refactor(bigframes): Make join nullity optimizations more robust

packages/bigframes/bigframes/core/array_value.py

@@ -541,6 +541,7 @@ def relational_join(
                 for l_col, r_col in conditions
             ),
             type=type,
+            nulls_equal=True,  # pandas semantics
             propogate_order=propogate_order or self.session._strictly_ordered,
         )
         return ArrayValue(join_node), (l_mapping, r_mapping)

packages/bigframes/bigframes/core/compile/ibis_compiler/ibis_compiler.py

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ def compile_sql(request: configs.CompileRequest) -> configs.CompileResult:
         # Need to do this before replacing unsupported ops, as that will rewrite slice ops
         result_node = rewrites.pull_up_limits(result_node)
     result_node = _replace_unsupported_ops(result_node)
+    result_node = result_node.bottom_up(rewrites.simplify_join)
     # prune before pulling up order to avoid unnnecessary row_number() ops
     result_node = cast(nodes.ResultNode, rewrites.column_pruning(result_node))
     result_node = rewrites.defer_order(

packages/bigframes/bigframes/core/compile/sqlglot/compiler.py

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ def compile_sql(request: configs.CompileRequest) -> configs.CompileResult:
         # Need to do this before replacing unsupported ops, as that will rewrite slice ops
         result_node = rewrite.pull_up_limits(result_node)
     result_node = _replace_unsupported_ops(result_node)
+    result_node = result_node.bottom_up(rewrite.simplify_join)
     # prune before pulling up order to avoid unnnecessary row_number() ops
     result_node = typing.cast(nodes.ResultNode, rewrite.column_pruning(result_node))
     result_node = rewrite.defer_order(

packages/bigframes/bigframes/core/local_data.py

@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ def to_arrow(
         else:
             return schema, batches
 
+    def is_nullable(self, column_id: identifiers.ColumnId) -> bool:
+        return self.data.column(column_id).null_count > 0
+
     def to_pyarrow_table(
         self,
         *,

packages/bigframes/bigframes/core/nodes.py

@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ class InNode(BigFrameNode, AdditiveNode):
     right_child: BigFrameNode
     left_col: ex.DerefOp
     indicator_col: identifiers.ColumnId
+    nulls_equal: bool = True
 
     def _validate(self):
         assert len(self.right_child.fields) == 1
@@ -271,10 +272,7 @@ def additive_base(self) -> BigFrameNode:
 
     @property
     def joins_nulls(self) -> bool:
-        left_nullable = self.left_child.field_by_id[self.left_col.id].nullable
-        # assumption: right side has one column
-        right_nullable = self.right_child.fields[0].nullable
-        return left_nullable or right_nullable
+        return self.nulls_equal
 
     @property
     def _node_expressions(self):
@@ -316,6 +314,8 @@ class JoinNode(BigFrameNode):
     right_child: BigFrameNode
     conditions: typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[ex.DerefOp, ex.DerefOp], ...]
     type: typing.Literal["inner", "outer", "left", "right", "cross"]
+    # pandas treats nulls as equal, sql does not
+    nulls_equal: bool
     propogate_order: bool
 
     def _validate(self):
@@ -355,13 +355,7 @@ def fields(self) -> Sequence[Field]:
 
     @property
     def joins_nulls(self) -> bool:
-        for left_ref, right_ref in self.conditions:
-            if (
-                self.left_child.field_by_id[left_ref.id].nullable
-                and self.right_child.field_by_id[right_ref.id].nullable
-            ):
-                return True
-        return False
+        return self.nulls_equal
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def variables_introduced(self) -> int:
@@ -675,7 +669,11 @@ class ReadLocalNode(LeafNode):
     @property
     def fields(self) -> Sequence[Field]:
         fields = tuple(
-            Field(col_id, self.local_data_source.schema.get_type(source_id))
+            Field(
+                col_id,
+                self.local_data_source.schema.get_type(source_id),
+                nullable=self.local_data_source.is_nullable(source_id),
+            )
             for col_id, source_id in self.scan_list.items
         )
 

packages/bigframes/bigframes/core/rewrite/__init__.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     rewrite_range_rolling,
     simplify_complex_windows,
 )
+from bigframes.core.rewrite.nullity import simplify_join
 
