diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/DataStore.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/DataStore.kt
index 6d38c6bbd..5ca0e3e17 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/DataStore.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/DataStore.kt
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ object DataStore : OnPreferenceDataStoreChangeListener {
 
     var rulesGeositeUrl by configurationStore.string(Key.RULES_GEOSITE_URL) { "https://github.com/SagerNet/sing-geosite/releases/latest/download/geosite.db" }
     var rulesGeoipUrl by configurationStore.string(Key.RULES_GEOIP_URL) { "https://github.com/SagerNet/sing-geoip/releases/latest/download/geoip.db" }
-    var rulesUpdateInterval by configurationStore.string(Key.RULES_UPDATE_INTERVAL) { "0" } // 默认为0，不自动更新
+    var rulesUpdateInterval by configurationStore.string(Key.RULES_UPDATE_INTERVAL) { "0" } // defaults to 0, no automatic update
 
     // hopefully hashCode = mHandle doesn't change, currently this is true from KitKat to Nougat
     private val userIndex by lazy { Binder.getCallingUserHandle().hashCode() }
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ object DataStore : OnPreferenceDataStoreChangeListener {
         set(value) = configurationStore.putString("webdavPassword", value)
 
     var webdavPath: String?
-        get() = configurationStore.getString("webdavPath") ?: "NekoBox"  // 设置默认值
+        get() = configurationStore.getString("webdavPath") ?: "NekoBox"  // set default value
         set(value) = configurationStore.putString("webdavPath", value)
 
     var globalMode by configurationStore.boolean(Key.GLOBAL_MODE)
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/ProfileManager.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/ProfileManager.kt
index 6b401130a..7fc70faa0 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/ProfileManager.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/database/ProfileManager.kt
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ object ProfileManager {
             )
             val fuckedCountry = mutableListOf("cn:中国")
             if (Locale.getDefault().country != Locale.CHINA.country) {
-                // 非中文用户
+                // non-Chinese users
                 fuckedCountry += "ir:Iran"
                 fuckedCountry += "ru:Russia"
             }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/ConfigBuilder.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/ConfigBuilder.kt
index b34ae0124..4d9f04baf 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/ConfigBuilder.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/ConfigBuilder.kt
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ fun buildConfig(
             rules = mutableListOf()
             rule_set = mutableListOf()
 
-            // 添加并发拨号设置
+            // add concurrent dial setting
              concurrent_dial = DataStore.concurrentDial
         }
 
@@ -534,11 +534,11 @@ fun buildConfig(
 
         val mainProxyTag = (if (buildSelector) TAG_PROXY else tagMap[proxy.id]) ?: TAG_PROXY
 
-        // 在应用用户规则之前检查全局模式
+        // check global mode before applying user rules
         if (!forTest && DataStore.globalMode) {
-            // 全局模式下的规则处理
+            // rule handling in global mode
             
-            // 绕过内部网络（如果启用）
+            // bypass internal networks (if enabled)
             if (DataStore.bypassLan) {
                 route.rules.add(Rule_DefaultOptions().apply {
                     ip_cidr = listOf(
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ fun buildConfig(
 
             route.final_ = mainProxyTag
         } else {
-            // 应用用户规则
+            // apply user rules
             for (rule in extraRules) {
                 if (rule.packages.isNotEmpty()) {
                     PackageCache.awaitLoadSync()
@@ -601,10 +601,10 @@ fun buildConfig(
                     
                     if (rule_set != null) generateRuleSet(rule_set, ruleSets)
                     
-		    // 存储ruleset标签和类型信息
+		    // store ruleset tag and type info
                     val rulesetTags = mutableListOf<Pair<String, Boolean>>()
                     
-                    // 处理远程ruleset
+                    // handle remote ruleset
                     if (rule.ruleset.isNotBlank()) {
                         val rulesetUrls = rule.ruleset.listByLineOrComma()
                         rulesetUrls.forEach { origUrl ->
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ fun buildConfig(
                             
                             if (rule_set != null && rulesetTags.isNotEmpty()) {
                                 for (tag in rule_set) {
-                                    // 只处理ruleset标签，且必须是非IP类型
+                                    // only handle ruleset tags, and they must be non-IP type
                                     val tagInfo = rulesetTags.find { it.first == tag }
                                     if (tag.startsWith("ruleset-") && tagInfo != null && !tagInfo.second) {
                                         userDNSRuleList += DNSRule_DefaultOptions().apply {
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ fun buildConfig(
                             Toast.LENGTH_LONG
                         ).show()
                     } else {
-                        // block 改用新的写法
+                        // block now uses the new approach
                         if (ruleObj.outbound == TAG_BLOCK) {
                             ruleObj.outbound = null
                             ruleObj.action = "reject"
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ fun buildConfig(
             }
         }
 
-        // 对 rule_set tag 去重
+        // deduplicate rule_set tags
         if (route.rule_set != null) {
             route.rule_set = route.rule_set.distinctBy { it.tag }
         }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/snell/SnellFmt.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/snell/SnellFmt.kt
index 4050f8c1e..015779152 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/snell/SnellFmt.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/snell/SnellFmt.kt
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import io.nekohasekai.sagernet.ktx.urlSafe
 import io.nekohasekai.sagernet.ktx.unUrlSafe
 import okhttp3.HttpUrl.Companion.toHttpUrlOrNull
 
