[13.x] Add Carbon clamp method

[lucasmichot]

Add Carbon clamp method

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[jnoordsij]

Just ran into this and was really surprised to find this, mostly due to the fact that this aims to add functionality that will be available in PHP natively (see also https://wiki.php.net/rfc/clamp_v2 and #59858) and can be leveraged here with a polyfill.

But what really got me is that this aims to introduce Carbon-specific functionality here, rather than within Carbon itself, where the maintainer of Carbon is the author of the PHP native method. So I'm really wondering: is there anything that the new native clamp function can't do (for Carbon) and if so, why not add it there?