 __all__ = [
     "as_sql_nodes",
@@ -55,4 +56,5 @@
     "defer_selection",
     "simplify_complex_windows",
     "lower_udfs",
+    "simplify_join",
 ]

packages/bigframes/bigframes/core/rewrite/nullity.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from bigframes.core import nodes
+import dataclasses
+
+
+def simplify_join(node: nodes.BigFrameNode) -> nodes.BigFrameNode:
+    """Simplify a join node by removing nullity checks."""
+    # if join conditions are provably non-null, we can set nulls_equal=False
+    if isinstance(node, nodes.JoinNode):
+        # even better, we can always make nulls_equal false, but wrap the join keys in coalesce
+        # to handle nulls correctly, this is more granular than the current implementation
+        for left_ref, right_ref in node.conditions:
+            if (
+                node.left_child.field_by_id[left_ref.id].nullable
+                and node.right_child.field_by_id[right_ref.id].nullable
+            ):
+                return node
+        return dataclasses.replace(node, nulls_equal=False)
+    elif isinstance(node, nodes.InNode):
+        if (
+            node.left_child.field_by_id[node.left_col.id].nullable
+            and node.right_child.fields[0].nullable
+        ):
+            return node
+        return dataclasses.replace(node, nulls_equal=False)
+    else:
+        return node

packages/bigframes/tests/unit/core/compile/sqlglot/tpch/conftest.py

@@ -24,80 +24,80 @@
 
 TPCH_SCHEMAS = {
     "LINEITEM": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_ORDERKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_PARTKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SUPPKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_LINENUMBER", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_QUANTITY", "FLOAT"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_EXTENDEDPRICE", "FLOAT"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_DISCOUNT", "FLOAT"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_TAX", "FLOAT"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_RETURNFLAG", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_LINESTATUS", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SHIPDATE", "DATE"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_COMMITDATE", "DATE"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_RECEIPTDATE", "DATE"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SHIPINSTRUCT", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SHIPMODE", "STRING"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_ORDERKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_PARTKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SUPPKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_LINENUMBER", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_QUANTITY", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_EXTENDEDPRICE", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_DISCOUNT", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_TAX", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_RETURNFLAG", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_LINESTATUS", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SHIPDATE", "DATE", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_COMMITDATE", "DATE", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_RECEIPTDATE", "DATE", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SHIPINSTRUCT", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("L_SHIPMODE", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("L_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
     "ORDERS": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_CUSTKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERSTATUS", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_TOTALPRICE", "FLOAT"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERDATE", "DATE"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERPRIORITY", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_CLERK", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("O_SHIPPRIORITY", "INTEGER"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_CUSTKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERSTATUS", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_TOTALPRICE", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERDATE", "DATE", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_ORDERPRIORITY", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_CLERK", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("O_SHIPPRIORITY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("O_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
     "PART": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_PARTKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_NAME", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_MFGR", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_BRAND", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_TYPE", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_SIZE", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_CONTAINER", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("P_RETAILPRICE", "FLOAT"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_PARTKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_NAME", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_MFGR", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_BRAND", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_TYPE", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_SIZE", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_CONTAINER", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("P_RETAILPRICE", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("P_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
     "SUPPLIER": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("S_SUPPKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("S_NAME", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("S_ADDRESS", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("S_NATIONKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("S_PHONE", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("S_ACCTBAL", "FLOAT"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("S_SUPPKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("S_NAME", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("S_ADDRESS", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("S_NATIONKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("S_PHONE", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("S_ACCTBAL", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("S_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
     "PARTSUPP": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_PARTKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_SUPPKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_AVAILQTY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_SUPPLYCOST", "FLOAT"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_PARTKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_SUPPKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_AVAILQTY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("PS_SUPPLYCOST", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("PS_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
     "CUSTOMER": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("C_CUSTKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("C_NAME", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("C_ADDRESS", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("C_NATIONKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("C_PHONE", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("C_ACCTBAL", "FLOAT"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("C_MKTSEGMENT", "STRING"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("C_CUSTKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("C_NAME", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("C_ADDRESS", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("C_NATIONKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("C_PHONE", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("C_ACCTBAL", "FLOAT", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("C_MKTSEGMENT", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("C_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
     "NATION": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("N_NATIONKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("N_NAME", "STRING"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("N_REGIONKEY", "INTEGER"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("N_NATIONKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("N_NAME", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("N_REGIONKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("N_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
     "REGION": [
-        bigquery.SchemaField("R_REGIONKEY", "INTEGER"),
-        bigquery.SchemaField("R_NAME", "STRING"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("R_REGIONKEY", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
+        bigquery.SchemaField("R_NAME", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
         bigquery.SchemaField("R_COMMENT", "STRING"),
     ],
 }

packages/bigframes/tests/unit/core/compile/sqlglot/tpch/snapshots/test_tpch/test_tpch_query/1/out.sql

@@ -54,8 +54,6 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     AVG(`bfcol_43`) AS `bfcol_61`,
     COUNT(`bfcol_41`) AS `bfcol_62`
   FROM `bfcte_0`
-  WHERE
-    NOT `bfcol_44` IS NULL AND NOT `bfcol_45` IS NULL
   GROUP BY
     `bfcol_44`,
     `bfcol_45`

packages/bigframes/tests/unit/core/compile/sqlglot/tpch/snapshots/test_tpch/test_tpch_query/10/out.sql

