diff --git a/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT Custom Widgets/common/org/eclipse/swt/custom/BusyIndicator.java b/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT Custom Widgets/common/org/eclipse/swt/custom/BusyIndicator.java
index eb143853535..d49a288fb5d 100644
--- a/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT Custom Widgets/common/org/eclipse/swt/custom/BusyIndicator.java	
+++ b/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT Custom Widgets/common/org/eclipse/swt/custom/BusyIndicator.java	
@@ -107,11 +107,16 @@ public static void showWhile(Future<?> future) {
 				Integer busyId = setBusyCursor(display);
 				try {
 					if (future instanceof CompletionStage<?> stage) {
-						// let us wake up from sleep once the future is done
+						// Wake the UI thread from sleep once the future is done.
+						// Using asyncExec instead of wake() because asyncExec adds
+						// a message to the synchronizer queue, which is checked by
+						// Display.sleep()'s loop condition. This is more reliable
+						// than the wake flag alone on GTK/Linux, where the wake
+						// flag can be subject to race conditions.
 						stage.handle((nil1, nil2) -> {
 							if (!display.isDisposed()) {
 								try {
-									display.wake();
+									display.asyncExec(() -> {});
 								} catch (SWTException e) {
 									// ignore then, this can happen due to the async nature between our check for
 									// disposed and the actual call to wake the display can be disposed
diff --git a/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT/gtk/org/eclipse/swt/widgets/Display.java b/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT/gtk/org/eclipse/swt/widgets/Display.java
index c94e0a0ce43..91d2d868b15 100644
--- a/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT/gtk/org/eclipse/swt/widgets/Display.java	
+++ b/bundles/org.eclipse.swt/Eclipse SWT/gtk/org/eclipse/swt/widgets/Display.java	
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public class Display extends Device implements Executor {
 	Event [] eventQueue;
 	long fds;
 	int allocated_nfds;
-	boolean wake;
+	volatile boolean wake;
 	boolean windowSizeSet;
 	int [] max_priority = new int [1], timeout = new int [1];
 	Callback eventCallback;
@@ -5610,6 +5610,19 @@ public boolean sleep () {
 	max_priority [0] = timeout [0] = 0;
 	long context = OS.g_main_context_default ();
 	boolean result = false;
+	/*
+	 * Reset the wake flag once before entering the poll loop. This clears
+	 * any stale wake signal from before sleep() was called. The flag must
+	 * NOT be reset inside the loop, because doing so creates a race
+	 * condition: another thread calling wakeThread() may set wake=true and
+	 * signal the wakeup fd, but if the UI thread then resets wake=false at
+	 * the start of the next iteration, the wakeup is lost. The eventfd
+	 * signal gets consumed by g_main_context_check(), and with wake=false
+	 * the loop continues sleeping, potentially indefinitely.
+	 *
+	 * See https://github.com/eclipse-platform/eclipse.platform.swt/issues/3044
+	 */
+	wake = false;
 	do {
 		if (OS.g_main_context_acquire (context)) {
 			result = OS.g_main_context_prepare (context, max_priority);
@@ -5623,13 +5636,14 @@ public boolean sleep () {
 			if (poll != 0) {
 				if (nfds > 0 || timeout [0] != 0) {
 					/*
-					* Bug in GTK. For some reason, g_main_context_wakeup() may
-					* fail to wake up the UI thread from the polling function.
-					* The fix is to sleep for a maximum of 50 milliseconds.
-					*/
+					 * Cap the poll timeout to ensure the event loop remains
+					 * responsive. The g_main_context_wakeup() mechanism is
+					 * reliable on modern GLib (tested on GLib 2.56+), but this
+					 * timeout acts as a safety net. A timeout of -1 would mean
+					 * blocking indefinitely, which could cause hangs if a
+					 * wakeup signal is missed for any reason.
