cpplint.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Copyright (c) 2009 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
#    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
#    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

"""Does google-lint on c++ files.

The goal of this script is to identify places in the code that *may*
be in non-compliance with google style.  It does not attempt to fix
up these problems -- the point is to educate.  It does also not
attempt to find all problems, or to ensure that everything it does
find is legitimately a problem.

In particular, we can get very confused by /* and // inside strings!
We do a small hack, which is to ignore //'s with "'s after them on the
same line, but it is far from perfect (in either direction).
"""

from __future__ import annotations  # PEP 604 not in 3.9

import codecs
import collections
import copy
import getopt
import glob
import itertools
import math  # for log
import os
import re
import string
import sys
import sysconfig
import unicodedata
import xml.etree.ElementTree

# if empty, use defaults
_valid_extensions: set[str] = set()

__VERSION__ = "2.0.3-dev0"

_USAGE = """
Syntax: cpplint.py [--verbose=#] [--output=emacs|eclipse|vs7|junit|sed|gsed]
                   [--filter=-x,+y,...]
                   [--counting=total|toplevel|detailed] [--root=subdir]
                   [--repository=path]
                   [--linelength=digits] [--headers=x,y,...] [--third_party_headers=pattern]
                   [--recursive]
                   [--exclude=path]
                   [--extensions=hpp,cpp,...]
                   [--includeorder=default|standardcfirst]
                   [--config=filename]
                   [--quiet]
                   [--version]
        <file> [file] ...

  Style checker for C/C++ source files.
  This is a fork of the Google style checker with minor extensions.

  The style guidelines this tries to follow are those in
    https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html

  Every problem is given a confidence score from 1-5, with 5 meaning we are
  certain of the problem, and 1 meaning it could be a legitimate construct.
  This will miss some errors, and is not a substitute for a code review.

  To suppress false-positive errors of certain categories, add a
  'NOLINT(category[, category...])' comment to the line.  NOLINT or NOLINT(*)
  suppresses errors of all categories on that line. To suppress categories
  on the next line use NOLINTNEXTLINE instead of NOLINT. To suppress errors in
  a block of code 'NOLINTBEGIN(category[, category...])' comment to a line at
  the start of the block and to end the block add a comment with 'NOLINTEND'.
  NOLINT blocks are inclusive so any statements on the same line as a BEGIN
  or END will have the error suppression applied.

  The files passed in will be linted; at least one file must be provided.
  Default linted extensions are %s.
  Other file types will be ignored.
  Change the extensions with the --extensions flag.

  Flags:

    output=emacs|eclipse|vs7|junit|sed|gsed
      By default, the output is formatted to ease emacs parsing.  Visual Studio
      compatible output (vs7) may also be used.  Further support exists for
      eclipse (eclipse), and JUnit (junit). XML parsers such as those used
      in Jenkins and Bamboo may also be used.
      The sed format outputs sed commands that should fix some of the errors.
      Note that this requires gnu sed. If that is installed as gsed on your
      system (common e.g. on macOS with homebrew) you can use the gsed output
      format. Sed commands are written to stdout, not stderr, so you should be
      able to pipe output straight to a shell to run the fixes.

    verbose=#
      Specify a number 0-5 to restrict errors to certain verbosity levels.
      Errors with lower verbosity levels have lower confidence and are more
      likely to be false positives.

    quiet
      Don't print anything if no errors are found.

    filter=-x,+y,...
      Specify a comma-separated list of category-filters to apply: only
      error messages whose category names pass the filters will be printed.
      (Category names are printed with the message and look like
      "[whitespace/indent]".)  Filters are evaluated left to right.
      "-FOO" means "do not print categories that start with FOO".
      "+FOO" means "do print categories that start with FOO".

      Examples: --filter=-whitespace,+whitespace/braces
                --filter=-whitespace,-runtime/printf,+runtime/printf_format
                --filter=-,+build/include_what_you_use

      To see a list of all the categories used in cpplint, pass no arg:
         --filter=

      Filters can directly be limited to files and also line numbers. The
      syntax is category:file:line , where line is optional. The filter limitation
      works for both + and - and can be combined with ordinary filters:

      Examples: --filter=-whitespace:foo.h,+whitespace/braces:foo.h
                --filter=-whitespace,-runtime/printf:foo.h:14,+runtime/printf_format:foo.h
                --filter=-,+build/include_what_you_use:foo.h:321

    counting=total|toplevel|detailed
      The total number of errors found is always printed. If
      'toplevel' is provided, then the count of errors in each of
      the top-level categories like 'build' and 'whitespace' will
      also be printed. If 'detailed' is provided, then a count
      is provided for each category like 'legal/copyright'.

    repository=path
      The top level directory of the repository, used to derive the header
      guard CPP variable. By default, this is determined by searching for a
      path that contains .git, .hg, or .svn. When this flag is specified, the
      given path is used instead. This option allows the header guard CPP
      variable to remain consistent even if members of a team have different
      repository root directories (such as when checking out a subdirectory
      with SVN). In addition, users of non-mainstream version control systems
      can use this flag to ensure readable header guard CPP variables.

      Examples:
        Assuming that Alice checks out ProjectName and Bob checks out
        ProjectName/trunk and trunk contains src/chrome/ui/browser.h, then
        with no --repository flag, the header guard CPP variable will be:

        Alice => TRUNK_SRC_CHROME_BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_
        Bob   => SRC_CHROME_BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_

        If Alice uses the --repository=trunk flag and Bob omits the flag or
        uses --repository=. then the header guard CPP variable will be:

        Alice => SRC_CHROME_BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_
        Bob   => SRC_CHROME_BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_

    root=subdir
      The root directory used for deriving header guard CPP variable.
      This directory is relative to the top level directory of the repository
      which by default is determined by searching for a directory that contains
      .git, .hg, or .svn but can also be controlled with the --repository flag.
      If the specified directory does not exist, this flag is ignored.

      Examples:
        Assuming that src is the top level directory of the repository (and
        cwd=top/src), the header guard CPP variables for
        src/chrome/browser/ui/browser.h are:

        No flag => CHROME_BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_
        --root=chrome => BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_
        --root=chrome/browser => UI_BROWSER_H_
        --root=.. => SRC_CHROME_BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_

    linelength=digits
      This is the allowed line length for the project. The default value is
      80 characters.

      Examples:
        --linelength=120

    recursive
      Search for files to lint recursively. Each directory given in the list
      of files to be linted is replaced by all files that descend from that
      directory. Files with extensions not in the valid extensions list are
      excluded.

    exclude=path
      Exclude the given path from the list of files to be linted. Relative
      paths are evaluated relative to the current directory and shell globbing
      is performed. This flag can be provided multiple times to exclude
      multiple files.

      Examples:
        --exclude=one.cc
        --exclude=src/*.cc
        --exclude=src/*.cc --exclude=test/*.cc

    extensions=extension,extension,...
      The allowed file extensions that cpplint will check

      Examples:
        --extensions=%s

    includeorder=default|standardcfirst
      For the build/include_order rule, the default is to blindly assume angle
      bracket includes with file extension are c-system-headers (default),
      even knowing this will have false classifications.
      The default is established at google.
      standardcfirst means to instead use an allow-list of known c headers and
      treat all others as separate group of "other system headers". The C headers
      included are those of the C-standard lib and closely related ones.

    config=filename
      Search for config files with the specified name instead of CPPLINT.cfg

    headers=x,y,...
      The header extensions that cpplint will treat as .h in checks. Values are
      automatically added to --extensions list.
     (by default, only files with extensions %s will be assumed to be headers)
    third_party_headers=pattern
      Regex for identifying third-party headers to exclude from include checks.

      Examples:
        --headers=%s
        --headers=hpp,hxx
        --headers=hpp

    cpplint.py supports per-directory configurations specified in CPPLINT.cfg
    files. CPPLINT.cfg file can contain a number of key=value pairs.
    Currently the following options are supported:

      set noparent
      filter=+filter1,-filter2,...
      exclude_files=regex
      linelength=80
      root=subdir
      headers=x,y,...
      third_party_headers=pattern

    "set noparent" option prevents cpplint from traversing directory tree
    upwards looking for more .cfg files in parent directories. This option
    is usually placed in the top-level project directory.

    The "filter" option is similar in function to --filter flag. It specifies
    message filters in addition to the |_DEFAULT_FILTERS| and those specified
    through --filter command-line flag.

    "exclude_files" allows to specify a regular expression to be matched against
    a file name. If the expression matches, the file is skipped and not run
    through the linter.

    "linelength" allows to specify the allowed line length for the project.

    The "root" option is similar in function to the --root flag (see example
    above). Paths are relative to the directory of the CPPLINT.cfg.

    The "headers" option is similar in function to the --headers flag
    (see example above).

    CPPLINT.cfg has an effect on files in the same directory and all
    sub-directories, unless overridden by a nested configuration file.