-// URI 格式: snell://base64(psk)@server:port?version=4&obfs-mode=http&obfs-host=bing.com&reuse=true&network=tcp#name
+// URI format: snell://base64(psk)@server:port?version=4&obfs-mode=http&obfs-host=bing.com&reuse=true&network=tcp#name
 fun parseSnell(url: String): SnellBean {
     val link = url.replace("snell://", "https://").toHttpUrlOrNull()
         ?: error("Invalid snell URL")
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/trojan_go/TrojanGoBean.java b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/trojan_go/TrojanGoBean.java
index fa4aaf4e5..8b09edb24 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/trojan_go/TrojanGoBean.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/trojan_go/TrojanGoBean.java
@@ -14,63 +14,65 @@
 public class TrojanGoBean extends AbstractBean {
 
     /**
-     * Trojan 的密码。
-     * 不可省略，不能为空字符串，不建议含有非 ASCII 可打印字符。
-     * 必须使用 encodeURIComponent 编码。
+     * Trojan password.
+     * Must not be omitted or empty; non-ASCII printable characters are discouraged.
+     * Must be encoded with encodeURIComponent.
      */
     public String password;
 
     /**
-     * 自定义 TLS 的 SNI。
-     * 省略时默认与 trojan-host 同值。不得为空字符串。
+     * Custom TLS SNI.
+     * Defaults to the same value as trojan-host when omitted. Must not be empty.
      * <p>
-     * 必须使用 encodeURIComponent 编码。
+     * Must be encoded with encodeURIComponent.
      */
     public String sni;
 
     /**
-     * 传输类型。
-     * 省略时默认为 original，但不可为空字符串。
-     * 目前可选值只有 original 和 ws，未来可能会有 h2、h2+ws 等取值。
+     * Transport type.
+     * Defaults to "original" when omitted, but must not be an empty string.
+     * Currently only "original" and "ws" are valid; future values may include h2, h2+ws, etc.
      * <p>
-     * 当取值为 original 时，使用原始 Trojan 传输方式，无法方便通过 CDN。
-     * 当取值为 ws 时，使用 wss 作为传输层。
+     * "original" uses the raw Trojan transport, which is not easily served via a CDN.
+     * "ws" uses wss as the transport layer.
      */
     public String type;
 
     /**
-     * 自定义 HTTP Host 头。
-     * 可以省略，省略时值同 trojan-host。
-     * 可以为空字符串，但可能带来非预期情形。
+     * Custom HTTP Host header.
+     * May be omitted; defaults to trojan-host when omitted.
+     * May be an empty string, but that can lead to unexpected behavior.
      * <p>
-     * 警告：若你的端口非标准端口（不是 80 / 443），RFC 标准规定 Host 应在主机名后附上端口号，例如 example.com:44333。至于是否遵守，请自行斟酌。
+     * Warning: if your port is non-standard (not 80 / 443), the RFC requires the Host to
+     * include the port after the hostname, e.g. example.com:44333. Whether to follow this
+     * is up to you.
      * <p>
-     * 必须使用 encodeURIComponent 编码。
+     * Must be encoded with encodeURIComponent.
      */
     public String host;
 
     /**
-     * 当传输类型 type 取 ws、h2、h2+ws 时，此项有效。
-     * 不可省略，不可为空。
-     * 必须以 / 开头。
-     * 可以使用 URL 中的 & # ? 等字符，但应当是合法的 URL 路径。
+     * Effective when the transport type is ws, h2, or h2+ws.
+     * Must not be omitted or empty.
+     * Must start with "/".
+     * May use URL characters such as & # ?, but must be a valid URL path.
      * <p>
-     * 必须使用 encodeURIComponent 编码。
+     * Must be encoded with encodeURIComponent.
      */
     public String path;
 
     /**
-     * 用于保证 Trojan 流量密码学安全的加密层。
-     * 可省略，默认为 none，即不使用加密。
-     * 不可以为空字符串。
+     * Encryption layer used to cryptographically secure Trojan traffic.
+     * May be omitted; defaults to "none" (no encryption).
+     * Must not be an empty string.
      * <p>
-     * 必须使用 encodeURIComponent 编码。
+     * Must be encoded with encodeURIComponent.
      * <p>
-     * 使用 Shadowsocks 算法进行流量加密时，其格式为：
+     * When using the Shadowsocks algorithm for traffic encryption, the format is:
      * <p>
      * ss;method:password
      * <p>
-     * 其中 ss 是固定内容，method 是加密方法，必须为下列之一：
+     * where "ss" is fixed and "method" is the encryption method, which must be one of:
      * <p>
      * aes-128-gcm
      * aes-256-gcm
@@ -79,8 +81,8 @@ public class TrojanGoBean extends AbstractBean {
     public String encryption;
 
