Upgrade project to Node 24

[mkurapov]

Context

Given that Node 20 is moving out of LTS this year, we should upgrade to use the latest LTS Node 24 across the repository.
Note: upgrading of TypeScript, pnpm (and optional move away from CommonJS) will be discussed and done separately.

Todo

• Update .nvmrc
• Update engines in root package.json
• Update @types/node package
• Update all Dockerfiles to use node:24-alpine3.23
• Update workflows/rafiki/env-setup/action.yml to use Node 24

[Mwni]

I'll take it on

[mkurapov]

Thank you @Mwni! Assigned it :)