      Example file:
        filter=-build/include_order,+build/include_alpha
        exclude_files=.*\\.cc

    The above example disables build/include_order warning and enables
    build/include_alpha as well as excludes all .cc from being
    processed by linter, in the current directory (where the .cfg
    file is located) and all sub-directories.
"""

# We categorize each error message we print.  Here are the categories.
# We want an explicit list so we can list them all in cpplint --filter=.
# If you add a new error message with a new category, add it to the list
# here!  cpplint_unittest.py should tell you if you forget to do this.
_ERROR_CATEGORIES = [
    "build/c++11",
    "build/c++17",
    "build/deprecated",
    "build/endif_comment",
    "build/explicit_make_pair",
    "build/forward_decl",
    "build/header_guard",
    "build/include",
    "build/include_alpha",
    "build/include_inline",
    "build/include_order",
    "build/include_subdir",
    "build/include_what_you_use",
    "build/namespaces_headers",
    "build/namespaces/header/block/literals",
    "build/namespaces/header/block/nonliterals",
    "build/namespaces/header/namespace/literals",
    "build/namespaces/header/namespace/nonliterals",
    "build/namespaces/source/block/literals",
    "build/namespaces/source/block/nonliterals",
    "build/namespaces/source/namespace/literals",
    "build/namespaces/source/namespace/nonliterals",
    "build/printf_format",
    "build/storage_class",
    "legal/copyright",
    "readability/alt_tokens",
    "readability/braces",
    "readability/casting",
    "readability/check",
    "readability/constructors",
    "readability/fn_size",
    "readability/inheritance",
    "readability/multiline_comment",
    "readability/multiline_string",
    "readability/namespace",
    "readability/nolint",
    "readability/nul",
    "readability/todo",
    "readability/utf8",
    "runtime/arrays",
    "runtime/casting",
    "runtime/explicit",
    "runtime/int",
    "runtime/init",
    "runtime/invalid_increment",
    "runtime/member_string_references",
    "runtime/memset",
    "runtime/operator",
    "runtime/printf",
    "runtime/printf_format",
    "runtime/references",
    "runtime/string",
    "runtime/threadsafe_fn",
    "runtime/vlog",
    "runtime/v8_persistent",
    "whitespace/blank_line",
    "whitespace/braces",
    "whitespace/comma",
    "whitespace/comments",
    "whitespace/empty_conditional_body",
    "whitespace/empty_if_body",
    "whitespace/empty_loop_body",
    "whitespace/end_of_line",
    "whitespace/ending_newline",
    "whitespace/forcolon",
    "whitespace/indent",
    "whitespace/indent_namespace",
    "whitespace/line_length",
    "whitespace/newline",
    "whitespace/operators",
    "whitespace/parens",
    "whitespace/semicolon",
    "whitespace/tab",
    "whitespace/todo",
]

# keywords to use with --outputs which generate stdout for machine processing
_MACHINE_OUTPUTS = ["junit", "sed", "gsed"]

# These error categories are no longer enforced by cpplint, but for backwards-
# compatibility they may still appear in NOLINT comments.
_LEGACY_ERROR_CATEGORIES = [
    "build/class",
    "readability/streams",
    "readability/function",
]

# These prefixes for categories should be ignored since they relate to other
# tools which also use the NOLINT syntax, e.g. clang-tidy.
_OTHER_NOLINT_CATEGORY_PREFIXES = [
    "clang-analyzer-",
    "abseil-",
    "altera-",
    "android-",
    "boost-",
    "bugprone-",
    "cert-",
    "concurrency-",
    "cppcoreguidelines-",
    "darwin-",
    "fuchsia-",
    "google-",
    "hicpp-",
    "linuxkernel-",
    "llvm-",
    "llvmlibc-",
    "misc-",
    "modernize-",
    "mpi-",
    "objc-",
    "openmp-",
    "performance-",
    "portability-",
    "readability-",
    "zircon-",
]

# The default state of the category filter. This is overridden by the --filter=
# flag. By default all errors are on, so only add here categories that should be
# off by default (i.e., categories that must be enabled by the --filter= flags).
# All entries here should start with a '-' or '+', as in the --filter= flag.
_DEFAULT_FILTERS = [
    "-build/include_alpha",
    "-readability/fn_size",
    "-runtime/references",
]

# The default list of categories suppressed for C (not C++) files.
_DEFAULT_C_SUPPRESSED_CATEGORIES = [
    "readability/casting",
]

# The default list of categories suppressed for Linux Kernel files.
_DEFAULT_KERNEL_SUPPRESSED_CATEGORIES = [
    "whitespace/tab",
]

# We used to check for high-bit characters, but after much discussion we
# decided those were OK, as long as they were in UTF-8 and didn't represent
# hard-coded international strings, which belong in a separate i18n file.

# C++ headers
_CPP_HEADERS = frozenset(
    [
        # Legacy
        "algobase.h",
        "algo.h",
        "alloc.h",
        "builtinbuf.h",
        "bvector.h",
        # 'complex.h', collides with System C header "complex.h" since C11
        "defalloc.h",
        "deque.h",
        "editbuf.h",
        "fstream.h",
        "function.h",
        "hash_map",
        "hash_map.h",
        "hash_set",
        "hash_set.h",
        "hashtable.h",
        "heap.h",
        "indstream.h",
        "iomanip.h",
        "iostream.h",
        "istream.h",
        "iterator.h",
        "list.h",
        "map.h",
        "multimap.h",
        "multiset.h",
        "ostream.h",
        "pair.h",
        "parsestream.h",
        "pfstream.h",
        "procbuf.h",
        "pthread_alloc",
        "pthread_alloc.h",
        "rope",
        "rope.h",
        "ropeimpl.h",
        "set.h",
        "slist",
        "slist.h",
        "stack.h",
        "stdiostream.h",
        "stl_alloc.h",
        "stl_relops.h",
        "streambuf.h",
        "stream.h",
        "strfile.h",
        "strstream.h",
        "tempbuf.h",
        "tree.h",
        "type_traits.h",
        "vector.h",
        # C++ library headers
        "algorithm",
        "array",
        "atomic",
        "bitset",
        "chrono",
        "codecvt",
        "complex",
        "condition_variable",
        "deque",
        "exception",
        "forward_list",
        "fstream",
        "functional",
        "future",
        "initializer_list",
        "iomanip",
        "ios",
        "iosfwd",
        "iostream",
        "istream",
        "iterator",
        "limits",
        "list",
        "locale",
        "map",
        "memory",
        "mutex",
        "new",
        "numeric",
        "ostream",
        "queue",
        "random",
        "ratio",
        "regex",
        "scoped_allocator",
        "set",
        "sstream",
        "stack",
        "stdexcept",
        "streambuf",
        "string",
        "strstream",
        "system_error",
        "thread",
        "tuple",
        "typeindex",
        "typeinfo",
        "type_traits",
        "unordered_map",
        "unordered_set",
        "utility",
        "valarray",
        "vector",
        # C++14 headers
        "shared_mutex",
        # C++17 headers
        "any",
        "charconv",
        "codecvt",
        "execution",
        "filesystem",
        "memory_resource",
        "optional",
        "string_view",
        "variant",
        # C++20 headers
        "barrier",
        "bit",
        "compare",
        "concepts",
        "coroutine",
        "format",
        "latch",
        "numbers",
        "ranges",
        "semaphore",
        "source_location",
        "span",
        "stop_token",
        "syncstream",
        "version",
        # C++23 headers
        "expected",
        "flat_map",
        "flat_set",
        "generator",
        "mdspan",
        "print",
        "spanstream",
        "stacktrace",
        "stdfloat",
        # C++ headers for C library facilities
        "cassert",
        "ccomplex",
        "cctype",
        "cerrno",
        "cfenv",
        "cfloat",
        "cinttypes",
        "ciso646",
        "climits",
        "clocale",
        "cmath",
        "csetjmp",
        "csignal",
        "cstdalign",
        "cstdarg",
        "cstdbool",
        "cstddef",
        "cstdint",
        "cstdio",
        "cstdlib",
        "cstring",
        "ctgmath",
        "ctime",
        "cuchar",
        "cwchar",
        "cwctype",
    ]
)

# C headers
_C_HEADERS = frozenset(
    [
        # System C headers
        "assert.h",
        "complex.h",
        "ctype.h",
        "errno.h",
        "fenv.h",
        "float.h",
        "inttypes.h",
        "iso646.h",
        "limits.h",
        "locale.h",
        "math.h",
        "setjmp.h",
        "signal.h",
        "stdalign.h",
        "stdarg.h",
        "stdatomic.h",
        "stdbool.h",
        "stddef.h",
        "stdint.h",
        "stdio.h",
        "stdlib.h",
        "stdnoreturn.h",
        "string.h",
        "tgmath.h",
        "threads.h",
        "time.h",
        "uchar.h",
        "wchar.h",
        "wctype.h",
        # C23 headers
        "stdbit.h",
        "stdckdint.h",
        # additional POSIX C headers
        "aio.h",
        "arpa/inet.h",
        "cpio.h",
        "dirent.h",
        "dlfcn.h",
        "fcntl.h",
        "fmtmsg.h",
        "fnmatch.h",
        "ftw.h",
        "glob.h",
        "grp.h",
        "iconv.h",
        "langinfo.h",
        "libgen.h",
        "monetary.h",
        "mqueue.h",
        "ndbm.h",
        "net/if.h",
        "netdb.h",
        "netinet/in.h",
        "netinet/tcp.h",
        "nl_types.h",
        "poll.h",
        "pthread.h",
        "pwd.h",
        "regex.h",
        "sched.h",
        "search.h",
        "semaphore.h",
        "setjmp.h",
        "signal.h",
        "spawn.h",
        "strings.h",
        "stropts.h",
        "syslog.h",
        "tar.h",
        "termios.h",
        "trace.h",
        "ulimit.h",
        "unistd.h",
        "utime.h",
        "utmpx.h",
        "wordexp.h",
        # additional GNUlib headers
        "a.out.h",
        "aliases.h",
        "alloca.h",
        "ar.h",
        "argp.h",
        "argz.h",
        "byteswap.h",
        "crypt.h",
        "endian.h",
        "envz.h",
        "err.h",
        "error.h",
        "execinfo.h",
        "fpu_control.h",
        "fstab.h",
        "fts.h",
        "getopt.h",
        "gshadow.h",
        "ieee754.h",
        "ifaddrs.h",
        "libintl.h",
        "mcheck.h",
        "mntent.h",
        "obstack.h",
        "paths.h",
        "printf.h",
        "pty.h",
        "resolv.h",
        "shadow.h",
        "sysexits.h",
        "ttyent.h",
        # Additional linux glibc headers
        "dlfcn.h",
        "elf.h",
        "features.h",
        "gconv.h",
        "gnu-versions.h",
        "lastlog.h",
        "libio.h",
        "link.h",
        "malloc.h",
        "memory.h",
        "netash/ash.h",
        "netatalk/at.h",
        "netax25/ax25.h",
        "neteconet/ec.h",
        "netipx/ipx.h",
        "netiucv/iucv.h",
        "netpacket/packet.h",
        "netrom/netrom.h",
        "netrose/rose.h",
        "nfs/nfs.h",
        "nl_types.h",
        "nss.h",
        "re_comp.h",
        "regexp.h",
        "sched.h",
        "sgtty.h",
        "stab.h",
        "stdc-predef.h",
        "stdio_ext.h",
        "syscall.h",
        "termio.h",
        "thread_db.h",
        "ucontext.h",
        "ustat.h",
        "utmp.h",
        "values.h",
        "wait.h",
        "xlocale.h",
        # Hardware specific headers
        "arm_neon.h",
        "emmintrin.h",
        "xmmintin.h",
    ]
)

