diff --git a/langextract/providers/gemini.py b/langextract/providers/gemini.py
index a82afe1e..97b6bb46 100644
--- a/langextract/providers/gemini.py
+++ b/langextract/providers/gemini.py
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 import concurrent.futures
 import dataclasses
+import random
+import time
 from typing import Any, Final, Iterator, Sequence
 
 from absl import logging
@@ -67,6 +69,7 @@ class GeminiLanguageModel(base_model.BaseLanguageModel):  # pylint: disable=too-
   format_type: data.FormatType = data.FormatType.JSON
   temperature: float = 0.0
   max_workers: int = 10
+  max_retries: int = 5
   fence_output: bool = False
   _extra_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = dataclasses.field(
       default_factory=dict, repr=False, compare=False
@@ -104,6 +107,7 @@ def __init__(
       format_type: data.FormatType = data.FormatType.JSON,
       temperature: float = 0.0,
       max_workers: int = 10,
+      max_retries: int = 5,
       fence_output: bool = False,
       **kwargs,
   ) -> None:
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@ def __init__(
       format_type: Output format (JSON or YAML).
       temperature: Sampling temperature.
       max_workers: Maximum number of parallel API calls.
+      max_retries: Maximum number of retries for rate limit (429) errors.
       fence_output: Whether to wrap output in markdown fences (ignored,
         Gemini handles this based on schema).
       **kwargs: Additional Gemini API parameters. Only allowlisted keys are
@@ -148,6 +153,7 @@ def __init__(
     self.format_type = format_type
     self.temperature = temperature
     self.max_workers = max_workers
+    self.max_retries = max_retries
     self.fence_output = fence_output
 
     # Extract batch config before we filter kwargs into _extra_kwargs
@@ -214,15 +220,47 @@ def _process_single_prompt(
         config.setdefault('response_mime_type', 'application/json')
         config.setdefault('response_schema', self.gemini_schema.schema_dict)
 
-      response = self._client.models.generate_content(
-          model=self.model_id, contents=prompt, config=config
-      )
+      base_delay = 1.0  # seconds
+      max_delay = 120.0  # seconds
 
-      return core_types.ScoredOutput(score=1.0, output=response.text)
+      for attempt in range(self.max_retries + 1):
+        try:
+          response = self._client.models.generate_content(
+              model=self.model_id, contents=prompt, config=config
+          )
+          return core_types.ScoredOutput(score=1.0, output=response.text)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+          # Check for 429 RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED
+          is_rate_limit = False
+          error_message = str(e)
+          if "429" in error_message or "RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED" in error_message:
+            is_rate_limit = True
+
+          if is_rate_limit and attempt < self.max_retries:
+            delay = min(max_delay, base_delay * (2**attempt))
+            jitter = random.uniform(0, 0.1 * delay)
+            sleep_time = delay + jitter
+            logging.warning(
+                "Gemini API rate limit hit (429). Retrying in %.2fs (attempt %d/%d)",
+                sleep_time,
+                attempt + 1,
+                self.max_retries,
+            )
+            time.sleep(sleep_time)
+            continue
+
+          raise exceptions.InferenceRuntimeError(
+              f"Gemini API error: {error_message}", original=e
+          ) from e
 
+      # This should technically be unreachable due to the raise in the loop
+      raise exceptions.InferenceRuntimeError("Gemini API error: Maximum retries exceeded")
     except Exception as e:
+      if isinstance(e, exceptions.InferenceRuntimeError):
+        raise
       raise exceptions.InferenceRuntimeError(
-          f'Gemini API error: {str(e)}', original=e
+          f"Gemini API error: {str(e)}", original=e
       ) from e
 
   def infer(
diff --git a/tests/test_gemini_backoff.py b/tests/test_gemini_backoff.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4529b5df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_gemini_backoff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# Copyright 2025 Google LLC.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Tests for Gemini provider exponential backoff."""
+
+from unittest import mock
+from absl.testing import absltest
+from langextract.core import exceptions
+from langextract.providers import gemini
+
+class TestGeminiBackoff(absltest.TestCase):
+
+  @mock.patch("google.genai.Client")
+  @mock.patch("time.sleep") # Mock sleep to speed up tests
+  def test_gemini_retry_on_429(self, mock_sleep, mock_client_class):
+    """Test that Gemini retries on 429 errors and eventually succeeds."""
+    mock_client = mock.Mock()
+    mock_client_class.return_value = mock_client
+
+    # Simulate one 429 error followed by a success
+    mock_response = mock.Mock()
+    mock_response.text = '{"result": "success"}'
+
+    mock_client.models.generate_content.side_effect = [
+        Exception("429 RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"),
+        mock_response
+    ]
+
+    model = gemini.GeminiLanguageModel(
+        api_key="test-key",
+        max_retries=3
+    )
+
+    results = list(model.infer(["Test prompt"]))
+
+    self.assertEqual(len(results), 1)
+    self.assertEqual(results[0][0].output, '{"result": "success"}')
+    self.assertEqual(mock_client.models.generate_content.call_count, 2)
+    mock_sleep.assert_called_once()
+
+  @mock.patch("google.genai.Client")
+  @mock.patch("time.sleep")
+  def test_gemini_max_retries_exceeded(self, mock_sleep, mock_client_class):
+    """Test that Gemini fails after exceeding max retries."""
+    mock_client = mock.Mock()
+    mock_client_class.return_value = mock_client
+
+    # Simulate continuous 429 errors
+    mock_client.models.generate_content.side_effect = Exception("429 RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED")
+
+    model = gemini.GeminiLanguageModel(
+        api_key="test-key",
+        max_retries=2
+    )
+
+    with self.assertRaises(exceptions.InferenceRuntimeError) as cm:
+      list(model.infer(["Test prompt"]))
+
+    self.assertIn("Gemini API error", str(cm.exception))
+    self.assertIn("429", str(cm.exception))
+    # 1 initial call + 2 retries = 3 calls
+    self.assertEqual(mock_client.models.generate_content.call_count, 3)
+    self.assertEqual(mock_sleep.call_count, 2)
+
+  @mock.patch("google.genai.Client")
+  @mock.patch("time.sleep")
+  def test_gemini_no_retry_on_other_errors(self, mock_sleep, mock_client_class):
+    """Test that Gemini does not retry on non-429 errors."""
+    mock_client = mock.Mock()
+    mock_client_class.return_value = mock_client
+
+    # Simulate a non-429 error
+    mock_client.models.generate_content.side_effect = Exception("500 Internal Server Error")
+
+    model = gemini.GeminiLanguageModel(
+        api_key="test-key",
+        max_retries=3
+    )
+
+    with self.assertRaises(exceptions.InferenceRuntimeError) as cm:
+      list(model.infer(["Test prompt"]))
+
+    self.assertIn("500", str(cm.exception))
+    self.assertEqual(mock_client.models.generate_content.call_count, 1)
+    mock_sleep.assert_not_called()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  absltest.main()