diff --git a/src/msgspec/__init__.pyi b/src/msgspec/__init__.pyi
index 4d12b45b..7fb8d844 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/__init__.pyi
+++ b/src/msgspec/__init__.pyi
@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
 import enum
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping
 from inspect import Signature
 from typing import (
     Any,
-    Callable,
     ClassVar,
-    Dict,
     Final,
-    Iterable,
     Literal,
-    Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Tuple,
-    Type,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -29,29 +22,27 @@ from . import inspect, json, msgpack, structs, toml, yaml
 _SM = TypeVar("_SM", bound="StructMeta")
 
 class StructMeta(type):
-    __struct_fields__: ClassVar[Tuple[str, ...]]
-    __struct_defaults__: ClassVar[Tuple[Any, ...]]
-    __struct_encode_fields__: ClassVar[Tuple[str, ...]]
-    __match_args__: ClassVar[Tuple[str, ...]]
+    __struct_fields__: ClassVar[tuple[str, ...]]
+    __struct_defaults__: ClassVar[tuple[Any, ...]]
+    __struct_encode_fields__: ClassVar[tuple[str, ...]]
+    __match_args__: ClassVar[tuple[str, ...]]
     @property
     def __signature__(self) -> Signature: ...
     @property
     def __struct_config__(self) -> structs.StructConfig: ...
     def __new__(
-        mcls: Type[_SM],
+        mcls: type[_SM],
         name: str,
-        bases: Tuple[type, ...],
-        namespace: Dict[str, Any],
+        bases: tuple[type, ...],
+        namespace: dict[str, Any],
         /,
         *,
-        tag: Union[None, bool, str, int, Callable[[str], Union[str, int]]] = None,
-        tag_field: Union[None, str] = None,
-        rename: Union[
-            None,
-            Literal["lower", "upper", "camel", "pascal", "kebab"],
-            Callable[[str], Optional[str]],
-            Mapping[str, str],
-        ] = None,
+        tag: None | bool | str | int | Callable[[str], str | int] = None,
+        tag_field: None | str = None,
+        rename: None
+        | Literal["lower", "upper", "camel", "pascal", "kebab"]
+        | Callable[[str], str | None]
+        | Mapping[str, str] = None,
         omit_defaults: bool = False,
         forbid_unknown_fields: bool = False,
         frozen: bool = False,
@@ -79,29 +70,27 @@ class _NoDefault(enum.Enum):
 NODEFAULT = _NoDefault.NODEFAULT
 
 @overload
-def field(*, default: T, name: Optional[str] = None) -> T: ...
+def field(*, default: T, name: str | None = None) -> T: ...
 @overload
-def field(*, default_factory: Callable[[], T], name: Optional[str] = None) -> T: ...
+def field(*, default_factory: Callable[[], T], name: str | None = None) -> T: ...
 @overload
-def field(*, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Any: ...
+def field(*, name: str | None = None) -> Any: ...
 @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(field,))
 class Struct(metaclass=StructMeta):
-    __struct_fields__: ClassVar[Tuple[str, ...]]
+    __struct_fields__: ClassVar[tuple[str, ...]]
     __struct_config__: ClassVar[structs.StructConfig]
-    __match_args__: ClassVar[Tuple[str, ...]]
+    __match_args__: ClassVar[tuple[str, ...]]
     # A default __init__ so that Structs with unknown field types (say
     # constructed by `defstruct`) won't error on every call to `__init__`
     def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None: ...
     def __init_subclass__(
         cls,
-        tag: Union[None, bool, str, int, Callable[[str], Union[str, int]]] = None,
-        tag_field: Union[None, str] = None,
-        rename: Union[
-            None,
-            Literal["lower", "upper", "camel", "pascal", "kebab"],
-            Callable[[str], Optional[str]],
-            Mapping[str, str],
-        ] = None,
+        tag: None | bool | str | int | Callable[[str], str | int] = None,
+        tag_field: None | str = None,
+        rename: None
+        | Literal["lower", "upper", "camel", "pascal", "kebab"]
+        | Callable[[str], str | None]
+        | Mapping[str, str] = None,
         omit_defaults: bool = False,
         forbid_unknown_fields: bool = False,
         frozen: bool = False,
@@ -117,23 +106,21 @@ class Struct(metaclass=StructMeta):
     ) -> None: ...
     def __rich_repr__(
         self,
-    ) -> Iterable[Union[Any, Tuple[Any], Tuple[str, Any], Tuple[str, Any, Any]]]: ...
+    ) -> Iterable[Any | tuple[Any] | tuple[str, Any] | tuple[str, Any, Any]]: ...
 
