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Inference Gateway Setup with Dynamo

When integrating Dynamo with the Inference Gateway you must use the custom Dynamo EPP image.

The custom Dynamo EPP image integrates the Dynamo router directly into the gateway's endpoint picker. Using the dyn-kv plugin, it selects the optimal worker based on KV cache state and tokenized prompt before routing the request. The integration moves intelligent routing upstream to the gateway layer.

EPP's default kv-routing approach is not token-aware because the prompt is not tokenized. But the Dynamo plugin uses a token-aware KV algorithm. It employs the dynamo router which implements kv routing by running your model's tokenizer inline. The EPP plugin configuration lives in helm/dynamo-gaie/epp-config-dynamo.yaml per EPP convention.

Dynamo Integration with the Inference Gateway supports Aggregated and Disaggregated Serving. If you want to use LoRA deploy Dynamo without the Inference Gateway or in the BlackBox approach with the Inference Gateway.

Currently, these setups are only supported with the kGateway based Inference Gateway.

Table of Contents

Prerequisites

  • Kubernetes cluster with kubectl configured
  • NVIDIA GPU drivers installed on worker nodes

Installation Steps

1. Install Dynamo Platform

See Quickstart Guide to install Dynamo Kubernetes Platform.

2. Deploy Inference Gateway

First, deploy an inference gateway service. In this example, we'll install kgateway based gateway implementation.

cd deploy/inference-gateway
export NAMESPACE=my-model # You can put the inference gateway into another namespace and then adjust your http-route.yaml
./scripts/install_gaie_crd_kgateway.sh

Note: The manifest at config/manifests/gateway/kgateway/gateway.yaml uses gatewayClassName: agentgateway, but kGateway's helm chart creates a GatewayClass named kgateway. The patch command in the script fixes this mismatch.

f. Verify the Gateway is running

kubectl get gateway inference-gateway

# Sample output
# NAME                CLASS      ADDRESS   PROGRAMMED   AGE
# inference-gateway   kgateway             True         1m

3. Setup secrets

Follow the steps in model deployment to deploy Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B model in aggregate mode using agg.yaml in my-model kubernetes namespace. Make sure to enable kv-routing by adding the env var in the FrontEnd.

    mainContainer:
      image: ...
      env:
        - name: DYN_ROUTER_MODE
          value: "kv"

Sample commands to deploy model:

cd <dynamo-source-root>
cd examples/backends/vllm/deploy
kubectl apply -f agg.yaml -n my-model

Take a note of or change the DYNAMO_IMAGE in the model deployment file.

Do not forget docker registry secret if needed.

kubectl create secret docker-registry docker-imagepullsecret \
  --docker-server=$DOCKER_SERVER \
  --docker-username=$DOCKER_USERNAME \
  --docker-password=$DOCKER_PASSWORD \
  --namespace=$NAMESPACE

Do not forget to include the HuggingFace token if required.

export HF_TOKEN=your_hf_token
kubectl create secret generic hf-token-secret \
  --from-literal=HF_TOKEN=${HF_TOKEN} \
  -n ${NAMESPACE}

Create a model configuration file similar to the vllm_agg_qwen.yaml for your model. This file demonstrates the values needed for the Vllm Agg setup in agg.yaml Take a note of the model's block size provided in the model card.

4. Build EPP image (Optional)

You can either use the provided Dynamo FrontEnd image for the EPP image or you need to build your own Dynamo EPP custom image following the steps below.

# export env vars
export DOCKER_SERVER=ghcr.io/nvidia/dynamo	# Container registry
export IMAGE_TAG=YOUR-TAG # Or auto from git tag
cd deploy/inference-gateway/epp
make all # Do everything in one command
# or make all-push to also push


# Or step-by-step
make dynamo-lib # Build Dynamo library and copy to project
make image-load # Build Docker image and load locally
make image-push # Build and push to registry
make info # Check image tag

All-in-one Targets

Target Description
make dynamo-lib Build Dynamo static library and copy to project
make all Build Dynamo lib + Docker image + load locally
make all-push Build Dynamo lib + Docker image + push to registry

5. Deploy

We recommend deploying Inference Gateway's Endpoint Picker as a Dynamo operator's managed component. Alternatively, you could deploy it as a standalone pod

5.a. Deploy as a DGD component

kubectl apply -f operator-managed/examples/agg.yaml -n ${NAMESPACE}
kubectl apply -f operator-managed/examples/http-route.yaml -n ${NAMESPACE}

Startup Probe Timeout: The EPP has a default startup probe timeout of 30 minutes (10s × 180 failures). If your model takes longer to load, increase the failureThreshold in the EPP's startupProbe. For example, to allow 60 minutes for startup:

extraPodSpec:
  mainContainer:
    startupProbe:
      failureThreshold: 360  # 10s × 360 = 60 minutes

Gateway Namespace Note that this assumes your gateway is installed into NAMESPACE=my-model (examples' default) If you installed it into a different namespace, you need to adjust the HttpRoute entry in http-route.yaml.