# Folders of C libraries so commonly used in C++,
# that they have parity with standard C libraries.
C_STANDARD_HEADER_FOLDERS = frozenset(
    [
        # standard C library
        "sys",
        # glibc for linux
        "arpa",
        "asm-generic",
        "bits",
        "gnu",
        "net",
        "netinet",
        "protocols",
        "rpc",
        "rpcsvc",
        "scsi",
        # linux kernel header
        "drm",
        "linux",
        "misc",
        "mtd",
        "rdma",
        "sound",
        "video",
        "xen",
    ]
)

# Type names
_TYPES = re.compile(
    r"^(?:"
    # [dcl.type.simple]
    r"(char(16_t|32_t)?)|wchar_t|"
    r"bool|short|int|long|signed|unsigned|float|double|"
    # [support.types]
    r"(ptrdiff_t|size_t|max_align_t|nullptr_t)|"
    # [cstdint.syn]
    r"(u?int(_fast|_least)?(8|16|32|64)_t)|"
    r"(u?int(max|ptr)_t)|"
    r")$"
)

# Pattern for matching FileInfo.BaseName() against test file name
_test_suffixes = ["_test", "_regtest", "_unittest"]
_TEST_FILE_SUFFIX = "(" + "|".join(_test_suffixes) + r")$"

# Pattern that matches only complete whitespace, possibly across multiple lines.
_EMPTY_CONDITIONAL_BODY_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^\s*$", re.DOTALL)

# Assertion macros.  These are defined in base/logging.h and
# testing/base/public/gunit.h.
_CHECK_MACROS = [
    "DCHECK",
    "CHECK",
    "EXPECT_TRUE",
    "ASSERT_TRUE",
    "EXPECT_FALSE",
    "ASSERT_FALSE",
]

# Replacement macros for CHECK/DCHECK/EXPECT_TRUE/EXPECT_FALSE
_CHECK_REPLACEMENT: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = {macro_var: {} for macro_var in _CHECK_MACROS}

for op, replacement in [
    ("==", "EQ"),
    ("!=", "NE"),
    (">=", "GE"),
    (">", "GT"),
    ("<=", "LE"),
    ("<", "LT"),
]:
    _CHECK_REPLACEMENT["DCHECK"][op] = f"DCHECK_{replacement}"
    _CHECK_REPLACEMENT["CHECK"][op] = f"CHECK_{replacement}"
    _CHECK_REPLACEMENT["EXPECT_TRUE"][op] = f"EXPECT_{replacement}"
    _CHECK_REPLACEMENT["ASSERT_TRUE"][op] = f"ASSERT_{replacement}"

for op, inv_replacement in [
    ("==", "NE"),
    ("!=", "EQ"),
    (">=", "LT"),
    (">", "LE"),
    ("<=", "GT"),
    ("<", "GE"),
]:
    _CHECK_REPLACEMENT["EXPECT_FALSE"][op] = f"EXPECT_{inv_replacement}"
    _CHECK_REPLACEMENT["ASSERT_FALSE"][op] = f"ASSERT_{inv_replacement}"

# Alternative tokens and their replacements.  For full list, see section 2.5
# Alternative tokens [lex.digraph] in the C++ standard.
#
# Digraphs (such as '%:') are not included here since it's a mess to
# match those on a word boundary.
_ALT_TOKEN_REPLACEMENT = {
    "and": "&&",
    "bitor": "|",
    "or": "||",
    "xor": "^",
    "compl": "~",
    "bitand": "&",
    "and_eq": "&=",
    "or_eq": "|=",
    "xor_eq": "^=",
    "not": "!",
    "not_eq": "!=",
}

# Compile regular expression that matches all the above keywords.  The "[ =()]"
# bit is meant to avoid matching these keywords outside of boolean expressions.
#
# False positives include C-style multi-line comments and multi-line strings
# but those have always been troublesome for cpplint.
_ALT_TOKEN_REPLACEMENT_PATTERN = re.compile(
    r"([ =()])(" + ("|".join(_ALT_TOKEN_REPLACEMENT.keys())) + r")([ (]|$)"
)


# These constants define types of headers for use with
# _IncludeState.CheckNextIncludeOrder().
_C_SYS_HEADER = 1
_CPP_SYS_HEADER = 2
_OTHER_SYS_HEADER = 3
_LIKELY_MY_HEADER = 4
_POSSIBLE_MY_HEADER = 5
_OTHER_HEADER = 6

# These constants define the current inline assembly state
_NO_ASM = 0  # Outside of inline assembly block
_INSIDE_ASM = 1  # Inside inline assembly block
_END_ASM = 2  # Last line of inline assembly block
_BLOCK_ASM = 3  # The whole block is an inline assembly block

# Match start of assembly blocks
_MATCH_ASM = re.compile(
    r"^\s*(?:asm|_asm|__asm|__asm__)"
    r"(?:\s+(volatile|__volatile__))?"
    r"\s*[{(]"
)

# Match strings that indicate we're working on a C (not C++) file.
_SEARCH_C_FILE = re.compile(
    r"\b(?:LINT_C_FILE|"
    r"vim?:\s*.*(\s*|:)filetype=c(\s*|:|$))"
)

# Match string that indicates we're working on a Linux Kernel file.
_SEARCH_KERNEL_FILE = re.compile(r"\b(?:LINT_KERNEL_FILE)")

_NULL_TOKEN_PATTERN = re.compile(r'\bNULL\b')

_V8_PERSISTENT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'\bv8::Persistent\b')

_RIGHT_LEANING_POINTER_PATTERN = re.compile(r'[^=|(,\s><);&?:}]'
                                            r'(?<!(sizeof|return))'
                                            r'\s\*[a-zA-z_][0-9a-zA-z_]*')

# Commands for sed to fix the problem
_SED_FIXUPS = {
    "Remove spaces around =": r"s/ = /=/",
    "Remove spaces around !=": r"s/ != /!=/",
    "Remove space before ( in if (": r"s/if (/if(/",
    "Remove space before ( in for (": r"s/for (/for(/",
    "Remove space before ( in while (": r"s/while (/while(/",
    "Remove space before ( in switch (": r"s/switch (/switch(/",
    "Should have a space between // and comment": r"s/\/\//\/\/ /",
    "Missing space before {": r"s/\([^ ]\){/\1 {/",
    "Tab found, replace by spaces": r"s/\t/  /g",
    "Line ends in whitespace.  Consider deleting these extra spaces.": r"s/\s*$//",
    "You don't need a ; after a }": r"s/};/}/",
    "Missing space after ,": r"s/,\([^ ]\)/, \1/g",
}

# Used for backwards compatibility and ease of use
_FILTER_SHORTCUTS = {
    "build/namespaces_literals": [
        "build/namespaces/header/block/literals",
        "build/namespaces/header/namespace/literals",
        "build/namespaces/source/block/literals",
        "build/namespaces/source/namespace/literals",
    ]
}

# The root directory used for deriving header guard CPP variable.
# This is set by --root flag.
_root = None
_root_debug = False

# The top level repository directory. If set, _root is calculated relative to
# this directory instead of the directory containing version control artifacts.
# This is set by the --repository flag.
_repository = None

# Files to exclude from linting. This is set by the --exclude flag.
_excludes = None

# Whether to suppress all PrintInfo messages, UNRELATED to --quiet flag
_quiet = False

# The allowed line length of files.
# This is set by --linelength flag.
_line_length = 80

# This allows to use different include order rule than default
_include_order = "default"

# This allows different config files to be used
_config_filename = ".cpplint"

# Treat all headers starting with 'h' equally: .h, .hpp, .hxx etc.
# This is set by --headers flag.
_hpp_headers: set[str] = set()