 def defstruct(
     name: str,
-    fields: Iterable[Union[str, Tuple[str, type], Tuple[str, type, Any]]],
+    fields: Iterable[str | tuple[str, type] | tuple[str, type, Any]],
     *,
-    bases: Optional[Tuple[Type[Struct], ...]] = None,
-    module: Optional[str] = None,
-    namespace: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-    tag: Union[None, bool, str, int, Callable[[str], Union[str, int]]] = None,
-    tag_field: Union[None, str] = None,
-    rename: Union[
-        None,
-        Literal["lower", "upper", "camel", "pascal", "kebab"],
-        Callable[[str], Optional[str]],
-        Mapping[str, str],
-    ] = None,
+    bases: tuple[type[Struct], ...] | None = None,
+    module: str | None = None,
+    namespace: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    tag: None | bool | str | int | Callable[[str], str | int] = None,
+    tag_field: None | str = None,
+    rename: None
+    | Literal["lower", "upper", "camel", "pascal", "kebab"]
+    | Callable[[str], str | None]
+    | Mapping[str, str] = None,
     omit_defaults: bool = False,
     forbid_unknown_fields: bool = False,
     frozen: bool = False,
@@ -146,69 +133,69 @@ def defstruct(
     weakref: bool = False,
     dict: bool = False,
     cache_hash: bool = False,
-) -> Type[Struct]: ...
+) -> type[Struct]: ...
 
 # Lie and say `Raw` is a subclass of `bytes`, so mypy will accept it in most
 # places where an object that implements the buffer protocol is valid
 class Raw(bytes):
     @overload
-    def __new__(cls) -> "Raw": ...
+    def __new__(cls) -> Raw: ...
     @overload
-    def __new__(cls, msg: Union[Buffer, str]) -> "Raw": ...
-    def copy(self) -> "Raw": ...
+    def __new__(cls, msg: Buffer | str) -> Raw: ...
+    def copy(self) -> Raw: ...
 
 class Meta:
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
-        gt: Union[int, float, None] = None,
-        ge: Union[int, float, None] = None,
-        lt: Union[int, float, None] = None,
-        le: Union[int, float, None] = None,
-        multiple_of: Union[int, float, None] = None,
-        pattern: Union[str, None] = None,
-        min_length: Union[int, None] = None,
-        max_length: Union[int, None] = None,
-        tz: Union[bool, None] = None,
-        title: Union[str, None] = None,
-        description: Union[str, None] = None,
-        examples: Union[list, None] = None,
-        extra_json_schema: Union[dict, None] = None,
-        extra: Union[dict, None] = None,
+        gt: int | float | None = None,
+        ge: int | float | None = None,
+        lt: int | float | None = None,
+        le: int | float | None = None,
+        multiple_of: int | float | None = None,
+        pattern: str | None = None,
+        min_length: int | None = None,
+        max_length: int | None = None,
+        tz: bool | None = None,
+        title: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
+        examples: list | None = None,
+        extra_json_schema: dict | None = None,
+        extra: dict | None = None,
     ): ...
-    gt: Final[Union[int, float, None]]
-    ge: Final[Union[int, float, None]]
-    lt: Final[Union[int, float, None]]
-    le: Final[Union[int, float, None]]
-    multiple_of: Final[Union[int, float, None]]
-    pattern: Final[Union[str, None]]
-    min_length: Final[Union[int, None]]
-    max_length: Final[Union[int, None]]
-    tz: Final[Union[int, None]]
-    title: Final[Union[str, None]]
-    description: Final[Union[str, None]]
-    examples: Final[Union[list, None]]
-    extra_json_schema: Final[Union[dict, None]]
-    extra: Final[Union[dict, None]]
-    def __rich_repr__(self) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Any]]: ...
+    gt: Final[int | float | None]
+    ge: Final[int | float | None]
+    lt: Final[int | float | None]
+    le: Final[int | float | None]
+    multiple_of: Final[int | float | None]
+    pattern: Final[str | None]
+    min_length: Final[int | None]
+    max_length: Final[int | None]
+    tz: Final[int | None]
+    title: Final[str | None]
+    description: Final[str | None]
+    examples: Final[list | None]
+    extra_json_schema: Final[dict | None]
+    extra: Final[dict | None]
+    def __rich_repr__(self) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Any]]: ...
 
