count: 2 }]);
+  return 'PASS: CSV parsers execute from installed packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-02-yaml-xml.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-02-yaml-xml.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16df850a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-02-yaml-xml.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const YAML = require('yaml');
+const { parseStringPromise, Builder } = require('xml2js');
+
+exports.run = async () => {
+  const parsedYaml = YAML.parse('name: installed-app\nitems:\n  - one\n  - two\n');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(parsedYaml, { name: 'installed-app', items: ['one', 'two'] });
+  assert.match(YAML.stringify(parsedYaml), /installed-app/);
+
+  const parsedXml = await parseStringPromise('<root><item id="1">one</item></root>', { explicitArray: false });
+  assert.strictEqual(parsedXml.root.item._, 'one');
+  assert.strictEqual(parsedXml.root.item.$.id, '1');
+  const xml = new Builder({ headless: true }).buildObject({ root: { item: 'two' } });
+  assert.match(xml, /<item>two<\/item>/);
+  return 'PASS: YAML and XML parsers execute from installed packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-03-binary-protobuf.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-03-binary-protobuf.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32e18f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/data-formats/test-03-binary-protobuf.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const { pack, unpack } = require('msgpackr');
+const protobuf = require('protobufjs');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const input = { name: 'installed-app', count: 3, nested: { ok: true } };
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(unpack(pack(input)), input);
+
+  const Awesome = new protobuf.Type('Awesome')
+    .add(new protobuf.Field('name', 1, 'string'))
+    .add(new protobuf.Field('count', 2, 'int32'));
+  const message = Awesome.create({ name: 'protobuf', count: 7 });
+  const decoded = Awesome.decode(Awesome.encode(message).finish());
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Awesome.toObject(decoded), { name: 'protobuf', count: 7 });
+  return 'PASS: msgpackr and protobufjs execute from installed packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..909b5aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "drizzle-orm": "0.38.4",
+    "knex": "3.1.0",
+    "mongodb": "6.12.0",
+    "mysql2": "3.11.5",
+    "pg": "8.13.1",
+    "redis": "4.7.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-01-sql-builders.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-01-sql-builders.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7def3b04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-01-sql-builders.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const knex = require('knex');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const db = knex({ client: 'pg' });
+  const query = db('users').select('id', 'name').where({ active: true }).orderBy('id').toSQL();
+  assert.strictEqual(query.sql, 'select "id", "name" from "users" where "active" = ? order by "id" asc');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(query.bindings, [true]);
+  const insert = db('users').insert({ name: 'Alice' }).returning('id').toSQL();
+  assert.match(insert.sql, /insert into "users"/);
+  return 'PASS: knex query builder executes offline from installed node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-02-pg-mysql.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-02-pg-mysql.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05e7aae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-02-pg-mysql.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const { Client, Pool } = require('pg');
+const mysql = require('mysql2');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const pgClient = new Client({ host: 'localhost', port: 5432, user: 'u', password: 'p', database: 'd' });
+  assert.strictEqual(pgClient.connectionParameters.host, 'localhost');
+  const pool = new Pool({ max: 1 });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof pool.query, 'function');
+  pool.end();
+
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof mysql.createConnection, 'function');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof mysql.createPool, 'function');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof mysql.format('select ? as value', [1]), 'string');
+  return 'PASS: pg and mysql2 clients construct offline from installed node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-03-mongodb-redis.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-03-mongodb-redis.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..702a76d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-03-mongodb-redis.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { MongoClient } from 'mongodb';
+import { createClient } from 'redis';
+
+export const run = async () => {
+  const mongo = new MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/test', { serverSelectionTimeoutMS: 1 });
+  assert.strictEqual(mongo.db('test').databaseName, 'test');
+  await mongo.close();
+
+  const redis = createClient({ url: 'redis://localhost:6379' });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof redis.connect, 'function');
+  if (typeof redis.quit === 'function') assert.strictEqual(typeof redis.quit, 'function');
+  return 'PASS: mongodb and redis clients construct offline from installed node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-04-drizzle.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-04-drizzle.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c31a700b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/db-clients-offline/test-04-drizzle.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { getTableColumns, eq, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';
+import { integer, pgTable, serial, text } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const users = pgTable('users', {
+    id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
+    name: text('name').notNull(),
+    age: integer('age'),
+  });
+  const columns = getTableColumns(users);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(columns).sort(), ['age', 'id', 'name']);
+  const condition = eq(users.name, 'Alice');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof condition, 'object');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof sql`select 1`, 'object');
+  return 'PASS: drizzle-orm schema helpers execute offline from installed node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee8636c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "ejs": "3.1.10",
+    "fast-glob": "3.3.3",
+    "handlebars": "4.7.8",
+    "ini": "5.0.0",
+    "mustache": "4.2.0",
+    "toml": "3.0.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-01-config-parsers.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-01-config-parsers.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..593bf48f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-01-config-parsers.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const ini = require('ini');
+const toml = require('toml');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const parsedIni = ini.parse('name=installed-app\n[limits]\ncount=42\n');
+  assert.strictEqual(parsedIni.name, 'installed-app');
+  assert.strictEqual(parsedIni.limits.count, '42');
+
+  const parsedToml = toml.parse('name = "installed-app"\n[limits]\ncount = 42\n');
+  assert.strictEqual(parsedToml.name, 'installed-app');
+  assert.strictEqual(parsedToml.limits.count, 42);
+  return 'PASS: ini and toml config parsers execute from installed packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-02-template-engines.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-02-template-engines.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a28599a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-02-template-engines.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const ejs = require('ejs');
+const handlebars = require('handlebars');
+const mustache = require('mustache');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  assert.strictEqual(ejs.render('Hello <%= name %>', { name: 'EJS' }), 'Hello EJS');
+
+  const hb = handlebars.compile('Hello {{name}} {{#if ok}}OK{{/if}}');
+  assert.strictEqual(hb({ name: 'Handlebars', ok: true }), 'Hello Handlebars OK');
+
+  assert.strictEqual(mustache.render('Hello {{name}}', { name: 'Mustache' }), 'Hello Mustache');
+  return 'PASS: template engines execute from installed packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-03-fast-glob-fs.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-03-fast-glob-fs.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ec466e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/fs-template-config/test-03-fast-glob-fs.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const fs = require('node:fs');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const fg = require('fast-glob');
+
+exports.run = async () => {
+  const root = path.join(process.cwd(), 'fixtures', 'glob');
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'nested'), { recursive: true });
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'a.txt'), 'a');
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'nested', 'b.txt'), 'b');
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'nested', 'ignore.log'), 'log');
+
+  const entries = await fg('**/*.txt', { cwd: root, onlyFiles: true });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(entries.sort(), ['a.txt', 'nested/b.txt']);
+  return 'PASS: fast-glob reads files from attached filesystem';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbf74760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "axios": "1.7.9",
+    "graphql": "16.10.0",
+    "graphql-request": "7.1.2",
+    "ky": "1.7.4",
+    "node-fetch": "3.3.2"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-01-axios.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-01-axios.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b34ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-01-axios.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const axios = require('axios');
+
+exports.run = async () => {
+  const client = axios.create({
+    adapter: async (config) => ({
+      data: { ok: true, url: config.url, header: config.headers.get('x-test') },
+      status: 200,
+      statusText: 'OK',
+      headers: {},
+      config,
+      request: {},
+    }),
+  });
+  client.interceptors.request.use((config) => {
+    config.headers.set('x-test', 'installed-app');
+    return config;
+  });
+  const response = await client.get('https://example.invalid/api');
+  assert.strictEqual(response.status, 200);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(response.data, { ok: true, url: 'https://example.invalid/api', header: 'installed-app' });
+  return 'PASS: axios loads from node_modules and custom adapter/interceptors work';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-02-fetch-ky.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-02-fetch-ky.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87b1af39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-02-fetch-ky.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import fetch from 'node-fetch';
+import ky from 'ky';
+
+export const run = async () => {
+  const fetched = await fetch('data:application/json,%7B%22hello%22%3A%22node-fetch%22%7D');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(await fetched.json(), { hello: 'node-fetch' });
+
+  const api = ky.create({ prefixUrl: 'https://example.invalid' });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof api.get, 'function');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof api.post, 'function');
+  return 'PASS: node-fetch and ky load from installed ESM packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-03-graphql-request.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-03-graphql-request.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aacbf6c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/http-clients/test-03-graphql-request.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { GraphQLClient, gql } from 'graphql-request';
+
+export const run = async () => {
+  const client = new GraphQLClient('https://example.invalid/graphql', {
+    fetch: async (_url, init) => {
+      assert.match(String(init.body), /hello/);
+      return new Response(JSON.stringify({ data: { hello: 'world' } }), {