     /**
-     * 额外的插件选项。本字段保留。
-     * 可省略，但不可以为空字符串。
+     * Extra plugin options. This field is reserved.
+     * May be omitted, but must not be an empty string.
      */
     // not used in NB4A
     public String plugin;
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/StandardV2RayBean.java b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/StandardV2RayBean.java
index 875e16366..3a7d17db7 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/StandardV2RayBean.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/StandardV2RayBean.java
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ public void initializeDefaultValues() {
 
         if (JavaUtil.isNullOrBlank(mKcpSeed)) mKcpSeed = "";
         if (JavaUtil.isNullOrBlank(headerType)) headerType = "none";
-        // kcpMtu、kcpTti 和 kcpCwndMultiplier 保持 null，不设置默认值
+        // kcpMtu, kcpTti and kcpCwndMultiplier stay null, no default values set
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ public void deserialize(ByteBufferInput input) {
             case "grpc": {
                 path = input.readString();
                 if (version < 4) {
-                    // 解决老版本数据的读取问题
+                    // fix the reading issue with old version data
                     input.readString();
                     input.readString();
                 }
@@ -327,13 +327,13 @@ public void deserialize(ByteBufferInput input) {
                 }
             }
         } else if (version == 0) {
-            // 从老版本升级上来但是 version == 0, 可能有 enableECH 也可能没有，需要做判断
-            int position = input.getByteBuffer().position(); // 当前位置
+            // upgraded from an old version but version == 0; may or may not have enableECH, so a check is needed
+            int position = input.getByteBuffer().position(); // current position
 
             boolean tmpEnableECH = input.readBoolean();
             int tmpPacketEncoding = input.readInt();
 
-            input.setPosition(position); // 读后归位
+            input.setPosition(position); // reset position after reading
 
             if (tmpPacketEncoding != 1 && tmpPacketEncoding != 2) {
                 enableECH = tmpEnableECH;
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ public void deserialize(ByteBufferInput input) {
                     input.readBoolean();
                     echConfig = input.readString();
                 }
-            } // 否则后一位就是 packetEncoding
+            } // otherwise the next field is packetEncoding
         }
 
         packetEncoding = input.readInt();
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/V2RayFmt.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/V2RayFmt.kt
index eee137df2..d2e920b91 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/V2RayFmt.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/fmt/v2ray/V2RayFmt.kt
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ fun StandardV2RayBean.parseDuckSoft(url: HttpUrl) {
     }
 }
 
-// 不确定是谁的格式
+// not sure whose format this is
 private fun tryResolveVmess4Kitsunebi(server: String): VMessBean {
     // vmess://YXV0bzo1YWY1ZDBlYy02ZWEwLTNjNDMtOTNkYi1jYTMwMDg1MDNiZGJAMTgzLjIzMi41Ni4xNjE6MTIwMg
     // ?remarks=*%F0%9F%87%AF%F0%9F%87%B5JP%20-355%20TG@moon365free&obfsParam=%7B%22Host%22:%22183.232.56.161%22%7D&path=/v2ray&obfs=websocket&alterId=0
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ fun buildSingBoxOutboundTLS(bean: StandardV2RayBean): OutboundTLSOptions? {
         insecure = bean.allowInsecure || DataStore.globalAllowInsecure
         if (bean.sni.isNotBlank()) server_name = bean.sni
         if (bean.alpn.isNotBlank()) {
-            // 当传输协议为WebSocket时，过滤掉h2和h3
+            // when the transport protocol is WebSocket, filter out h2 and h3
             val alpnList = bean.alpn.listByLineOrComma()
             if (bean.type == "ws") {
                 val filtered = alpnList.filter { it == "http/1.1" }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/group/RawUpdater.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/group/RawUpdater.kt
index 80d68dfba..5d41fe148 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/group/RawUpdater.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/group/RawUpdater.kt
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ object RawUpdater : GroupUpdater() {
             subscription.subscriptionUserinfo =
                 Util.getStringBox(response.getHeader("Subscription-Userinfo"))
 
-            // 修改默认名字
+            // modify the default name
             if (proxyGroup.name?.startsWith("Subscription #") == true) {
                 var remoteName = Util.getStringBox(response.getHeader("content-disposition"))
                 if (remoteName.isNotBlank()) {
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ object RawUpdater : GroupUpdater() {
             if (toReplace.contains(name)) {
                 val entity = toReplace[name]!!
                 val existsBean = entity.requireBean()
-                // 更新订阅，保留自定义覆写设置
+                // update subscription, preserving custom override settings
                 bean.customOutboundJson = existsBean.customOutboundJson
                 bean.customConfigJson = existsBean.customConfigJson
                 when {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ktx/Formats.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ktx/Formats.kt
index 42c02c349..d48e596c8 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ktx/Formats.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ktx/Formats.kt
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fun JSONObject.getBool(name: String): Boolean? {
 }
 
 
-// 重名了喵
+// name collision, nya
 fun JSONObject.getIntNya(name: String): Int? {
     return try {
         getInt(name)
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/BackupFragment.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/BackupFragment.kt
index 8fe6b35d5..2bc531650 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/BackupFragment.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/BackupFragment.kt
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
         super.onDestroyView()
         snackbar?.dismiss()
         snackbar = null
-        // 如果正在进行恢复操作，取消它
+        // if a restore operation is in progress, cancel it
         if (isRestoreInProgress) {
             restoreJob?.cancel()
             restoreJob = null
@@ -189,25 +189,25 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
             try {
                 isWebDAVBackup = true
                 val backupData = doBackup(
-                    true,  // 备份配置和分组
-                    true,  // 备份路由规则
-                    true   // 备份设置
+                    true,  // back up configs and groups
+                    true,  // back up route rules
+                    true   // back up settings
                 )
                 isWebDAVBackup = false
                 
                 val client = OkHttpClient()
 
