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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<meta name="description" content="Personal Website for Tom Wagg">
<meta name="author" content="Tom Wagg">
<title>Tom Wagg</title>
<link href="../img/icon.png" rel="icon">
<!-- Bootstrap Core CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-9aIt2nRpC12Uk9gS9baDl411NQApFmC26EwAOH8WgZl5MYYxFfc+NcPb1dKGj7Sk" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<h1 class="mt-auto">Tom Wagg</h1>
<h5 class="mb-4">Astrophysics PhD Candidate at the University of Washington</h5>
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<h3>Linking binary evolution and galactic dynamics</h3>
<p>
I am broadly interested in constraining <b>binary stellar evolution</b>, in particular most recently by using the <b>kinematics</b> of stars and compact objects. With this goal in mind, my PhD thesis focuses on developing, and applying, self-consistent population synthesis and galactic dynamics simulations with a new framework I created called <a href="https://cogsworth.readthedocs.io"><code style="color: black; font-weight: 500">cogsworth</code></a>.
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<p>I've applied this framework to a variety of problems so far, from <b>runaway stars</b> to <b>supernova feedback</b>, in order to better understand binary stellar evolution and the impact it can have on its environment.</p>
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<h3>From asteroseismology to gravitational waves</h3>
<p>Given the complexity of the problem, it's important to constrain binary evolution using many different techniques. In a recent paper, I used detailed stellar evolution models to show, for the first time, that mass transfer leaves an imprint on the asteroseismic signals of a star for the rest of its main sequence.</p>
<p>
Previously I simulated populations of double compact objects in the Milky Way and used <a href="https://legwork.readthedocs.io"><code style="color: black; font-weight: 500">LEGWORK</code></a>, a Python package that I developed, to estimate the subpopulations that would be detectable by the upcoming LISA gravitational wave detector. I showed how these populations varied with different binary physics for comparison with the actual observed populations.
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<h3>Open-source software development</h3>
<p>
I'm passionate about developing and applying open-source software in my work. I'm the lead developer for two codes I mentioned above: <a href="https://cogsworth.readthedocs.io"><code style="color: black; font-weight: 500">cogsworth</code></a> and <a href="https://legwork.readthedocs.io"><code style="color: black; font-weight: 500">LEGWORK</code></a>. I contribute to a number of other projects, including <a href="https://compas.science"><code style="color: black; font-weight: 500">COMPAS</code></a>, <a href="https://cosmic-popsynth.github.io"><code style="color: black; font-weight: 500">COSMIC</code></a>, and <a href="https://gala.adrian.pw"><code style="color: black; font-weight: 500">gala</code></a>.
</p>
<p>I'm also the co-creator of the <a href="https://tomwagg.com/software-citation-station" style="color: black; font-weight: 500">Software Citation Station</a>, a tool to help researchers generate citations for the software they use in their work.</p>
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<h3>Beyond the science</h3>
<p>I'm originally from the luscious English countryside near Newcastle-under-Lyme and, thanks in no small part to a passionate science teacher mum, I grew up wanting to understand everything around me, which quickly led me to Physics. I play on two field hockey teams in Seattle and enjoy hiking and camping in the beautiful Pacific Northwest. In typical astronomer fashion I'm also rather partial to some bouldering!</p>
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<p>I invite you to check out my <a href="/" style="color: white">main page</a> to learn more about my current and recent projects!</p>
<p><a class="white-link font-weight-normal" target="_blank" href="../pdf/cv.pdf">Latest CV</a> (September 2023)</p>
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<h5 class="mt-3">More about me</h5>
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<h1>Transiting Exoplanets</h1>
<h3 class="font-weight-light mb-4">How can we detect planets orbiting distant stars?</h3>
<p>Since planets do not produce their own light, it is extremely difficult to directly detect them. Therefore, astrophysicists use indirection detection methods to search for them. One such method, focuses on attempting to detect the transits of exoplanets in front of stars.</p>
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<div class="text-center font-small">Animation Credit: NASA</div>
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<p>As a planet passes in front of its host star, there is a small decrease in the amount of light that we detect. Therefore, if we notice a periodic dimming of a star, this could imply that there is a planet orbiting it.</p>
<p>From these 'lightcurves', we can infer information about the planet. For example, if we know the size of the star and the depth of the lightcurve, we can estimate the size of the planet.</p>
<p>Whilst still in high school, I worked in the Astrophysics department with Professor Coel Hellier. As part of SuperWASP, the UK's leading exoplanet detection program, I was tasked with analysing possible signals in order to detect new planets.</p>
<p>
During my work, I was lucky to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/pressreleases/2015/work-experienceschoolboydiscoversanewplanet.php">discover</a> WASP-142b, a previously unknown exoplanet orbiting a star nearly 3000 light years from Earth, and become the youngest person to have discovered an exoplanet. I worked with Professor Hellier to analyse the planetary system and several other recent discoveries and these findings were
<a target="_blank" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/465/3/3693/2556157">published</a> in <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>.