+        status: 200,
+        headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  const data = await client.request(gql`query { hello }`);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(data, { hello: 'world' });
+  return 'PASS: graphql-request builds and executes with a custom fetch from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ba83e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "1.9.0",
+    "consola": "3.4.0",
+    "loglevel": "1.9.2",
+    "pino": "9.6.0",
+    "winston": "3.17.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/test-01-loggers.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/test-01-loggers.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0974d3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/test-01-loggers.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const pino = require('pino');
+const loglevel = require('loglevel');
+const winston = require('winston');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const logger = pino({ enabled: false }).child({ component: 'installed-app' });
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof logger.info, 'function');
+  logger.info({ ok: true }, 'disabled logger should not write');
+
+  const log = loglevel.getLogger('installed-app');
+  log.setLevel('silent');
+  assert.strictEqual(log.getLevel(), loglevel.levels.SILENT);
+
+  const formatted = winston.format.combine(
+    winston.format.timestamp(),
+    winston.format.json(),
+  ).transform({ level: 'info', message: 'hello' });
+  assert.strictEqual(formatted.level, 'info');
+  assert.strictEqual(formatted.message, 'hello');
+  return 'PASS: pino, loglevel, and winston load without transports/processes';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/test-02-consola-otel.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/test-02-consola-otel.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2339419e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/logging-observability/test-02-consola-otel.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { createConsola } from 'consola';
+import { context, propagation, trace } from '@opentelemetry/api';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const logs = [];
+  const consola = createConsola({
+    reporters: [{ log: (entry) => logs.push(entry) }],
+  });
+  consola.info('hello', { ok: true });
+  assert.strictEqual(logs.length, 1);
+  assert.strictEqual(logs[0].args[0], 'hello');
+
+  const tracer = trace.getTracer('installed-app');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof tracer.startSpan, 'function');
+  const carrier = {};
+  propagation.inject(context.active(), carrier);
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof carrier, 'object');
+  return 'PASS: consola and OpenTelemetry API execute from installed ESM packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37a6a050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "test:node": "node run-node.mjs"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "cjs-basic": "file:./packages/cjs-basic",
+    "cjs-lexer-exports-assign": "file:./packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign",
+    "cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative": "file:./packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative",
+    "cjs-lexer-helper-reexports": "file:./packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports",
+    "cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative": "file:./packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative",
+    "cjs-lexer-keys-reexport": "file:./packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport",
+    "cjs-lexer-object-literal": "file:./packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal",
+    "cjs-lexer-object-require-value": "file:./packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value",
+    "cjs-reexport-pkg": "file:./packages/cjs-reexport-pkg",
+    "condition-entry-import-cycle": "file:./packages/condition-entry-import-cycle",
+    "condition-entry-imports-cycle": "file:./packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle",
+    "condition-entry-module-sync-cycle": "file:./packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle",
+    "condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle": "file:./packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle",
+    "condition-entry-no-cycle": "file:./packages/condition-entry-no-cycle",
+    "condition-target-import-cycle": "file:./packages/condition-target-import-cycle",
+    "condition-target-no-cycle": "file:./packages/condition-target-no-cycle",
+    "cjs-nested-require-pkg": "file:./packages/cjs-nested-require-pkg",
+    "cycle-require-esm": "file:./packages/cycle-require-esm",
+    "esm-alias-create-require-cycle": "file:./packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle",
+    "esm-already-evaluated": "file:./packages/esm-already-evaluated",
+    "esm-false-positive-scanner": "file:./packages/esm-false-positive-scanner",
+    "dual-exports": "file:./packages/dual-exports",
+    "esm-sync": "file:./packages/esm-sync",
+    "imports-alias": "file:./packages/imports-alias",
+    "pattern-exports": "file:./packages/pattern-exports",
+    "pattern-imports": "file:./packages/pattern-imports",
+    "pattern-shims": "file:./packages/pattern-shims",
+    "tla-esm": "file:./packages/tla-esm"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-basic/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-basic/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd1399aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-basic/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+exports.alpha = 'alpha';
+exports['bracketed'] = 'bracketed';
+Object.defineProperty(exports, 'defined', { enumerable: true, value: 'defined' });
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-basic/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-basic/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ed22656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-basic/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-basic",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/dep-dynamic.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/dep-dynamic.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e7b07d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/dep-dynamic.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depDynamic = 'dep-dynamic';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/dep-static.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/dep-static.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69fa0670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/dep-static.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depStatic = 'dep-static';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c3af773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+var dynamicName = './dep-dynamic.cjs';
+var dynamic = require(dynamicName);
+Object.keys(dynamic).forEach(function (key) {
+  exports[key] = dynamic[key];
+});
+
+var dep = require('./dep-static.cjs');
+var other = {};
+Object.keys(other).forEach(function (key) {
+  exports[key] = other[key];
+});
+
+Object.keys(dep).forEach(function (key) {
+  exports[key] = transform(dep[key]);
+});
+
+var _dep = _interopWildcard(require('./dep-static.cjs'));
+Object.keys(_dep).forEach(function (key) {
+  exports[key] = _dep[key];
+});
+
+exports.own = 'own-value';
+
+function transform(value) {
+  return value;
+}
+
+function _interopWildcard(obj) {
+  return obj;
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aae534ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/dep-extra.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/dep-extra.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38664565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/dep-extra.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depGamma = 'dep-gamma';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/dep-main.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/dep-main.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab8afa12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/dep-main.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+exports.depAlpha = 'dep-alpha';
+exports.depBeta = 'dep-beta';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d700a8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+var _main = _interopRequireWildcard(require('./dep-main.cjs'));
+var extra = require('./dep-extra.cjs');
+
+Object.keys(_main).forEach(function (key) {
+  if (key === 'default' || key === '__esModule') return;
+  if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(exports, key)) return;
+  exports[key] = _main[key];
+});
+
+Object.keys(extra).forEach(function (key) {
+  if (key === 'default' || key === '__esModule') return;
+  if (key in exports && exports[key] === extra[key]) return;
+  exports[key] = extra[key];
+});
+
+exports.own = 'own-value';
+
+function _interopRequireWildcard(obj) {
+  return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : obj;
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a08476f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-exports-assign/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-lexer-exports-assign",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/dep-dynamic.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/dep-dynamic.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e7b07d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/dep-dynamic.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depDynamic = 'dep-dynamic';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/dep-nested.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/dep-nested.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48f682b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/dep-nested.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depNested = 'dep-nested';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a594294
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+function __export(m) {
+  for (var p in m) {
+    if (p === 'default' || p === '__esModule') continue;
+    exports[p] = m[p];
+  }
+}
+
+function nested() {
+  __export(require('./dep-nested.cjs'));
+}
+
+function other(name) {
+  __export(require(name));
+}
+
+nested();
+other('./dep-dynamic.cjs');
+
+exports.own = 'own-value';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4086a83a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-a.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-a.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fff0b7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-a.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depAlpha = 'dep-alpha';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-b.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-b.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f658995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-b.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depBeta = 'dep-beta';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-c.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-c.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38664565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-c.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depGamma = 'dep-gamma';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-d.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-d.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29efe392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/dep-d.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depDelta = 'dep-delta';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0882bf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+function __export(m) {
+  for (var p in m) {
+    if (p === 'default' || p === '__esModule') continue;
+    exports[p] = m[p];
+  }
+}
+
+function __exportStar(m, target) {
+  for (var p in m) {
+    if (p === 'default' || p === '__esModule') continue;
+    target[p] = m[p];
+  }
+}
+
+var tslib = {
+  __export: function (m, target) {
+    __exportStar(m, target);
+  },
+  __exportStar: function (m, target) {
+    __exportStar(m, target);
+  },
+};
+
+__export(require('./dep-a.cjs'));
+__exportStar(require('./dep-b.cjs'), exports);
+tslib.__export(require('./dep-c.cjs'), exports);
+tslib.__exportStar(require('./dep-d.cjs'), exports);
+