-                // 规范化 URL
+                // normalize URL
                 val baseUrl = DataStore.webdavServer!!.trimEnd('/')
                 val path = DataStore.webdavPath?.trim('/')?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: "Nekobox"
 
-                // 使用英文格式的时间戳作为文件名，修改后缀为 .zip
+                // use an English-formatted timestamp as the file name, with a .zip suffix
                 val timestamp = java.text.SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss", Locale.US).format(Date())
                 val version = BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME
                 val fileName = "nekobox_backup_${version}_$timestamp.zip"
 
-                // 确保 baseUrl 是有效的且使用 TLS 的 URL
-                // (WebDAV 备份包含所有配置密钥，禁止明文 http://)
+                // ensure baseUrl is a valid URL that uses TLS
+                // (WebDAV backup contains all config keys, plaintext http:// is forbidden)
                 val baseHttpUrl = WebDAVSecurity.requireSecureUrl(baseUrl)
 
                 val dirUrl = baseHttpUrl.newBuilder().apply {
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                 Logs.d("WebDAV backup - Directory URL: $dirUrl")
                 Logs.d("WebDAV backup - File URL: $fileUrl")
 
-                // 先检查目录是否存在
+                // first check whether the directory exists
                 val propfindRequest = Request.Builder()
                     .url(dirUrl)
                     .method("PROPFIND", null)
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                     Logs.d("WebDAV backup - PROPFIND response: ${response.code}")
                     when (response.code) {
                         404 -> needCreateDir = true
-                        207 -> needCreateDir = false // 目录存在
+                        207 -> needCreateDir = false // directory exists
                         401 -> throw Exception("Authentication failed")
                         else -> {
                             if (!response.isSuccessful) {
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                     }
                 }
 
-                // 如果需要，创建目录
+                // create the directory if needed
                 if (needCreateDir) {
                     Logs.d("WebDAV backup - Creating directory")
                     val mkcolRequest = Request.Builder()
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                     }
                 }
 
-                // 上传文件时使用正确的 Content-Type
+                // use the correct Content-Type when uploading the file
                 val putRequest = Request.Builder()
                     .url(fileUrl)
                     .put(backupData.toRequestBody("application/zip".toMediaType()))
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                     MessageStore.showMessage(activity, R.string.webdav_backup_success)
                 }
             } catch (e: Exception) {
-                isWebDAVBackup = false  // 确保发生异常时也重置标志
+                isWebDAVBackup = false  // ensure the flag is reset even when an exception occurs
                 Logs.w(e)
 
                 val errorMessage = try {
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                 val baseUrl = DataStore.webdavServer!!.trimEnd('/')
                 val path = DataStore.webdavPath?.trim('/')?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: "Nekobox"
 
-                // WebDAV 备份包含所有配置密钥，禁止明文 http://
+                // WebDAV backup contains all config keys, plaintext http:// is forbidden
                 val baseHttpUrl = WebDAVSecurity.requireSecureUrl(baseUrl)
 
                 val dirUrl = baseHttpUrl.newBuilder().apply {
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
 
                 Logs.d("WebDAV restore - Directory URL: $dirUrl")
 
-                // 先列出目录内容找到最新的备份文件
+                // first list the directory contents to find the latest backup file
                 val propfindRequest = Request.Builder()
                     .url(dirUrl)
                     .method("PROPFIND", null)
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                     .header("Depth", "1")
                     .build()
 
-                // 获取最新的备份文件名
+                // get the latest backup file name
                 val latestBackup = client.newCall(propfindRequest).execute().use { response ->
                     if (!response.isSuccessful && response.code != 207) {
                         val errorBody = response.body?.string()
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                     } ?: throw Exception("No backup found")
                 }
 
-                // 下载最新的备份文件
+                // download the latest backup file
                 val fileUrl = dirUrl.newBuilder()
                     .addPathSegment(latestBackup)
                     .build()
@@ -420,9 +420,9 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
 
                 Logs.d("WebDAV restore - Successfully downloaded backup file, size: ${content.size}")
 
-                // 根据文件类型处理内容
+                // process the content based on file type
                 val backupContent = if (latestBackup.endsWith(".zip")) {
-                    // ZIP 文件处理
+                    // ZIP file handling
                     ZipInputStream(content.inputStream()).use { zis ->
                         zis.nextEntry?.let { entry ->
                             if (entry.name.endsWith(".json")) {
@@ -433,14 +433,14 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                         } ?: throw Exception("Invalid backup file format")
                     }
                 } else {
-                    // JSON 文件处理
+                    // JSON file handling
                     content.toString(Charsets.UTF_8)
                 }
 