@@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     `bfcol_8` AS `bfcol_24`
   FROM `bfcte_3`
   INNER JOIN `bfcte_2`
-    ON COALESCE(`bfcol_9`, 0) = COALESCE(`bfcol_7`, 0)
-    AND COALESCE(`bfcol_9`, 1) = COALESCE(`bfcol_7`, 1)
+    ON `bfcol_9` = `bfcol_7`
 ), `bfcte_5` AS (
   SELECT
     `bfcol_16` AS `bfcol_25`,
@@ -56,8 +55,7 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     `bfcol_5` AS `bfcol_35`
   FROM `bfcte_4`
   INNER JOIN `bfcte_1`
-    ON COALESCE(`bfcol_23`, 0) = COALESCE(`bfcol_2`, 0)
-    AND COALESCE(`bfcol_23`, 1) = COALESCE(`bfcol_2`, 1)
+    ON `bfcol_23` = `bfcol_2`
 ), `bfcte_6` AS (
   SELECT
     `bfcol_25`,
@@ -107,8 +105,7 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     ), 2) AS `bfcol_83`
   FROM `bfcte_5`
   INNER JOIN `bfcte_0`
-    ON COALESCE(`bfcol_28`, 0) = COALESCE(`bfcol_0`, 0)
-    AND COALESCE(`bfcol_28`, 1) = COALESCE(`bfcol_0`, 1)
+    ON `bfcol_28` = `bfcol_0`
   WHERE
     (
       (
@@ -133,13 +130,7 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     COALESCE(SUM(`bfcol_83`), 0) AS `bfcol_92`
   FROM `bfcte_6`
   WHERE
-    NOT `bfcol_76` IS NULL
-    AND NOT `bfcol_77` IS NULL
-    AND NOT `bfcol_80` IS NULL
-    AND NOT `bfcol_79` IS NULL
-    AND NOT `bfcol_82` IS NULL
-    AND NOT `bfcol_78` IS NULL
-    AND NOT `bfcol_81` IS NULL
+    NOT `bfcol_81` IS NULL
   GROUP BY
     `bfcol_76`,
     `bfcol_77`,

packages/bigframes/tests/unit/core/compile/sqlglot/tpch/snapshots/test_tpch/test_tpch_query/11/out.sql

@@ -31,8 +31,7 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     `bfcol_3` AS `bfcol_19`
   FROM `bfcte_4`
   INNER JOIN `bfcte_3`
-    ON COALESCE(`bfcol_18`, 0) = COALESCE(`bfcol_4`, 0)
-    AND COALESCE(`bfcol_18`, 1) = COALESCE(`bfcol_4`, 1)
+    ON `bfcol_18` = `bfcol_4`
 ), `bfcte_6` AS (
   SELECT
     `bfcol_19`,
@@ -46,8 +45,7 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     `bfcol_2` * `bfcol_1` AS `bfcol_40`
   FROM `bfcte_5`
   INNER JOIN `bfcte_1`
-    ON COALESCE(`bfcol_19`, 0) = COALESCE(`bfcol_0`, 0)
-    AND COALESCE(`bfcol_19`, 1) = COALESCE(`bfcol_0`, 1)
+    ON `bfcol_19` = `bfcol_0`
 ), `bfcte_7` AS (
   SELECT
     `bfcol_19`,
@@ -59,8 +57,7 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     `bfcol_13` * `bfcol_12` AS `bfcol_28`
   FROM `bfcte_5`
   INNER JOIN `bfcte_2`
-    ON COALESCE(`bfcol_19`, 0) = COALESCE(`bfcol_11`, 0)
-    AND COALESCE(`bfcol_19`, 1) = COALESCE(`bfcol_11`, 1)
+    ON `bfcol_19` = `bfcol_11`
 ), `bfcte_8` AS (
   SELECT
     COALESCE(SUM(`bfcol_40`), 0) AS `bfcol_44`
@@ -70,8 +67,6 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     `bfcol_27`,
     COALESCE(SUM(`bfcol_28`), 0) AS `bfcol_35`
   FROM `bfcte_7`
-  WHERE
-    NOT `bfcol_27` IS NULL
   GROUP BY
     `bfcol_27`
 ), `bfcte_10` AS (
@@ -101,8 +96,6 @@ WITH `bfcte_0` AS (
     `bfcol_8`,
     ANY_VALUE(`bfcol_51`) AS `bfcol_55`
   FROM `bfcte_12`
-  WHERE
-    NOT `bfcol_7` IS NULL AND NOT `bfcol_8` IS NULL
   GROUP BY
     `bfcol_7`,
     `bfcol_8`