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soundness gate hardening: content-binding + stamp + xfail pins; capability anchors
Fold of the capability-matrix test-anchoring (closed #625) and the soundness-gate hardening into one change. Makes docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc's claims true by building the mechanism the prose-ahead ledger already promises. Gate tools/check-soundness-ledger.sh: 2 -> 5 enforced properties (anchors exist, back-links, content-binding via tools/soundness-anchors.sha256 + --reseal, stamp-enforcement, xfail pin-liveness). New xfail harness test/xfail/, new fixture stub_backend_return_dropped.affine, capability-matrix Test-anchors section + tools/check-capability-anchors.sh. CI build job fetch-depth: 0 for the stamp diff. Ground-truth corrections (compiler wins): #559 generic-subsumption IS detected (positive test); stub-return uses #624; interp non-tail uses #623. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01BbxKhXQwTvVgkYDgBMLJoa
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.github/workflows/ci.yml

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steps:
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- name: Checkout code
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uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
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with:
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# Full history so the soundness-ledger gate (property 4) can resolve
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# :ground-truth-sha: and diff soundness paths against it. A shallow
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# clone makes property 4 fail closed ("stamp not present").
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fetch-depth: 0
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- name: Set up OCaml toolchain (self-hosted; replaces ocaml/setup-ocaml)
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run: |
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sudo apt-get update
@@ -97,6 +102,13 @@ jobs:
97102
# PROOF-NEEDS / NAVIGATION / CLAUDE.md) stops linking back to it.
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# See tools/check-soundness-ledger.sh.
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run: ./tools/check-soundness-ledger.sh
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- name: Capability-matrix test-anchor gate
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# docs/CAPABILITY-MATRIX.adoc anchors each feature-readiness claim to an
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# executable test ("== Test anchors"). This gate fails if that section
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# disappears or if any test it names goes missing — so a "works" status
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# row cannot outlive the test that backs it.
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# See tools/check-capability-anchors.sh.
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run: ./tools/check-capability-anchors.sh
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- name: Check formatting
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run: opam exec -- dune build @fmt
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lint:

.ocamlformat-ignore

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# The standalone soundness xfail-pin harness was authored in an environment
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# without ocamlformat available, so its formatting could not be verified at
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# authoring time. Excluded from `dune build @fmt` until it is run through
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# ocamlformat 0.26.2 and this entry removed. It is a self-contained test
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# executable (see docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc, property 5); nothing depends on its
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# formatting.
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test/xfail/test_xfail_pins.ml

docs/CAPABILITY-MATRIX.adoc

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@@ -225,6 +225,38 @@ db-theory triplet — `Sqlite.affine` (#522 / #524 / #525), `Transaction.affine`
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group-by + aggregation primitives) — are the current authoring frontier.
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A few primitives remain `extern` builtins.
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== Test anchors
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Every enforcement claim in the tables above is anchored to an executable test,
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mirroring the link:SOUNDNESS.adoc[soundness ledger]. This makes the claims
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*falsifiable*: `tools/check-capability-anchors.sh` (wired into `just check` +
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CI) extracts every `test/…` path named below and fails the build if any has
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gone missing — so a `works` / `enforced` row cannot keep its status after its
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test is deleted or renamed without this section (and CI) noticing.
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[cols="2,4",options="header"]
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|===
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|Component (row above) |Anchoring test(s)
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|Lexer |`test/test_lexer.ml`
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|Parser / AST / Name resolution |`test/test_e2e.ml`, `test/test_qualified_paths.ml`
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|Type checker |`test/test_e2e.ml`, `test/test_slash_effect_row.ml`
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|Effect system |`test/test_effects.ml`, `test/test_effect_sites.ml`; fixtures `test/e2e/fixtures/handle_return_arm.affine`, `test/e2e/fixtures/handle_resume_tail.affine`
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|Borrow checker |`test/test_borrow_polonius.ml`; fixtures `test/e2e/fixtures/borrow_callee_returned_borrow_uam.affine`, `test/e2e/fixtures/borrow_callee_value_return_ok.affine`
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|Quantity / affine (QTT) |`test/test_e2e.ml`; fixtures `test/e2e/fixtures/linear_arrow_violation.affine`, `test/e2e/fixtures/affine_violation.affine`, `test/e2e/fixtures/erased_violation.affine`
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|Interpreter |`test/test_e2e.ml`, `test/test_solo_cesk.ml`, `test/test_module_mut.ml`
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|Traits (incl. #559 coherence) |`test/test_e2e.ml` (Trait-Coherence suite)
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|Stdlib (AOT + laws) |`test/test_stdlib_aot.ml`, `test/test_stdlib_laws.ml`
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|typed-wasm isolation |`test/test_tw_isolation.ml`
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|Codegen (golden snapshots) |`test/test_golden.ml`
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|Deno / JS host backends |`test/test_deno_builtins_consistency.ml`, `test/test_int_div_js.ml`
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|Solo core (executable metatheory) |`test/test_solo_cesk.ml`
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|===
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NOTE: this anchors *feature-readiness* claims. *Soundness-hole* anchors live in
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their own ledger (link:SOUNDNESS.adoc[SOUNDNESS.adoc]), gated by
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`tools/check-soundness-ledger.sh`.
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== What AffineScript is NOT (anti-over-claim)
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* Not "production-ready". Alpha. CORE-01 (#177) closed 2026-05-30. The

docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc

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justfile

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./tools/check-no-extension-ts.sh
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./tools/check-doc-truthing.sh
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./tools/check-soundness-ledger.sh
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./tools/check-capability-anchors.sh
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# Re-baseline the doc-truthing over-claim ledger after a deliberate, legitimate
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# change (e.g. a new dated roadmap milestone). Commit the .allow diff.
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// Early (non-tail) `return`. The experimental Lean/Why3 backends drop it:
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// lean_codegen.ml `gen_block` skips `StmtReturn`, lowering this body to `:= ()`
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// (both returns vanish). Pinned by `test_stub_backend_return_xfail` (Refs #624).
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// The desired end-state is a loud failure on this shape; until then the pin
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// fails-as-expected. Do not "fix" this fixture to make a pin pass — read
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// docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc first.
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fn early(x: Int) -> Int {
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return 1;
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return 2;
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}
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fn main() -> Int = early(0);

test/test_e2e.ml

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Alcotest.failf "#559: impls for Pair[Int,Bool] vs Pair[Bool,Int] do not \
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overlap and must be accepted, got error: %s" msg
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(* KNOWN LIMITATION (#559): generic-subsumption overlap — a blanket/generic
2386-
impl `impl[T] Greet for Box[T]` overlapping a specific `impl Greet for
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Box[Int]` — is NOT yet detected. The coherence check itself instantiates
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impl type params and would catch it, but generic *impl* handling has its
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own separate immaturities (e.g. `impl[T] ... for Box[T]` currently trips a
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spurious "Trait not found" before coherence runs), so this case rides on a
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prerequisite that is not yet solid. The soundness-critical hole #559 named
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— silently accepting overlapping *concrete* impls — IS fixed and covered by
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the rejected/accepted tests above. Generic-subsumption coherence is tracked
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as follow-up, not pinned here as an executable accept (it would mis-document
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a moving target). *)
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(* #559 generic-subsumption: a blanket impl `impl[T] Greet for Box[T]`
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overlapping a specific `impl Greet for Box[Int]` IS detected and rejected.
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The unification-based coherence check instantiates the generic head — Box[T]
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unifies with Box[Int] — so the overlap is caught by the same machinery as the
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concrete case. (Ground-truthed 2026-06-21 against the running compiler; an
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earlier note here wrongly claimed this was undetected — corrected per the
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docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc "compiler is ground truth" rule.) *)
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let test_coherence_generic_subsumption_rejected () =
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let src = {|
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trait Greet { fn greet() -> Int; }
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enum Box[T] { Mk(T) }
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impl[T] Greet for Box[T] { fn greet() -> Int = 1; }
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impl Greet for Box[Int] { fn greet() -> Int = 2; }
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fn main() -> Int = 0;
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|} in
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match tc_source src with
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| Ok () ->
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Alcotest.fail "#559 generic subsumption: impl[T] Box[T] overlapping \
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Box[Int] must be rejected as overlapping; the checker \
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accepted them — the hole has regressed"
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| Error msg ->
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Alcotest.(check bool) "error names trait coherence" true
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(contains_str "coherence" msg)
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let coherence_tests = [
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Alcotest.test_case "duplicate impl (same self type) → rejected" `Quick test_coherence_duplicate_rejected;
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Alcotest.test_case "impls for distinct types → accepted" `Quick test_coherence_distinct_types_ok;
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Alcotest.test_case "distinct generic args → accepted (no over-reject)" `Quick test_coherence_distinct_generic_args_ok;
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Alcotest.test_case "generic subsumption (impl[T] Box[T] vs Box[Int]) → rejected" `Quick test_coherence_generic_subsumption_rejected;
24012414
]
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(* ============================================================================
@@ -2490,23 +2503,16 @@ let test_resume_multishot_loud_fail () =
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Alcotest.(check bool) "error names the multi-shot resume limit" true
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(contains_str "multi-shot resume" msg)
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2493-
let test_resume_nontail_known_shallow () =
2494-
(* KNOWN shallow-resume incompleteness: the correct result is 105; the
2495-
shallow interpreter returns the resumed value 5. Flip to VInt 105 when
2496-
delimited continuations land (Refs #555). *)
2497-
match interp_main (fixture "handle_resume_nontail.affine") with
2498-
| Ok (Value.VInt 5) -> ()
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| Ok (Value.VInt 105) ->
2500-
Alcotest.fail
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"non-tail resume now returns 105 — delimited continuations appear to \
2502-
have landed; update this pin and the #555 CAPABILITY-MATRIX note"
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| Ok v -> Alcotest.failf "non-tail resume: expected VInt 5 (known shallow), got %s" (Value.show_value v)
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| Error msg -> Alcotest.failf "non-tail resume should evaluate (shallow), got error: %s" msg
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(* The non-tail single-shot resume residual (#555 / #623) is pinned as an xfail
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in test/xfail/test_xfail_pins.ml (test_resume_nontail_xfail): it asserts the
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CORRECT result (105) and fails-as-expected while the shallow interpreter
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returns 5, flipping to a loud XPASS the day delimited continuations land.
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Anchored from docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc. Kept out of this passing suite so there is
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one pin convention, not two. *)
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25062513
let resume_soundness_tests = [
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Alcotest.test_case "interp: single-shot tail-resume evaluates to 5" `Quick test_resume_single_shot_tail;
25082515
Alcotest.test_case "interp: multi-shot resume → loud failure" `Quick test_resume_multishot_loud_fail;
2509-
Alcotest.test_case "interp: non-tail resume → 5 (KNOWN shallow #555)" `Quick test_resume_nontail_known_shallow;
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]
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(* ============================================================================

test/xfail/dune

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(test
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(name test_xfail_pins)
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(libraries affinescript)
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(deps
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(source_tree ../e2e)))