+					 */
 					if (timeout [0] < 0) timeout [0] = 50;
-
-					wake = false;
 					OS.Call (poll, fds, nfds, timeout [0]);
 				}
 			}
@@ -5637,7 +5651,6 @@ public boolean sleep () {
 			OS.g_main_context_release (context);
 		}
 	} while (!result && synchronizer.isMessagesEmpty() && !wake);
-	wake = false;
 	if (!GTK.GTK4) GDK.gdk_threads_enter ();
 	sendPostExternalEventDispatchEvent ();
 	return true;
diff --git a/docs/wake-sleep-race-condition-analysis.md b/docs/wake-sleep-race-condition-analysis.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..de96f78e9c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/wake-sleep-race-condition-analysis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Display.wake()/sleep() Race Condition Analysis
+
+## Summary
+
+The GTK implementation of `Display.sleep()` contained a race condition that could cause the
+UI thread to miss wakeup signals, leading to the event loop becoming unresponsive until an
+external event (mouse movement, timer, etc.) occurred. This manifested as intermittent hangs
+in `BusyIndicator.showWhile()` tests on Linux CI environments, where there are no external
+input events to accidentally break the deadlock.
+
+## Related Issues
+
+- [#3044](https://github.com/eclipse-platform/eclipse.platform.swt/issues/3044) - Test_org_eclipse_swt_custom_BusyIndicator fails on Linux
+- [#3053](https://github.com/eclipse-platform/eclipse.platform.swt/issues/3053) - `g_main_context_wakeup` Is Maybe Not Buggy
+- [#3059](https://github.com/eclipse-platform/eclipse.platform.swt/issues/3059) - sleep() does not react to thread interruption
+- [#3060](https://github.com/eclipse-platform/eclipse.platform.swt/issues/3060) - Display#wake must likely be volatile
+
+## Root Cause Analysis
+
+### The `wake` Flag Race Condition
+
+The core issue was in `Display.sleep()` (GTK implementation) at the line `wake = false` inside
+the `do-while` loop. This reset of the `wake` flag created a race condition with
+`wakeThread()` called from other threads.
+
+#### Before Fix (Problematic Code)
+
+```java
+// Display.sleep() - GTK
+do {
+    if (OS.g_main_context_acquire(context)) {
+        result = OS.g_main_context_prepare(context, max_priority);
+        // ... query poll descriptors ...
+        if (poll != 0) {
+            if (nfds > 0 || timeout[0] != 0) {
+                if (timeout[0] < 0) timeout[0] = 50;
+                wake = false;                              // ← PROBLEM: Resets flag inside loop
+                OS.Call(poll, fds, nfds, timeout[0]);      // ← Blocks in poll()
+            }
+        }
+        OS.g_main_context_check(context, ...);             // ← Consumes wakeup fd signal
+        OS.g_main_context_release(context);
+    }
+} while (!result && synchronizer.isMessagesEmpty() && !wake);
+wake = false;
+```
+
+```java
+// Display.wakeThread() - called from other threads
+void wakeThread() {
+    OS.g_main_context_wakeup(0);   // Signals the wakeup eventfd
+    wake = true;                    // Sets the flag
+}
+```
+
+#### The Race Scenario
+
+```
+UI Thread (sleep loop)                 Background Thread
+========================               ======================
+
+Loop iteration N completes.
+Poll returned (timeout/event).
+g_main_context_check() runs.
+Loop condition: !wake → true
+  (wake is still false, loop continues)
+                                       wakeThread() called:
+                                         g_main_context_wakeup(0) → signals eventfd
+                                         wake = true               → sets flag
+
+wake = false  ← OVERWRITES true!       (flag is now lost!)
+OS.Call(poll, ...) → returns immediately
+  (eventfd was still signaled)
+g_main_context_check() → CONSUMES the eventfd signal
+Loop condition: !wake → true
+  (wake was overwritten to false!)
+
+Next iteration:
+wake = false
+OS.Call(poll, ...) → blocks for 50ms
+  (no eventfd signal, no events)
+... repeats every 50ms indefinitely ...
+```
+
+The wakeup is **permanently lost** because:
+1. `wake = false` inside the loop overwrites the `true` set by `wakeThread()`
+2. `g_main_context_check()` consumes the eventfd signal
+3. With `wake` back to `false` and no eventfd signal, the loop has no exit condition
+
+The loop only breaks when:
+- A GTK event arrives (mouse move, timer, etc.) causing `result` to be `true`
+- A synchronizer message is added (causing `isMessagesEmpty()` to return `false`)
+- Another call to `wakeThread()` happens to be timed correctly
+
+### The `volatile` Issue
+
+Additionally, the `wake` field was **not volatile**, meaning:
+- The JVM could cache the value in a CPU register
+- Writes from background threads might not be visible to the UI thread
+- The compiler could reorder reads/writes around the field
+
+### Why This Only Manifested in CI
+
+In normal desktop usage, external events (mouse movements, window repaints, system timers)
+frequently cause the poll to return and `g_main_context_prepare()` to return `true`, breaking
+the loop naturally. In headless CI environments on Linux, there are no such external events,
+making the race condition much more likely to cause an observable hang.
