feat: implement PriceCalculator rule for Epic 5.4

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@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
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PROMPT.md

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docs/plans/2026-01-19-price-calculator-design.md

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+# PriceCalculator Rule Design
+
+> **Context:** Epic 5.4 - Issue #43
+> **Purpose:** Calculate item prices based on quality and basic market conditions
+
+## Overview
+
+PriceCalculator is a stateless rule that calculates item prices using:
+
+1. Base price (from item/recipe definition)
+2. Quality multiplier (matching GDD value tiers)
+3. Basic supply/demand modifier (settlement-level)
+
+**Formula:**
+
+```
+Final Price = Base Price × Quality Multiplier × Supply/Demand Multiplier
+```
+
+## Design Decisions
+
+| Decision      | Choice                       | Rationale                                                  |
+| ------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Pattern       | Static class, pure functions | Matches existing rules (XpCalculator, CraftingOutcomeRule) |
+| Quality tiers | 6 tiers from GDD             | Proven design from gdd-crafting.md                         |
+| Supply/demand | Simple enum-based            | Phase 1 requirement: "basic"                               |
+| Return type   | Currency value object        | Type safety, matches existing patterns                     |
+| Rounding      | Math.Round()                 | Standard rounding for copper amounts                       |
+
+## Quality Multipliers
+
+Matching GDD crafting system quality tiers and value multipliers:
+
+| Quality Tier | Quality Range | Price Multiplier | GDD Source                |
+| ------------ | ------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------- |
+| Crude        | 0-20          | 0.5x             | gdd-crafting.md section 8 |
+| Common       | 21-40         | 1.0x             | gdd-crafting.md section 8 |
+| Quality      | 41-60         | 1.5x             | gdd-crafting.md section 8 |
+| Fine         | 61-80         | 2.0x             | gdd-crafting.md section 8 |
+| Superior     | 81-99         | 3.0x             | gdd-crafting.md section 8 |
+| Masterwork   | 100+          | 5.0x             | gdd-crafting.md section 8 |
+
+**Implementation:**
+
+```csharp
+private static decimal CalculateQualityMultiplier(int quality)
+{
+    return quality switch
+    {
+        <= 20 => 0.5m,
+        <= 40 => 1.0m,
+        <= 60 => 1.5m,
+        <= 80 => 2.0m,
+        <= 99 => 3.0m,
+        _ => 5.0m  // 100+
+    };
+}
+```
+
+## Supply/Demand System (Basic)
+
+**Phase 1 Implementation:** Simple enum-based modifier
+
+| Level    | Modifier | Use Case                               |
+| -------- | -------- | -------------------------------------- |
+| Abundant | 0.5x     | Local overproduction, common materials |
+| Normal   | 1.0x     | Balanced market (default)              |
+| Scarce   | 1.5x     | Limited supply, increased demand       |
+| VeryRare | 2.0x     | Crisis, trade route disruption         |
+
+**Phase 2 Expansion (Deferred):**
+
+- Per-item inventory tracking
+- Dynamic calculation based on supply/demand curves
+- Trade route impacts
+- Event-driven scarcity
+- Regional specialization effects
+
+## API Design
+
+### Primary Method
+
+```csharp
+public static Currency CalculatePrice(
+    Currency basePrice,
+    int quality,
+    decimal supplyDemandModifier = 1.0m)
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+- `basePrice`: Base currency value for the item (from recipe/definition)
+- `quality`: Item quality (0-100+, matches CraftingOutcomeResult.FinalQuality)
+- `supplyDemandModifier`: Settlement market modifier (0.5-2.0, default 1.0)
+
+**Returns:** Final price as `Currency` value object
+
+**Validation:**
+
+- `basePrice`: Must be non-negative (Currency enforces this)
+- `quality`: Must be non-negative (negative quality = ArgumentOutOfRangeException)
