ci(chapel): pin runs-on ubuntu-22.04 + apt-get install .deb (5th sharp edge)

Chapel 2.8.0's debian package is `chapel-2.8.0-1.ubuntu22.amd64.deb`
and links its compiler driver against libclang-cpp.so.14 (Ubuntu 22.04
LLVM-14 runtime). On Ubuntu 24.04 (= ubuntu-latest) apt resolves the
unmet dep with libclang-cpp 18, leaving chpl unable to load:

  chpl: error while loading shared libraries: libclang-cpp.so.14:
        cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
  exit code 127.

Pin runs-on: ubuntu-22.04 at all four chapel-using jobs (chapel-build,
zig-ffi, rust-chapel-feature, rust-chapel-real).

Also switch `dpkg -i ... || apt-get install -f -y` → `apt-get install -y
/tmp/chapel.deb` so apt resolves libclang-cpp14 / libllvm14 declaratively
in one pass instead of relying on the post-failure auto-fix path.

This is the 5th Chapel-2.8.0 sharp edge — sibling to the four documented
in panic-attack's wiki (MANPATH unset, CHPL_LLVM unset, `chpl --about`
dropped, `printchplenv --simple` format). Will append to that wiki.

Refs #181

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

Author: hyperpolymath

.github/workflows/chapel-ci.yml

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
   #   statically.
   chapel-build:
     name: Compile Chapel Metalayer
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt-get install -y libunwind-dev
           curl -fsSL --max-time 300 --retry 3 -o /tmp/chapel.deb "$CHAPEL_DEB_URL"
           echo "$CHAPEL_DEB_SHA256  /tmp/chapel.deb" | sha256sum --check
-          sudo dpkg -i /tmp/chapel.deb || sudo apt-get install -f -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y /tmp/chapel.deb
           chpl --version
 
       - name: Compile Chapel proof search library (static)
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
   # `src/zig_ffi/build.zig`.
   zig-ffi:
     name: Build & Test Zig FFI Bridge
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ jobs:
   # Re-enable strict gating once #133's Chapel + FFI rehabilitation lands.
   rust-chapel-feature:
     name: Rust Build with Chapel Feature
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     needs: zig-ffi
     continue-on-error: true
     steps:
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ jobs:
   # and flip this job to strict.
   rust-chapel-real:
     name: Rust Build — Real Chapel Library (allow-fail, L2.3+ gate)
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     needs: [chapel-build, zig-ffi]
     continue-on-error: true
     steps:
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt-get install -y libunwind-dev
           curl -fsSL --max-time 300 --retry 3 -o /tmp/chapel.deb "$CHAPEL_DEB_URL"
           echo "$CHAPEL_DEB_SHA256  /tmp/chapel.deb" | sha256sum --check
-          sudo dpkg -i /tmp/chapel.deb || sudo apt-get install -f -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y /tmp/chapel.deb
           chpl --version
 
       - name: Install Zig