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‎html/advanced.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<!--
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Copyright 2004-2024 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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Copyright 2004-2025 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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and the EPL 1.0 (https://h2database.com/html/license.html).
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Initial Developer: H2 Group
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-->
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<a href="grammar.html">SQL Grammar</a><br />
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<a href="systemtables.html">System Tables</a><br />
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<a href="../javadoc/index.html">Javadoc</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.3.232/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.4.240/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<br />
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<b>Support</b><br />
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<a href="faq.html">FAQ</a><br />
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</p>
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<h2 id="using_recover_tool">Using the Recover Tool</h2>
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<h3>Traditional 2-phase Recover</h3>
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<p>
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The <code class="notranslate">Recover</code> tool can be used to extract the contents of a database file, even if the database is corrupted.
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It also extracts the content of the transaction log and large objects (CLOB or BLOB).
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java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Recover
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</pre>
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<p>
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For each database in the current directory, a text file will be created.
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This file contains raw insert statements (for the data) and data definition (DDL) statements to recreate
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For each database in the current directory, a text-dump file (*.mv.txt) and a SQL script file (*.h2.sql) will be created.
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Those uncompressed files are rather large, taking approximately twice the filespace of the database.</p>
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<p>The SQL script file contains raw insert statements (for the data) and data definition (DDL) statements to recreate
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the schema of the database. This file can be executed using the <code class="notranslate">RunScript</code> tool or a
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<a href="https://h2database.com/html/commands.html#runscript"><code class="notranslate">RUNSCRIPT</code></a> SQL statement.
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The script includes at least one
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<code class="notranslate">CREATE USER</code> statement. If you run the script against a database that was created with the same
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user, or if there are conflicting users, running the script will fail. Consider running the script
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against a database that was created with a user name that is not in the script.
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</p>
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<p>
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The <code class="notranslate">Recover</code> tool creates a SQL script from database file. It also processes the transaction log.
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against a database that was created with a username that is not in the script.
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</p>
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<p>
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To verify the database can recover at any time, append <code class="notranslate">;RECOVER_TEST=64</code>
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to the database URL in your test environment. This will simulate an application crash after each 64 writes to the database file.
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A log file named <code class="notranslate">databaseName.h2.db.log</code> is created that lists the operations.
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The recovery is tested using an in-memory file system, that means it may require a larger heap setting.
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</p>
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<h3>Direct Recover</h3>
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<p>Since H2-2.3.239 there is an enhanced <code class="notranslate">DirectRecover</code> tool which features:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Direct output into SQL-script (using a pipe)</li>
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<li>Compression using ZIP, GZIP, KANZI (when in classpath) or BZip2 (when in classpath)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Especially KANZI can be useful for very large databases on servers with many CPU cores as it yields in very small SQL script files. Its compression ratio beats BZip2 at a much faster speed.</p>
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<pre class="notranslate">
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# Database: testdb.mv.db (1.7GB)
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# parallel compression using KANZI from https://github.com/flanglet/kanzi
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java -Xmx8g -cp "h2-2.3.239-SNAPSHOT.jar:kanzi-2.4.0.jar" org.h2.tools.DirectRecover -dir ~/ -db testdb -compress kanzi
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# serial compression using BZip2 from https://dlcdn.apache.org/commons/compress/binaries/