5.b. Deploy as a standalone pod

5.b.1 Deploy Your Model

Follow the steps in model deployment to deploy Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B model in aggregate mode using agg.yaml in my-model kubernetes namespace.

Sample commands to deploy model:

cd <dynamo-source-root>
cd examples/backends/vllm/deploy
kubectl apply -f agg.yaml -n my-model

Take a note of or change the DYNAMO_IMAGE in the model deployment file.

Do not forget docker registry secret if needed.

5.b.2 Install Dynamo GIE helm chart
cd deploy/inference-gateway/standalone

# Export the EPP image - use the Dynamo FrontEnd image or build your own EPP image (see section 4)
export EPP_IMAGE=<the-epp-image>
helm upgrade --install dynamo-gaie ./helm/dynamo-gaie -n my-model -f ./vllm_agg_qwen.yaml --set-string extension.image=$EPP_IMAGE

By default, the Kubernetes discovery mechanism is used. If you prefer etcd, please use the --set epp.dynamo.useEtcd=true flag below.

helm upgrade --install dynamo-gaie ./helm/dynamo-gaie -n my-model -f ./vllm_agg_qwen.yaml --set-string extension.image=$EPP_IMAGE --set epp.dynamo.useEtcd=true

Key configurations include:

  • An InferenceModel resource for the Qwen model
  • A service for the inference gateway
  • Required RBAC roles and bindings
  • RBAC permissions
  • dynamoGraphDeploymentName - the name of the Dynamo Graph where your model is deployed.

Configuration You can configure the plugin by setting environment variables in the EPP component of your DGD in case of the operator-managed installation or in your values.yaml.

Common Vars for Routing Configuration:

  • Set DYN_BUSY_THRESHOLD to configure the upper bound on how "full" a worker can be (often derived from kv_active_blocks or other load metrics) before the router skips it. If the selected worker exceeds this value, routing falls back to the next best candidate. By default the value is negative meaning this is not enabled.
  • Set DYN_ENFORCE_DISAGG=true if you want to enforce every request being served in the disaggregated manner. By default it is false meaning if the the prefill worker is not available the request will be served in the aggregated manner.
  • By default the Dynamo plugin uses KV routing. You can expose DYN_USE_KV_ROUTING=false in your values.yaml if you prefer to route in the round-robin fashion.
  • If using kv-routing:
    • Overwrite the DYN_KV_BLOCK_SIZE in your values.yaml to match your model's block size. The DYN_KV_BLOCK_SIZE env var is MANDATORY to prevent silent KV routing failures.
    • Set DYN_OVERLAP_SCORE_WEIGHT to weigh how heavily the score uses token overlap (predicted KV cache hits) versus other factors (load, historical hit rate). Higher weight biases toward reusing workers with similar cached prefixes.
    • Set DYN_ROUTER_TEMPERATURE to soften or sharpen the selection curve when combining scores. Low temperature makes the router pick the top candidate deterministically; higher temperature lets lower-scoring workers through more often (exploration).
    • Set DYN_USE_KV_EVENTS=false if you want to disable the workers sending KV events while using kv-routing
    • See the KV cache routing design for details.

Stand-Alone installation only:

  • Overwrite the DYN_NAMESPACE env var if needed to match your model's dynamo namespace.

6. Verify Installation

Check that all resources are properly deployed:

kubectl get inferencepool
kubectl get httproute
kubectl get service
kubectl get gateway

Sample output:

# kubectl get inferencepool
NAME        AGE
qwen-pool   33m

# kubectl get httproute
NAME        HOSTNAMES   AGE
qwen-route               33m

7. Usage

The Inference Gateway provides HTTP endpoints for model inference.

1: Populate gateway URL for your k8s cluster

To test the gateway in minikube, use the following command: a. User minikube tunnel to expose the gateway to the host This requires sudo access to the host machine. alternatively, you can use port-forward to expose the gateway to the host as shown in alternative (b).