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<p>In 2018, TESS, the transiting exoplanet survey satellite, launched and began its hunt for new exoplanets with improved apparatus, I'm excited to see the new worlds that it discovers!</p>
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<h1>Population Genetics</h1>
<h3 class="font-weight-light">How does migration and changing environments affect genetic evolution?</h3>
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There exist many predictions for the evolution of populations if we assume a constant environment and no spatial separation. It is relatively simply to produce simulations involving selection, mutation and genetic drift under these considerations. We can first assume that within the population, every individual has either an <b>a</b> or an <b>A</b> Allele. Then we can define mutation rates between these alleles and their relative fitnesses. Finally, using
these parameters, you can evolve the population, with one random individual dying and one randomly weighted individual being born at each time step.
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<p>I created quick simulation <a href="moran_circles.html" target="_blank">here</a> to help understand the concept. You can adjust the parameters to see how this affects the evolution and be sure to click the help button for an explanation of the exact mathematics of how the simulation proceeds if you're interested!</p>
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My research with Professor Michael Desai focussed on creating a model for populations that are exposed to environmental changes and are divided into spatially separated subpopulations. I spent time iterating on creating an effective model that reproduced experimental results. Eventually I settled on the following; split individuals into M demes and then at each time step, randomly change environment between two environments with fixed probabilities. The
alleles can then be assigned different fitnesses based on their environment.
</p>
<p>Based on this model, I wrote a simulation in Python that could evolve a population for tens of thousands of generations in a couple of hours. These simulations produced intriguing results. I found that the allele which was beneficial for more of the time but with a lower fitness benefit was favoured as we increased the number of demes.</p>
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<p>(for more information on my <i>current</i> research projects, check out my <a href="../index.html#projects" class="text-warning mb-5">main page</a>!)</p>
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<h2>Transiting Exoplanets</h2>
<p class="mb-0">Analysis of Planetary Systems and Discovery of WASP-142b</p>
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<h2>Galaxies</h2>
<p class="mb-0">Identification of Luminous Red Galaxies and Analysis</p>
</span>
</span>
<img class="img-fluid" src="../img/galaxy.jpg" alt="" />
</a>
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<h2>Population Genetics</h2>
<p class="mb-0">Investigating the effects of migration and changing environments on genetic evolution</p>
</span>
</span>
<img class="img-fluid" src="../img/dna.jpg" alt="" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6">
<a class="portfolio-item" data-to="4" style="border-bottom-right-radius: 15px">
<span class="caption">
<span class="caption-content">
<h2>Gravitational Waves</h2>
<p class="mb-0">Estimating the detectability of black hole-neutron star binary systems with LISA</p>
</span>
</span>
<img class="img-fluid" src="../img/binarybh.jpg" alt="" />
</a>
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</section>
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<h1>Luminous Red Galaxies</h1>
<h3 class="font-weight-light">What can we learn from luminous galaxies in the Universe?</h3>
<p>The most luminous galaxies in a cluster are known to have an extremely narrow range of colour and luminosity. This means that we can identify them efficiently within data. These galaxies are incredibly useful as, due to their high luminosity, they can be observed at extreme distances. Therefore, galaxies of this kind can help us to probe the large-scale structure of the Universe.</p>
<div class="float-right floated-img-sized ml-3 my-2">
<img class="img-fluid rounded" src="../img/lrg.jpeg" />
<div class="text-center font-small">Photo Credit: <a target="_blank" href="http://news.mit.edu/2012/cool-luminous-galaxy-cluster-identified-0815">MIT News</a></div>
</div>
<p>
During my sophomore summer and junior year, I worked with Professor Daniel Eisenstein on a project identifying and analysing high redshift, luminous red galaxies (LRGs) within the <a target="_blank" href="http://legacysurvey.org/">Legacy Surveys</a> data. I created a pipeline that, having identified the galaxies with the data, performs a series of analyses. Firstly, I use the <a href="http://vipers.inaf.it/" target="_blank">VIPERS</a>
galaxy catalogue to create a redshift distribution of the sample, which allows us to demonstrate that the sample is at high redshift ($z > 0.6$).
</p>
<p>
Additionally, in order to demonstrate the quality of the sample, I produce autocorrelations and cross correlations with the <a href="http://www.sdss3.org/dr9/algorithms/boss_galaxy_ts.php" target="_blank">BOSS CMASS LOWZ</a> sample. Using Healpy, I create pixelized representations of the sample and demonstrate correlations with the Sunayev-Zeldovich and Cosmic Infrared Background maps. Finally, I assign galaxies into clusters using a friends-of-friends
algorithm.