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java -Xmx8g -cp "h2-2.3.239-SNAPSHOT.jar:commons-compress-1.28.0.jar" org.h2.tools.DirectRecover -dir ~/ -db testdb -compress bzip2
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# serial compression using GZIP w/o any additional libraries
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java -Xmx8g -cp "h2-2.3.239-SNAPSHOT.jar" org.h2.tools.DirectRecover -dir ~/ -db testdb -compress gzip
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# resulting SQL script files on a AMD Zen3 Ryzen5:
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# KANZI: testdb.h2.sql.knz ( 99.7 MB in 106 secs)
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# BZip2: testdb.h2.sql.bz2 (153.7 MB in 18 mins)
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# GZip: testdb.h2.sql.gz (207.4 MB in 74 secs)
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</pre>
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<p>Since H2-2.3.239 the <code class="notranslate">RunScript</code> tool can read the KANZI or BZip2 compressed script files directly when the libraries are added to the classpath:</p>
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<pre class="notranslate">
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#KANZI from https://github.com/flanglet/kanzi
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java -Xmx8G -cp "h2-2.3.239-SNAPSHOT.jar:kanzi-2.4.0.jar" org.h2.tools.RunScript -url jdbc:h2:~/testdb -user sa -script ~/testdb.h2.sql.knz -options "COMPRESSION kanzi"
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#BZIP2 from https://dlcdn.apache.org/commons/compress/binaries/
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java -Xmx8G -cp "h2-2.3.239-SNAPSHOT.jar:commons-compress-1.28.0.jar" org.h2.tools.RunScript -url jdbc:h2:~/testdb -user sa -script ~/testdb.h2.sql.bz2 -options "COMPRESSION bzip2"
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</pre>
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<h2 id="file_locking_protocols">File Locking Protocols</h2>
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<p>

‎html/architecture.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<!--
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Copyright 2004-2024 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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Copyright 2004-2025 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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and the EPL 1.0 (https://h2database.com/html/license.html).
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Initial Developer: H2 Group
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-->
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<a href="grammar.html">SQL Grammar</a><br />
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<a href="systemtables.html">System Tables</a><br />
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<a href="../javadoc/index.html">Javadoc</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.3.232/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.4.240/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<br />
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<b>Support</b><br />
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<a href="faq.html">FAQ</a><br />

‎html/build.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<!--
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Copyright 2004-2024 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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Copyright 2004-2025 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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and the EPL 1.0 (https://h2database.com/html/license.html).
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Initial Developer: H2 Group
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-->
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<a href="grammar.html">SQL Grammar</a><br />
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<a href="systemtables.html">System Tables</a><br />
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<a href="../javadoc/index.html">Javadoc</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.3.232/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.4.240/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<br />
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<b>Support</b><br />
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<a href="faq.html">FAQ</a><br />
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&lt;dependency&gt;
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&lt;groupId&gt;com.h2database&lt;/groupId&gt;
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&lt;artifactId&gt;h2&lt;/artifactId&gt;
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&lt;version&gt;2.3.232&lt;/version&gt;
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&lt;version&gt;2.4.240&lt;/version&gt;
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&lt;/dependency&gt;
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</pre>
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<p>
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New versions of this database are first uploaded to http://hsql.sourceforge.net/m2-repo/ and then automatically
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synchronized with the main <a href="https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/h2database/h2/">Maven repository</a>;
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synchronized with the main <a href="https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/h2database/h2/">Maven repository</a>;
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however after a new release it may take a few hours before they are available there.
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<h3>Maven Plugin to Start and Stop the TCP Server</h3>

‎html/changelog.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<!--
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Copyright 2004-2024 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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Copyright 2004-2025 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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and the EPL 1.0 (https://h2database.com/html/license.html).
