@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ where :math:`\sigma = \pm1` selects forward or backward integration.
3939The first-order explicit Euler scheme advances the position by sampling the velocity at the beginning of the time step:
4040
4141.. math ::
42+ :align: left
4243
4344 \mathbf {u}_n = \mathbf {u}(\mathbf {x}_n,t_n),\\
4445 \mathbf {x}_{n+1 } = \mathbf {x}_n + \sigma \,\Delta t\,\mathbf {u}_n.
@@ -67,11 +68,12 @@ and then form the new approximation by
6768 y_{n+1 } = y_n + h \sum _{i=1 }^s b_i\, k_i.
6869
6970
70- *Second-Order Runge-Kutta (RK2, Heun's) *
71+ ** Second-Order Runge-Kutta (RK2, Heun's) * *
7172
7273Heun's method attains second-order accuracy by combining predictor and corrector slopes:
7374
7475.. math ::
76+ :align: left
7577
7678 k_1 = \sigma \,\mathbf {u}(\mathbf {x}_n,t_n),\\
7779 \mathbf {x}^* = \mathbf {x}_n + \Delta t\, k_1 ,\\
@@ -80,11 +82,12 @@ Heun's method attains second-order accuracy by combining predictor and corrector
8082
8183 This scheme yields a global error of order :math: `O(\Delta t^2 )` with two velocity evaluations per step.
8284
83- *Classical Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta (RK4) *
85+ ** Classical Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta (RK4) * *
8486
8587The classical RK4 method achieves fourth-order accuracy via four slope evaluations at intermediate points:
8688
8789.. math ::
90+ :align: left
8891
8992 k_1 = \mathbf {u}(\mathbf {x}_n,t_n),\\
9093 k_2 = \mathbf {u}\!\bigl (\mathbf {x}_n + \tfrac {\Delta t}{2 }k_1 ,\; t_n + \tfrac {\Delta t}{2 }\bigr ),\\
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ The classical RK4 method achieves fourth-order accuracy via four slope evaluatio
9497
9598 This yields a global error of order :math: `O(\Delta t^4 )` with four velocity evaluations per step.
9699
97- *Sixth-Order Runge-Kutta (RK6) *
100+ ** Sixth-Order Runge-Kutta (RK6) * *
98101
99102The seven-stage scheme uses non-uniform weights to attain global :math: `O(\Delta t^6 )` accuracy. This method originates from [Butcher ]_.
100103As for the coefficients for ``RK6 `` are more complex to write into equations, the Butcher table is given as follows.
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