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docs: update vulnerability disclosures and historical context
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website/index.html

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<td>DoS</td>
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<td>RAGFlow</td>
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<td>Pending</td>
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<td>docarray</td>
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<td><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5150">CVE-2025-5150</a></td>
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<td>DoS</td>
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<td>Hugging Face Diffusers</td>
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<td>Pending</td>
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<td>DoS</td>
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<td>sverchok</td>
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<td><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3982">CVE-2025-3982</a></td>
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<td>Token Leakage</td>
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</table>
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<h2>History</h2>
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<p>Class pollution was <a href="https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/">first introduced</a> in 2023 by Abdulraheem Khaled <sup><a href="https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/">[1]</a></sup>, who disclosed a real-world vulnerability in the <a href="https://github.com/dgilland/pydash">pydash</a> library. It was originally called &ldquo;Prototype Pollution in Python&rdquo; due to its similarity to <a href="https://portswigger.net/web-security/prototype-pollution">JavaScript prototype pollution</a>.</p>
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<p>Since then, only one additional CVE (<a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5452">CVE-2024-5452</a>) was discovered before our study. In 2023, Ouyang <sup><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10145365">[2]</a></sup> demonstrated the feasibility of class pollution attacks through a small, synthetic example. In 2024, Zhang <sup><a href="https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/43/20230839">[3]</a></sup> explored an exploitation technique targeting global variables pollution and discussed two possible defenses.</p>
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<p>Class pollution was <a href="https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/">first introduced</a> in 2023 by Abdulraheem Khaled <sup><a href="https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/">[1]</a></sup>, who disclosed a real-world vulnerability in the <a href="https://github.com/dgilland/pydash">pydash</a> library. It was originally called &ldquo;Prototype Pollution in Python&rdquo; due to its similarity to <a href="https://portswigger.net/web-security/prototype-pollution">JavaScript prototype pollution</a>. The same work was also presented at <a href="https://blackhatmea.com/session/prototype-pollution-bug-python">Black Hat MEA 2023</a> as <em>&ldquo;Prototype Pollution-like Bug in Python&rdquo;</em>, which introduced class pollution to the broader security community alongside example gadgets.</p>
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<p>Since then, only one additional CVE (<a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5452">CVE-2024-5452</a>) was discovered before our study. In 2023, Ouyang <sup><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10145365">[2]</a></sup> demonstrated the feasibility of class pollution attacks through a small, synthetic example. In 2024, Zhang <sup><a href="https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/43/20230839">[3]</a></sup> explored an possible exploitation technique targeting global variables pollution and discussed two possible defenses.</p>
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<p>Our work (2026) <sup><a href="https://jackfromeast.github.io/assets/Pyrl.pdf">[4]</a></sup> introduces a systematic taxonomy of class pollution (five of six variants are novel), an automated detection tool (Pyrl), and a large-scale measurement of class pollution vulnerabilities across the Python ecosystem, uncovering 47 zero-day vulnerabilities in widely used applications and packages.</p>
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<h2>Citation</h2>
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<p><a href="https://jackfromeast.github.io/assets/Pyrl.pdf">This research</a> was presented at IEEE S&amp;P 2026 by Zhengyu Liu, Jiacheng Zhong, Jianjia Yu, Muxi Lyu, Zifeng Kang, and Yinzhi Cao. Please feel free to cite our paper!</p>

website/source-landing/content/_index.md

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| Taipy | [CVE-2025-30374](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30374) | RCE, XSS, DoS |
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| Mesop | [CVE-2025-30358](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30358) | DoS |
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| ComfyUI | [CVE-2025-6107](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6107) | DoS |
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| RAGFlow | Pending | DoS |
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| Hugging Face Diffusers | Pending | DoS |
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| docarray | [CVE-2025-5150](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5150) | DoS |
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| sverchok | [CVE-2025-3982](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3982) | Token Leakage |
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## History
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Class pollution was [first introduced](https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/) in 2023 by Abdulraheem Khaled <sup>[[1]](https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/)</sup>, who disclosed a real-world vulnerability in the [pydash](https://github.com/dgilland/pydash) library. It was originally called "Prototype Pollution in Python" due to its similarity to [JavaScript prototype pollution](https://portswigger.net/web-security/prototype-pollution).
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Class pollution was [first introduced](https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/) in 2023 by Abdulraheem Khaled <sup>[[1]](https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/)</sup>, who disclosed a real-world vulnerability in the [pydash](https://github.com/dgilland/pydash) library. It was originally called "Prototype Pollution in Python" due to its similarity to [JavaScript prototype pollution](https://portswigger.net/web-security/prototype-pollution). The same work was also presented at [Black Hat MEA 2023](https://blackhatmea.com/session/prototype-pollution-bug-python) as *"Prototype Pollution-like Bug in Python"*, which introduced class pollution to the broader security community alongside example gadgets.
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Since then, only one additional CVE ([CVE-2024-5452](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5452)) was discovered before our study. In 2023, Ouyang <sup>[[2]](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10145365)</sup> demonstrated the feasibility of class pollution attacks through a small, synthetic example. In 2024, Zhang <sup>[[3]](https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/43/20230839)</sup> explored an exploitation technique targeting global variables pollution and discussed two possible defenses.
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Since then, only one additional CVE ([CVE-2024-5452](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5452)) was discovered before our study. In 2023, Ouyang <sup>[[2]](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10145365)</sup> demonstrated the feasibility of class pollution attacks through a small, synthetic example. In 2024, Zhang <sup>[[3]](https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/43/20230839)</sup> explored an possible exploitation technique targeting global variables pollution and discussed two possible defenses.
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Our work (2026) <sup>[[4]](https://jackfromeast.github.io/assets/Pyrl.pdf)</sup> introduces a systematic taxonomy of class pollution (five of six variants are novel), an automated detection tool (Pyrl), and a large-scale measurement of class pollution vulnerabilities across the Python ecosystem, uncovering 47 zero-day vulnerabilities in widely used applications and packages.
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