feat: support tracking deleted rows between versions

[jackye1995]

Summary

• Add _row_deleted_at_version system column to track when rows are deleted, following the existing pattern of _row_created_at_version and _row_last_updated_at_version
• Add DatasetDelta::get_deleted_rows() API to query rows deleted between two versions
• Add protobuf deleted_at_version_sequence field to DataFragment for persistence

Continuation of #5002, rebased and reviewed with bug fixes.

[claude]

Claude Code Review

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 87.90323% with 45 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
rust/lance-table/src/rowids/version.rs	48.14%	14 Missing ⚠️
rust/lance/src/io/exec/scan.rs	41.17%	8 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
rust/lance-core/src/datatypes/schema.rs	80.00%	6 Missing ⚠️
rust/lance/src/io/exec/take.rs	71.42%	2 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
rust/lance-table/src/utils/stream.rs	92.30%	3 Missing ⚠️
rust/lance/src/dataset/fragment.rs	96.05%	1 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
rust/lance-table/src/format/fragment.rs	83.33%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
rust/lance/src/dataset/delta.rs	97.43%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
rust/lance/src/io/exec/filtered_read.rs	87.50%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

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