test/xfail/test_xfail_pins.ml

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(* SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0 *)
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(* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2026 hyperpolymath (Jonathan D.A. Jewell <j.d.a.jewell@open.ac.uk>) *)
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(** xfail pin harness for the soundness ledger (docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc, property 5).
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Each pin asserts the DESIRED behaviour of a known soundness hole. Because the
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hole is still present, the assertion currently FAILS — which is the expected
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state, reported as [XFAIL-OK]. The day the hole is fixed, the assertion
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PASSES, which is unexpected and reported as [XPASS]: the process exits
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non-zero (so [dune runtest] and the gate both go red) with a message telling
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the engineer to update the ledger row rather than silence the pin.
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Polarity / fail-closed contract:
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- pin body raises [Xfail] when the desired behaviour is NOT met (hole
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present) -> XFAIL-OK (exit 0 contribution)
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- pin body returns normally (desired behaviour met, hole gone)
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-> XPASS (exit 1)
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- pin body raises ANY OTHER exception (parse error, missing fixture, …)
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-> XERROR (exit 1) — pin infrastructure is broken,
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so we fail closed rather than mistake it for an
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expected failure.
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The shell gate (tools/check-soundness-ledger.sh, property 5) runs this
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executable, asserts every pin named by a `residual (pinned)` / `open
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(tracked)` ledger row reports XFAIL-OK, and surfaces XPASS as the distinct
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"is the hole fixed?" alarm. *)
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open Affinescript
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exception Xfail of string
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(* Locate test/e2e/fixtures across the run contexts we care about:
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AFFINE_FIXTURES override (the gate sets this), the dune-test sandbox
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(cwd = _build/default/test/xfail, fixtures at ../e2e/fixtures via the
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source_tree dep), cwd = test/, and cwd = repo root. Fail closed if none. *)
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let fixtures_dir =
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let cands =
38+
(match Sys.getenv_opt "AFFINE_FIXTURES" with Some d -> [ d ] | None -> [])