-                // 解析并导入备份数据
+                // parse and import the backup data
                 val json = JSONObject(backupContent)
                 onMainDispatcher {
-                    // 如果 Fragment 已经被销毁，取消恢复操作
+                    // if the Fragment has been destroyed, cancel the restore operation
                     if (!isAdded) {
                         MessageStore.showMessage(activity, R.string.restore_cancelled)
                         return@onMainDispatcher
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                                 .show()
                             runOnDefaultDispatcher {
                                 runCatching {
-                                    // 再次检查是否已被取消
+                                    // check again whether it has been cancelled
                                     if (!isAdded) {
                                         MessageStore.showMessage(activity, R.string.restore_cancelled)
                                         return@runOnDefaultDispatcher
@@ -566,19 +566,19 @@ class BackupFragment : NamedFragment(R.layout.layout_backup) {
                         method = ZipEntry.DEFLATED
                     }
                     
-                    // 写入数据
+                    // write data
                     zos.putNextEntry(entry)
                     val bytes = jsonContent.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8)
                     zos.write(bytes)
                     zos.closeEntry()
                     
-                    // 确保所有数据都被写入和压缩
+                    // ensure all data is written and compressed
                     zos.finish()
                 }
                 bos.toByteArray()
             }
         } else {
-            // 本地导出和分享功能使用 JSON 格式
+            // local export and share functionality uses JSON format
             jsonContent.toByteArray()
         }
     }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ConfigurationFragment.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ConfigurationFragment.kt
index 60284a33b..f0518ebbe 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ConfigurationFragment.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ConfigurationFragment.kt
@@ -662,12 +662,12 @@ class ConfigurationFragment @JvmOverloads constructor(
                 if (DataStore.serviceState.canStop) {
                     runOnDefaultDispatcher {
                         try {
-                            // 等待一段时间确保配置已保存
+                            // wait a while to ensure the config has been saved
                             delay(500)
                             snackbar(getString(R.string.need_reload)).setAction(R.string.apply) {
                                 runOnDefaultDispatcher {
                                     try {
-                                        // 再次等待确保配置已保存
+                                        // wait again to ensure the config has been saved
                                         delay(100)
                                         SagerNet.reloadService()
                                     } catch (e: Exception) {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/GroupSettingsActivity.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/GroupSettingsActivity.kt
index c902f93e7..6aba247ee 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/GroupSettingsActivity.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/GroupSettingsActivity.kt
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class GroupSettingsActivity(
                     val group = ProxyGroup()
                     group.init()
                     
-                    // 如果有订阅链接，设置为订阅类型并填充链接
+                    // if there's a subscription link, set it to subscription type and fill in the link
                     if (!subscriptionLink.isNullOrEmpty()) {
                         DataStore.groupType = GroupType.SUBSCRIPTION
                         DataStore.subscriptionLink = subscriptionLink
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/LogcatFragment.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/LogcatFragment.kt
index 2f276ee9f..a56afc60c 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/LogcatFragment.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/LogcatFragment.kt
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class LogcatFragment : ToolbarFragment(R.layout.layout_logcat),
         }
         binding.textview.text = span
         binding.textview.clearFocus()
-        // 等 textview 完成最终 layout 再滚动到底部
+        // wait for the textview to finish its final layout before scrolling to the bottom
         binding.textview.doOnLayout {
             binding.scroolview.scrollTo(0, binding.textview.height)
         }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/MainActivity.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/MainActivity.kt
index 999a89ba8..e817ac5bc 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/MainActivity.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/MainActivity.kt
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class MainActivity : ThemedActivity(),
             val checkPermission =
                 ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this@MainActivity, POST_NOTIFICATIONS)
             if (checkPermission != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-                //动态申请
+                //request dynamically
                 ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(
                     this@MainActivity, arrayOf(POST_NOTIFICATIONS), 0
                 )
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/RouteFragment.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/RouteFragment.kt
index 9aebee5ff..cf4e7aa6c 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/RouteFragment.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/RouteFragment.kt
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ class RouteFragment : ToolbarFragment(R.layout.layout_route), Toolbar.OnMenuItem
                 profileType.text = rule.mkSummary()
                 routeOutbound.text = rule.displayOutbound()
 
-                // 根据路由类型设置文字颜色
+                // set text color based on route type
                 val colorRes = when (rule.outbound) {
-                    -2L -> R.color.color_route_block   // 屏蔽：红色
-                    -1L -> R.color.color_route_direct  // 直连：绿色
-                    0L -> R.color.color_route_proxy    // 代理：蓝色
-                    else -> R.color.color_route_config // 配置：紫色
+                    -2L -> R.color.color_route_block   // block: red
+                    -1L -> R.color.color_route_direct  // direct: green
+                    0L -> R.color.color_route_proxy    // proxy: blue
+                    else -> R.color.color_route_config // config: purple
                 }
                 routeOutbound.setTextColor(ContextCompat.getColor(itemView.context, colorRes))
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ScannerActivity.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ScannerActivity.kt
index 99f6f6468..31fc89b7d 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ScannerActivity.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/ScannerActivity.kt
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class ScannerActivity : ThemedActivity(),
             setHomeAsUpIndicator(R.drawable.ic_navigation_close)
         }
 
-        // 二维码库
+        // QR code library
         initCameraScan()
         startCamera()
         binding.ivFlashlight.setOnClickListener { toggleTorchState() }
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ class ScannerActivity : ThemedActivity(),
     var importedN = AtomicInteger(0)
 