+- `supplyDemandModifier`: Must be positive (zero/negative = ArgumentOutOfRangeException)
+
+### Helper Methods
+
+```csharp
+private static decimal CalculateQualityMultiplier(int quality)
+```
+
+Maps quality value to price multiplier using tier thresholds.
+
+## Architecture
+
+**Location:** `src/FantasyRpgWorld.Core/Rules/PriceCalculator.cs`
+
+**Pattern:** Static class with pure functions (stateless)
+
+**Dependencies:**
+
+- `FantasyRpgWorld.Core.Domain.ValueObjects.Currency`
+
+**Used By (Future):**
+
+- `TradeAction` (Issue #44) - NPC trading
+- `EconomySystem` (Issue #45) - Trade processing
+- Commission pricing
+- Shop inventory generation
+
+## Test Coverage
+
+**File:** `tests/FantasyRpgWorld.Core.Tests/Rules/PriceCalculatorTests.cs`
+
+**Test Cases:**
+
+1. **Quality Multipliers** (6 tests)
+   - Crude quality (quality=10) → 0.5x
+   - Common quality (quality=30) → 1.0x
+   - Quality tier (quality=50) → 1.5x
+   - Fine quality (quality=70) → 2.0x
+   - Superior quality (quality=90) → 3.0x
+   - Masterwork quality (quality=100) → 5.0x
+
+2. **Supply/Demand Modifiers** (4 tests)
+   - Abundant (0.5x)
+   - Normal (1.0x)
+   - Scarce (1.5x)
+   - Very Rare (2.0x)
+
+3. **Combined Modifiers** (2 tests)
+   - High quality + scarce supply
+   - Low quality + abundant supply
+
+4. **Edge Cases** (5 tests)
+   - Quality = 0 (minimum)
+   - Quality > 100 (masterwork tier)
+   - Zero base price
+   - Negative quality (throws exception)
+   - Negative/zero supply modifier (throws exception)
+
+5. **Rounding Behavior** (2 tests)
+   - Fractional copper rounds correctly
+   - Large values don't overflow
+
+**Total Expected Tests:** ~19 tests
+
+## Example Calculations
+
+**Example 1: Common Iron Sword**
+
+- Base Price: 50 copper
+- Quality: 35 (Common)
+- Supply/Demand: 1.0 (Normal)
+- Final Price: 50 × 1.0 × 1.0 = **50 copper**
+
+**Example 2: Fine Steel Sword (Scarce Market)**
+
+- Base Price: 50 copper
+- Quality: 75 (Fine)
+- Supply/Demand: 1.5 (Scarce)
+- Final Price: 50 × 2.0 × 1.5 = **150 copper**
+
+**Example 3: Masterwork Mithril Blade (Abundant Market)**
+
+- Base Price: 500 copper (5 silver)
+- Quality: 105 (Masterwork)
+- Supply/Demand: 0.5 (Abundant)
+- Final Price: 500 × 5.0 × 0.5 = **1250 copper (12 silver, 50 copper)**
+
+## Verification
+
+Issue #43 requirements:
+
+✅ **Base price × quality modifier** - Implemented with 6-tier quality multiplier system
+✅ **Settlement supply/demand (basic)** - Implemented with 4-level enum-based modifier
+✅ **Prices vary by quality** - Prices range from 0.5x to 5.0x based on quality tier
+
+## Future Enhancements (Phase 2)
+
+1. **Dynamic Supply/Demand**
+   - Track settlement inventory levels per item type
+   - Calculate modifier from supply/demand curves
+   - Factor in production vs consumption rates
+
+2. **Market Complexity**
+   - Regional price variations
+   - Trade route status impacts
+   - Event-driven price spikes
+   - Merchant skill modifiers
+
+3. **Advanced Pricing**
+   - Item rarity modifiers
+   - Material quality impact (beyond outcome quality)
+   - Enchantment value calculations
+   - Historical price tracking
+
+4. **NPC Personality Effects**
+   - Generous merchants → lower prices
+   - Greedy merchants → higher prices
+   - Relationship bonuses/penalties
+   - Haggling skill impacts
+
+## Implementation Notes
+
+- Use `decimal` for intermediate calculations to avoid precision loss
+- Round final result to integer copper (Currency.FromCopper expects int)
+- Supply/demand modifier defaults to 1.0 for convenience
+- Quality validation matches existing quality system (0-100+ range)
+- Pattern consistency with XpCalculator (static class, pure functions)
+
+## References
+
+- GDD: `docs/design/gdd-crafting.md` (quality tiers, value multipliers)
+- GDD: `docs/design/gdd-economy.md` (dynamic pricing factors)
+- Existing: `ExpenseDefinition.CalculateCost` (quality-based calculation pattern)
+- Existing: `CraftingOutcomeResult.FinalQuality` (quality value source)