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@ [ "../e2e/fixtures"; "e2e/fixtures"; "test/e2e/fixtures" ]
40+
in
41+
match List.find_opt Sys.file_exists cands with
42+
| Some d -> d
43+
| None ->
44+
failwith
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"xfail: cannot locate test/e2e/fixtures (set AFFINE_FIXTURES to its path)"
46+
47+
let fixture name = Filename.concat fixtures_dir name
48+
49+
let parse path =
50+
try Parse_driver.parse_file path
51+
with e -> failwith ("parse " ^ path ^ ": " ^ Printexc.to_string e)
52+
53+
let resolve_symbols prog =
54+
let loader = Module_loader.create (Module_loader.default_config ()) in
55+
match Resolve.resolve_program_with_loader prog loader with
56+
| Ok (rctx, _) -> rctx.symbols
57+
| Error (e, _) -> failwith ("resolve: " ^ Resolve.show_resolve_error e)
58+
59+
(* ---- Pin: #555 / #623 — interpreter non-tail single-shot resume ----------
60+
`let x = op(); x + 100` with `op() => resume(5)` should yield 105 once the
61+
continuation is reified; the shallow tree-walking interpreter yields 5. *)
62+
let test_resume_nontail_xfail () =
63+
let path = fixture "handle_resume_nontail.affine" in
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let prog = parse path in
65+
let _ = resolve_symbols prog in
66+
let v =
67+
match Interp.eval_program prog with
68+
| Error e -> failwith ("eval: " ^ Value.show_eval_error e)
69+
| Ok env -> (
70+
match Value.lookup_env "main" env with
71+
| Error _ -> failwith "no `main` binding"
72+
| Ok f -> (
73+
match Interp.apply_function f [] with
74+
| Ok v -> v
75+
| Error e -> failwith ("apply main: " ^ Value.show_eval_error e)))
76+
in
77+
match v with
78+
| Value.VInt 105 -> () (* desired met -> XPASS: the hole is fixed *)
79+
| Value.VInt 5 ->
80+
raise (Xfail "non-tail resume returns 5, not 105 (shallow continuation)")
81+
| other ->
82+
raise
83+
(Xfail ("non-tail resume returned " ^ Value.show_value other ^ ", not 105"))
84+
85+
(* ---- Pin: #555-stub / #624 — Lean backend drops `return` ------------------
86+
The agreed remedy (#624) is to fail loud on early `return`; today
87+
`codegen_lean` returns Ok and silently lowers the body to `:= ()`. *)
88+
let test_stub_backend_return_xfail () =
89+
let path = fixture "stub_backend_return_dropped.affine" in
90+
let prog = parse path in
91+
let symbols = resolve_symbols prog in
92+
match Lean_codegen.codegen_lean prog symbols with
93+
| Error _ -> () (* desired met -> XPASS: the backend now fails loud *)
94+
| Ok _ ->
95+
raise
96+
(Xfail
97+
"Lean_codegen.codegen_lean returned Ok; early `return` silently dropped")
98+
99+
let pins =
100+
[ ("test_resume_nontail_xfail",
101+
"#555/#623 interp non-tail resume -> 5 not 105", test_resume_nontail_xfail);
102+
("test_stub_backend_return_xfail",
103+
"#555-stub/#624 Lean drops `return`", test_stub_backend_return_xfail) ]
104+
105+
let () =
106+
let bad = ref false in
107+
List.iter
108+
(fun (name, reason, body) ->
109+
match try `Ok (body ()) with Xfail m -> `Xfail m | e -> `Err (Printexc.to_string e) with
110+
| `Xfail _ -> Printf.printf "XFAIL-OK %s -- %s\n" name reason
111+
| `Ok () ->
112+
bad := true;
113+
Printf.printf
114+
"XPASS %s -- pin passed; is the hole fixed? update docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc\n"
115+
name
116+
| `Err m ->
117+
bad := true;
118+
Printf.printf "XERROR %s -- pin infrastructure failed: %s\n" name m)
119+
pins;
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flush stdout;
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if !bad then exit 1 else exit 0