 def to_builtins(
     obj: Any,
     *,
     str_keys: bool = False,
-    builtin_types: Union[Iterable[type], None] = None,
-    enc_hook: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+    builtin_types: Iterable[type] | None = None,
+    enc_hook: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
     order: Literal[None, "deterministic", "sorted"] = None,
 ) -> Any: ...
 @overload
 def convert(
     obj: Any,
-    type: Type[T],
+    type: type[T],
     *,
     strict: bool = True,
     from_attributes: bool = False,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
-    builtin_types: Union[Iterable[type], None] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
+    builtin_types: Iterable[type] | None = None,
     str_keys: bool = False,
 ) -> T: ...
 @overload
@@ -218,8 +205,8 @@ def convert(
     *,
     strict: bool = True,
     from_attributes: bool = False,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
-    builtin_types: Union[Iterable[type], None] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
+    builtin_types: Iterable[type] | None = None,
     str_keys: bool = False,
 ) -> Any: ...
 
diff --git a/src/msgspec/_json_schema.py b/src/msgspec/_json_schema.py
index 23b45c87..72a5e0bb 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/_json_schema.py
+++ b/src/msgspec/_json_schema.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 import re
 import textwrap
-from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from typing import Any
 
 from . import inspect as mi, to_builtins
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 
 def schema(
-    type: Any, *, schema_hook: Optional[Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]]] = None
+    type: Any, *, schema_hook: Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]] | None = None
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Generate a JSON Schema for a given type.
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def schema(
 def schema_components(
     types: Iterable[Any],
     *,
-    schema_hook: Optional[Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+    schema_hook: Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
     ref_template: str = "#/$defs/{name}",
 ) -> tuple[tuple[dict[str, Any], ...], dict[str, Any]]:
     """Generate JSON Schemas for one or more types.
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class _SchemaGenerator:
     def __init__(
         self,
         name_map: dict[Any, str],
-        schema_hook: Optional[Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        schema_hook: Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
         ref_template: str = "#/$defs/{name}",
     ):
         self.name_map = name_map
diff --git a/src/msgspec/_typing_utils.pyi b/src/msgspec/_typing_utils.pyi
index 98a41e3a..f81771cd 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/_typing_utils.pyi
+++ b/src/msgspec/_typing_utils.pyi
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+from typing import TypeGuard
 
 from . import Struct
 
diff --git a/src/msgspec/_utils.py b/src/msgspec/_utils.py
index 4763e072..5ddca42c 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/_utils.py
+++ b/src/msgspec/_utils.py
@@ -159,11 +159,6 @@ def get_class_annotations(obj):
     set: set,
     frozenset: frozenset,
     dict: dict,
-    typing.List: list,
-    typing.Tuple: tuple,
-    typing.Set: set,
-    typing.FrozenSet: frozenset,
-    typing.Dict: dict,
     typing.Collection: list,
     typing.MutableSequence: list,
     typing.Sequence: list,
diff --git a/src/msgspec/inspect.py b/src/msgspec/inspect.py
index 805fa29a..13cc53e3 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/inspect.py
+++ b/src/msgspec/inspect.py
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
     Any,
     Final,
     Literal,
-    Tuple,
-    Type as typing_Type,
     TypeVar,
     Union,
 )
@@ -107,8 +105,8 @@ class Metadata(Type):
     """
 
     type: Type
-    extra_json_schema: Union[dict, None] = None
-    extra: Union[dict, None] = None
+    extra_json_schema: dict | None = None
+    extra: dict | None = None
 
 
 class AnyType(Type):
@@ -140,11 +138,11 @@ class IntType(Type):
         If set, an instance of this type must be a multiple of ``multiple_of``.
     """
 
-    gt: Union[int, None] = None
-    ge: Union[int, None] = None
-    lt: Union[int, None] = None
-    le: Union[int, None] = None
-    multiple_of: Union[int, None] = None
+    gt: int | None = None
+    ge: int | None = None
+    lt: int | None = None
+    le: int | None = None
+    multiple_of: int | None = None
 
 
 class FloatType(Type):
@@ -164,11 +162,11 @@ class FloatType(Type):
         If set, an instance of this type must be a multiple of ``multiple_of``.
     """
 