+exports.own = 'own-value';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9630e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-helper-reexports/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-lexer-helper-reexports",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/dep.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/dep.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab8afa12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/dep.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+exports.depAlpha = 'dep-alpha';
+exports.depBeta = 'dep-beta';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb7c0d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+var dep = require('./dep.cjs');
+
+Object.keys(dep).forEach(function (key) {
+  if (key === 'default' || key === '__esModule') return;
+  exports[key] = dep[key];
+});
+
+exports.own = 'own-value';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..604f0c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-keys-reexport/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-lexer-keys-reexport",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/dep.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/dep.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab8afa12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/dep.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+exports.depAlpha = 'dep-alpha';
+exports.depBeta = 'dep-beta';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..892134a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+const a = 1;
+const c = 2;
+const e = 4;
+
+module.exports = {
+  a,
+  b: c,
+  'd': e,
+  ...require('./dep.cjs'),
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2c832bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-literal/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-lexer-object-literal",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/dep.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/dep.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fff0b7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/dep.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.depAlpha = 'dep-alpha';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a183b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+const a = 1;
+
+module.exports = {
+  a,
+  b: require('./dep.cjs'),
+  afterRequire: 3,
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..583bc43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-lexer-object-require-value/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-lexer-object-require-value",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-nested-require-pkg/index.js b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-nested-require-pkg/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18f11422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-nested-require-pkg/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+if (true) {
+  const require = () => 'local';
+  require();
+}
+
+module.exports = { ok: true };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-nested-require-pkg/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-nested-require-pkg/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae15d1ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-nested-require-pkg/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-nested-require-pkg",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.js"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-reexport-pkg/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-reexport-pkg/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10c6bc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-reexport-pkg/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('cjs-basic');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-reexport-pkg/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-reexport-pkg/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3190ac70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cjs-reexport-pkg/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "name": "cjs-reexport-pkg",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "cjs-basic": "file:../cjs-basic"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-import-cycle/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-import-cycle/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22c6b092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-import-cycle/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import 'condition-target-import-cycle';
+
+export const value = 'entry';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-import-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-import-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4cb00c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-import-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "name": "condition-entry-import-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "require": "./entry.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry.mjs"
+    }
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "condition-target-import-cycle": "file:../condition-target-import-cycle"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4bd8bfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('./dep-import.mjs');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-import.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-import.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbfae9cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-import.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import './dep-bridge.cjs';
+
+export const value = 'dep-import';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-sync.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-sync.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41545b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/dep-sync.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const value = 'dep-sync';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63caadaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import '#dep';
+
+export const value = 'entry';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b40840bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-imports-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "name": "condition-entry-imports-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "require": "./entry.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry.mjs"
+    }
+  },
+  "imports": {
+    "#dep": {
+      "import": "./dep-import.mjs",
+      "module-sync": "./dep-sync.mjs",
+      "require": "./dep-sync.mjs",
+      "default": "./dep-sync.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..120f861b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('./entry.mjs');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/entry-import.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/entry-import.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c93a9fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/entry-import.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const value = 'import';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..976f984d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import './bridge.cjs';
+
+export const value = 'module-sync';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fea76d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "name": "condition-entry-module-sync-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "import": "./entry-import.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry-import.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8068ea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('./dep-sync.mjs');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-import.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-import.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd115c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-import.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const value = 'dep-import';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-sync.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-sync.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4563cadc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/dep-sync.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import './dep-bridge.cjs';
+
+export const value = 'dep-sync';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63caadaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import '#dep';
+
+export const value = 'entry';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..771a2c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "name": "condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "import": "./entry.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry.mjs"
+    }
+  },
+  "imports": {
+    "#dep": {
+      "module-sync": "./dep-sync.mjs",
+      "import": "./dep-import.mjs",
+      "default": "./dep-import.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-no-cycle/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-no-cycle/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7cb272a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-no-cycle/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import target from 'condition-target-no-cycle';
+
+export const ok = target.ok;
+export default { ok };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-no-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-no-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f91308b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-entry-no-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "name": "condition-entry-no-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "require": "./entry.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry.mjs"
+    }
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "condition-target-no-cycle": "file:../condition-target-no-cycle"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d068d271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('./import.mjs');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/import.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/import.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b7dfc7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/import.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import './bridge.cjs';
+
+export const value = 'import-branch';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45a88573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "name": "condition-target-import-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "import": "./import.mjs",
+      "module-sync": "./sync.mjs",
+      "require": "./sync.mjs",
+      "default": "./sync.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/sync.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/sync.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56568ff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-import-cycle/sync.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const value = 'sync-branch';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47f9e067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('condition-target-no-cycle');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/import.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/import.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e79a6e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/import.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import './bridge.cjs';
+
+export const ok = true;
+export default { ok };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2405acca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "name": "condition-target-no-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "import": "./import.mjs",
+      "module-sync": "./sync.mjs",
+      "require": "./sync.mjs",
+      "default": "./sync.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/sync.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/sync.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73f3b99e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/condition-target-no-cycle/sync.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const ok = false;
+export default { ok };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6d2f8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('./esm.mjs');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/esm.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/esm.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..846c1638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/esm.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import bridge from './bridge.cjs';
+
+export const bridgeOutcome = bridge && bridge.outcome;
