Clean up README.adoc: proper AsciiDoc syntax and structure

Fixes:
- Remove corrupted badge images from code blocks (broken # → = replacement)
- Convert Markdown code fences to AsciiDoc [source,lang] blocks
- Convert Markdown tables to AsciiDoc table syntax with proper cols
- Convert Markdown links to AsciiDoc link:url[text] syntax
- Fix ASCII art diagram using literal block (....)
- Add table of contents with toc::[] macro
- Add document attributes (toc, sectanchors, sectlinks, highlighter)
- Add SPDX license header
- Add technology badges (Elixir, Rust, Julia)

Structure improvements:
- Group related sections (Overview, Architecture, Quick Start, API)
- Add Prerequisites section
- Separate Installation from Running Services
- Add Access Points table
- Reorganize Documentation into Architecture/Design/Vocabularies
- Better hierarchy with subsections

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Author: Jonathan D.A. Jewell