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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Effects</title>
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</head>
<body>
    <nav class="navbar border-bottom sticky-top navbar-expand-lg bg-white">
        <div class="container-fluid">
          <a class="navbar-brand text-black" href="./index.html">SWM</a>
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            <ul class="navbar-nav">
              <li class="nav-item me-5">
                <a class="nav-link text-dark" aria-current="page" href="#air">Air Pollution</a>
              </li>
              <li class="nav-item me-5">
                <a class="nav-link text-dark"  href="#water">Water Contamination</a>
              </li>
              <li class="nav-item me-5">
                <a class="nav-link text-dark"  href="#soil">Soil Contamination</a>
              </li>

            </ul>
          </div>
        </div>
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      <!-- air -->
      <section class="container-fluid p-0 bg-dark">
        <div id="air" class="row">
            <div class="">
        <h1 class="text-center text-white mt-3 text-uppercase">Air Pollutiion</h1>
                <p class="text-white mt-5 text-center">
                    Air pollution consists of chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of humans, animals, and plants. It also damages buildings. Pollutants in the air take many forms. They can be gases, solid particles, or liquid droplets.
                </p>
                <h3 class="text-dark text-center p-3 bg-white">Sources of Air Pollution</h3>
                <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">Pollution enters the Earth's atmosphere in many different ways. Most air pollution is created by people, taking the form of emissions from factories, cars, planes, or aerosol cans. Second-hand cigarette smoke is also considered air pollution. These man-made sources of pollution are called anthropogenic sources.

                    Some types of air pollution, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, occur naturally. These are called natural sources.

                    Air pollution is most common in large cities where emissions from many different sources are concentrated. Sometimes, mountains or tall buildings prevent air pollution from spreading out. This air pollution often appears as a cloud making the air murky. It is called smog. The word "smog" comes from combining the words "smoke" and "fog."

                    Large cities in poor and developing nations tend to have more air pollution than cities in developed nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), some of the worlds most polluted cities are Karachi, Pakistan; New Delhi, India; Beijing, China; Lima, Peru; and Cairo, Egypt. However, many developed nations also have air pollution problems. Los Angeles, California, is nicknamed Smog City.</p>
            </div>

            <div class="">

                        <h3 class="text-dark text-center bg-white p-3 ">Indoor Air Pollution</h3>
                        <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">Pollution enters the Earth's atmosphere in many different ways. Most air pollution is created by people, taking the form of emissions from factories, cars, planes, or aerosol cans. Second-hand cigarette smoke is also considered air pollution. These man-made sources of pollution are called anthropogenic sources.

                            Some types of air pollution, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, occur naturally. These are called natural sources.

                            Air pollution is most common in large cities where emissions from many different sources are concentrated. Sometimes, mountains or tall buildings prevent air pollution from spreading out. This air pollution often appears as a cloud making the air murky. It is called smog. The word "smog" comes from combining the words "smoke" and "fog."

                            Large cities in poor and developing nations tend to have more air pollution than cities in developed nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), some of the worlds most polluted cities are Karachi, Pakistan; New Delhi, India; Beijing, China; Lima, Peru; and Cairo, Egypt. However, many developed nations also have air pollution problems. Los Angeles, California, is nicknamed Smog City.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="">

                <h3 class="text-dark text-center bg-white p-3">Effects On Humans</h3>
                <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">People experience a wide range of health effects from being exposed to air pollution. Effects can be broken down into short-term effects and long-term effects.

                    Short-term effects, which are temporary, include illnesses such as pneumonia or bronchitis. They also include discomfort such as irritation to the nose, throat, eyes, or skin. Air pollution can also cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Bad smells made by factories, garbage, or sewer systems are considered air pollution, too. These odors are less serious but still unpleasant.

                    Long-term effects of air pollution can last for years or for an entire lifetime. They can even lead to a person's death. Long-term health effects from air pollution include heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases such as emphysema. Air pollution can also cause long-term damage to people's nerves, brain, kidneys, liver, and other organs. Some scientists suspect air pollutants cause birth defects. Nearly 2.5 million people die worldwide each year from the effects of outdoor or indoor air pollution.

                    People react differently to different types of air pollution. Young children and older adults, whose immune systems tend to be weaker, are often more sensitive to pollution. Conditions such as asthma, heart disease, and lung disease can be made worse by exposure to air pollution. The length of exposure and amount and type of pollutants are also factors.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="">

                <h3 class="text-dark text-center bg-white p-3">Effects On The Environment</h3>
                <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">Like people, animals, and plants, entire ecosystems can suffer effects from air pollution. Haze, like smog, is a visible type of air pollution that obscures shapes and colors. Hazy air pollution can even muffle sounds.

                    Air pollution particles eventually fall back to Earth. Air pollution can directly contaminate the surface of bodies of water and soil. This can kill crops or reduce their yield. It can kill young trees and other plants.

                    Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide particles in the air, can create acid rain when they mix with water and oxygen in the atmosphere. These air pollutants come mostly from coal-fired power plants and motor vehicles. When acid rain falls to Earth, it damages plants by changing soil composition; degrades water quality in rivers, lakes and streams; damages crops; and can cause buildings and monuments to decay.