-    gt: Union[float, None] = None
-    ge: Union[float, None] = None
-    lt: Union[float, None] = None
-    le: Union[float, None] = None
-    multiple_of: Union[float, None] = None
+    gt: float | None = None
+    ge: float | None = None
+    lt: float | None = None
+    le: float | None = None
+    multiple_of: float | None = None
 
 
 class StrType(Type):
@@ -187,9 +185,9 @@ class StrType(Type):
         Note that the pattern is treated as **unanchored**.
     """
 
-    min_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    max_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    pattern: Union[str, None] = None
+    min_length: int | None = None
+    max_length: int | None = None
+    pattern: str | None = None
 
 
 class BytesType(Type):
@@ -205,8 +203,8 @@ class BytesType(Type):
         to ``max_length``.
     """
 
-    min_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    max_length: Union[int, None] = None
+    min_length: int | None = None
+    max_length: int | None = None
 
 
 class ByteArrayType(Type):
@@ -222,8 +220,8 @@ class ByteArrayType(Type):
         to ``max_length``.
     """
 
-    min_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    max_length: Union[int, None] = None
+    min_length: int | None = None
+    max_length: int | None = None
 
 
 class MemoryViewType(Type):
@@ -239,8 +237,8 @@ class MemoryViewType(Type):
         to ``max_length``.
     """
 
-    min_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    max_length: Union[int, None] = None
+    min_length: int | None = None
+    max_length: int | None = None
 
 
 class DateTimeType(Type):
@@ -255,7 +253,7 @@ class DateTimeType(Type):
         accepts either timezone-aware or timezone-naive values.
     """
 
-    tz: Union[bool, None] = None
+    tz: bool | None = None
 
 
 class TimeType(Type):
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ class TimeType(Type):
         accepts either timezone-aware or timezone-naive values.
     """
 
-    tz: Union[bool, None] = None
+    tz: bool | None = None
 
 
 class DateType(Type):
@@ -306,7 +304,7 @@ class EnumType(Type):
         The corresponding `enum.Enum` type.
     """
 
-    cls: typing_Type[enum.Enum]
+    cls: type[enum.Enum]
 
 
 class LiteralType(Type):
@@ -319,7 +317,7 @@ class LiteralType(Type):
         `int` literals are supported.
     """
 
-    values: Union[Tuple[str, ...], Tuple[int, ...]]
+    values: tuple[str, ...] | tuple[int, ...]
 
 
 class CustomType(Type):
@@ -343,7 +341,7 @@ class UnionType(Type):
         A tuple of possible types for this union.
     """
 
-    types: Tuple[Type, ...]
+    types: tuple[Type, ...]
 
     @property
     def includes_none(self) -> bool:
@@ -370,8 +368,8 @@ class CollectionType(Type):
     """
 
     item_type: Type
-    min_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    max_length: Union[int, None] = None
+    min_length: int | None = None
+    max_length: int | None = None
 
 
 class ListType(CollectionType):
@@ -447,7 +445,7 @@ class TupleType(Type):
         A tuple of types for each element in the tuple.
     """
 
-    item_types: Tuple[Type, ...]
+    item_types: tuple[Type, ...]
 
 
 class DictType(Type):
@@ -469,8 +467,8 @@ class DictType(Type):
 
     key_type: Type
     value_type: Type
-    min_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    max_length: Union[int, None] = None
+    min_length: int | None = None
+    max_length: int | None = None
 
 
 class Field(msgspec.Struct):
@@ -517,7 +515,7 @@ class TypedDictType(Type):
     """
 
     cls: type
-    fields: Tuple[Field, ...]
+    fields: tuple[Field, ...]
 
 
 class NamedTupleType(Type):
@@ -532,7 +530,7 @@ class NamedTupleType(Type):
     """
 
     cls: type
-    fields: Tuple[Field, ...]
+    fields: tuple[Field, ...]
 
 
 class DataclassType(Type):
@@ -547,7 +545,7 @@ class DataclassType(Type):
     """
 
     cls: type
-    fields: Tuple[Field, ...]
+    fields: tuple[Field, ...]
 
 
 class StructType(Type):
@@ -570,10 +568,10 @@ class StructType(Type):
         ``True`` any unknown fields will result in an error.
     """
 
-    cls: typing_Type[msgspec.Struct]
-    fields: Tuple[Field, ...]
-    tag_field: Union[str, None] = None
-    tag: Union[str, int, None] = None
+    cls: type[msgspec.Struct]
+    fields: tuple[Field, ...]
+    tag_field: str | None = None
+    tag: str | int | None = None
     array_like: bool = False
     forbid_unknown_fields: bool = False
 