</p>
<p>As new data releases have occurred, our pipeline has been used to further refine our understanding of these LRGs and identify them at higher redshifts than previously possible.</p>
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<h1>Gravitational Waves</h1>
<h3 class="font-weight-light">How can we use gravitational waves to understand the most massive objects in the Universe?</h3>
<p>
You may have read in the news about LIGO’s first <a href="https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/press-release-gw170817" target="_blank">detection</a> of gravitational waves. This ground-breaking result has opened a new realm of gravitational wave astrophysics. LIGO, the ground-based detector, is able to measure massive binary systems just as they are merging. The next generation detector, LISA, which will be set up in space, is set to be sensitive to systems that
are not yet merging. The detection of a BH-NS with LISA would be incredible! It would provide insight into the endpoint of massive stars, whilst also helping to constrain the formation channels of BH-NSs. A BH-NS could also be used to measure the Hubble constant or even test general relativity!
</p>
<div class="float-left floated-img-sized mr-3 my-2">
<img class="img-fluid rounded" src="../img/lisa.jpg" />
<div class="text-center font-small">The LISA Detector - Photo Credit: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Artists-view-of-the-LISA-space-mission-Three-satellites-form-a-Michelson_fig1_279829392">Research Gate</a></div>
</div>
<p>I worked with Professor Selma de Mink and Floor Broekgaarden to write my <a href="../pdf/thesis.pdf" target="_blank">senior thesis</a> on this topic in my final year at Harvard. I really encourage you to take a look at the thesis and the plots in particular, I found some really cool results such as: LISA can detect BH-NSs up to a megaparsec from Earth and most detectable BH-NSs will have been formed relatively recently (in the past billion years).</p>
<p>
I was able to provide a survey of the problem with some analytical estimations before diving into an answer to how many BH-NSs would be detectable by LISA. I used the population synthesis code COMPAS to create a sample of binaries, which I placed in synthetic Milky Ways in order to estimate a detection rate. For my thesis I only considered circular binaries and made some other approximations due to the time constraints. However, I have now finished this
project by incorporating different types of binaries, eccentricity, supernovae kicks, physics variations and some other improvements.
</p>
<p>I discuss the paper that I published with these findings on my <a href="../index.html#projects">main page</a> and you can read a post summarising the findings <a href="galactic_dcos.html">on this page</a>!</p>
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<section class="content-section bg-white py-5" id="publications">
<div class="content-section-heading text-center mb-4">
<h1 class="d-inline-block subtitle mb-4 display-3">Publications</h1>
<a class="d-block" target="_blank" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/filter_database_fq_database=AND&filter_database_fq_database=database%3A%22astronomy%22&filter_doctype_facet_hier_fq_doctype=AND&filter_doctype_facet_hier_fq_doctype=doctype_facet_hier%3A%220%2FArticle%22&fq=%7B!type%3Daqp%20v%3D%24fq_database%7D&fq=%7B!type%3Daqp%20v%3D%24fq_doctype%7D&fq_database=(database%3A%22astronomy%22)&fq_doctype=(doctype_facet_hier%3A%220%2FArticle%22)&p_=0&q=author%3A%22Wagg%2CTom%22&sort=date%20desc%2C%20bibcode%20desc">
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<h2>First-author papers</h2>
</div>
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<div id="first_author_list" class="col">
<div id="pub_template" class="publication hide">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors"></span>, <span class="journal"></span>, <span class="journal-details"></span>, <span class="date"></span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...687A.222W" target="_blank">12. The asteroseismic imprints of mass transfer. A case study of a binary mass-gainer in the SPB instability strip</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors"><b>Tom Wagg</b>, Cole Johnston, Earl P. Bellinger, Mathieu Renzo, Richard Townsend, et al.</span>, <span class="journal">Astronomy and Astrophysics</span>, <span class="journal-details">A222:687</span>, <span class="date">2024</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_0">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_0">We present new simulations investigating the impact of mass transfer on
the asteroseismic signals of slowly pulsating B stars. We used
MESA to simulate the evolution of a binary star system and GYRE
to compute the asteroseismic properties of the accretor star. We
show that, compared to a single star of the same final mass, a
star that has undergone accretion (of non-enriched material) has
a significantly different internal structure, which is evident
in both the hydrogen abundance profile and the
Brunt-V{\"a}is{\"a}l{\"a} frequency profile. These differences
result in significant changes in the observed period spacing
patterns, implying that one may use this as a diagnostic to test
whether a star's core has been rejuvenated as a result of
accretion. We show that it is essential to consider the full
multimodal posterior distributions when fitting stellar
properties of mass-gainers to avoid drawing misleading