+export default { bridgeOutcome };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..573eb793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+try {
+  require('./esm.mjs');
+  exports.outcome = 'no-error';
+} catch (error) {
+  exports.outcome = error && (error.code || error.name);
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b2b1c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/cycle-require-esm/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "cycle-require-esm",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/default.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/default.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eab91ee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/default.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const mode = 'default';
+export default { mode };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/feature.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/feature.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9dcd8ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/feature.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.featureMode = 'feature-require';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/feature.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/feature.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1d3078f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/feature.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export const featureMode = 'feature-import';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/import.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/import.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c7b71c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/import.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const mode = 'import';
+export default { mode };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc23768e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "name": "dual-exports",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "import": "./import.mjs",
+      "module-sync": "./sync.mjs",
+      "require": "./require.cjs",
+      "default": "./default.mjs"
+    },
+    "./feature": {
+      "import": "./feature.mjs",
+      "require": "./feature.cjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/require.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/require.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..475cbcb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/require.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exports.mode = 'require';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/sync.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/sync.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81a8c207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/dual-exports/sync.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const mode = 'module-sync';
+export default { mode };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..120f861b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('./entry.mjs');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1adafe03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import { createRequire as makeRequire } from 'node:module';
+
+const req = makeRequire(import.meta.url);
+const bridge = req('./bridge.cjs');
+
+export const value = bridge.value;
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c09f3e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-alias-create-require-cycle/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "name": "esm-alias-create-require-cycle",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "require": "./entry.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/bridge.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/bridge.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcfd1873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/bridge.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('./ready.mjs');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c21c9866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import './ready.mjs';
+import './bridge.cjs';
+
+export const value = 'entry';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3b48c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "name": "esm-already-evaluated",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "require": "./entry.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/ready.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/ready.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..753e004b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-already-evaluated/ready.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export const value = 'ready';
+export default { value };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-false-positive-scanner/entry.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-false-positive-scanner/entry.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5d94737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-false-positive-scanner/entry.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+const obj = {
+  require() {
+    return { ok: true };
+  },
+};
+
+const req = createRequire;
+
+function createRequire() {
+  return () => ({ ok: true });
+}
+
+const localRequire = createRequire();
+
+export const propertyRequireResult = obj.require('./entry.mjs');
+export const nonCallCreateRequireAlias = typeof req === 'function' ? { ok: true } : { ok: false };
+export const localCreateRequireResult = localRequire('./entry.mjs');
+export default { propertyRequireResult, nonCallCreateRequireAlias, localCreateRequireResult };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-false-positive-scanner/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-false-positive-scanner/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dd21122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-false-positive-scanner/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "name": "esm-false-positive-scanner",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "module-sync": "./entry.mjs",
+      "import": "./entry.mjs",
+      "default": "./entry.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-sync/index.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-sync/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5eb54a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-sync/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export const answer = 42;
+export const named = 'named';
+
+export default function esmSyncDefault() {
+  return 'default-call';
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-sync/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-sync/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b0ddac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/esm-sync/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "name": "esm-sync",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": "./index.mjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/dep.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/dep.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c35f3997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/dep.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = { value: 'aliased-dependency' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/index.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cab6cfcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import dep from '#dep';
+
+export const aliasValue = dep.value;
+export default dep;
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a451d6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/imports-alias/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "name": "imports-alias",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": "./index.mjs",
+  "imports": {
+    "#dep": "./dep.cjs"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/cjs/gamma.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/cjs/gamma.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8875ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/cjs/gamma.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = { branch: 'require', name: 'gamma' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31ceeb97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "name": "pattern-exports",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    "./features/*": "./src/*.mjs",
+    "./sync/*": {
+      "module-sync": "./sync/*-sync.mjs",
+      "import": "./sync/*-import.mjs",
+      "default": "./sync/*-default.mjs"
+    },
+    "./cjs/*": {
+      "require": "./cjs/*.cjs",
+      "default": "./src/*.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/src/alpha.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/src/alpha.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82fe2484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/src/alpha.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default { feature: 'alpha' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-default.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-default.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04c02a3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-default.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default { branch: 'default', name: 'beta' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-import.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-import.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7521998b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-import.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default { branch: 'import', name: 'beta' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-sync.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-sync.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..152c3762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-exports/sync/beta-sync.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default { branch: 'module-sync', name: 'beta' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/index.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96948c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = require('#internal/value');
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/internal/value.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/internal/value.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..401efc1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/internal/value.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = { value: 'internal-value' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/internal/value.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/internal/value.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..957f0d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/internal/value.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default { value: 'internal-value-esm' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e78ad6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-imports/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "name": "pattern-imports",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "index.cjs",
+  "imports": {
+    "#internal/*": {
+      "require": "./internal/*.cjs",
+      "default": "./internal/*.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime-node.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime-node.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4aa667ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime-node.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = { runtime: 'node-require' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8878827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default { runtime: 'node' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61f06b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default { runtime: 'default' };
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5d3df7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/pattern-shims/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "name": "pattern-shims",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": {
+    "./_shims/auto/*": {
+      "node": {
+        "default": "./_shims/auto/*-node.mjs",
+        "require": "./_shims/auto/*-node.cjs"
+      },
+      "default": "./_shims/auto/*.mjs"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/tla-esm/index.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/tla-esm/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a0356b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/tla-esm/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+await Promise.resolve();