@@ -740,7 +738,7 @@ def run(self):
         # First construct a decoder to validate the types are valid
         from ._core import MsgpackDecoder
 
-        MsgpackDecoder(Tuple[self.types])
+        MsgpackDecoder(tuple[self.types])
         return tuple(self.translate(t) for t in self.types)
 
     def translate(self, typ):
diff --git a/src/msgspec/json.pyi b/src/msgspec/json.pyi
index dc9172ed..d951f7e8 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/json.pyi
+++ b/src/msgspec/json.pyi
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from typing import (
     Any,
-    Dict,
     Generic,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
-    Tuple,
-    Type,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -16,10 +11,10 @@ from typing_extensions import Buffer
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
-enc_hook_sig = Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
-dec_hook_sig = Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]]
-float_hook_sig = Optional[Callable[[str], Any]]
-schema_hook_sig = Optional[Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]]]
+enc_hook_sig = Callable[[Any], Any] | None
+dec_hook_sig = Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None
+float_hook_sig = Callable[[str], Any] | None
+schema_hook_sig = Callable[[type], dict[str, Any]] | None
 
 class Encoder:
     enc_hook: enc_hook_sig
@@ -38,11 +33,11 @@ class Encoder:
     def encode(self, obj: Any, /) -> bytes: ...
     def encode_lines(self, items: Iterable, /) -> bytes: ...
     def encode_into(
-        self, obj: Any, buffer: bytearray, offset: Optional[int] = 0, /
+        self, obj: Any, buffer: bytearray, offset: int | None = 0, /
     ) -> None: ...
 
 class Decoder(Generic[T]):
-    type: Type[T]
+    type: type[T]
     strict: bool
     dec_hook: dec_hook_sig
     float_hook: float_hook_sig
@@ -58,7 +53,7 @@ class Decoder(Generic[T]):
     @overload
     def __init__(
         self: Decoder[T],
-        type: Type[T] = ...,
+        type: type[T] = ...,
         *,
         strict: bool = True,
         dec_hook: dec_hook_sig = None,
@@ -73,12 +68,12 @@ class Decoder(Generic[T]):
         dec_hook: dec_hook_sig = None,
         float_hook: float_hook_sig = None,
     ) -> None: ...
-    def decode(self, buf: Union[Buffer, str], /) -> T: ...
-    def decode_lines(self, buf: Union[Buffer, str], /) -> list[T]: ...
+    def decode(self, buf: Buffer | str, /) -> T: ...
+    def decode_lines(self, buf: Buffer | str, /) -> list[T]: ...
 
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[Buffer, str],
+    buf: Buffer | str,
     /,
     *,
     strict: bool = True,
@@ -86,16 +81,16 @@ def decode(
 ) -> Any: ...
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[Buffer, str],
+    buf: Buffer | str,
     /,
     *,
-    type: Type[T] = ...,
+    type: type[T] = ...,
     strict: bool = True,
     dec_hook: dec_hook_sig = None,
 ) -> T: ...
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[Buffer, str],
+    buf: Buffer | str,
     /,
     *,
     type: Any = ...,
@@ -109,13 +104,13 @@ def encode(
     enc_hook: enc_hook_sig = None,
     order: Literal[None, "deterministic", "sorted"] = None,
 ) -> bytes: ...
-def schema(type: Any, *, schema_hook: schema_hook_sig = None) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
+def schema(type: Any, *, schema_hook: schema_hook_sig = None) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
 def schema_components(
     types: Iterable[Any],
     *,
     schema_hook: schema_hook_sig = None,
     ref_template: str = "#/$defs/{name}",
-) -> Tuple[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], ...], Dict[str, Any]]: ...
+) -> tuple[tuple[dict[str, Any], ...], dict[str, Any]]: ...
 @overload
 def format(buf: str, /, *, indent: int = 2) -> str: ...
 @overload
diff --git a/src/msgspec/msgpack.pyi b/src/msgspec/msgpack.pyi
index 4eb5e38d..9ba642a8 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/msgpack.pyi
+++ b/src/msgspec/msgpack.pyi
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from typing import (
     Any,
-    Callable,
     Generic,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
-    Type,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -14,19 +11,17 @@ from typing_extensions import Buffer
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
-enc_hook_sig = Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
-ext_hook_sig = Optional[Callable[[int, memoryview], Any]]
-dec_hook_sig = Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]]
+enc_hook_sig = Callable[[Any], Any] | None
+ext_hook_sig = Callable[[int, memoryview], Any] | None
+dec_hook_sig = Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None
 
 class Ext:
     code: int
-    data: Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview]
-    def __init__(
-        self, code: int, data: Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview]
-    ) -> None: ...
+    data: bytes | bytearray | memoryview
+    def __init__(self, code: int, data: bytes | bytearray | memoryview) -> None: ...
 