# in first terminal
ps aux | grep "minikube tunnel" | grep -v grep # make sure minikube tunnel is not already running.
minikube tunnel # start the tunnel

# in second terminal where you want to send inference requests
GATEWAY_URL=$(kubectl get svc inference-gateway -n my-model -o jsonpath='{.spec.clusterIP}') & echo $GATEWAY_URL

b. use port-forward to expose the gateway to the host

# in first terminal
kubectl port-forward svc/inference-gateway 8000:80 -n my-model

# in second terminal where you want to send inference requests
GATEWAY_URL=http://localhost:8000

2: Check models deployed to inference gateway

a. Query models:

# in the second terminal where you GATEWAY_URL is set

curl $GATEWAY_URL/v1/models | jq .

Sample output:

{
  "data": [
    {
      "created": 1753768323,
      "id": "Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B",
      "object": "object",
      "owned_by": "nvidia"
    }
  ],
  "object": "list"
}

b. Send inference request to gateway:

MODEL_NAME="Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B"
curl $GATEWAY_URL/v1/chat/completions \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
      "model": "'"${MODEL_NAME}"'",
      "messages": [
      {
          "role": "user",
          "content": "In the heart of Eldoria, an ancient land of boundless magic and mysterious creatures, lies the long-forgotten city of Aeloria. Once a beacon of knowledge and power, Aeloria was buried beneath the shifting sands of time, lost to the world for centuries. You are an intrepid explorer, known for your unparalleled curiosity and courage, who has stumbled upon an ancient map hinting at ests that Aeloria holds a secret so profound that it has the potential to reshape the very fabric of reality. Your journey will take you through treacherous deserts, enchanted forests, and across perilous mountain ranges. Your Task: Character Background: Develop a detailed background for your character. Describe their motivations for seeking out Aeloria, their skills and weaknesses, and any personal connections to the ancient city or its legends. Are they driven by a quest for knowledge, a search for lost familt clue is hidden."
      }
      ],
      "stream":false,
      "max_tokens": 30,
      "temperature": 0.0
    }'

Sample inference output:

{
  "choices": [
    {
      "finish_reason": "stop",
      "index": 0,
      "logprobs": null,
      "message": {
        "audio": null,
        "content": "<think>\nOkay, I need to develop a character background for the user's query. Let me start by understanding the requirements. The character is an",
        "function_call": null,
        "refusal": null,
        "role": "assistant",
        "tool_calls": null
      }
    }
  ],
  "created": 1753768682,
  "id": "chatcmpl-772289b8-5998-4f6d-bd61-3659b684b347",
  "model": "Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B",
  "object": "chat.completion",
  "service_tier": null,
  "system_fingerprint": null,
  "usage": {
    "completion_tokens": 29,
    "completion_tokens_details": null,
    "prompt_tokens": 196,
    "prompt_tokens_details": null,
    "total_tokens": 225
  }
}

8. Deleting the installation

If you need to uninstall run:

kubectl delete dynamoGraphDeployment vllm-agg
helm uninstall dynamo-gaie -n my-model

# To uninstall GAIE
# 1. Delete the inference-gateway
kubectl delete gateway inference-gateway --ignore-not-found

# 2. Uninstall kgateway helm releases
helm uninstall kgateway -n kgateway-system
helm uninstall kgateway-crds -n kgateway-system

# 3. Delete the kgateway-system namespace (optional, cleans up everything in it)
helm uninstall kgateway --namespace kgateway-system
kubectl delete namespace kgateway-system --ignore-not-found

# 4. Delete the Inference Extension CRDs
IGW_LATEST_RELEASE=v1.2.1
kubectl delete -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api-inference-extension/releases/download/${IGW_LATEST_RELEASE}/manifests.yaml --ignore-not-found

# 5. Delete the Gateway API CRDs
GATEWAY_API_VERSION=v1.4.1
kubectl delete -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/releases/download/$GATEWAY_API_VERSION/standard-install.yaml --ignore-not-found

Gateway API Inference Extension Integration

This section documents the updated plugin implementation for Gateway API Inference Extension v1.2.1.

Router bookkeeping operations

EPP performs Dynamo router book keeping operations so the FrontEnd's Router does not have to sync its state.

Header Routing Hints

Since v1.2.1, the EPP uses a header-only approach for communicating routing decisions. The plugins set HTTP headers that are forwarded to the backend workers.

Headers Set by Dynamo Plugins

Header Description Set By
x-worker-instance-id Primary worker ID (decode worker in disagg mode) kv-aware-scorer
x-prefill-instance-id Prefill worker ID (disaggregated mode only) kv-aware-scorer