+export const value = 'ready-after-tla';
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/tla-esm/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/tla-esm/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bcab0b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/packages/tla-esm/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "name": "tla-esm",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "exports": "./index.mjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e19f083f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') {
+  throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+}
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) {
+  process.exit(1);
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-01-esm-import-cjs.js b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-01-esm-import-cjs.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7e8390d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-01-esm-import-cjs.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import cjsDefault, { alpha, bracketed } from 'cjs-basic';
+import reexported, { alpha as reexportedAlpha, bracketed as reexportedBracketed } from 'cjs-reexport-pkg';
+
+export const run = () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(cjsDefault.alpha, 'alpha');
+    assert.strictEqual(alpha, 'alpha');
+    assert.strictEqual(bracketed, 'bracketed');
+    assert.strictEqual(reexported.alpha, 'alpha');
+    assert.strictEqual(reexportedAlpha, 'alpha');
+    assert.strictEqual(reexportedBracketed, 'bracketed');
+    return 'PASS: ESM imports named/default exports from installed CJS packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-02-cjs-require-esm.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-02-cjs-require-esm.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68a799a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-02-cjs-require-esm.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const esm = require('esm-sync');
+  const esmDefault = typeof esm === 'function' ? esm : esm.default;
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof esmDefault, 'function');
+  assert.strictEqual(esmDefault(), 'default-call');
+  assert.strictEqual(esm.answer, 42);
+  assert.strictEqual(esm.named, 'named');
+  return 'PASS: CJS requires an installed synchronous ESM package';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-03-package-exports-imports.js b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-03-package-exports-imports.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a296d79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-03-package-exports-imports.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import dualDefault, { mode as dualMode } from 'dual-exports';
+import { featureMode } from 'dual-exports/feature';
+import aliasDefault, { aliasValue } from 'imports-alias';
+
+export const run = () => {
+    assert.strictEqual(dualDefault.mode, 'import');
+    assert.strictEqual(dualMode, 'import');
+    assert.strictEqual(featureMode, 'feature-import');
+    assert.strictEqual(aliasDefault.value, 'aliased-dependency');
+    assert.strictEqual(aliasValue, 'aliased-dependency');
+    return 'PASS: package exports, subpaths, and imports aliases work from installed node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-04-cycle-require-esm.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-04-cycle-require-esm.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b7df70e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-04-cycle-require-esm.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const cycle = require('cycle-require-esm');
+  assert.strictEqual(cycle.outcome, 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE');
+  return 'PASS: installed package CJS require(esm) cycle reports ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-05-tla-require.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-05-tla-require.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf5a2da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-05-tla-require.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = async () => {
+  assert.throws(() => require('tla-esm'), { code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE' });
+  const imported = await import('tla-esm');
+  assert.strictEqual(imported.value, 'ready-after-tla');
+  return 'PASS: installed TLA ESM rejects require() and still supports dynamic import';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-06-conditional-import-graph.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-06-conditional-import-graph.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3aa9d0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-06-conditional-import-graph.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  assert.throws(() => require('condition-entry-import-cycle'), { code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE' });
+  return 'PASS: require(esm) graph scanning follows package import conditions for static ESM imports';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-07-conditional-import-no-false-positive.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-07-conditional-import-no-false-positive.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a6760d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-07-conditional-import-no-false-positive.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const result = require('condition-entry-no-cycle');
+  assert.strictEqual(result.ok, true);
+  assert.strictEqual(result.default.ok, true);
+  return 'PASS: require(esm) graph scanning does not mark package module-sync branches for static ESM imports';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-08-conditional-imports-alias-graph.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-08-conditional-imports-alias-graph.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1aa0d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-08-conditional-imports-alias-graph.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  assert.throws(() => require('condition-entry-imports-cycle'), { code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE' });
+  return 'PASS: require(esm) graph scanning follows package imports aliases with import conditions';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-09-create-require-alias-cycle.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-09-create-require-alias-cycle.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00e554fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-09-create-require-alias-cycle.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  assert.throws(() => require('esm-alias-create-require-cycle'), { code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE' });
+  return 'PASS: require(esm) graph scanning handles createRequire alias cycles';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-10-already-evaluated-dependency.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-10-already-evaluated-dependency.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80d06543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-10-already-evaluated-dependency.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const result = require('esm-already-evaluated');
+  assert.strictEqual(result.value, 'entry');
+  assert.strictEqual(result.default.value, 'entry');
+  return 'PASS: CJS bridge can require an already evaluated ESM dependency';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-11-module-sync-before-import-graph.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-11-module-sync-before-import-graph.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29c2d873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-11-module-sync-before-import-graph.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  assert.throws(() => require('condition-entry-module-sync-cycle'), { code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE' });
+  return 'PASS: require(esm) graph scanning honors module-sync before import in exports';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-12-module-sync-before-imports-alias-graph.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-12-module-sync-before-imports-alias-graph.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04d1733e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-12-module-sync-before-imports-alias-graph.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  assert.throws(() => require('condition-entry-module-sync-imports-cycle'), { code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE' });
+  return 'PASS: require(esm) graph scanning honors module-sync before import in package imports';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-13-scanner-false-positive-guards.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-13-scanner-false-positive-guards.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f7e0696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-13-scanner-false-positive-guards.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const scanner = require('esm-false-positive-scanner');
+  assert.strictEqual(scanner.propertyRequireResult.ok, true);
+  assert.strictEqual(scanner.nonCallCreateRequireAlias.ok, true);
+  assert.strictEqual(scanner.localCreateRequireResult.ok, true);
+
+  const cjsWithNestedRequire = require('cjs-nested-require-pkg');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(cjsWithNestedRequire, { ok: true });
+  return 'PASS: graph scanners avoid property require, non-call createRequire, local createRequire, and nested CJS require false positives';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-14-exports-patterns.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-14-exports-patterns.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e495f5bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-14-exports-patterns.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import feature from 'pattern-exports/features/alpha';
+import syncFeature from 'pattern-exports/sync/beta';
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+
+export const run = () => {
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(feature, { feature: 'alpha' });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(syncFeature, { branch: 'module-sync', name: 'beta' });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(require('pattern-exports/cjs/gamma'), { branch: 'require', name: 'gamma' });
+  return 'PASS: package exports wildcard patterns resolve for ESM, module-sync, and CJS require';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-15-imports-patterns.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-15-imports-patterns.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a658303b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-15-imports-patterns.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const pkg = require('pattern-imports');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(pkg, { value: 'internal-value' });
+  return 'PASS: package imports wildcard patterns resolve through installed packages';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-16-shim-patterns.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-16-shim-patterns.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3475704e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-16-shim-patterns.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import runtime from 'pattern-shims/_shims/auto/runtime';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(runtime, { runtime: 'node' });
+  return 'PASS: OpenAI-style _shims/auto wildcard export patterns resolve';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-17-cjs-lexer-parity.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-17-cjs-lexer-parity.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9d5cf31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-17-cjs-lexer-parity.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import objectLiteralDefault, {
+  a as literalA,
+  b as literalB,
+  d as literalD,
+  depAlpha as literalDepAlpha,
+  depBeta as literalDepBeta,
+} from 'cjs-lexer-object-literal';
+import callbackDefault, {
+  depAlpha as callbackDepAlpha,
+  depBeta as callbackDepBeta,
+  own as callbackOwn,
+} from 'cjs-lexer-keys-reexport';
+import requireValueDefault, {
+  a as requireValueA,
+  b as requireValueB,
+} from 'cjs-lexer-object-require-value';
+import * as requireValueNs from 'cjs-lexer-object-require-value';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  assert.strictEqual(literalA, 1);