 class Decoder(Generic[T]):
-    type: Type[T]
+    type: type[T]
     strict: bool
     dec_hook: dec_hook_sig
     ext_hook: ext_hook_sig
@@ -41,7 +36,7 @@ class Decoder(Generic[T]):
     @overload
     def __init__(
         self: Decoder[T],
-        type: Type[T] = ...,
+        type: type[T] = ...,
         *,
         strict: bool = True,
         dec_hook: dec_hook_sig = None,
@@ -73,7 +68,7 @@ class Encoder:
     ): ...
     def encode(self, obj: Any, /) -> bytes: ...
     def encode_into(
-        self, obj: Any, buffer: bytearray, offset: Optional[int] = 0, /
+        self, obj: Any, buffer: bytearray, offset: int | None = 0, /
     ) -> None: ...
 
 @overload
@@ -90,7 +85,7 @@ def decode(
     buf: Buffer,
     /,
     *,
-    type: Type[T] = ...,
+    type: type[T] = ...,
     strict: bool = True,
     dec_hook: dec_hook_sig = None,
     ext_hook: ext_hook_sig = None,
diff --git a/src/msgspec/structs.pyi b/src/msgspec/structs.pyi
index 6be562be..147edb9d 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/structs.pyi
+++ b/src/msgspec/structs.pyi
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
 
 from . import NODEFAULT, Struct
 
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class StructConfig:
     weakref: bool
     dict: bool
     cache_hash: bool
-    tag: Union[str, int, None]
-    tag_field: Union[str, None]
+    tag: str | int | None
+    tag_field: str | None
 
 class FieldInfo(Struct):
     name: str
diff --git a/src/msgspec/toml.py b/src/msgspec/toml.py
index 802bfce4..b2edb832 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/toml.py
+++ b/src/msgspec/toml.py
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from typing import Callable, Literal, Optional, Type, Union
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import Literal
 
     from typing_extensions import Buffer
 
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ def _import_tomli_w():
 def encode(
     obj: Any,
     *,
-    enc_hook: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+    enc_hook: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
     order: Literal[None, "deterministic", "sorted"] = None,
 ) -> bytes:
     """Serialize an object as TOML.
@@ -111,32 +112,32 @@ def encode(
 
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[Buffer, str],
+    buf: Buffer | str,
     *,
     strict: bool = True,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     pass
 
 
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[Buffer, str],
+    buf: Buffer | str,
     *,
-    type: Type[T] = ...,
+    type: type[T] = ...,
     strict: bool = True,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
 ) -> T:
     pass
 
 
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[Buffer, str],
+    buf: Buffer | str,
     *,
     type: Any = ...,
     strict: bool = True,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     pass
 
diff --git a/src/msgspec/yaml.py b/src/msgspec/yaml.py
index d9942290..02f8bb3c 100644
--- a/src/msgspec/yaml.py
+++ b/src/msgspec/yaml.py
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from typing import Callable, Literal, Optional, Type, Union
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import Literal
 
     from typing_extensions import Buffer
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ def _import_pyyaml(name):
 def encode(
     obj: Any,
     *,
-    enc_hook: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+    enc_hook: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
     order: Literal[None, "deterministic", "sorted"] = None,
 ) -> bytes:
     """Serialize an object as YAML.
@@ -104,32 +105,32 @@ def encode(
 
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[Buffer, str],
+    buf: Buffer | str,
     *,
     strict: bool = True,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     pass
 
 
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[bytes, str],
+    buf: bytes | str,
     *,
-    type: Type[T] = ...,
+    type: type[T] = ...,
     strict: bool = True,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
 ) -> T:
     pass
 
 
 @overload
 def decode(
-    buf: Union[bytes, str],
+    buf: bytes | str,
     *,
     type: Any = ...,
     strict: bool = True,
-    dec_hook: Optional[Callable[[type, Any], Any]] = None,
+    dec_hook: Callable[[type, Any], Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     pass