conclusions. Even with these considerations, stellar ages will
be significantly underestimated when assuming single star
evolution for a mass-gainer. We find that future detectors with
improved uncertainties would rule out single star models with
the correct mass and central hydrogen fraction. Our proof of
principle analysis demonstrates the need to further investigate
the impact of binary interactions on stellar asteroseismic
signals for a wide range of parameters, such as the initial
mass, the amount of mass transferred, and the age of the
accretor star at the onset of mass transfer.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024arXiv240604405W" target="_blank">11. Streamlining and standardizing software citations with The Software Citation Station</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors"><b>Tom Wagg</b> and Floor S. Broekgaarden</span>, <span class="journal">arXiv e-prints</span>, <span class="journal-details">arXiv:2406.04405</span>, <span class="date">2024</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_1">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_1">Software is crucial for the advancement of astronomy especially in the
context of rapidly growing datasets that increasingly require
algorithm and pipeline development to process the data and
produce results. However, software has not always been
consistently cited, despite its importance to strengthen support
for software development. To encourage, streamline, and
standardize the process of citing software in academic work such
as publications we introduce 'The Software Citation Station': a
publicly available website and tool to quickly find or add
software citations</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...937..118W" target="_blank">10. Gravitational Wave Sources in Our Galactic Backyard: Predictions for BHBH, BHNS, and NSNS Binaries Detectable with LISA</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors"><b>Tom Wagg</b>, F.S. Broekgaarden, S.E. de Mink, N. Frankel, L.A.C. van Son, et al.</span>, <span class="journal">Astrophysical Journal</span>, <span class="journal-details">937(2):118</span>, <span class="date">2022</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_6">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_6">Future searches for gravitational waves from space will be sensitive to
double compact objects in our Milky Way. We present new
simulations of the populations of double black holes (BHBHs), BH
neutron stars (BHNSs), and double neutron stars (NSNSs) that
will be detectable by the planned space-based gravitational-wave
detector called Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). For
our estimates, we use an empirically informed model of the
metallicity-dependent star formation history of the Milky Way.
We populate it using an extensive suite of binary population-
synthesis predictions for varying assumptions relating to mass
transfer, common-envelope, supernova kicks, remnant masses, and
wind mass-loss physics. For a 4(10) yr LISA mission, we predict
between 30-370(50-550) detections over these variations, out of
which 6-154 (9-238) are BHBHs, 2-198 (3-289) are BHNSs, and 3-35
(4-57) are NSNSs. We expect that about 50\% (60\%) can be
distinguished from double white dwarf sources based on their
mass or eccentricity and localization. Specifically, for about
10\% (15\%), we expect to be able to determine chirp masses
better than 10\%. For 13\% (13\%), we expect sky-localizations
better than 1{\textdegree}. We discuss how the variations in the
physics assumptions alter the distribution of properties of the
detectable systems, even when the detection rates are unchanged.
We further discuss the possibility of multimessenger
observations of pulsar populations with the Square Kilometre
Array and assess the benefits of extending the LISA mission.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJS..260...52W" target="_blank">9. LEGWORK: A Python Package for Computing the Evolution and Detectability of Stellar-origin Gravitational-wave Sources with Space-based Detectors</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors"><b>Tom Wagg</b>, K. Breivik and S.E. de Mink</span>, <span class="journal">Astrophysical Journals</span>, <span class="journal-details">260(2):52</span>, <span class="date">2022</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_7">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_7">We present LEGWORK (LISA Evolution and Gravitational Wave Orbit Kit), an
open-source Python package for making predictions about stellar-
origin gravitational-wave sources and their detectability in
LISA or other space-based gravitational-wave detectors. LEGWORK
can be used to evolve the orbits of sources due to
gravitational-wave emission, calculate gravitational-wave
strains (using post-Newtonian approximations), compute signal-
to-noise ratios, and visualize the results. It can be applied to
a variety of potential sources, including binaries consisting of
white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Although we focus
on double compact objects, in principle LEGWORK can be used for
any system with a user-specified orbital evolution, such as
those affected by a third object or gas drag. We optimized the
package to make it efficient for use in population studies,
which can contain tens of millions of sources. This paper
describes the package and presents several potential use cases.
