Theory_Notes.md

OOPs Concepts in Python

Introduction

OOP stands for Object Oriented Programming It is a programming method in which we use classes and objects to solve real-world problems. OOP helps us organize the code properly and makes it reusable

Python supports OOP concepts such as:

• Class
• Object
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction

1. Class

A class is a blueprint for creating objects Example:

class Student:
    pass

Here Student is a class

2. Object

An object is an instance of a class Example:

s1 = Student()

Here s1 is an object of Student class

3. Constructor

A constructor is a special function that runs automatically when an object is created In Python we use init() as constructor Example:

class Student:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name

s1 = Student("Naman")

4. Encapsulation

Encapsulation means wrapping data and methods into a single unit It is used to protect data from direct access Example:

class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self):
        self.__balance = 1000

Here __balance is a private variable Advantages:

• Data security
• Better control on data

5. Inheritance

Inheritance allows one class to use properties and methods of another class Example:

class Employee:
    def work(self):
        print("Working")

class Manager(Employee):
    pass

Here Manager inherits Employee.

Advantages:

• Code reuse
• Less coding
• Easy maintenance

6. Polymorphism

Polymorphism means one method can have different forms Example:

class Car:
    def start(self):
        print("Car Starts")

class Bike:
    def start(self):
        print("Bike Starts")

The same method start() gives different outputs Advantages:

• Flexibility
• Reusable code

7. Abstraction

Abstraction means hiding unnecessary details and showing only important information Example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):

    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass

Advantages:

• Hides complexity
• Makes code simple

Difference Between Class and Object

Class-Blueprint,Logical entity ,Used to create objects Object-Instance,Physical entity, Created from class

Advantages of OOP

1. Code Reusability
2. Easy Maintenance
3. Better Security
4. Easy to Understand
5. Real World Representation