+
+## The "Bug in GTK" Comment
+
+The original code contained this comment (from October 2004, commit `400a4197`):
+
+```java
+/*
+ * Bug in GTK. For some reason, g_main_context_wakeup() may
+ * fail to wake up the UI thread from the polling function.
+ * The fix is to sleep for a maximum of 50 milliseconds.
+ */
+if (timeout[0] < 0) timeout[0] = 50;
+```
+
+### Analysis
+
+As demonstrated in [issue #3053](https://github.com/eclipse-platform/eclipse.platform.swt/issues/3053),
+`g_main_context_wakeup()` works correctly on modern GLib (tested on GLib 2.84). The function
+uses an eventfd-based mechanism that reliably wakes polling threads.
+
+The original "bug" reported in 2004 was likely a symptom of the same race condition in SWT's
+own code (`wake = false` overwriting `wake = true`), not a bug in GTK's `g_main_context_wakeup`.
+When the wakeup appeared to "fail", it was actually SWT's flag reset that lost the signal.
+
+The 50ms timeout cap serves as a useful **safety net** to limit the maximum sleep duration, but
+it was not a fix for a GTK bug — it was masking the race condition in SWT's own code.
+
+## Platform Comparison
+
+| Platform | `wake` field? | `sleep()` mechanism | `wakeThread()` mechanism | Race condition? |
+|----------|--------------|---------------------|-------------------------|-----------------|
+| **GTK**  | `boolean wake` (was not volatile) | Manual poll loop with `g_main_context_*` | `g_main_context_wakeup(0)` + `wake = true` | **YES** (fixed) |
+| **Win32** | None | `OS.WaitMessage()` | `OS.PostThreadMessage(threadId, WM_NULL, ...)` | No — uses message queue |
+| **Cocoa** | None | `NSRunLoop.runMode()` | `performSelectorOnMainThread()` | No — uses run loop event |
+
+Win32 and Cocoa don't have this issue because they use native event queue mechanisms to both
+block and wake, with no separate boolean flag.
+
+## Fixes Applied
+
+### Fix 1: Move `wake = false` Before the Loop (Display.sleep)
+
+The `wake = false` statement is moved from inside the `do-while` loop to before it. This
+ensures the flag is reset once at the start of `sleep()`, clearing any stale signal, but
+is never overwritten during the loop. Once `wakeThread()` sets `wake = true`, the flag
+stays true and the loop exits.
+
+### Fix 2: Make `wake` Volatile (Display field)
+
+The `wake` field is now declared `volatile` to ensure cross-thread visibility. This
+guarantees that writes from `wakeThread()` (called from background threads) are
+immediately visible to the UI thread checking the flag in the loop condition.
+
+### Fix 3: Use `asyncExec` in BusyIndicator (Defense in Depth)
+
+`BusyIndicator.showWhile()` now uses `display.asyncExec(() -> {})` instead of
+`display.wake()` to signal the UI thread when a `CompletionStage` completes. This
+works through a different code path: `asyncExec` adds a message to the synchronizer
+queue, and `Display.sleep()`'s loop condition checks `synchronizer.isMessagesEmpty()`.
+This provides an additional, independent mechanism to break the sleep loop.
+
+## Historical Timeline
+
+| Date | Event |
+|------|-------|
+| 2004-10-08 | Original `wake = false` and 50ms timeout added (commit `400a4197`) |
+| 2004-10-08 | "Bug in GTK" comment added — likely misattributed SWT race condition to GTK |
+| 2026-02-02 | Issue #3044 opened — BusyIndicator test hang on Linux CI |
+| 2026-02-04 | Issue #3053 opened — Analysis showing g_main_context_wakeup works correctly |
+| 2026-02-05 | Issues #3059 and #3060 opened — sleep() interrupt support and volatile wake |
+| 2026-04-01 | HeikoKlare confirms removing `wake = false` inside loop fixes the issue |
+| 2026-04-02 | This fix applied — race condition eliminated, comment corrected |