We explain in detail the derivations of the expressions behind
the package as well as identify and clarify some discrepancies
currently present in the literature. We hope that LEGWORK will
enable and accelerate future studies triggered by the rapidly
growing interest in gravitational-wave sources.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<h2>Co-author papers</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div id="co_author_list" class="col"><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024arXiv240502912S" target="_blank">8. Close Encounters of Wide Binaries Induced by the Galactic Tide: Implications for Stellar Mergers and Gravitational-Wave Sources</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">Jakob Stegmann, Alejandro Vigna-Gómez, Antti Rantala, <b>Tom Wagg</b>, Lorenz Zwick, et al.</span>, <span class="journal">arXiv e-prints</span>, <span class="journal-details">arXiv:2405.02912</span>, <span class="date">2024</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_2">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_2">A substantial fraction of stars can be found in wide binaries with
projected separations between $\sim10^2$ and $10^5\,\rm AU$. In
the standard lore of binary physics, these would evolve as
effectively single stars that remotely orbit one another on
stationary Keplerian ellipses. However, embedded in their
Galactic environment their low binding energy makes them
exceptionally prone to perturbations from the gravitational
potential of the Milky Way and encounters with passing stars.
Employing a fully relativistic $N$-body integration scheme, we
study the impact of these perturbations on the orbital evolution
of wide binaries along their trajectory through the Milky Way.
Our analysis reveals that the torques exerted by the Galaxy can
cause large-amplitude oscillations of the binary eccentricity to
$1-e\lesssim10^{-8}$. As a consequence, the wide binary members
pass close to each other at periapsis, which, depending on the
type of binary, potentially leads to a mass transfer or
collision of stars or to an inspiral and subsequent merger of
compact remnants due to gravitational-wave radiation. Based on a
simulation of $10^5$ wide binaries across the Galactic field, we
find that this mechanism could significantly contribute to the
rate of stellar collisions and binary black hole mergers as
inferred from observations of Luminous Red Novae and
gravitational-wave events by LIGO/Virgo/Kagra. We conclude that
the dynamics of wide binaries, despite their large mean
separation, can give rise to extreme interactions between stars
and compact remnants.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PhRvL.132s1403V" target="_blank">7. Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">Alejandro Vigna-Gómez, Reinhold Willcox, Irene Tamborra, Ilya Mandel, Mathieu Renzo, et al. (incl. <b>Tom Wagg</b>)</span>, <span class="journal">Physical Review Letters</span>, <span class="journal-details">132(19):191403</span>, <span class="date">2024</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_3">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_3">The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a
massive black-hole binary system with negligible binary
interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass
({\ensuremath{\approx}}10 M$_{{\ensuremath{\odot}}}$) and near-
circular orbit (e {\ensuremath{\approx}}0.02 ) of VFTS 243
suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete collapse,
with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos.
VFTS 243 enables us to constrain the natal kick and neutrino-
emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68\%
confidence level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is
{\ensuremath{\lesssim}}10 km /s ({\ensuremath{\lesssim}}1.0
M$_{{\ensuremath{\odot}}}$ ), with a full probability
distribution that peaks when {\ensuremath{\approx}}0.3
M$_{{\ensuremath{\odot}}}$ were ejected, presumably in
neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal kick of 4 km
/s . The neutrino-emission asymmetry is {\ensuremath{\lesssim}}4
\%, with best fit values of {\ensuremath{\sim}}0 - 0.2 \% . Such
a small neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is
in agreement with theoretical predictions.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AJ....166..106W" target="_blank">6. Catalog of Integrated-light Star Cluster Light Curves in TESS</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">Tobin M. Wainer, Gail Zasowski, Joshua Pepper, <b>Tom Wagg</b>, Christina L. Hedges, et al.</span>, <span class="journal">Astronomical Journal</span>, <span class="journal-details">166(3):106</span>, <span class="date">2023</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_4">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_4">We present the first integrated-light, TESS-based light curves for star
clusters in the Milky Way, Small Magellanic Cloud, and Large
Magellanic Cloud. We explore the information encoded in these
light curves, with particular emphasis on variability. We
describe our publicly available package elk, which is designed
to extract the light curves by applying principal component
analysis to perform background light correction and
incorporating corrections for TESS systematics, allowing us to
detect variability on timescales shorter than
{\ensuremath{\sim}}10 days. We perform a series of checks to
ensure the quality of our light curves, removing observations
where systematics are identified as dominant features, and
deliver light curves for 348 previously cataloged open and
globular clusters. Where TESS has observed a cluster in more
than one observing sector, we provide separate light curves for
each sector (for a total of 2204 light curves). We explore in
detail the light curves of star clusters known to contain high-
amplitude Cepheid and RR Lyrae variable stars, and we confirm
that the variability of these known variables is still
detectable when summed together with the light from thousands of
other stars. We also demonstrate that even some low-amplitude
stellar variability is preserved when integrating over a stellar