     /**
-     * 接收扫码结果回调
-     * @param result 扫码结果
-     * @return 返回true表示拦截，将不自动执行后续逻辑，为false表示不拦截，默认不拦截
+     * Callback for receiving scan results
+     * @param result scan result
+     * @return returning true means intercept (subsequent logic won't run automatically); false means don't intercept; defaults to not intercepting
      */
     override fun onScanResultCallback(result: Result?): Boolean {
         return onScanResultCallback(result, false)
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class ScannerActivity : ThemedActivity(),
     }
 
     /**
-     * 初始化CameraScan
+     * Initialize CameraScan
      */
     fun initCameraScan() {
         cameraScan = DefaultCameraScan(this, binding.previewView)
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class ScannerActivity : ThemedActivity(),
     }
 
     /**
-     * 启动相机预览
+     * Start camera preview
      */
     fun startCamera() {
         if (PermissionUtils.checkPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CAMERA)) {
@@ -177,14 +177,14 @@ class ScannerActivity : ThemedActivity(),
     }
 
     /**
-     * 释放相机
+     * Release the camera
      */
     private fun releaseCamera() {
         cameraScan.release()
     }
 
     /**
-     * 切换闪光灯状态（开启/关闭）
+     * Toggle flashlight state (on/off)
      */
     protected fun toggleTorchState() {
         val isTorch = cameraScan.isTorchEnabled
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class ScannerActivity : ThemedActivity(),
     }
 
     /**
-     * 请求Camera权限回调结果
+     * Callback result for requesting Camera permission
      * @param permissions
      * @param grantResults
      */
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/SettingsPreferenceFragment.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/SettingsPreferenceFragment.kt
index aee7f3564..fa0f33a21 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/SettingsPreferenceFragment.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/SettingsPreferenceFragment.kt
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class SettingsPreferenceFragment : PreferenceFragmentCompat() {
 
         enableTLSFragment.onPreferenceChangeListener = reloadListener
 
-        // 恢复默认设置功能
+        // reset to default settings feature
         val resetSettings = findPreference<Preference>("resetSettings")!!
         resetSettings.setOnPreferenceClickListener {
             MaterialAlertDialogBuilder(requireContext()).apply {
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class SettingsPreferenceFragment : PreferenceFragmentCompat() {
             true
         }
 
-        // 清理缓存功能
+        // clear cache feature
         val clearCache = findPreference<Preference>(Key.CLEAR_CACHE)!!
         clearCache.setOnPreferenceClickListener {
             MaterialAlertDialogBuilder(requireContext()).apply {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebDAVSettingsActivity.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebDAVSettingsActivity.kt
index a10c13b51..cb4d70d2f 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebDAVSettingsActivity.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebDAVSettingsActivity.kt
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class WebDAVSettingsActivity : ThemedActivity() {
 
     class WebDAVSettingsFragment : PreferenceFragmentCompat(), PreferenceFragmentCompat.OnPreferenceStartFragmentCallback {
         private var lastClickTime = 0L
-        private val DEBOUNCE_TIME = 1000L  // 1秒内不允许重复点击
+        private val DEBOUNCE_TIME = 1000L  // no repeated clicks allowed within 1 second
         private var isFragmentAlive = true
 
         private fun isClickAllowed(): Boolean {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class WebDAVSettingsActivity : ThemedActivity() {
                     editText.inputType = InputType.TYPE_CLASS_TEXT or InputType.TYPE_TEXT_VARIATION_PASSWORD
                     editText.setSelection(editText.text.length)
                 }
-                // 使用与其他密码字段一致的隐藏摘要样式
+                // use the hidden summary style consistent with other password fields
                 summaryProvider = GroupSettingsActivity.PasswordSummaryProvider
             }
             
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class WebDAVSettingsActivity : ThemedActivity() {
                         .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                         .build()
 
-                    // 首先测试连接和认证
+                    // first test connection and authentication
                     val authRequest = Request.Builder()
                         .url(secureUrl)
                         .method("PROPFIND", null)
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class WebDAVSettingsActivity : ThemedActivity() {
                         throw Exception(getString(R.string.webdav_connect_failed, response.code))
                     }
 
-                    // 如果认证成功，再测试目录操作
+                    // if authentication succeeds, then test directory operations
                     val path = (DataStore.webdavPath ?: "").trim('/')
                     if (path.isNotBlank()) {
                         val dirUrl = secureUrl.newBuilder().apply {
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class WebDAVSettingsActivity : ThemedActivity() {
                             .build()
 
                         val dirResponse = client.newCall(dirRequest).execute()
-                        if (!dirResponse.isSuccessful && dirResponse.code != 405) {  // 405 表示目录已存在
+                        if (!dirResponse.isSuccessful && dirResponse.code != 405) {  // 405 means the directory already exists
                             throw Exception(getString(R.string.webdav_create_dir_failed))
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebviewFragment.kt b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebviewFragment.kt
index c2e70558e..e1f0a6cd5 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebviewFragment.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/io/nekohasekai/sagernet/ui/WebviewFragment.kt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import io.nekohasekai.sagernet.database.DataStore
 import io.nekohasekai.sagernet.databinding.LayoutWebviewBinding
 import moe.matsuri.nb4a.utils.WebViewUtil
 