+  assert.strictEqual(literalB, 2);
+  assert.strictEqual(literalD, 4);
+  assert.strictEqual(literalDepAlpha, 'dep-alpha');
+  assert.strictEqual(literalDepBeta, 'dep-beta');
+  assert.strictEqual(objectLiteralDefault.depAlpha, 'dep-alpha');
+
+  assert.strictEqual(callbackDepAlpha, 'dep-alpha');
+  assert.strictEqual(callbackDepBeta, 'dep-beta');
+  assert.strictEqual(callbackOwn, 'own-value');
+  assert.strictEqual(callbackDefault.own, 'own-value');
+
+  assert.strictEqual(requireValueA, 1);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(requireValueB, { depAlpha: 'dep-alpha' });
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(requireValueNs, 'depAlpha'), false);
+  assert.strictEqual(requireValueDefault.afterRequire, 3);
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(requireValueNs, 'afterRequire'), false);
+
+  return 'PASS: CJS lexer parity object-literal and keys reexport patterns';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-18-cjs-lexer-helper-reexports.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-18-cjs-lexer-helper-reexports.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54d867a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-18-cjs-lexer-helper-reexports.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import helperDefault, {
+  depAlpha,
+  depBeta,
+  depGamma,
+  depDelta,
+  own as helperOwn,
+} from 'cjs-lexer-helper-reexports';
+
+const negativeNs = await import('cjs-lexer-helper-reexports-negative');
+
+export const run = () => {
+  assert.strictEqual(depAlpha, 'dep-alpha');
+  assert.strictEqual(depBeta, 'dep-beta');
+  assert.strictEqual(depGamma, 'dep-gamma');
+  assert.strictEqual(depDelta, 'dep-delta');
+  assert.strictEqual(helperOwn, 'own-value');
+  assert.strictEqual(helperDefault.depDelta, 'dep-delta');
+
+  assert.strictEqual(negativeNs.default.depNested, 'dep-nested');
+  assert.strictEqual(negativeNs.default.depDynamic, 'dep-dynamic');
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(negativeNs, 'depNested'), false);
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(negativeNs, 'depDynamic'), false);
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(negativeNs, 'own'), true);
+
+  return 'PASS: CJS lexer parity helper reexport patterns';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-19-cjs-lexer-exports-assign.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-19-cjs-lexer-exports-assign.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7933dfb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/module-interop/test-19-cjs-lexer-exports-assign.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import assignDefault, {
+  depAlpha,
+  depBeta,
+  depGamma,
+  own,
+} from 'cjs-lexer-exports-assign';
+
+const negativeNs = await import('cjs-lexer-exports-assign-negative');
+
+export const run = () => {
+  assert.strictEqual(depAlpha, 'dep-alpha');
+  assert.strictEqual(depBeta, 'dep-beta');
+  assert.strictEqual(depGamma, 'dep-gamma');
+  assert.strictEqual(own, 'own-value');
+  assert.strictEqual(assignDefault.depAlpha, 'dep-alpha');
+  assert.strictEqual(assignDefault.depGamma, 'dep-gamma');
+
+  assert.strictEqual(negativeNs.default.depDynamic, 'dep-dynamic');
+  assert.strictEqual(negativeNs.default.depStatic, 'dep-static');
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(negativeNs, 'depDynamic'), false);
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(negativeNs, 'depStatic'), false);
+  assert.strictEqual(Object.hasOwn(negativeNs, 'own'), true);
+
+  return 'PASS: CJS lexer parity EXPORTS_ASSIGN and export-star guard patterns';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a1f0917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "ajv": "8.17.1",
+    "chalk": "5.4.1",
+    "date-fns": "4.1.0",
+    "debug": "4.4.1",
+    "dotenv": "16.4.7",
+    "lodash": "4.17.21",
+    "ms": "2.1.3",
+    "rxjs": "7.8.2",
+    "semver": "7.7.2",
+    "uuid": "11.1.0",
+    "zod": "3.25.76"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e19f083f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') {
+  throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+}
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) {
+  process.exit(1);
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-01-cjs-utilities.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-01-cjs-utilities.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..969d99bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-01-cjs-utilities.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const lodash = require('lodash');
+const semver = require('semver');
+const createDebug = require('debug');
+const ms = require('ms');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const input = [{ group: 'a', value: 1 }, { group: 'a', value: 2 }, { group: 'b', value: 3 }];
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(lodash.mapValues(lodash.groupBy(input, 'group'), (items) => lodash.sumBy(items, 'value')), { a: 3, b: 3 });
+  assert.strictEqual(semver.satisfies('2.3.4', '^2.0.0'), true);
+  assert.strictEqual(semver.inc('1.2.3', 'minor'), '1.3.0');
+  assert.strictEqual(ms('2 hours'), 7200000);
+  assert.strictEqual(ms(1500), '2s');
+  const debug = createDebug('installed-app:test');
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof debug, 'function');
+  debug('debug output is disabled by default');
+  return 'PASS: classic CJS utility packages load and execute from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-02-modern-esm.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-02-modern-esm.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57000888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-02-modern-esm.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import chalk from 'chalk';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+import { parse as parseUuid, stringify as stringifyUuid, v5 as uuidv5, validate as validateUuid } from 'uuid';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  assert.strictEqual(chalk.red('plain'), 'plain');
+
+  const schema = z.object({ id: z.string().uuid(), tags: z.array(z.string()).default([]) });
+  const id = uuidv5('installed-app', uuidv5.URL);
+  const parsed = schema.parse({ id });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(parsed, { id, tags: [] });
+  assert.strictEqual(validateUuid(id), true);
+  assert.strictEqual(stringifyUuid(parseUuid(id)), id);
+  return 'PASS: modern ESM and exports-heavy packages load from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-03-date-fns-subpaths.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-03-date-fns-subpaths.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..600a1124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-03-date-fns-subpaths.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { addDays } from 'date-fns/addDays';
+import { formatISO } from 'date-fns/formatISO';
+import { parseISO } from 'date-fns/parseISO';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const start = parseISO('2026-06-16T00:00:00.000Z');
+  const result = addDays(start, 3);
+  assert.strictEqual(formatISO(result, { representation: 'date' }), '2026-06-19');
+  return 'PASS: date-fns subpath exports resolve from installed node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-04-dotenv-fs.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-04-dotenv-fs.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9319a8ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-04-dotenv-fs.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const fs = require('node:fs');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const dotenv = require('dotenv');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const envPath = path.join(process.cwd(), 'fixtures', 'sample.env');
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(envPath), { recursive: true });
+  fs.writeFileSync(envPath, 'APP_NAME=installed-app\nAPP_COUNT=42\n');
+  const parsed = dotenv.config({ path: envPath, processEnv: {} });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(parsed.parsed, { APP_NAME: 'installed-app', APP_COUNT: '42' });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(dotenv.parse(Buffer.from('A=1\nB=two\n')), { A: '1', B: 'two' });
+  return 'PASS: dotenv reads configuration files from the attached filesystem';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-05-ajv.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-05-ajv.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07834cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-05-ajv.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const Ajv = require('ajv');
+
+exports.run = () => {
+  const ajv = new Ajv({ allErrors: true });
+  const validate = ajv.compile({
+    type: 'object',
+    required: ['name', 'count'],
+    properties: {
+      name: { type: 'string', minLength: 2 },
+      count: { type: 'integer', minimum: 1 },
+    },
+    additionalProperties: false,
+  });
+  assert.strictEqual(validate({ name: 'ok', count: 2 }), true);
+  assert.strictEqual(validate({ name: 'x', count: 0, extra: true }), false);
+  assert(validate.errors.length >= 2);
+  return 'PASS: ajv compiles and runs schemas from installed CommonJS package graph';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-06-rxjs.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-06-rxjs.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de3791ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/popular-pure-js/test-06-rxjs.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { firstValueFrom, of } from 'rxjs';
+import { map, reduce } from 'rxjs/operators';
+
+export const run = async () => {
+  const result = await firstValueFrom(
+    of(1, 2, 3).pipe(
+      map((value) => value * 2),
+      reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(result, 12);
+  return 'PASS: rxjs package exports and operator subpaths execute from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/package.json b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a4ba502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "joi": "17.13.3",
+    "superstruct": "2.0.2",
+    "valibot": "1.1.0",
+    "yup": "1.6.1"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/run-node.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/run-node.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536adb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/run-node.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const testPath = process.argv[2];
+if (!testPath) {
+  console.error('Usage: node run-node.mjs <test-file>');
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+const mod = testPath.endsWith('.cjs')
+  ? createRequire(import.meta.url)(`./${testPath}`)
+  : await import(pathToFileURL(new URL(testPath, import.meta.url).pathname).href);
+
+const run = mod.run || mod.default?.run;
+if (typeof run !== 'function') throw new Error(`${testPath} does not export run()`);
+
+const result = await run();
+console.log(result);
+if (typeof result !== 'string' || !result.startsWith('PASS:')) process.exit(1);
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/test-01-joi-yup.cjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/test-01-joi-yup.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..851e2229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/test-01-joi-yup.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const Joi = require('joi');
+const yup = require('yup');
+
+exports.run = async () => {
+  const joiSchema = Joi.object({ name: Joi.string().min(2).required(), count: Joi.number().integer().min(1).required() });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(joiSchema.validate({ name: 'ok', count: 3 }).value, { name: 'ok', count: 3 });
+  assert(joiSchema.validate({ name: 'x', count: 0 }).error);
+
+  const yupSchema = yup.object({ name: yup.string().required(), count: yup.number().min(1).required() });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(await yupSchema.validate({ name: 'ok', count: 3 }), { name: 'ok', count: 3 });
+  await assert.rejects(() => yupSchema.validate({ name: '', count: 0 }));
+  return 'PASS: joi and yup validation packages execute from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/test-02-superstruct-valibot.mjs b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/test-02-superstruct-valibot.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..291f7874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/apps/validation-schema/test-02-superstruct-valibot.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { assert as structAssert, number, object, string } from 'superstruct';