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Initial Developer: H2 Group
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-->
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<a href="grammar.html">SQL Grammar</a><br />
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<a href="systemtables.html">System Tables</a><br />
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<a href="../javadoc/index.html">Javadoc</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.3.232/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.4.240/h2.pdf">PDF (2 MB)</a><br />
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<br />
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<b>Support</b><br />
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<a href="faq.html">FAQ</a><br />
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<h2>Next Version (unreleased)</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Nothing yet
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<li>nothing here yet</li>
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</ul>
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<h2>Version 2.4.240 (2025-09-22)</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4273">PR #4273</a>: SHUTDOWN COMPACT: parallel map copy (&frac14; cores default, override with h2.compactThreads)
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4258">PR #4258</a>: Fix compaction of encrypted databases
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4263">Issue #4263</a>: Documentation: SET TRUNCATE_LARGE_LENGTH is broken
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4208">Issue #4208</a>: Lost update when attempting to atomically increment a value using SELECT FOR UPDATE
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4133">PR #4133</a>: DROP SYNONYM isn't dropping the synonym right away
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4256">PR #4256</a>: Support KANZI and BZIP2 in RunScript
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4254">PR #4254</a>: feat: direct recovery into a compressed SQL file using pipes
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4247">Issue #4247</a>: Compaction causes missing chunks and data loss
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4217">Issue #4217</a>: JdbcPreparedStatement ignores query fetch size
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4225">Issue #4225</a>: Incompatibility in FullTextLucene with Lucene version 10.x onward
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4198">Issue #4198</a>: NullPointerException when running MERGE statement with correlated subquery in ON clause
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4191">Issue #4191</a>: Recover JSON column fail
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4184">PR #4184</a>: Code cleanup
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4182">PR #4182</a>: GCD, LCM, GCD_AGG, and LCM_AGG functions
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4178">Issue #4178</a>: SELECT MIN/MAX(_ROWID_) can be optimized
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4179">Issue #4179</a>: Support for SQL Server DATETIMEOFFSET data type
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4177">PR #4177</a>: Code cleanup around Table.getConstraints()/getIndexes()
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4021">Issue #4021</a>: h2 does not correctly report the name of a violated unique constraint
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4168">PR #4168</a>: simplify Store#close
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4161">Issue #4161</a>: h2 uses wrong index
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4159">Issue #4159</a>: Consider storing NO ACTION in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS columns
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when this is the declaration
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4152">Issue #4152</a>: NPE in convertToTimestampTimeZone on timestamp comparison
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4150">PR #4150</a>: fix:Fix some errors in the javadoc
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/4149">PR #4149</a>: fix:Possible overflow issues with CacheLongKeyLIRS.getMisses()
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4144">Issue #4144</a>: [2.3.232] Regression in ORDER BY ... DESC with WHERE ... IN and OR clauses
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4139">Issue #4139</a>: Oracle compatibility mode: unexpected Column alias is not specified exception in CTE
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4136">Issue #4136</a>: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException with compound index
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4124">Issue #4124</a>: java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "String.equals(Object)" because "[0]" is null
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4116">Issue #4116</a>: Optimizer chooses wrong execution plan in some cases when index-sorted optimization is possible
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4114">Issue #4114</a>: Regression when using CAST expressions in ROW IN predicates
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/4111">Issue #4111</a>: ALTER TYPE name ADD VALUE new_enum_value is not supported
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<h2>Version 2.0.206 (2022-01-04)</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/3322">Issue #3322</a>: Create linked table fails when the table contains a Geometry with a data type specified
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/3297">Issue #3297</a>: Unexpected GROUP BY results with indexed IGNORECASE column
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</li>
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</ul>
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<!-- [close] { -->

‎html/cheatSheet.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<!--
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Copyright 2004-2024 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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Copyright 2004-2025 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the MPL 2.0,
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and the EPL 1.0 (https://h2database.com/html/license.html).
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-->
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database">open source</a>,
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<a href="license.html">free to use and distribute</a>.
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</li><li><a href="https://h2database.com/html/download.html">Download</a>:
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<a href="https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/h2database/h2/2.3.232/h2-2.3.232.jar" class="link">jar</a>,
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.3.232/h2-setup-2024-08-11.exe" class="link">installer (Windows)</a>,
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.3.232/h2-2024-08-11.zip" class="link">zip</a>.
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<a href="https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/h2database/h2/2.4.240/h2-2.4.240.jar" class="link">jar</a>,
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.4.240/h2-setup-2025-09-22.exe" class="link">installer (Windows)</a>,
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<a href="https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/download/version-2.4.240/h2-2025-09-22.zip" class="link">zip</a>.
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</li><li>To start the
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<a href="quickstart.html#h2_console">H2 Console tool</a>, double click the jar file, or
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</pre>
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