tools/check-capability-anchors.sh

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#!/usr/bin/env bash
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
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# Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan D.A. Jewell <j.d.a.jewell@open.ac.uk>
4+
#
5+
# Anti-staleness gate for the capability matrix's test anchors
6+
# (docs/CAPABILITY-MATRIX.adoc "== Test anchors").
7+
#
8+
# The matrix is the authoritative feature-readiness doc. Its "Test anchors"
9+
# section pins each enforcement claim ("works" / "enforced" / "partial") to the
10+
# executable test(s) that exercise it — the same test-anchoring discipline the
11+
# soundness ledger uses (tools/check-soundness-ledger.sh). This gate makes those
12+
# anchors falsifiable: it extracts every test path the matrix names and fails the
13+
# build if any has gone missing, so a feature cannot keep a green status row
14+
# after its test is deleted or renamed without this section (and CI) noticing.
15+
#
16+
# Checks:
17+
# 1. The matrix exists and carries a "== Test anchors" section.
18+
# 2. Every test/*.ml and test/e2e/fixtures/*.affine path named anywhere in the
19+
# matrix actually exists on disk.
20+
#
21+
# Usage: ./tools/check-capability-anchors.sh
22+
# Wired into: just check (via the `guard` recipe) and CI (.github/workflows/ci.yml).
23+
# Run from anywhere; it cd's to the repo root itself.
24+
25+
set -euo pipefail
26+
27+
cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
28+
29+
MATRIX="docs/CAPABILITY-MATRIX.adoc"
30+
31+
fail=0
32+
note() { printf '%s\n' "$*" >&2; }
33+
34+
# --- 1. The matrix exists and carries its Test-anchors section ---------------
35+
if [ ! -f "$MATRIX" ]; then
36+
note "ERROR: the capability matrix is missing: $MATRIX"
37+
exit 1
38+
fi
39+
if ! grep -q "^== Test anchors" "$MATRIX"; then
40+
note "ERROR: $MATRIX lost its '== Test anchors' section."
41+
note " That section anchors each feature-readiness claim to an"
42+
note " executable test. Restore it (see the soundness ledger for the"
43+
note " same pattern: docs/SOUNDNESS.adoc)."
44+
fail=1
45+
fi
46+
47+
# --- 2. Every test path the matrix names actually exists ---------------------
48+
missing=0
49+
while IFS= read -r path; do
50+
[ -z "$path" ] && continue
51+
if [ ! -f "$path" ]; then
52+
if [ "$missing" -eq 0 ]; then
53+
note "ERROR: $MATRIX names test anchors that no longer exist:"
54+
missing=1
55+
fail=1
56+
fi
57+
note " - $path"
58+
fi
59+
done < <(grep -oE 'test/[A-Za-z0-9_./-]+\.(ml|affine)' "$MATRIX" | LC_ALL=C sort -u)
60+
if [ "$missing" -eq 1 ]; then
61+
note " Either restore the test or update the matrix to its new anchor"
62+
note " in the same change. A renamed/deleted test must not leave a"
63+
note " feature-readiness claim unmoored."
64+
fi
65+
66+
if [ "$fail" -ne 0 ]; then
67+
note ""
68+
note "Capability-anchor guard failed. Feature-readiness claims in"
69+
note "$MATRIX are drifting from the tests that back them."
70+
exit 1
71+
fi
72+
73+
echo "OK: capability anchors intact — Test-anchors section present + every named test exists."

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