**Granular Access Control (GAC)** sits on top. It lets you grant or deny specific permissions to specific users on specific resources, independent of their role. A Contributor could be denied "delete work items" on one particular project while keeping that permission everywhere else, or a specific user could be granted temporary edit access to a single page for the duration of an external review — all without changing anyone's role. GAC is for the exceptions — situations where role-level access is too coarse.
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