                    Like humans, animals can suffer health effects from exposure to air pollution. Birth defects, diseases, and lower reproductive rates have all been attributed to air pollution.
                    </p>
              </div>

              <div class="col">
                <div class="row">
                  <a class="text-center text-decoration-none text-white mt-4 mb-5" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air-pollution/#" target="_blank">
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                  </a>
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      </section>

      <!-- water -->
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        <div id="water" class="row">
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        <h1 class="text-center text-dark mt-5 text-uppercase">Water Contamination</h1>
                <h3 class="text-black"><small>How water gets contaminated?</small></h3>
                <p class="text-black mt-3 ">
                    <b>
                        Germs and chemicals can get in drinking water at the water’s source or in the distribution system after the water has already been treated. Harmful germs and chemicals can get in the water from many sources, including:
                    </b>

                   <ul>
                    <li>
                    Fertilizers, pesticides, or other chemicals that have been applied to land near the water
                    </li>
                    <li>
                    Concentrated feeding operations (large industrial animal farms)
                    </li>
                    <li>
                    Manufacturing operations
                    </li>
                    <li>
                    Sewer overflows
                    </li>
                    <li>
                    Storm water
                    </li>
                    <li>
                    Wildlife
                    </li>
                    <li>
                    Rocks and soil that naturally have chemicals and minerals such as arsenic, radon, and uranium
                    </li>
                    <li>
                    Cracks in water pipes or other problems in the distribution system
                    </li>
                   </ul>
                </p>
                <h3 class="text-white text-center m-0 p-3 bg-dark">Germs that can contaminate tap water</h3>
                <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                    Cryptosporidium	Legionella
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Campylobacter	Norovirus
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    E. coli O157	Rotavirus
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Enterovirus	Salmonella
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Giardia	Shigella
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Hepatitis A virus
                        </li>
                    </ul>
            </div>

            <div class="">

                        <h3 class="text-white text-center p-3 bg-dark ">Private well owners are responsible for testing their water</h3>
                        <p class="text-dark mt-3 text-center">
                            Unlike public drinking water supplies, private wells are not regulated by EPA. Owners of private wells are responsible for testing their water to make sure it is safe to drink.

                            If you have a private well, test it at least once a year for mechanical problems, cleanliness, coliform bacteria, nitrates, and any other germs or chemicals of local concern. Also check your well after flooding or if you suspect a problem (for example, a change in taste or smell). Germs and chemicals can get in wells after flooding, particularly if wells are shallow, were dug or bored, or were covered by floodwater for days or weeks.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="col">
                <div class="row">
                  <a class="text-center text-decoration-none text-white mt-4 mb-5" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/contamination.html" target="_blank">
                  <button class="btn btn-outline-dark">Reference</button>
                  </a>
                </div>
               </div>
        </div>
      </section>

      <!-- soil -->

      <section class="container-fluid m-0 bg-dark">
        <div id="soil" class="row">
            <div class="">
        <h1 class="text-center text-white mt-5 text-uppercase">Soil pollution</h1>
                <p class="text-white mt-5">
                    Phenomena such as erosion, loss of organic carbon, increased salt content, compacting, acidification and chemical pollution are the major causes of current soil degradation. Moreover, the FAO distinguishes between two types of soil pollution:
                </p>

                <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">
                    <ul class="text-white">
                        <li>
                            Specific pollution: accounted for by particular causes, occurring in small areas the reasons for which can be easily identified. Land pollution such as this is normally found in cities, old factory sites, around roadways, illegal dumps and sewage treatment stations.

                        </li>
                        <li>
                            Widespread pollution: covers extensive areas and has several causes the reasons for which are difficult to identify. Cases such as these involve the spreading of pollutants by air-ground-water systems and seriously affect human health and the environment.
                        </li>
                    </ul>

                 </p>
            </div>

            <div class="">

                        <h3 class="text-dark text-center bg-white p-3">Consequences of soil pollution</h3>
                        <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">The toxic substances that are deposited on the earth's surface harm our health and well-being and affect food, water and air quality. The most important effects of soil pollution according to IPBES and the FAO are indicated below:

                            <ul class="text-white">
                                <li>Damage to health
                                    <br>
                                    <br>

                                    Soil pollutants enter our body through the food chain, causing illnesses to appear. Moreover, the spread of antibiotics in the environment increases the pathogens' resistance to these drugs.</li>
                                    <br>
                                    <li>Poorer harvests
                                        <br>
                                        <br>
                                        Soil pollution agents jeopardise world food security by reducing the amount and quality of harvests.
                                    </li>
                            </ul>

                        </p>
              </div>

              <div class="">

                <h3 class="text-dark text-center bg-white p-3">Solutions to reduce soil pollution
                </h3>
                <p class="text-white mt-3 text-center">Soil degradation is a complex problem that requires governments, institutions, communities and individuals to take joint measures. The following are just some of the things we can do to improve its health:
                    <ul class="text-white">
                        <li>
                    Eat sustainable foodstuffs, properly recycle batteries, produce homemade compost and dispose of drugs in the places authorised for this purpose.
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Encourage a more eco-friendly model for industry, farming and stock breeding, among other economic activities.
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Improve urban planning and transport planning and waste water treatment.
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Improve the management of mining waste, restore the landscape and conserve topsoil.
                        </li>
                        <li>
                    Involve local communities and indigenous peoples in the design, implementation and assessment of sustainable land and soil management.
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </p>
              </div>

              <div class="col">
                <div class="row">
                  <a class="text-center text-decoration-none text-white mt-4 mb-5" href="https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/soil-pollution-causes-effects-solutions#:~:text=Among%20the%20most%20common%20causes,of%20urban%20and%20transport%20infrastructures." target="_blank">
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