+import * as v from 'valibot';
+
+export const run = () => {
+  const StructSchema = object({ name: string(), count: number() });
+  structAssert({ name: 'ok', count: 3 }, StructSchema);
+  assert.throws(() => structAssert({ name: 'ok', count: 'bad' }, StructSchema));
+
+  const ValibotSchema = v.object({ name: v.string(), count: v.number() });
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(v.parse(ValibotSchema, { name: 'ok', count: 3 }), { name: 'ok', count: 3 });
+  assert.throws(() => v.parse(ValibotSchema, { name: 'ok', count: 'bad' }));
+  return 'PASS: superstruct and valibot ESM validation packages execute from node_modules';
+};
diff --git a/tests/node_modules_apps/config.jsonc b/tests/node_modules_apps/config.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11788dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/node_modules_apps/config.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+{
+  "apps": {
+    "module-interop": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Synthetic npm-installed app covering CJS/ESM/package graph behavior",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-esm-import-cjs.js": "ESM app imports named/default exports from installed CJS packages",
+        "test-02-cjs-require-esm.cjs": "CJS app requires an installed synchronous ESM package",
+        "test-03-package-exports-imports.js": "Installed packages use conditional exports, subpaths, and package imports aliases",
+        "test-04-cycle-require-esm.cjs": "CJS require(esm) cycle inside an installed package reports ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE",
+        "test-05-tla-require.cjs": "CJS require() of installed TLA ESM reports ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE and dynamic import still works",
+        "test-06-conditional-import-graph.cjs": "Graph scanning follows import conditions for static ESM package imports",
+        "test-07-conditional-import-no-false-positive.cjs": "Graph scanning does not mark module-sync branches for static ESM package imports",
+        "test-08-conditional-imports-alias-graph.cjs": "Graph scanning follows import conditions for package imports aliases",
+        "test-09-create-require-alias-cycle.cjs": "Graph scanning handles createRequire aliases in ESM modules",
+        "test-10-already-evaluated-dependency.cjs": "CJS bridge can require an already evaluated ESM dependency",
+        "test-11-module-sync-before-import-graph.cjs": "Graph scanning honors module-sync before import in package exports",
+        "test-12-module-sync-before-imports-alias-graph.cjs": "Graph scanning honors module-sync before import in package imports aliases",
+        "test-13-scanner-false-positive-guards.cjs": "Graph scanning avoids property require, non-call createRequire, local createRequire, and nested CJS require false positives",
+        "test-14-exports-patterns.mjs": "Package exports wildcard patterns resolve for ESM, module-sync, and CJS require",
+        "test-15-imports-patterns.cjs": "Package imports wildcard patterns resolve for CJS require",
+        "test-16-shim-patterns.mjs": "OpenAI-style _shims/auto wildcard package exports resolve",
+        "test-17-cjs-lexer-parity.mjs": "Node-baselined cjs-module-lexer parity for module.exports object literals, spread require reexports, and Object.keys callback assignment reexports",
+        "test-18-cjs-lexer-helper-reexports.mjs": "Node-baselined cjs-module-lexer parity for __export/__exportStar helper reexport patterns",
+        "test-19-cjs-lexer-exports-assign.mjs": "Node-baselined cjs-module-lexer parity for EXPORTS_ASSIGN require bindings and documented export-star guard variants"
+      }
+    },
+    "popular-pure-js": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Popular pure-JS npm packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-cjs-utilities.cjs": "Classic CommonJS utilities and transitive dependencies",
+        "test-02-modern-esm.mjs": "Modern ESM and exports-heavy packages",
+        "test-03-date-fns-subpaths.mjs": "Package subpath exports",
+        "test-04-dotenv-fs.cjs": "Filesystem-backed configuration loading",
+        "test-05-ajv.cjs": "Larger CommonJS validation package graph",
+        "test-06-rxjs.mjs": "RxJS package exports and operator subpaths"
+      }
+    },
+    "http-clients": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "HTTP client packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem; tests avoid external network by using custom fetch/adapter paths",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-axios.cjs": "Axios CommonJS load, custom adapter, and interceptors",
+        "test-02-fetch-ky.mjs": "node-fetch and ky ESM package loading with local data/custom fetch paths",
+        "test-03-graphql-request.mjs": "graphql-request client execution with custom fetch"
+      }
+    },
+    "crypto-auth": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Authentication and crypto-adjacent pure-JS packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-jsonwebtoken-bcrypt.cjs": "jsonwebtoken and bcryptjs CommonJS execution",
+        "test-02-jose.mjs": "jose ESM JWT signing and verification",
+        "test-03-nanoid-cookie.mjs": "nanoid, cookie, and cookie-signature package interop"
+      }
+    },
+    "data-formats": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Data parsing and serialization packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-csv.cjs": "papaparse and csv-parse CommonJS CSV parsing",
+        "test-02-yaml-xml.cjs": "yaml and xml2js parsing/serialization",
+        "test-03-binary-protobuf.cjs": "msgpackr and protobufjs binary serialization"
+      }
+    },
+    "fs-template-config": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Configuration, templating, and filesystem glob packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-config-parsers.cjs": "ini and toml config parsing",
+        "test-02-template-engines.cjs": "ejs, handlebars, and mustache rendering",
+        "test-03-fast-glob-fs.cjs": "fast-glob filesystem traversal"
+      }
+    },
+    "validation-schema": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Validation packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-joi-yup.cjs": "joi and yup validation",
+        "test-02-superstruct-valibot.mjs": "superstruct and valibot validation"
+      }
+    },
+    "logging-observability": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Logging and observability packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem; tests avoid subprocesses/transports",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-loggers.cjs": "pino, loglevel, and winston API loading without transports/processes",
+        "test-02-consola-otel.mjs": "consola and OpenTelemetry API loading"
+      }
+    },
+    "cloud-sdk-offline": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Cloud SDK packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem; tests use offline constructors/API shapes only",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-openai.mjs": "OpenAI SDK offline client surface",
+        "test-02-anthropic.mjs": "Anthropic SDK offline client surface",
+        "test-03-aws-s3.mjs": "AWS S3 SDK offline client and command construction",
+        "test-04-stripe.cjs": "Stripe SDK offline client surface"
+      }
+    },
+    "db-clients-offline": {
+      "category": "runnable",
+      "reason": "Database client packages installed as a real app with node_modules attached as filesystem; tests avoid network connections",
+      "tests": {
+        "test-01-sql-builders.cjs": "knex query builder offline execution",
+        "test-02-pg-mysql.cjs": "pg and mysql2 client construction without connecting",
+        "test-03-mongodb-redis.mjs": {
+          "coverage": "mongodb and redis client construction without connecting",
+          "flaky": true,
+          "reason": "Passes focused but can trap in string_decoder under concurrent group9 load"
+        },
+        "test-04-drizzle.mjs": "drizzle-orm schema helpers offline execution"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/runtime/cjs_require.rs b/tests/runtime/cjs_require.rs
index 90a5e8c7..572f923c 100644
--- a/tests/runtime/cjs_require.rs
+++ b/tests/runtime/cjs_require.rs
@@ -145,3 +145,54 @@ async fn cjs_require_module_not_found(
     assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_require_package_exports(
+    #[tagged_as("cjs_require")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-require-package-exports",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_require_package_imports(
+    #[tagged_as("cjs_require")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-require-package-imports",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_require_package_map_edge_cases(
+    #[tagged_as("cjs_require")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-require-package-map-edge-cases",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/tests/runtime/main.rs b/tests/runtime/main.rs
index 5107fecf..a53fd9a7 100644
--- a/tests/runtime/main.rs
+++ b/tests/runtime/main.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ mod fetch;
 mod fs;
 mod imports;
 mod intl;
+mod module_resolution;
 mod node_http;
+mod node_modules_apps;
 mod os;
 mod path;
 mod pollable;
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ mod url;
 mod v8_stack_trace;
 mod xhr;
 
-// Tag suites into 8 groups for parallel CI matrix execution
+// Tag suites into runtime groups for parallel CI matrix execution.
 tag_suite!(crypto, group1);
 
 tag_suite!(fetch, group2);
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ tag_suite!(sqlite, group6);
 
 tag_suite!(url, group7);
 tag_suite!(cjs_require, group7);
+tag_suite!(module_resolution, group7);
 tag_suite!(timeout, group7);
 tag_suite!(buffer, group7);
 tag_suite!(bigint_roundtrip, group7);
@@ -88,6 +91,8 @@ tag_suite!(intl, group8);
 tag_suite!(example1, group8);
 tag_suite!(example2, group8);
 
+tag_suite!(node_modules_apps, group9);
+
 #[test_dep(tagged_as = "example3", scope = Cloneable)]
 async fn compiled_example3() -> CompiledTest {
     let path = Utf8Path::new("examples/runtime/example3");
diff --git a/tests/runtime/module_resolution.rs b/tests/runtime/module_resolution.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bec345c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/runtime/module_resolution.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+use crate::common::{CompiledTest, invoke_and_capture_output};
+use camino::Utf8Path;
+use test_r::{test, test_dep};
+use wasmtime::component::Val;
+
+#[test_dep(tagged_as = "module_resolution", scope = Cloneable)]
+async fn compiled_module_resolution() -> CompiledTest {
+    let path = Utf8Path::new("examples/runtime/module-resolution");
+    CompiledTest::new(path, true)
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to compile module_resolution")
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn esm_package_map_edge_cases(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-esm-package-map-edge-cases",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn esm_encoded_relative_paths(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-esm-encoded-relative-paths",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn esm_invalid_package_specifiers(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-esm-invalid-package-specifiers",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn sync_builtin_esm_exports(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-sync-builtin-esm-exports",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn esm_resolution_error_urls(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-esm-resolution-error-urls",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_direct_named_exports(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-direct-named-exports",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_define_property_named_exports(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-define-property-named-exports",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_reexport_named_exports(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-reexport-named-exports",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_analyzer_false_positive_guards(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-analyzer-false-positive-guards",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_shared_loader_identity(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-shared-loader-identity",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn module_syntax_detection_and_diagnostics(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-module-syntax-detection-and-diagnostics",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_package_reexport_named_exports(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-package-reexport-named-exports",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn find_package_json(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-find-package-json",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn require_esm_error_handling(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-require-esm-error-handling",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn require_esm_tla_retry(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-require-esm-tla-retry",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn require_esm_cycle_guards(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-require-esm-cycle-guards",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_symlink_circular_cache(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-symlink-circular-cache",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_node_module_loading_compat(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-node-module-loading-compat",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_nested_dependency_cache_shape(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-nested-dependency-cache-shape",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+async fn cjs_module_children_graph(