# These headers are excluded from [build/include_subdir], [build/include_order], and
# [build/include_alpha]
# The default checks are following
# - Anything not following google file name conventions (containing an
#   uppercase character, such as Python.h or nsStringAPI.h, for example).
# - Lua headers.
# Default pattern for third-party headers (uppercase .h or Lua headers).
_THIRD_PARTY_HEADERS_DEFAULT = r"^(?:[^/]*[A-Z][^/]*\.h|lua\.h|lauxlib\.h|lualib\.h)$"
_third_party_headers_pattern = re.compile(_THIRD_PARTY_HEADERS_DEFAULT)


class ErrorSuppressions:
    """Class to track all error suppressions for cpplint"""

    class LineRange:
        """Class to represent a range of line numbers for which an error is suppressed"""

        def __init__(self, begin, end):
            self.begin = begin
            self.end = end

        def __str__(self):
            return f"[{self.begin}-{self.end}]"

        def __contains__(self, obj):
            return self.begin <= obj <= self.end

        def ContainsRange(self, other):
            return self.begin <= other.begin and self.end >= other.end

    def __init__(self):
        self._suppressions = collections.defaultdict(list)
        self._open_block_suppression = None

    def _AddSuppression(self, category, line_range):
        suppressed = self._suppressions[category]
        if not (suppressed and suppressed[-1].ContainsRange(line_range)):
            suppressed.append(line_range)

    def GetOpenBlockStart(self):
        """:return: The start of the current open block or `-1` if there is not an open block"""
        return self._open_block_suppression.begin if self._open_block_suppression else -1

    def AddGlobalSuppression(self, category):
        """Add a suppression for `category` which is suppressed for the whole file"""
        self._AddSuppression(category, self.LineRange(0, math.inf))

    def AddLineSuppression(self, category, linenum):
        """Add a suppression for `category` which is suppressed only on `linenum`"""
        self._AddSuppression(category, self.LineRange(linenum, linenum))

    def StartBlockSuppression(self, category, linenum):
        """Start a suppression block for `category` on `linenum`. inclusive"""
        if self._open_block_suppression is None:
            self._open_block_suppression = self.LineRange(linenum, math.inf)
        self._AddSuppression(category, self._open_block_suppression)

    def EndBlockSuppression(self, linenum):
        """End the current block suppression on `linenum`. inclusive"""
        if self._open_block_suppression:
            self._open_block_suppression.end = linenum
            self._open_block_suppression = None

    def IsSuppressed(self, category, linenum):
        """:return: `True` if `category` is suppressed for `linenum`"""
        suppressed = self._suppressions[category] + self._suppressions[None]
        return any(linenum in lr for lr in suppressed)

    def HasOpenBlock(self):
        """:return: `True` if a block suppression was started but not ended"""
        return self._open_block_suppression is not None

    def Clear(self):
        """Clear all current error suppressions"""
        self._suppressions.clear()
        self._open_block_suppression = None


# {str, set(int)}: a map from error categories to sets of linenumbers
# on which those errors are expected and should be suppressed.
_error_suppressions = ErrorSuppressions()


def ProcessHppHeadersOption(val):
    global _hpp_headers
    try:
        _hpp_headers = {ext.strip() for ext in val.split(",")}
    except ValueError:
        PrintUsage("Header extensions must be comma separated list.")


def ProcessIncludeOrderOption(val):
    if val is None or val == "default":
        pass
    elif val == "standardcfirst":
        global _include_order
        _include_order = val
    else:
        PrintUsage("Invalid includeorder value %s. Expected default|standardcfirst")


def ProcessThirdPartyHeadersOption(val):
    """Sets the regex pattern for third-party headers."""
    global _third_party_headers_pattern
    try:
        _third_party_headers_pattern = re.compile(val)
    except re.error:
        PrintUsage(f"Invalid third_party_headers pattern: {val}")


def IsHeaderExtension(file_extension):
    return file_extension in GetHeaderExtensions()


def GetHeaderExtensions():
    if _hpp_headers:
        return _hpp_headers
    if _valid_extensions:
        return {h for h in _valid_extensions if "h" in h}
    return {"h", "hh", "hpp", "hxx", "h++", "cuh"}


# The allowed extensions for file names
# This is set by --extensions flag
def GetAllExtensions():
    return GetHeaderExtensions().union(_valid_extensions or {"c", "cc", "cpp", "cxx", "c++", "cu"})


def ProcessExtensionsOption(val):
    global _valid_extensions
    try:
        extensions = [ext.strip() for ext in val.split(",")]
        _valid_extensions = set(extensions)
    except ValueError:
        PrintUsage(
            "Extensions should be a comma-separated list of values;"
            "for example: extensions=hpp,cpp\n"
            f'This could not be parsed: "{val}"'
        )


def GetNonHeaderExtensions():
    return GetAllExtensions().difference(GetHeaderExtensions())


def ParseNolintSuppressions(filename, raw_line, linenum, error):
    """Updates the global list of line error-suppressions.

    Parses any NOLINT comments on the current line, updating the global
    error_suppressions store.  Reports an error if the NOLINT comment
    was malformed.

    Args:
      filename: str, the name of the input file.
      raw_line: str, the line of input text, with comments.
      linenum: int, the number of the current line.
      error: function, an error handler.
    """
    if matched := re.search(r"\bNOLINT(NEXTLINE|BEGIN|END)?\b(\([^)]+\))?", raw_line):
        no_lint_type = matched.group(1)
        if no_lint_type == "NEXTLINE":

            def ProcessCategory(category):
                _error_suppressions.AddLineSuppression(category, linenum + 1)
        elif no_lint_type == "BEGIN":
            if _error_suppressions.HasOpenBlock():
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "readability/nolint",
                    5,
                    (
                        "NONLINT block already defined on line "
                        f"{_error_suppressions.GetOpenBlockStart()}"
                    ),
                )

            def ProcessCategory(category):
                _error_suppressions.StartBlockSuppression(category, linenum)
        elif no_lint_type == "END":
            if not _error_suppressions.HasOpenBlock():
                error(filename, linenum, "readability/nolint", 5, "Not in a NOLINT block")

            def ProcessCategory(category):
                if category is not None:
                    error(
                        filename,
                        linenum,
                        "readability/nolint",
                        5,
                        f"NOLINT categories not supported in block END: {category}",
                    )
                _error_suppressions.EndBlockSuppression(linenum)
        else:

            def ProcessCategory(category):
                _error_suppressions.AddLineSuppression(category, linenum)

        categories = matched.group(2)
        if categories in (None, "(*)"):  # => "suppress all"
            ProcessCategory(None)
        elif categories.startswith("(") and categories.endswith(")"):
            for category in {c.strip() for c in categories[1:-1].split(",")}:
                if category in _ERROR_CATEGORIES:
                    ProcessCategory(category)
                elif any(c for c in _OTHER_NOLINT_CATEGORY_PREFIXES if category.startswith(c)):
                    # Ignore any categories from other tools.
                    pass
                elif category not in _LEGACY_ERROR_CATEGORIES:
                    error(
                        filename,
                        linenum,
                        "readability/nolint",
                        5,
                        f"Unknown NOLINT error category: {category}",
                    )


def ProcessGlobalSuppressions(filename: str, lines: list[str]) -> None:
    """Updates the list of global error suppressions.

    Parses any lint directives in the file that have global effect.

    Args:
      lines: An array of strings, each representing a line of the file, with the
             last element being empty if the file is terminated with a newline.
      filename: str, the name of the input file.
    """
    for line in lines:
        if _SEARCH_C_FILE.search(line) or filename.lower().endswith((".c", ".cu")):
            for category in _DEFAULT_C_SUPPRESSED_CATEGORIES:
                _error_suppressions.AddGlobalSuppression(category)
        if _SEARCH_KERNEL_FILE.search(line):
            for category in _DEFAULT_KERNEL_SUPPRESSED_CATEGORIES:
                _error_suppressions.AddGlobalSuppression(category)


def ResetNolintSuppressions():
    """Resets the set of NOLINT suppressions to empty."""
    _error_suppressions.Clear()


def IsErrorSuppressedByNolint(category, linenum):
    """Returns true if the specified error category is suppressed on this line.

    Consults the global error_suppressions map populated by
    ParseNolintSuppressions/ProcessGlobalSuppressions/ResetNolintSuppressions.

    Args:
      category: str, the category of the error.
      linenum: int, the current line number.
    Returns:
      bool, True iff the error should be suppressed due to a NOLINT comment,
      block suppression or global suppression.
    """
    return _error_suppressions.IsSuppressed(category, linenum)


def _IsSourceExtension(s):
    """File extension (excluding dot) matches a source file extension."""
    return s in GetNonHeaderExtensions()


class _IncludeState:
    """Tracks line numbers for includes, and the order in which includes appear.

    include_list contains list of lists of (header, line number) pairs.
    It's a lists of lists rather than just one flat list to make it
    easier to update across preprocessor boundaries.

    Call CheckNextIncludeOrder() once for each header in the file, passing
    in the type constants defined above. Calls in an illegal order will
    raise an _IncludeError with an appropriate error message.

    """

    # self._section will move monotonically through this set. If it ever
    # needs to move backwards, CheckNextIncludeOrder will raise an error.
    _INITIAL_SECTION = 0
    _MY_H_SECTION = 1
    _OTHER_H_SECTION = 2
    _C_SECTION = 3
    _CPP_SECTION = 4
    _OTHER_SYS_SECTION = 5

    _TYPE_NAMES = {
        _C_SYS_HEADER: "C system header",
        _CPP_SYS_HEADER: "C++ system header",
        _OTHER_SYS_HEADER: "other system header",
        _LIKELY_MY_HEADER: "header this file implements",
        _POSSIBLE_MY_HEADER: "header this file may implement",
        _OTHER_HEADER: "other header",
    }
    _SECTION_NAMES = {
        _INITIAL_SECTION: "... nothing. (This can't be an error.)",
        _MY_H_SECTION: "a header this file implements",
        _OTHER_H_SECTION: "other header",
        _C_SECTION: "C system header",
        _CPP_SECTION: "C++ system header",
        _OTHER_SYS_SECTION: "other system header",
    }

    def __init__(self):
        self.include_list = [[]]
        self._section = None
        self._last_header = None
        self.ResetSection("")

    def FindHeader(self, header):
        """Check if a header has already been included.

        Args:
          header: header to check.
        Returns:
          Line number of previous occurrence, or -1 if the header has not
          been seen before.
        """
        for section_list in self.include_list:
            for f in section_list:
                if f[0] == header:
                    return f[1]
        return -1

    def ResetSection(self, directive):
        """Reset section checking for preprocessor directive.

        Args:
          directive: preprocessor directive (e.g. "if", "else").
        """
        # The name of the current section.
        self._section = self._INITIAL_SECTION
        # The path of last found header.
        self._last_header = ""

        # Update list of includes.  Note that we never pop from the
        # include list.
        if directive in ("if", "ifdef", "ifndef"):
            self.include_list.append([])
        elif directive in ("else", "elif"):
            self.include_list[-1] = []

    def SetLastHeader(self, header_path):
        self._last_header = header_path

    def CanonicalizeAlphabeticalOrder(self, header_path):
        """Returns a path canonicalized for alphabetical comparison.