population.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.516.5737B" target="_blank">5. Impact of massive binary star and cosmic evolution on gravitational wave observations - II. Double compact object rates and properties</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">Floor S. Broekgaarden, Edo Berger, Simon Stevenson, Stephen Justham, Ilya Mandel, et al. (incl. <b>Tom Wagg</b>)</span>, <span class="journal">Monthly Notices of the RAS</span>, <span class="journal-details">516(4):5737-5761</span>, <span class="date">2022</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_5">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_5">Making the most of the rapidly increasing population of gravitational-
wave detections of black hole (BH) and neutron star (NS) mergers
requires comparing observations with population synthesis
predictions. In this work, we investigate the combined impact
from the key uncertainties in population synthesis modelling of
the isolated binary evolution channel: the physical processes in
massive binary-star evolution and the star formation history as
a function of metallicity, Z, and redshift z, $\mathcal
{S}(Z,z)$. Considering these uncertainties, we create 560
different publicly available model realizations and calculate
the rate and distribution characteristics of detectable BHBH,
BHNS, and NSNS mergers. We find that our stellar evolution and
$\mathcal {S}(Z,z)$ variations can combined impact the predicted
intrinsic and detectable merger rates by factors in the range
{}10$^{2}$-{}10$^{4}$. We find that BHBH rates are dominantly
impacted by $\mathcal {S}(Z,z)$ variations, NSNS rates by
stellar evolution variations and BHNS rates by both. We then
consider the combined impact from all uncertainties considered
in this work on the detectable mass distribution shapes (chirp
mass, individual masses, and mass ratio). We find that the BHNS
mass distributions are predominantly impacted by massive binary-
star evolution changes. For BHBH and NSNS, we find that both
uncertainties are important. We also find that the shape of the
delay time and birth metallicity distributions are typically
dominated by the choice of $\mathcal {S}(Z,z)$ for BHBH, BHNS,
and NSNS. We identify several examples of robust features in the
mass distributions predicted by all 560 models, such that we
expect more than 95 per cent of BHBH detections to contain a BH
$rsim 8\, \rm {M}_{\odot }$ and have mass ratios
{\ensuremath{\lesssim}} 4. Our work demonstrates that it is
essential to consider a wide range of allowed models to study
double compact object merger rates and properties. Conversely,
larger observed samples could allow us to decipher currently
unconstrained stages of stellar and binary evolution.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...931...17V" target="_blank">4. The Redshift Evolution of the Binary Black Hole Merger Rate: A Weighty Matter</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">L.A.C. van Son, S.E. de Mink, T. Callister, S. Justham, M. Renzo, et al. (incl. <b>Tom Wagg</b>)</span>, <span class="journal">Astrophysical Journal</span>, <span class="journal-details">931(1):17</span>, <span class="date">2022</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_8">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_8">Gravitational-wave detectors are starting to reveal the redshift
evolution of the binary black hole (BBH) merger rate, R
$_{BBH}$(z). We make predictions for R $_{BBH}$(z) as a function
of black hole mass for systems originating from isolated
binaries. To this end, we investigate correlations between the
delay time and black hole mass by means of the suite of binary
population synthesis simulations, COMPAS. We distinguish two
channels: the common envelope (CE), and the stable Roche-lobe
overflow (RLOF) channel, characterized by whether the system has
experienced a common envelope or not. We find that the CE
channel preferentially produces BHs with masses below about 30 M
$_{{\ensuremath{\odot}}}$ and short delay times (t $_{delay}$
{\ensuremath{\lesssim}} 1 Gyr), while the stable RLOF channel
primarily forms systems with BH masses above 30 M
$_{{\ensuremath{\odot}}}$ and long delay times (t $_{delay}$
{\ensuremath{\gtrsim}} 1 Gyr). We provide a new fit for the
metallicity-dependent specific star formation rate density based
on the Illustris TNG simulations, and use this to convert the
delay time distributions into a prediction of R $_{BBH}$(z).
This leads to a distinct redshift evolution of R $_{BBH}$(z) for
high and low primary BH masses. We furthermore find that, at
high redshift, R $_{BBH}$(z) is dominated by the CE channel,
while at low redshift, it contains a large contribution
(\raisebox{-0.5ex}\textasciitilde40\%) from the stable RLOF
channel. Our results predict that, for increasing redshifts,
BBHs with component masses above 30 M $_{{\ensuremath{\odot}}}$
will become increasingly scarce relative to less massive BBH
systems. Evidence of this distinct evolution of R $_{BBH}$(z)
for different BH masses can be tested with future detectors.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJS..258...34R" target="_blank">3. Rapid Stellar and Binary Population Synthesis with COMPAS</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">Jeff Riley, Poojan Agrawal, Jim W. Barrett, Kristan N.K. Boyett, Floor S. Broekgaarden, et al. (incl. <b>Tom Wagg</b>)</span>, <span class="journal">Astrophysical Journals</span>, <span class="journal-details">258(2):34</span>, <span class="date">2022</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_9">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_9">Compact Object Mergers: Population Astrophysics and Statistics (COMPAS;
https://compas.science) is a public rapid binary population
synthesis code. COMPAS generates populations of isolated stellar
binaries under a set of parameterized assumptions in order to
allow comparisons against observational data sets, such as those
coming from gravitational-wave observations of merging compact
remnants. It includes a number of tools for population
processing in addition to the core binary evolution components.
