Fix phpGH-22060 and phpGH-22122: pin object/closure in callback dispatch

zend_call_known_fcc and the SPL autoload loop both forward the
callback's bound object and closure into the call frame without
addref'ing, on the convention that the caller pins them for the call
duration. The convention breaks whenever the pointer is borrowed
from persistent storage that the callback can mutate: a method-bound
autoloader self-unregistering via spl_autoload_unregister, or a
SQLite3 authorizer callback calling setAuthorizer(null) both release
the only refcount holder mid-call and the method body dereferences
freed memory.

GC_ADDREF object and closure before the call and OBJ_RELEASE after,
in both dispatch sites.

Fixes phpGH-22060
Fixes phpGH-22122

Author: iliaal

Zend/zend_API.h

@@ -849,7 +849,21 @@ static zend_always_inline void zend_call_known_fcc(
 		memcpy(func, fcc->function_handler, sizeof(zend_function));
 		zend_string_addref(func->op_array.function_name);
 	}
+	zend_object *pinned_object = fcc->object;
+	zend_object *pinned_closure = fcc->closure;
+	if (pinned_object) {
+		GC_ADDREF(pinned_object);
+	}
+	if (pinned_closure) {
+		GC_ADDREF(pinned_closure);
+	}
 	zend_call_known_function(func, fcc->object, fcc->called_scope, retval_ptr, param_count, params, named_params);
+	if (pinned_object) {
+		OBJ_RELEASE(pinned_object);
+	}
+	if (pinned_closure) {
+		OBJ_RELEASE(pinned_closure);
+	}
 }
 
 /* Call the provided zend_function instance method on an object. */

ext/spl/php_spl.c

@@ -439,7 +439,21 @@ static zend_class_entry *spl_perform_autoload(zend_string *class_name, zend_stri
 
 		zval param;
 		ZVAL_STR(&param, class_name);
+		zend_object *pinned_obj = alfi->obj;
+		zend_object *pinned_closure = alfi->closure;
+		if (pinned_obj) {
+			GC_ADDREF(pinned_obj);
+		}
+		if (pinned_closure) {
+			GC_ADDREF(pinned_closure);
+		}
 		zend_call_known_function(func, alfi->obj, alfi->ce, NULL, 1, &param, NULL);
+		if (pinned_obj) {
+			OBJ_RELEASE(pinned_obj);
+		}
+		if (pinned_closure) {
+			OBJ_RELEASE(pinned_closure);
+		}
 		if (EG(exception)) {
 			break;
 		}

ext/spl/tests/gh22060.phpt

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+--TEST--
+GH-22060 (Class autoloader $this freed via spl_autoload_unregister during dispatch)
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+class Loader {
+    public string $data = "loader-data";
+
+    public function load(string $class): void {
+        spl_autoload_unregister([$this, 'load']);
+        echo $this->data, "\n";
+    }
+}
+
+$obj = new Loader();
+spl_autoload_register([$obj, 'load']);
+unset($obj);
+
+try {
+    new NonExistentClass42();
+} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+    echo $e::class, ": ", $e->getMessage(), "\n";
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+loader-data
+Error: Class "NonExistentClass42" not found

ext/sqlite3/tests/gh22122.phpt

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+--TEST--
+GH-22122 (Use-after-free in SQLite3 authorizer when callback releases the authorizer)
+--EXTENSIONS--
+sqlite3
+--FILE--
+<?php
+$db = new SQLite3(':memory:');
+
+/* Method receiver - the reported UAF shape. */
+class Auth {
+    public string $state = "alive";
+
+    public function authorize(int $action, ...$args): int {
+        global $db;
+        $db->setAuthorizer(null);
+        echo "method: ", $this->state, "\n";
+        return SQLite3::OK;
+    }
+}
+$auth = new Auth();
+$db->setAuthorizer([$auth, 'authorize']);
+unset($auth);
+$db->exec('SELECT 1');
+
+/* Closure receiver - exercises the saved_closure release path. */
+$capture = "closure-alive";
+$closure = function (int $action, ...$args) use (&$capture, $db): int {
+    $db->setAuthorizer(null);
+    echo "closure: ", $capture, "\n";
+    return SQLite3::OK;
+};
+$db->setAuthorizer($closure);
+unset($closure);
+$db->exec('SELECT 2');
+
+/* Confirm the authorizer was actually disabled by the callback (setAuthorizer null). */
+$db->exec('SELECT 3');
+echo "post-disable query ok\n";
+
+/* Throwing callback should propagate the user's exception without redundant warnings. */
+$db->setAuthorizer(function () { throw new RuntimeException("from authorizer"); });
+try {
+    @$db->exec('SELECT 4');
+} catch (RuntimeException $e) {
+    echo "throw: ", $e->getMessage(), "\n";
+}
+echo "done\n";
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+method: alive
+closure: closure-alive
+post-disable query ok
+throw: from authorizer
+done