        - replaces "-" with "_" so they both cmp the same.
        - removes '-inl' since we don't require them to be after the main header.
        - lowercase everything, just in case.

        Args:
          header_path: Path to be canonicalized.

        Returns:
          Canonicalized path.
        """
        return header_path.replace("-inl.h", ".h").replace("-", "_").lower()

    def IsInAlphabeticalOrder(self, clean_lines, linenum, header_path):
        """Check if a header is in alphabetical order with the previous header.

        Args:
          clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
          linenum: The number of the line to check.
          header_path: Canonicalized header to be checked.

        Returns:
          Returns true if the header is in alphabetical order.
        """
        # If previous section is different from current section, _last_header will
        # be reset to empty string, so it's always less than current header.
        #
        # If previous line was a blank line, assume that the headers are
        # intentionally sorted the way they are.
        return not (
            self._last_header > header_path
            and re.match(r"^\s*#\s*include\b", clean_lines.elided[linenum - 1])
        )

    def CheckNextIncludeOrder(self, header_type):
        """Returns a non-empty error message if the next header is out of order.

        This function also updates the internal state to be ready to check
        the next include.

        Args:
          header_type: One of the _XXX_HEADER constants defined above.

        Returns:
          The empty string if the header is in the right order, or an
          error message describing what's wrong.

        """
        error_message = (
            f"Found {self._TYPE_NAMES[header_type]} after {self._SECTION_NAMES[self._section]}"
        )

        last_section = self._section

        if header_type == _C_SYS_HEADER:
            if self._section <= self._C_SECTION:
                self._section = self._C_SECTION
            else:
                self._last_header = ""
                return error_message
        elif header_type == _CPP_SYS_HEADER:
            if self._section <= self._CPP_SECTION:
                self._section = self._CPP_SECTION
            else:
                self._last_header = ""
                return error_message
        elif header_type == _OTHER_SYS_HEADER:
            if self._section <= self._OTHER_SYS_SECTION:
                self._section = self._OTHER_SYS_SECTION
            else:
                self._last_header = ""
                return error_message
        elif header_type == _LIKELY_MY_HEADER:
            if self._section <= self._MY_H_SECTION:
                self._section = self._MY_H_SECTION
            else:
                self._section = self._OTHER_H_SECTION
        elif header_type == _POSSIBLE_MY_HEADER:
            if self._section <= self._MY_H_SECTION:
                self._section = self._MY_H_SECTION
            else:
                # This will always be the fallback because we're not sure
                # enough that the header is associated with this file.
                self._section = self._OTHER_H_SECTION
        else:
            assert header_type == _OTHER_HEADER
            self._section = self._OTHER_H_SECTION

        if last_section != self._section:
            self._last_header = ""

        return ""


class _CppLintState:
    """Maintains module-wide state.."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.verbose_level = 1  # global setting.
        self.error_count = 0  # global count of reported errors
        # filters to apply when emitting error messages
        self.filters = _DEFAULT_FILTERS[:]
        # backup of filter list. Used to restore the state after each file.
        self._filters_backup = self.filters[:]
        self.counting = "total"  # In what way are we counting errors?
        self.errors_by_category = {}  # string to int dict storing error counts
        self.quiet = False  # Suppress non-error messages?

        # output format:
        # "emacs" - format that emacs can parse (default)
        # "eclipse" - format that eclipse can parse
        # "vs7" - format that Microsoft Visual Studio 7 can parse
        # "junit" - format that Jenkins, Bamboo, etc can parse
        # "sed" - returns a gnu sed command to fix the problem
        # "gsed" - like sed, but names the command gsed, e.g. for macOS homebrew users
        self.output_format = "emacs"

        # For JUnit output, save errors and failures until the end so that they
        # can be written into the XML
        self._junit_errors = []
        self._junit_failures = []

    def SetOutputFormat(self, output_format):
        """Sets the output format for errors."""
        self.output_format = output_format

    def SetQuiet(self, quiet):
        """Sets the module's quiet settings, and returns the previous setting."""
        last_quiet = self.quiet
        self.quiet = quiet
        return last_quiet

    def SetVerboseLevel(self, level):
        """Sets the module's verbosity, and returns the previous setting."""
        last_verbose_level = self.verbose_level
        self.verbose_level = level
        return last_verbose_level

    def SetCountingStyle(self, counting_style):
        """Sets the module's counting options."""
        self.counting = counting_style

    def SetFilters(self, filters):
        """Sets the error-message filters.

        These filters are applied when deciding whether to emit a given
        error message.

        Args:
          filters: A string of comma-separated filters (eg "+whitespace/indent").
                   Each filter should start with + or -; else we die.

        Raises:
          ValueError: The comma-separated filters did not all start with '+' or '-'.
                      E.g. "-,+whitespace,-whitespace/indent,whitespace/badfilter"
        """
        # Default filters always have less priority than the flag ones.
        self.filters = _DEFAULT_FILTERS[:]
        self.AddFilters(filters)

    def AddFilters(self, filters):
        """Adds more filters to the existing list of error-message filters."""
        for filt in filters.split(","):
            clean_filt = filt.strip()
            if clean_filt:
                if len(clean_filt) > 1 and clean_filt[1:] in _FILTER_SHORTCUTS:
                    starting_char = clean_filt[0]
                    new_filters = [starting_char + x for x in _FILTER_SHORTCUTS[clean_filt[1:]]]
                    self.filters.extend(new_filters)
                else:
                    self.filters.append(clean_filt)
        for filt in self.filters:
            if not filt.startswith(("+", "-")):
                msg = f"Every filter in --filters must start with + or - ({filt} does not)"
                raise ValueError(msg)

    def BackupFilters(self):
        """Saves the current filter list to backup storage."""
        self._filters_backup = self.filters[:]

    def RestoreFilters(self):
        """Restores filters previously backed up."""
        self.filters = self._filters_backup[:]

    def ResetErrorCounts(self):
        """Sets the module's error statistic back to zero."""
        self.error_count = 0
        self.errors_by_category = {}

    def IncrementErrorCount(self, category):
        """Bumps the module's error statistic."""
        self.error_count += 1
        if self.counting in ("toplevel", "detailed"):
            if self.counting != "detailed":
                category = category.split("/")[0]
            if category not in self.errors_by_category:
                self.errors_by_category[category] = 0
            self.errors_by_category[category] += 1

    def PrintErrorCounts(self):
        """Print a summary of errors by category, and the total."""
        for category, count in sorted(dict.items(self.errors_by_category)):
            self.PrintInfo(f"Category '{category}' errors found: {count}\n")
        if self.error_count > 0:
            self.PrintInfo(f"Total errors found: {self.error_count}\n")

    def PrintInfo(self, message):
        # _quiet does not represent --quiet flag.
        # Hide infos from stdout to keep stdout pure for machine consumption
        if not _quiet and self.output_format not in _MACHINE_OUTPUTS:
            sys.stdout.write(message)

    def PrintError(self, message):
        if self.output_format == "junit":
            self._junit_errors.append(message)
        else:
            sys.stderr.write(message)

    def AddJUnitFailure(self, filename, linenum, message, category, confidence):
        self._junit_failures.append((filename, linenum, message, category, confidence))

    def FormatJUnitXML(self):
        num_errors = len(self._junit_errors)
        num_failures = len(self._junit_failures)

        testsuite = xml.etree.ElementTree.Element("testsuite")
        testsuite.attrib["errors"] = str(num_errors)
        testsuite.attrib["failures"] = str(num_failures)
        testsuite.attrib["name"] = "cpplint"

        if num_errors == 0 and num_failures == 0:
            testsuite.attrib["tests"] = str(1)
            xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement(testsuite, "testcase", name="passed")

        else:
            testsuite.attrib["tests"] = str(num_errors + num_failures)
            if num_errors > 0:
                testcase = xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement(testsuite, "testcase")
                testcase.attrib["name"] = "errors"
                error = xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement(testcase, "error")
                error.text = "\n".join(self._junit_errors)
            if num_failures > 0:
                # Group failures by file
                failed_file_order = []
                failures_by_file = {}
                for failure in self._junit_failures:
                    failed_file = failure[0]
                    if failed_file not in failed_file_order:
                        failed_file_order.append(failed_file)
                        failures_by_file[failed_file] = []
                    failures_by_file[failed_file].append(failure)
                # Create a testcase for each file
                for failed_file in failed_file_order:
                    failures = failures_by_file[failed_file]
                    testcase = xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement(testsuite, "testcase")
                    testcase.attrib["name"] = failed_file
                    failure = xml.etree.ElementTree.SubElement(testcase, "failure")
                    template = "{0}: {1} [{2}] [{3}]"
                    texts = [template.format(f[1], f[2], f[3], f[4]) for f in failures]
                    failure.text = "\n".join(texts)

        xml_decl = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>\n'
        return xml_decl + xml.etree.ElementTree.tostring(testsuite, "utf-8").decode("utf-8")


_cpplint_state = _CppLintState()


def _OutputFormat():
    """Gets the module's output format."""
    return _cpplint_state.output_format


def _SetOutputFormat(output_format):
    """Sets the module's output format."""
    _cpplint_state.SetOutputFormat(output_format)


def _Quiet():
    """Return's the module's quiet setting."""
    return _cpplint_state.quiet


def _SetQuiet(quiet):
    """Set the module's quiet status, and return previous setting."""
    return _cpplint_state.SetQuiet(quiet)


def _VerboseLevel():
    """Returns the module's verbosity setting."""
    return _cpplint_state.verbose_level


def _SetVerboseLevel(level):
    """Sets the module's verbosity, and returns the previous setting."""
    return _cpplint_state.SetVerboseLevel(level)


def _SetCountingStyle(level):
    """Sets the module's counting options."""
    _cpplint_state.SetCountingStyle(level)


def _Filters():
    """Returns the module's list of output filters, as a list."""
    return _cpplint_state.filters


def _SetFilters(filters):
    """Sets the module's error-message filters.