COMPAS is publicly available via the GitHub repository
https://github.com/TeamCOMPAS/COMPAS/, and is designed to allow
for flexible modifications as evolutionary models improve. This
paper describes the methodology and implementation of COMPAS. It
is a living document that will be updated as new features are
added to COMPAS; the current document describes COMPAS
v02.21.00.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.465.3693H" target="_blank">2. WASP-South transiting exoplanets: WASP-130b, WASP-131b, WASP-132b, WASP-139b, WASP-140b, WASP-141b and WASP-142b</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">C. Hellier, D.R. Anderson, A. Collier Cameron, L. Delrez, M. Gillon, et al. (incl. <b>Tom Wagg</b>)</span>, <span class="journal">Monthly Notices of the RAS</span>, <span class="journal-details">465(3):3693-3707</span>, <span class="date">2017</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_10">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_10">We describe seven exoplanets transiting stars of brightness V =
10.1-12.4. WASP-130b is a 'warm Jupiter' having an orbital
period of 11.6 d around a metal-rich G6 star. Its mass and
radius (1.23 {\ensuremath{\pm}} 0.04 M$_{Jup}$ and 0.89
{\ensuremath{\pm}} 0.03 R$_{Jup}$) support the trend that warm
Jupiters have smaller radii than hot Jupiters. WASP-131b is a
bloated Saturn-mass planet (0.27 M$_{Jup}$ and 1.22 R$_{Jup}$).
Its large scaleheight and bright (V = 10.1) host star make it a
good target for atmospheric characterization. WASP-132b (0.41
M$_{Jup}$ and 0.87 R$_{Jup}$) is among the least irradiated and
coolest of WASP planets, having a 7.1-d orbit around a K4 star.
WASP-139b is a 'super-Neptune' akin to HATS-7b and HATS-8b,
being the lowest mass planet yet found by WASP (0.12 M$_{Jup}$
and 0.80 R$_{Jup}$). The metal-rich K0 host star appears to be
anomalously dense, akin to HAT-P-11. WASP-140b is a
2.4-M$_{Jup}$ planet in an eccentric (e = 0.047
{\ensuremath{\pm}} 0.004) 2.2-d orbit. The planet's radius is
large (1.4 R$_{Jup}$), but uncertain owing to the grazing
transit (b = 0.93). The 10.4-d rotation period of the K0 host
star suggests a young age, and the time-scale for tidal
circularization is likely to be the lowest of all known
eccentric hot Jupiters. WASP-141b (2.7 M$_{Jup}$, 1.2 R$_{Jup}$
and P = 3.3 d) and WASP-142b (0.84 M$_{Jup}$, 1.53 R$_{Jup}$ and
P = 2.1 d) are typical hot Jupiters orbiting metal-rich F stars.
We show that the period distribution within the hot-Jupiter
bulge does not depend on the metallicity of the host star.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div id="" class="publication">
<div class="main-details">
<div class="first-line">
<a class="title font-weight-bold" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...591A..55M" target="_blank">1. Five transiting hot Jupiters discovered using WASP-South, Euler, and TRAPPIST: WASP-119 b, WASP-124 b, WASP-126 b, WASP-129 b, and WASP-133 b</a>
</div>
<div class="second-line ml-0 ml-md-3">
<span class="authors">P.F.L. Maxted, D.R. Anderson, A. Collier Cameron, L. Delrez, M. Gillon, et al. (incl. <b>Tom Wagg</b>)</span>, <span class="journal">Astronomy and Astrophysics</span>, <span class="journal-details">A55:591</span>, <span class="date">2016</span>. <a class="expand" data-toggle="collapse" role="button" href="#abs_11">Expand abstract</a>.
<div class="abstract collapse" style="color: grey" id="abs_11">We have used photometry from the WASP-South instrument to identify 5
stars showing planet-like transits in their light curves. The
planetary nature of the companions to these stars has been
confirmed using photometry from the EulerCam instrument on the
Swiss Euler 1.2-m telescope and the TRAPPIST telescope, and
spectroscopy obtained with the CORALIE spectrograph. The planets
discovered are hot Jupiter systems with orbital periods in the
range 2.17 to 5.75 days, masses from 0.3 M$_{Jup}$ to 1.2
M$_{Jup}$ and with radii from 1 R$_{Jup}$ to 1.5 R$_{Jup}$.