-// Fragment必须有一个无参public的构造函数，否则在数据恢复的时候，会报crash
+// Fragment must have a no-argument public constructor, otherwise it will crash during data restoration
 
 class WebviewFragment : ToolbarFragment(R.layout.layout_webview), Toolbar.OnMenuItemClickListener {
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptions.java b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptions.java
index 963aae8ea..b45d1073a 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptions.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptions.java
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public class SingBoxOptions {
 
     public static class SingBoxOption {
 
-        public transient Map<String, Object> _hack_config_map; // 仍然用普通json方式合并，所以Object内不要使用 _hack
+        public transient Map<String, Object> _hack_config_map; // still merged using the normal json approach, so don't use _hack inside Object
 
         public transient String _hack_custom_config;
 
@@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ public Map<String, Object> getBasicMap() {
         }
     }
 
-    // 自定义序列化器
+    // custom serializer
     public static class SingBoxOptionSerializer implements JsonSerializer<SingBoxOption> {
         @Override
         public JsonElement serialize(SingBoxOption src, Type typeOfSrc, JsonSerializationContext context) {
-            // 拿到原始的 delegate（默认序列化器）
+            // get the original delegate (default serializer)
             TypeAdapter<?> delegate = gsonSingbox.getDelegateAdapter(
                     new TypeAdapterFactory() {
                         @Override
                         public <T> TypeAdapter<T> create(Gson gson, TypeToken<T> type) {
-                            return null; // 返回 null，表示只作为“跳过当前自定义”的 marker
+                            return null; // return null, serving only as a marker for "skip current custom"
                         }
                     },
                     TypeToken.get(src.getClass())
@@ -4719,7 +4719,7 @@ public static class V2RayTransportOptions_KCPOptions extends V2RayTransportOptio
 
     }
 
-    // sing-box Options 生成器已经坏了，以下是从 husi 抄的
+    // the sing-box Options generator is already broken; the following is copied from husi
 
     public static class Outbound_AnyTLSOptions extends Outbound {
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptionsUtil.kt b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptionsUtil.kt
index 54d7c95fe..79e725fac 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptionsUtil.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/SingBoxOptionsUtil.kt
@@ -170,11 +170,11 @@ fun SingBoxOptions.Rule_DefaultOptions.checkEmpty(): Boolean {
 fun processRulesetUrl(origUrl: String): Pair<String, Boolean> {
     return when {
         origUrl.startsWith("rsip:") -> {
-            // IP类型ruleset
+            // IP-type ruleset
             Pair(origUrl.substring(5), true)
         }
         origUrl.startsWith("rssite:") -> {
-            // 域名类型ruleset
+            // domain-type ruleset
             Pair(origUrl.substring(7), false)
         }
         else -> {
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fun generateRemoteRuleSet(url: String, ruleSets: MutableList<RuleSet>, updateInt
     val hashCode = kotlin.math.abs(url.hashCode())
     val tag = "ruleset-$hashCode"
     
-    // 添加到规则集列表
+    // add to the rule set list
     ruleSets.add(RuleSet().apply {
         type = "remote"
         this.tag = tag
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/net/LocalResolverImpl.kt b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/net/LocalResolverImpl.kt
index 9b125aeea..1bb631adf 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/net/LocalResolverImpl.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/net/LocalResolverImpl.kt
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ object LocalResolverImpl : LocalDNSTransport {
             }
         } else {
             runOnIoDispatcher {
-                // 老版本系统，继续用阻塞的 InetAddress
+                // older system version, continue using the blocking InetAddress
                 try {
                     val u = SagerNet.underlyingNetwork
                     val answer = try {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/JavaUtil.java b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/JavaUtil.java
index 1e3614736..12335b95b 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/JavaUtil.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/JavaUtil.java
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public static void handleWebviewDir(Context context) {
             String huaweiWebViewDir = "/app_hws_webview";
             String lockFile = "/webview_data.lock";
             String processName = Application.getProcessName();
-            if (!BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID.equals(processName)) {//判断不等于默认进程名称
+            if (!BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID.equals(processName)) {//check if not equal to the default process name
                 suffix = TextUtils.isEmpty(processName) ? context.getPackageName() : processName;
                 WebView.setDataDirectorySuffix(suffix);
                 suffix = "_" + suffix;
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ public static void handleWebviewDir(Context context) {
                     pathSet.add(dataPath + huaweiWebViewDir + suffix + lockFile);
                 }
             } else {
-                //主进程
+                //main process
                 suffix = "_" + processName;
-                pathSet.add(dataPath + webViewDir + lockFile);//默认未添加进程名后缀
-                pathSet.add(dataPath + webViewDir + suffix + lockFile);//系统自动添加了进程名后缀
-                if (checkIsHuaweiRom()) {//部分华为手机更改了webview目录名
+                pathSet.add(dataPath + webViewDir + lockFile);// path variant without the process-name suffix
+                pathSet.add(dataPath + webViewDir + suffix + lockFile);// path variant with the process-name suffix (device-dependent)
+                if (checkIsHuaweiRom()) {//some Huawei phones changed the webview directory name
                     pathSet.add(dataPath + huaweiWebViewDir + lockFile);
                     pathSet.add(dataPath + huaweiWebViewDir + suffix + lockFile);
                 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/Util.kt b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/Util.kt
index c5ae09abb..1a211195a 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/Util.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/moe/matsuri/nb4a/utils/Util.kt
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ import java.util.zip.Inflater
 object Util {
 