    These filters are applied when deciding whether to emit a given
    error message.

    Args:
      filters: A string of comma-separated filters (eg "whitespace/indent").
               Each filter should start with + or -; else we die.
    """
    _cpplint_state.SetFilters(filters)


def _AddFilters(filters):
    """Adds more filter overrides.

    Unlike _SetFilters, this function does not reset the current list of filters
    available.

    Args:
      filters: A string of comma-separated filters (eg "whitespace/indent").
               Each filter should start with + or -; else we die.
    """
    _cpplint_state.AddFilters(filters)


def _BackupFilters():
    """Saves the current filter list to backup storage."""
    _cpplint_state.BackupFilters()


def _RestoreFilters():
    """Restores filters previously backed up."""
    _cpplint_state.RestoreFilters()


class _FunctionState:
    """Tracks current function name and the number of lines in its body."""

    _NORMAL_TRIGGER = 250  # for --v=0, 500 for --v=1, etc.
    _TEST_TRIGGER = 400  # about 50% more than _NORMAL_TRIGGER.

    def __init__(self):
        self.in_a_function = False
        self.lines_in_function = 0
        self.current_function = ""

    def Begin(self, function_name):
        """Start analyzing function body.

        Args:
          function_name: The name of the function being tracked.
        """
        self.in_a_function = True
        self.lines_in_function = 0
        self.current_function = function_name

    def Count(self):
        """Count line in current function body."""
        if self.in_a_function:
            self.lines_in_function += 1

    def Check(self, error, filename, linenum):
        """Report if too many lines in function body.

        Args:
          error: The function to call with any errors found.
          filename: The name of the current file.
          linenum: The number of the line to check.
        """
        if not self.in_a_function:
            return

        if re.match(r"T(EST|est)", self.current_function):
            base_trigger = self._TEST_TRIGGER
        else:
            base_trigger = self._NORMAL_TRIGGER
        trigger = base_trigger * 2 ** _VerboseLevel()

        if self.lines_in_function > trigger:
            error_level = int(math.log2(self.lines_in_function / base_trigger))
            # 50 => 0, 100 => 1, 200 => 2, 400 => 3, 800 => 4, 1600 => 5, ...
            error_level = min(error_level, 5)
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "readability/fn_size",
                error_level,
                "Small and focused functions are preferred:"
                f" {self.current_function} has {self.lines_in_function} non-comment lines"
                f" (error triggered by exceeding {trigger} lines).",
            )

    def End(self):
        """Stop analyzing function body."""
        self.in_a_function = False


class _IncludeError(Exception):
    """Indicates a problem with the include order in a file."""

    pass


class FileInfo:
    """Provides utility functions for filenames.

    FileInfo provides easy access to the components of a file's path
    relative to the project root.
    """

    def __init__(self, filename):
        self._filename = filename

    def FullName(self):
        """Make Windows paths like Unix."""
        return os.path.abspath(self._filename).replace("\\", "/")

    def RepositoryName(self):
        r"""FullName after removing the local path to the repository.

        If we have a real absolute path name here we can try to do something smart:
        detecting the root of the checkout and truncating /path/to/checkout from
        the name so that we get header guards that don't include things like
        "C:\\Documents and Settings\\..." or "/home/username/..." in them and thus
        people on different computers who have checked the source out to different
        locations won't see bogus errors.
        """
        fullname = self.FullName()

        if os.path.exists(fullname):
            project_dir = os.path.dirname(fullname)

            # If the user specified a repository path, it exists, and the file is
            # contained in it, use the specified repository path
            if _repository:
                repo = FileInfo(_repository).FullName()
                root_dir = project_dir
                while os.path.exists(root_dir):
                    # allow case insensitive compare on Windows
                    if os.path.normcase(root_dir) == os.path.normcase(repo):
                        return os.path.relpath(fullname, root_dir).replace("\\", "/")
                    one_up_dir = os.path.dirname(root_dir)
                    if one_up_dir == root_dir:
                        break
                    root_dir = one_up_dir

            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(project_dir, ".svn")):
                # If there's a .svn file in the current directory, we recursively look
                # up the directory tree for the top of the SVN checkout
                root_dir = project_dir
                one_up_dir = os.path.dirname(root_dir)
                while os.path.exists(os.path.join(one_up_dir, ".svn")):
                    root_dir = os.path.dirname(root_dir)
                    one_up_dir = os.path.dirname(one_up_dir)

                prefix = os.path.commonprefix([root_dir, project_dir])
                return fullname[len(prefix) + 1 :]

            # Not SVN <= 1.6? Try to find a git, hg, or svn top level directory by
            # searching up from the current path.
            root_dir = current_dir = os.path.dirname(fullname)
            while current_dir != os.path.dirname(current_dir):
                if (
                    os.path.exists(os.path.join(current_dir, ".git"))
                    or os.path.exists(os.path.join(current_dir, ".hg"))
                    or os.path.exists(os.path.join(current_dir, ".svn"))
                ):
                    root_dir = current_dir
                    break
                current_dir = os.path.dirname(current_dir)

            if (
                os.path.exists(os.path.join(root_dir, ".git"))
                or os.path.exists(os.path.join(root_dir, ".hg"))
                or os.path.exists(os.path.join(root_dir, ".svn"))
            ):
                prefix = os.path.commonprefix([root_dir, project_dir])
                return fullname[len(prefix) + 1 :]

        # Don't know what to do; header guard warnings may be wrong...
        return fullname

    def Split(self):
        """Splits the file into the directory, basename, and extension.

        For 'chrome/browser/browser.cc', Split() would
        return ('chrome/browser', 'browser', '.cc')

        Returns:
          A tuple of (directory, basename, extension).
        """

        googlename = self.RepositoryName()
        project, rest = os.path.split(googlename)
        return (project,) + os.path.splitext(rest)

    def BaseName(self):
        """File base name - text after the final slash, before the final period."""
        return self.Split()[1]

    def Extension(self):
        """File extension - text following the final period, includes that period."""
        return self.Split()[2]

    def NoExtension(self):
        """File has no source file extension."""
        return "/".join(self.Split()[0:2])

    def IsSource(self):
        """File has a source file extension."""
        return _IsSourceExtension(self.Extension()[1:])


def _ShouldPrintError(category, confidence, filename, linenum):
    """If confidence >= verbose, category passes filter and is not suppressed."""

    # There are three ways we might decide not to print an error message:
    # a "NOLINT(category)" comment appears in the source,
    # the verbosity level isn't high enough, or the filters filter it out.
    if IsErrorSuppressedByNolint(category, linenum):
        return False

    if confidence < _cpplint_state.verbose_level:
        return False

    is_filtered = False
    for one_filter in _Filters():
        filter_cat, filter_file, filter_line = _ParseFilterSelector(one_filter[1:])
        category_match = category.startswith(filter_cat)
        file_match = filter_file in ("", filename)
        line_match = filter_line in (linenum, -1)

        if one_filter.startswith("-"):
            if category_match and file_match and line_match:
                is_filtered = True
        elif one_filter.startswith("+"):
            if category_match and file_match and line_match:
                is_filtered = False
        else:
            # should have been checked for in SetFilter.
            msg = f"Invalid filter: {one_filter}"
            raise ValueError(msg)
    return not is_filtered


def Error(filename, linenum, category, confidence, message):
    """Logs the fact we've found a lint error.

    We log where the error was found, and also our confidence in the error,
    that is, how certain we are this is a legitimate style regression, and
    not a misidentification or a use that's sometimes justified.

    False positives can be suppressed by the use of "NOLINT(category)"
    comments, NOLINTNEXTLINE or in blocks started by NOLINTBEGIN.  These
    are parsed into _error_suppressions.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the file containing the error.
      linenum: The number of the line containing the error.
      category: A string used to describe the "category" this bug
        falls under: "whitespace", say, or "runtime".  Categories
        may have a hierarchy separated by slashes: "whitespace/indent".
      confidence: A number from 1-5 representing a confidence score for
        the error, with 5 meaning that we are certain of the problem,
        and 1 meaning that it could be a legitimate construct.
      message: The error message.
    """
    if _ShouldPrintError(category, confidence, filename, linenum):
        _cpplint_state.IncrementErrorCount(category)
        if _cpplint_state.output_format == "vs7":
            _cpplint_state.PrintError(
                f"{filename}({linenum}): error cpplint: [{category}] {message} [{confidence}]\n"
            )
        elif _cpplint_state.output_format == "eclipse":
            sys.stderr.write(
                f"{filename}:{linenum}: warning: {message}  [{category}] [{confidence}]\n"
            )
        elif _cpplint_state.output_format == "junit":
            _cpplint_state.AddJUnitFailure(filename, linenum, message, category, confidence)
        elif _cpplint_state.output_format in ["sed", "gsed"]:
            if message in _SED_FIXUPS:
                sys.stdout.write(
                    f"{_cpplint_state.output_format} -i"
                    f" '{linenum}{_SED_FIXUPS[message]}' {filename}"
                    f" # {message}  [{category}] [{confidence}]\n"
                )
            else:
                sys.stderr.write(
                    f'# {filename}:{linenum}:  "{message}"  [{category}] [{confidence}]\n'
                )
        else:
            final_message = f"{filename}:{linenum}:  {message}  [{category}] [{confidence}]\n"
            sys.stderr.write(final_message)


# Matches standard C++ escape sequences per 2.13.2.3 of the C++ standard.
_RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_ESCAPES = re.compile(r'\\([abfnrtv?"\\\']|\d+|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)')
# Match a single C style comment on the same line.
_RE_PATTERN_C_COMMENTS = r"/\*(?:[^*]|\*(?!/))*\*/"
# Matches multi-line C style comments.
# This RE is a little bit more complicated than one might expect, because we
# have to take care of space removals tools so we can handle comments inside
# statements better.
# The current rule is: We only clear spaces from both sides when we're at the
# end of the line. Otherwise, we try to remove spaces from the right side,
# if this doesn't work we try on left side but only if there's a non-character
# on the right.
_RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_C_COMMENTS = re.compile(
    r"(\s*"
    + _RE_PATTERN_C_COMMENTS
    + r"\s*$|"
    + _RE_PATTERN_C_COMMENTS
    + r"\s+|"
    + r"\s+"
    + _RE_PATTERN_C_COMMENTS
    + r"(?=\W)|"
    + _RE_PATTERN_C_COMMENTS
    + r")"
)


def IsCppString(line):
    """Does line terminate so, that the next symbol is in string constant.