These planets orbit bright stars (V = 11-13) with spectral types
in the range F9 to G4. WASP-126 is the brightest planetary
system in this sample and hosts a low-mass planet with a large
radius (0.3 M$_{Jup}$,0.95 R$_{Jup}$), making it a good target
for transmission spectroscopy. The high density of WASP-129 A
suggests that it is a helium-rich star similar to HAT-P-11 A.
WASP-133 A has an enhanced surface lithium abundance compared to
other old G-type stars, particularly other planet host stars.
These planetary systems are good targets for follow-up
observations with ground-based and space-based facilities to
study their atmospheric and dynamical properties.
\textbackslash\textbackslashFull Tables 2 and 3 are only
available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <a href="``http://cdsar" c.u-strasbg.fr''="">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</a> (<a href="``http://130.79.128.5''">http://130.79.128.5</a>) or via <a href="``http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-" bin="" qcat?j="" a+a="" 591="" a55''="">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-
bin/qcat?J/A+A/591/A55</a></div>
</div>
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<h3>Harvard University</h3>
<h5 class="font-weight-light mb-4">A.B in Physics and Astrophysics<span class="separator"></span>Secondary in Computer Science<span class="separator"></span>Highest Honours<span class="separator"></span>2016-2020</h5>
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<p>Leo Goldberg Prize<span class="separator"></span>Bloomberg Creative Science Prize<span class="separator"></span>Alex G. Booth Fellowship<span class="separator"></span>Haase Fellowship<span class="separator"></span>Harvard College Research Program Grant</p>
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<h3>Newcastle-under-Lyme School</h3>
<h5 class="font-weight-light">Head Boy<span class="separator"></span>Prefect<span class="separator"></span>House Captain<span class="separator"></span>2004-2016</h5>
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<p class="mb-1">5 A Levels in Physics, Maths, Further Maths, EPQ and Latin with 4A*s and an A</p>
<p>13 GCSEs with 13A*s - a record for the school</p>
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<p>Duke of Edinburgh Bronze, Silver and Gold Awards<span class="separator"></span>Innovation Prize<span class="separator"></span>Leadership Prize<span class="separator"></span>Physics and Latin Prizes</p>
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<p>Student Council<span class="separator"></span>Field Hockey Vice Captain<span class="separator"></span>Cricket Team Bowler</p>
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<h5>A list of presentations that I've given about my research</h5>
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<div class="presentation group-presentation"><span class="title">LEGWORK: A python package for computing the evolution and detectability of stellar-origin gravitational-wave sources with space-based detectors</span><span class="group">UW Bothell Gravitational Wave Group</span><span class="date">January 2022</span></div>
<div class="presentation group-presentation"><span class="title">LEGWORK: A python package for computing the evolution and detectability of stellar-origin gravitational-wave sources with space-based detectors</span><span class="group">LECS Software Series #1</span><span class="date">January 2022</span></div>
<div class="presentation group-presentation"><span class="title">Gravitational wave sources in our Galactic backyard: Predictions for BHBH, BHNS and NSNS binaries detectable with LISA</span><span class="group">LISA Community Telecon</span><span class="date">December 2021</span></div>
<div class="presentation group-presentation"><span class="title">Gravitational wave sources in our Galactic backyard: Predictions for BHBH, BHNS and NSNS binaries detectable with LISA</span><span class="group">SESTAS Seminar at Max Planck Institute</span><span class="date">November 2021</span></div>
<div class="presentation group-presentation"><span class="title">LEGWORK: A python package for computing the evolution and detectability of stellar-origin gravitational-wave sources with space-based detectors</span><span class="group">TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics</span><span class="date">November 2021</span></div>
<div class="presentation conference-presentation"><span class="title">Predictions for detecting BH-NS binaries with LISA</span><span class="session">Where are the BH-NS binaries?</span><span class="conference">EAS 2021</span><span class="date">June 2021</span></div>
<div class="presentation group-presentation"><span class="title">LEGWORK: A python package for computing the evolution and detectability of stellar-origin gravitational-wave sources with space-based detectors</span><span class="group">CCA Gravitational Wave Group Meeting</span><span class="date">May 2021</span></div>
<div class="presentation conference-presentation"><span class="title">Black Hole—Neutron Star Binaries in LISA</span><span class="session">Stellar Multiples and Planets</span><span class="conference">The 13th International LISA Symposium</span><span class="date">September 2020</span></div>
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<p class="text-center">Galactic DCO paper presentation</p>
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