     /**
-     * 取两个文本之间的文本值
+     * Get the text value between two pieces of text
      *
-     * @param text  源文本 比如：欲取全文本为 12345
-     * @param left  文本前面
-     * @param right 后面文本
-     * @return 返回 String
+     * @param text  source text, e.g. the full text to extract from is 12345
+     * @param left  text before
+     * @param right text after
+     * @return returns String
      */
     fun getSubString(text: String, left: String?, right: String?): String {
         var zLen: Int
@@ -63,13 +63,13 @@ object Util {
     fun b64Decode(b: String): ByteArray {
         var ret: ByteArray? = null
 
-        // padding 自动处理，不用理
-        // URLSafe 需要替换这两个，不要用 URL_SAFE 否则处理非 Safe 的时候会乱码
+        // padding is handled automatically, no need to worry about it
+        // URLSafe needs to replace these two; don't use URL_SAFE, otherwise non-Safe input will be garbled
         val str = b.replace("-", "+").replace("_", "/")
 
         val flags = listOf(
-            Base64.DEFAULT, // 多行
-            Base64.NO_WRAP, // 单行
+            Base64.DEFAULT, // multi-line
+            Base64.NO_WRAP, // single-line
         )
 
         for (flag in flags) {
diff --git a/libcore/assets_android.go b/libcore/assets_android.go
index c3c98310d..b69057e36 100644
--- a/libcore/assets_android.go
+++ b/libcore/assets_android.go
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ func extractAssets() {
 	extract(yacdDstFolder)
 }
 
-// 这里解压的是 apk 里面的
+// this extracts the ones inside the apk
 func extractAssetName(name string, useOfficialAssets bool) error {
-	// 支持非官方源的，就是 replaceable，放 Android 目录
-	// 不支持非官方源的，就放 file 目录
+	// those that support unofficial sources are replaceable, placed in the Android directory
+	// those that don't support unofficial sources go in the file directory
 	replaceable := true
 
 	var version string
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func extractAssetName(name string, useOfficialAssets bool) error {
 		// assetFileMissing
 		doExtract = true
 	} else if useOfficialAssets || !replaceable {
-		// 官方源升级
+		// official source upgrade
 		b, err := os.ReadFile(dir + version)
 		if err != nil {
 			// versionFileMissing
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func extractAssetName(name string, useOfficialAssets bool) error {
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
-		//非官方源不升级
+		//unofficial sources are not upgraded
 	}
 
 	if !doExtract {
diff --git a/libcore/dns_box.go b/libcore/dns_box.go
index 3f1cd5fbb..32664b27a 100644
--- a/libcore/dns_box.go
+++ b/libcore/dns_box.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func (p *platformLocalDNSTransport) Close() error {
 
 func (p *platformLocalDNSTransport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	if p.raw && rawQueryFunc != nil {
-		// Raw - Android 10 及以上才有
+		// Raw - only available on Android 10 and above
 
 		messageBytes, err := message.Pack()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (p *platformLocalDNSTransport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.
 		}
 		return responseMessage, nil
 	} else {
-		// Lookup - Android 10 以下
+		// Lookup - below Android 10
 
 		question := message.Question[0]
 		var network string
diff --git a/libcore/http.go b/libcore/http.go
index ef8288952..c737e2701 100644
--- a/libcore/http.go
+++ b/libcore/http.go
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ func (r *httpRequest) doH3Direct() (HTTPResponse, error) {
 			defer func() {
 				if successCount.Load() == 0 {
 					if failedCount.Add(1) >= uint32(len(funcs)) {
-						// 全部失败了
+						// all failed
 						cancel()
 					}
 				}
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ func (r *httpRequest) doH3Direct() (HTTPResponse, error) {
 				t = "h3"
 			}
 
-			// 执行HTTP请求
+			// execute the HTTP request
 			rsp, err := f()
 			if rsp == nil || err != nil {
 				mu.Lock()
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ func (r *httpRequest) doH3Direct() (HTTPResponse, error) {
 				return
 			}
 
-			// 处理 HTTP 状态码
+			// handle the HTTP status code
 			if rsp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
 				hr := &httpResponse{Response: rsp}
 				err = fmt.Errorf("%s: %s", t, hr.errorString())
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ func (r *httpRequest) doH3Direct() (HTTPResponse, error) {
 
 			select {
 			case successCh <- rsp:
-				// 第一个成功的请求，不要关闭 body
+				// first successful request, don't close the body
 				successCount.Add(1)
 			default:
 				rsp.Body.Close()
diff --git a/libcore/platform_box.go b/libcore/platform_box.go
index 316cbef58..a674604f4 100644
--- a/libcore/platform_box.go
+++ b/libcore/platform_box.go
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (w *boxPlatformInterfaceWrapper) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }
 
-// 日志
+// logging
 
 type boxPlatformLogWriterWrapper struct {
 }