    This function does not consider single-line nor multi-line comments.

    Args:
      line: is a partial line of code starting from the 0..n.

    Returns:
      True, if next character appended to 'line' is inside a
      string constant.
    """

    line = line.replace(r"\\", "XX")  # after this, \\" does not match to \"
    return ((line.count('"') - line.count(r"\"") - line.count("'\"'")) & 1) == 1


def CleanseRawStrings(raw_lines):
    """Removes C++11 raw strings from lines.

      Before:
        static const char kData[] = R"(
            multi-line string
            )";

      After:
        static const char kData[] = ""
            (replaced by blank line)
            "";

    Args:
      raw_lines: list of raw lines.

    Returns:
      list of lines with C++11 raw strings replaced by empty strings.
    """

    delimiter = None
    lines_without_raw_strings = []
    for line in raw_lines:
        if delimiter:
            # Inside a raw string, look for the end
            end = line.find(delimiter)
            if end >= 0:
                # Found the end of the string, match leading space for this
                # line and resume copying the original lines, and also insert
                # a "" on the last line.
                leading_space = re.match(r"^(\s*)\S", line)
                line = leading_space.group(1) + '""' + line[end + len(delimiter) :]
                delimiter = None
            else:
                # Haven't found the end yet, append a blank line.
                line = '""'

        # Look for beginning of a raw string, and replace them with
        # empty strings.  This is done in a loop to handle multiple raw
        # strings on the same line.
        while delimiter is None:
            # Look for beginning of a raw string.
            # See 2.14.15 [lex.string] for syntax.
            #
            # Once we have matched a raw string, we check the prefix of the
            # line to make sure that the line is not part of a single line
            # comment.  It's done this way because we remove raw strings
            # before removing comments as opposed to removing comments
            # before removing raw strings.  This is because there are some
            # cpplint checks that requires the comments to be preserved, but
            # we don't want to check comments that are inside raw strings.
            matched = re.match(r'^(.*?)\b(?:R|u8R|uR|UR|LR)"([^\s\\()]*)\((.*)$', line)
            if matched and not re.match(
                r'^([^\'"]|\'(\\.|[^\'])*\'|"(\\.|[^"])*")*//', matched.group(1)
            ):
                delimiter = ")" + matched.group(2) + '"'

                end = matched.group(3).find(delimiter)
                if end >= 0:
                    # Raw string ended on same line
                    line = matched.group(1) + '""' + matched.group(3)[end + len(delimiter) :]
                    delimiter = None
                else:
                    # Start of a multi-line raw string
                    line = matched.group(1) + '""'
            else:
                break

        lines_without_raw_strings.append(line)

    # TODO(google): if delimiter is not None here, we might want to
    # emit a warning for unterminated string.
    return lines_without_raw_strings


def FindNextMultiLineCommentStart(lines, lineix):
    """Find the beginning marker for a multiline comment."""
    while lineix < len(lines):
        if lines[lineix].strip().startswith("/*"):
            # Only return this marker if the comment goes beyond this line
            if lines[lineix].strip().find("*/", 2) < 0:
                return lineix
        lineix += 1
    return len(lines)


def FindNextMultiLineCommentEnd(lines, lineix):
    """We are inside a comment, find the end marker."""
    while lineix < len(lines):
        if lines[lineix].strip().endswith("*/"):
            return lineix
        lineix += 1
    return len(lines)


def RemoveMultiLineCommentsFromRange(lines, begin, end):
    """Clears a range of lines for multi-line comments."""
    # Having // <empty> comments makes the lines non-empty, so we will not get
    # unnecessary blank line warnings later in the code.
    for i in range(begin, end):
        lines[i] = "/**/"


def RemoveMultiLineComments(filename, lines, error):
    """Removes multiline (c-style) comments from lines."""
    lineix = 0
    while lineix < len(lines):
        lineix_begin = FindNextMultiLineCommentStart(lines, lineix)
        if lineix_begin >= len(lines):
            return
        lineix_end = FindNextMultiLineCommentEnd(lines, lineix_begin)
        if lineix_end >= len(lines):
            error(
                filename,
                lineix_begin + 1,
                "readability/multiline_comment",
                5,
                "Could not find end of multi-line comment",
            )
            return
        RemoveMultiLineCommentsFromRange(lines, lineix_begin, lineix_end + 1)
        lineix = lineix_end + 1


def CleanseComments(line):
    """Removes //-comments and single-line C-style /* */ comments.

    Args:
      line: A line of C++ source.

    Returns:
      The line with single-line comments removed.
    """
    commentpos = line.find("//")
    if commentpos != -1 and not IsCppString(line[:commentpos]):
        line = line[:commentpos].rstrip()
    # get rid of /* ... */
    return _RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_C_COMMENTS.sub("", line)


def ReplaceAlternateTokens(line):
    """Replace any alternate token by its original counterpart.

    In order to comply with the google rule stating that unary operators should
    never be followed by a space, an exception is made for the 'not' and 'compl'
    alternate tokens. For these, any trailing space is removed during the
    conversion.

    Args:
      line: The line being processed.

    Returns:
      The line with alternate tokens replaced.
    """
    for match in _ALT_TOKEN_REPLACEMENT_PATTERN.finditer(line):
        token = _ALT_TOKEN_REPLACEMENT[match.group(2)]
        tail = "" if match.group(2) in ["not", "compl"] and match.group(3) == " " else r"\3"
        line = re.sub(match.re, rf"\1{token}{tail}", line, count=1)
    return line


class CleansedLines:
    """Holds 4 copies of all lines with different preprocessing applied to them.

    1) elided member contains lines without strings and comments.
    2) lines member contains lines without comments.
    3) raw_lines member contains all the lines without processing.
    4) lines_without_raw_strings member is same as raw_lines, but with C++11 raw
       strings removed.
    All these members are of <type 'list'>, and of the same length.
    """

    def __init__(self, lines):
        if "-readability/alt_tokens" in _cpplint_state.filters:
            for i, line in enumerate(lines):
                lines[i] = ReplaceAlternateTokens(line)
        self.elided = []
        self.lines = []
        self.raw_lines = lines
        self.num_lines = len(lines)
        self.lines_without_raw_strings = CleanseRawStrings(lines)
        for line in self.lines_without_raw_strings:
            self.lines.append(CleanseComments(line))
            elided = self._CollapseStrings(line)
            self.elided.append(CleanseComments(elided))

    def NumLines(self):
        """Returns the number of lines represented."""
        return self.num_lines

    @staticmethod
    def _CollapseStrings(elided):
        """Collapses strings and chars on a line to simple "" or '' blocks.

        We nix strings first so we're not fooled by text like '"http://"'

        Args:
          elided: The line being processed.

        Returns:
          The line with collapsed strings.
        """
        if _RE_PATTERN_INCLUDE.match(elided):
            return elided

        # Remove escaped characters first to make quote/single quote collapsing
        # basic.  Things that look like escaped characters shouldn't occur
        # outside of strings and chars.
        elided = _RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_ESCAPES.sub("", elided)

        # Replace quoted strings and digit separators.  Both single quotes
        # and double quotes are processed in the same loop, otherwise
        # nested quotes wouldn't work.
        collapsed = ""
        while True:
            # Find the first quote character
            match = re.match(r'^([^\'"]*)([\'"])(.*)$', elided)
            if not match:
                collapsed += elided
                break
            head, quote, tail = match.groups()

            if quote == '"':
                # Collapse double quoted strings
                second_quote = tail.find('"')
                if second_quote >= 0:
                    collapsed += head + '""'
                    elided = tail[second_quote + 1 :]
                else:
                    # Unmatched double quote, don't bother processing the rest
                    # of the line since this is probably a multiline string.
                    collapsed += elided
                    break
            else:
                # Found single quote, check nearby text to eliminate digit separators.
                #
                # There is no special handling for floating point here, because
                # the integer/fractional/exponent parts would all be parsed
                # correctly as long as there are digits on both sides of the
                # separator.  So we are fine as long as we don't see something
                # like "0.'3" (gcc 4.9.0 will not allow this literal).
                if re.search(r"\b(?:0[bBxX]?|[1-9])[0-9a-fA-F]*$", head):
                    match_literal = re.match(r"^((?:\'?[0-9a-zA-Z_])*)(.*)$", "'" + tail)
                    collapsed += head + match_literal.group(1).replace("'", "")
                    elided = match_literal.group(2)
                else:
                    second_quote = tail.find("'")
                    if second_quote >= 0:
                        collapsed += head + "''"
                        elided = tail[second_quote + 1 :]
                    else:
                        # Unmatched single quote
                        collapsed += elided
                        break

        return collapsed


def FindEndOfExpressionInLine(line, startpos, stack):
    """Find the position just after the end of current parenthesized expression.

    Args:
      line: a CleansedLines line.
      startpos: start searching at this position.
      stack: nesting stack at startpos.