+    #[tagged_as("module_resolution")] compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (r, output) = invoke_and_capture_output(
+        compiled_test.wasm_path(),
+        None,
+        "test-cjs-module-children-graph",
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+    let r = r?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", output);
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Val::Bool(true)));
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/tests/runtime/node_modules_apps.rs b/tests/runtime/node_modules_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..237a4804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/runtime/node_modules_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+use crate::common::{
+    CompiledTest, NodeModulesAppEntry, NodeModulesAppTestEntry, TestInstance, copy_dir_recursive,
+    load_node_modules_apps_config,
+};
+use camino::{Utf8Path, Utf8PathBuf};
+use camino_tempfile::Utf8TempDir;
+use std::env;
+use std::fs;
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use test_r::core::{DynamicTestRegistration, TestProperties};
+use test_r::{test_dep, test_gen};
+use wasmtime::component::Val;
+
+const CONFIG_PATH: &str = "tests/node_modules_apps/config.jsonc";
+const NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MAJOR: u32 = 22;
+const NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MINOR: u32 = 14;
+const NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_PATCH: u32 = 0;
+const NODE_MODULES_APP_STRICT_BASELINE_ENV: &str = "NODE_MODULES_APP_STRICT_NODE_BASELINE";
+const FLAKY_MAX_ATTEMPTS: usize = 3;
+
+#[test_dep(tagged_as = "node_modules_app_runner", scope = Cloneable)]
+async fn compiled_node_modules_app_runner() -> CompiledTest {
+    let path = Utf8Path::new("examples/runtime/node-modules-app-runner");
+    CompiledTest::new_with_features(path, true, crate::common::FeatureCombination::FullNoLogging)
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to compile node-modules-app-runner")
+}
+
+struct PreparedNodeModulesApp {
+    _temp_dir: Utf8TempDir,
+    app_dir: Utf8PathBuf,
+}
+
+fn prepare_node_modules_app(app_name: &str) -> anyhow::Result<PreparedNodeModulesApp> {
+    let source_dir = Utf8Path::new("tests")
+        .join("node_modules_apps")
+        .join("apps")
+        .join(app_name);
+    let temp_dir = Utf8TempDir::new()?;
+    let app_dir = temp_dir.path().join("app");
+
+    copy_dir_recursive(source_dir.as_std_path(), app_dir.as_std_path())?;
+
+    let status = Command::new("npm")
+        .arg("install")
+        .arg("--install-links")
+        .arg("--ignore-scripts")
+        .arg("--no-audit")
+        .arg("--no-fund")
+        .current_dir(&app_dir)
+        .status()?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(status.success(), "npm install failed for {app_name}");
+
+    Ok(PreparedNodeModulesApp {
+        _temp_dir: temp_dir,
+        app_dir,
+    })
+}
+
+fn strict_node_baseline_enabled() -> bool {
+    env::var(NODE_MODULES_APP_STRICT_BASELINE_ENV)
+        .map(|value| {
+            matches!(
+                value.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str(),
+                "1" | "true" | "yes" | "on"
+            )
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+fn parse_node_version(version: &str) -> anyhow::Result<(u32, u32, u32)> {
+    let mut parts = version.trim().split('.');
+    let major = parts
+        .next()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("missing Node.js major version"))?
+        .parse::<u32>()?;
+    let minor = parts
+        .next()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("missing Node.js minor version"))?
+        .parse::<u32>()?;
+    let patch = parts
+        .next()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("missing Node.js patch version"))?
+        .parse::<u32>()?;
+    Ok((major, minor, patch))
+}
+
+fn ensure_node_supports_require_esm() -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+    let output = Command::new("node")
+        .arg("-p")
+        .arg("process.versions.node")
+        .output()?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "failed to determine host Node.js version: {}",
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr),
+    );
+    let version = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).trim().to_string();
+    let (major, minor, patch) = parse_node_version(&version)?;
+    let baseline = format!(
+        "{NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MAJOR}.{NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MINOR}.{NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_PATCH}"
+    );
+
+    if strict_node_baseline_enabled() {
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            (major, minor, patch)
+                == (
+                    NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MAJOR,
+                    NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MINOR,
+                    NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_PATCH
+                ),
+            "node_modules app strict Node baseline requires Node.js {baseline}; found {version}",
+        );
+        return Ok(version);
+    }
+
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        major == NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MAJOR
+            && (minor > NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MINOR
+                || (minor == NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MINOR
+                    && patch >= NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_PATCH)),
+        "node_modules app tests require Node.js major {NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MAJOR} at or after {baseline}; found {version}",
+    );
+
+    if (minor, patch)
+        != (
+            NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_MINOR,
+            NODE_MODULES_APP_BASELINE_PATCH,
+        )
+    {
+        eprintln!(
+            "warning: node_modules app tests are baselined against Node.js {baseline}; local Node.js {version} may differ in Node-baselined fixture behavior"
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(version)
+}
+
+fn verify_with_node(app: &PreparedNodeModulesApp, test_file: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let node_version = ensure_node_supports_require_esm()?;
+    println!("Verifying node_modules app baseline with Node.js {node_version}");
+    let output = Command::new("node")
+        .arg("run-node.mjs")
+        .arg(test_file)
+        .current_dir(&app.app_dir)
+        .output()?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "Node baseline failed for {}:\n[stdout]\n{}\n[stderr]\n{}",
+        test_file,
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr),
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_node_modules_app_test(
+    compiled_test: &CompiledTest,
+    app_name: &str,
+    test_file: &str,
+    timeout_secs: u64,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let app = prepare_node_modules_app(app_name)?;
+    verify_with_node(&app, test_file)?;
+
+    let mut instance = TestInstance::new(compiled_test.wasm_path()).await?;
+    instance.set_epoch_deadline(timeout_secs);
+
+    let mounted_app_dir = instance.temp_dir_path().join("app");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&mounted_app_dir)?;
+    copy_dir_recursive(app.app_dir.as_std_path(), mounted_app_dir.as_std_path())?;
+
+    let guest_test_path = format!("/app/{test_file}");
+    let (result, stdout, stderr) = instance
+        .invoke_and_capture_output_with_stderr(None, "run-test", &[Val::String(guest_test_path)])
+        .await;
+
+    let result = result?;
+    println!("Output:\n{}", stdout);
+    if !stderr.trim().is_empty() {
+        println!("Stderr:\n{}", stderr);
+    }
+    match result {
+        Some(Val::String(s)) if s.starts_with("PASS:") => Ok(()),
+        other => anyhow::bail!("Unexpected node_modules app result: {:?}", other),
+    }
+}
+
+fn test_name(app: &NodeModulesAppEntry, test: &NodeModulesAppTestEntry) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "node_modules_app__{}__{}",
+        sanitize_name(&app.name),
+        sanitize_name(&test.file)
+    )
+}
+
+fn sanitize_name(value: &str) -> String {
+    value
+        .chars()
+        .map(|ch| if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() { ch } else { '_' })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[test_gen]
+fn gen_node_modules_app_tests(r: &mut DynamicTestRegistration) {
+    let apps =
+        load_node_modules_apps_config(CONFIG_PATH).expect("Failed to load node_modules app config");
+    let dependency_name = "compiledtest_node_modules_app_runner".to_string();
+
+    for app in apps {
+        for test in app.tests.clone() {
+            let app_name = app.name.clone();
+            let test_file = test.file.clone();
+            let timeout_secs = test.timeout_secs;
+            let flaky = test.flaky;
+            let generated_test_name = test_name(&app, &test);
+            let props = TestProperties {
+                is_ignored: test.category.should_ignore_in_runner(),
+                ..TestProperties::unit_test()
+            };
+
+            r.add_async_test(
+                generated_test_name,
+                props,
+                Some(vec![dependency_name.clone()]),
+                move |deps| {
+                    let compiled_test: Arc<CompiledTest> = deps
+                        .get("compiledtest_node_modules_app_runner")
+                        .expect("CompiledTest dependency not found")
+                        .downcast::<CompiledTest>()
+                        .expect("CompiledTest type mismatch");
+                    let app_name = app_name.clone();
+                    let test_file = test_file.clone();
+                    Box::pin(async move {
+                        let max_attempts = if flaky { FLAKY_MAX_ATTEMPTS } else { 1 };
+                        let mut last_err = None;
+                        for attempt in 1..=max_attempts {
+                            match run_node_modules_app_test(
+                                compiled_test.as_ref(),
+                                &app_name,
+                                &test_file,
+                                timeout_secs,
+                            )
+                            .await
+                            {
+                                Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    if flaky && attempt < max_attempts {
+                                        println!(
+                                            "Flaky node_modules app test attempt {attempt}/{max_attempts} failed, retrying: {e:?}"
+                                        );
+                                    }
+                                    last_err = Some(e);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(last_err.expect("at least one node_modules app test attempt"))
+                    })
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}