    Returns:
      On finding matching end: (index just after matching end, None)
      On finding an unclosed expression: (-1, None)
      Otherwise: (-1, new stack at end of this line)
    """
    for i in range(startpos, len(line)):
        char = line[i]
        if char in "([{":
            # Found start of parenthesized expression, push to expression stack
            stack.append(char)
        elif char == "<":
            # Found potential start of template argument list
            if i > 0 and line[i - 1] == "<":
                # Left shift operator
                if stack and stack[-1] == "<":
                    stack.pop()
                    if not stack:
                        return (-1, None)
            elif i > 0 and re.search(r"\boperator\s*$", line[0:i]):
                # operator<, don't add to stack
                continue
            else:
                # Tentative start of template argument list
                stack.append("<")
        elif char in ")]}":
            # Found end of parenthesized expression.
            #
            # If we are currently expecting a matching '>', the pending '<'
            # must have been an operator.  Remove them from expression stack.
            while stack and stack[-1] == "<":
                stack.pop()
            if not stack:
                return (-1, None)
            if (
                (stack[-1] == "(" and char == ")")
                or (stack[-1] == "[" and char == "]")
                or (stack[-1] == "{" and char == "}")
            ):
                stack.pop()
                if not stack:
                    return (i + 1, None)
            else:
                # Mismatched parentheses
                return (-1, None)
        elif char == ">":
            # Found potential end of template argument list.

            # Ignore "->" and operator functions
            if i > 0 and (line[i - 1] == "-" or re.search(r"\boperator\s*$", line[0 : i - 1])):
                continue

            # Pop the stack if there is a matching '<'.  Otherwise, ignore
            # this '>' since it must be an operator.
            if stack and stack[-1] == "<":
                stack.pop()
                if not stack:
                    return (i + 1, None)
        elif char == ";":
            # Found something that look like end of statements.  If we are currently
            # expecting a '>', the matching '<' must have been an operator, since
            # template argument list should not contain statements.
            while stack and stack[-1] == "<":
                stack.pop()
            if not stack:
                return (-1, None)

    # Did not find end of expression or unbalanced parentheses on this line
    return (-1, stack)


def CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, pos):
    """If input points to ( or { or [ or <, finds the position that closes it.

    If lines[linenum][pos] points to a '(' or '{' or '[' or '<', finds the
    linenum/pos that correspond to the closing of the expression.

    TODO(google): cpplint spends a fair bit of time matching parentheses.
    Ideally we would want to index all opening and closing parentheses once
    and have CloseExpression be just a simple lookup, but due to preprocessor
    tricks, this is not so easy.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      pos: A position on the line.

    Returns:
      A tuple (line, linenum, pos) pointer *past* the closing brace, or
      (line, len(lines), -1) if we never find a close.  Note we ignore
      strings and comments when matching; and the line we return is the
      'cleansed' line at linenum.
    """

    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if (line[pos] not in "({[<") or re.match(r"<[<=]", line[pos:]):
        return (line, clean_lines.NumLines(), -1)

    # Check first line
    (end_pos, stack) = FindEndOfExpressionInLine(line, pos, [])
    if end_pos > -1:
        return (line, linenum, end_pos)

    # Continue scanning forward
    while stack and linenum < clean_lines.NumLines() - 1:
        linenum += 1
        line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
        (end_pos, stack) = FindEndOfExpressionInLine(line, 0, stack)
        if end_pos > -1:
            return (line, linenum, end_pos)

    # Did not find end of expression before end of file, give up
    return (line, clean_lines.NumLines(), -1)


def FindStartOfExpressionInLine(line, endpos, stack):
    """Find position at the matching start of current expression.

    This is almost the reverse of FindEndOfExpressionInLine, but note
    that the input position and returned position differs by 1.

    Args:
      line: a CleansedLines line.
      endpos: start searching at this position.
      stack: nesting stack at endpos.

    Returns:
      On finding matching start: (index at matching start, None)
      On finding an unclosed expression: (-1, None)
      Otherwise: (-1, new stack at beginning of this line)
    """
    i = endpos
    while i >= 0:
        char = line[i]
        if char in ")]}":
            # Found end of expression, push to expression stack
            stack.append(char)
        elif char == ">":
            # Found potential end of template argument list.
            #
            # Ignore it if it's a "->" or ">=" or "operator>"
            if i > 0 and (
                line[i - 1] == "-"
                or re.match(r"\s>=\s", line[i - 1 :])
                or re.search(r"\boperator\s*$", line[0:i])
            ):
                i -= 1
            else:
                stack.append(">")
        elif char == "<":
            # Found potential start of template argument list
            if i > 0 and line[i - 1] == "<":
                # Left shift operator
                i -= 1
            else:
                # If there is a matching '>', we can pop the expression stack.
                # Otherwise, ignore this '<' since it must be an operator.
                if stack and stack[-1] == ">":
                    stack.pop()
                    if not stack:
                        return (i, None)
        elif char in "([{":
            # Found start of expression.
            #
            # If there are any unmatched '>' on the stack, they must be
            # operators.  Remove those.
            while stack and stack[-1] == ">":
                stack.pop()
            if not stack:
                return (-1, None)
            if (
                (char == "(" and stack[-1] == ")")
                or (char == "[" and stack[-1] == "]")
                or (char == "{" and stack[-1] == "}")
            ):
                stack.pop()
                if not stack:
                    return (i, None)
            else:
                # Mismatched parentheses
                return (-1, None)
        elif char == ";":
            # Found something that look like end of statements.  If we are currently
            # expecting a '<', the matching '>' must have been an operator, since
            # template argument list should not contain statements.
            while stack and stack[-1] == ">":
                stack.pop()
            if not stack:
                return (-1, None)

        i -= 1

    return (-1, stack)


def ReverseCloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, pos):
    """If input points to ) or } or ] or >, finds the position that opens it.

    If lines[linenum][pos] points to a ')' or '}' or ']' or '>', finds the
    linenum/pos that correspond to the opening of the expression.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      pos: A position on the line.

    Returns:
      A tuple (line, linenum, pos) pointer *at* the opening brace, or
      (line, 0, -1) if we never find the matching opening brace.  Note
      we ignore strings and comments when matching; and the line we
      return is the 'cleansed' line at linenum.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if line[pos] not in ")}]>":
        return (line, 0, -1)

    # Check last line
    (start_pos, stack) = FindStartOfExpressionInLine(line, pos, [])
    if start_pos > -1:
        return (line, linenum, start_pos)

    # Continue scanning backward
    while stack and linenum > 0:
        linenum -= 1
        line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
        (start_pos, stack) = FindStartOfExpressionInLine(line, len(line) - 1, stack)
        if start_pos > -1:
            return (line, linenum, start_pos)

    # Did not find start of expression before beginning of file, give up
    return (line, 0, -1)


def CheckForCopyright(filename, lines, error):
    """Logs an error if no Copyright message appears at the top of the file."""

    # We'll say it should occur by line 10. Don't forget there's a
    # placeholder line at the front.
    for line in range(1, min(len(lines), 11)):
        if re.search(r"Copyright", lines[line], re.IGNORECASE):
            break
    else:  # means no copyright line was found
        error(
            filename,
            0,
            "legal/copyright",
            5,
            "No copyright message found.  "
            'You should have a line: "Copyright [year] <Copyright Owner>"',
        )


def GetIndentLevel(line):
    """Return the number of leading spaces in line.

    Args:
      line: A string to check.

    Returns:
      An integer count of leading spaces, possibly zero.
    """
    if indent := re.match(r"^( *)\S", line):
        return len(indent.group(1))
    return 0


def PathSplitToList(path):
    """Returns the path split into a list by the separator.

    Args:
      path: An absolute or relative path (e.g. '/a/b/c/' or '../a')

    Returns:
      A list of path components (e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c]).
    """
    lst = []
    while True:
        (head, tail) = os.path.split(path)
        if head == path:  # absolute paths end
            lst.append(head)
            break
        if tail == path:  # relative paths end
            lst.append(tail)
            break

        path = head
        lst.append(tail)

    lst.reverse()
    return lst


def GetHeaderGuardCPPVariable(filename):
    """Returns the CPP variable that should be used as a header guard.

    Args:
      filename: The name of a C++ header file.

    Returns:
      The CPP variable that should be used as a header guard in the
      named file.

    """

    # Restores original filename in case that cpplint is invoked from Emacs's
    # flymake.
    filename = re.sub(r"_flymake\.h$", ".h", filename)
    filename = re.sub(r"/\.flymake/([^/]*)$", r"/\1", filename)
    # Replace 'c++' with 'cpp'.
    filename = filename.replace("C++", "cpp").replace("c++", "cpp")

    fileinfo = FileInfo(filename)
    file_path_from_root = fileinfo.RepositoryName()

    def FixupPathFromRoot():
        if _root_debug:
            sys.stderr.write(
                f"\n_root fixup, _root = '{_root}',"
                f" repository name = '{fileinfo.RepositoryName()}'\n"
            )

        # Process the file path with the --root flag if it was set.
        if not _root:
            if _root_debug:
                sys.stderr.write("_root unspecified\n")
            return file_path_from_root

        def StripListPrefix(lst, prefix):
            # f(['x', 'y'], ['w, z']) -> None  (not a valid prefix)
            if lst[: len(prefix)] != prefix:
                return None
            # f(['a, 'b', 'c', 'd'], ['a', 'b']) -> ['c', 'd']
            return lst[(len(prefix)) :]

        # root behavior:
        #   --root=subdir , lstrips subdir from the header guard
        maybe_path = StripListPrefix(PathSplitToList(file_path_from_root), PathSplitToList(_root))

        if _root_debug:
            sys.stderr.write(
                ("_root lstrip (maybe_path=%s, file_path_from_root=%s," + " _root=%s)\n")
                % (maybe_path, file_path_from_root, _root)
            )

        if maybe_path:
            return os.path.join(*maybe_path)

        #   --root=.. , will prepend the outer directory to the header guard
        full_path = fileinfo.FullName()
        # adapt slashes for windows
        root_abspath = os.path.abspath(_root).replace("\\", "/")

        maybe_path = StripListPrefix(PathSplitToList(full_path), PathSplitToList(root_abspath))

        if _root_debug:
            sys.stderr.write(
                ("_root prepend (maybe_path=%s, full_path=%s, " + "root_abspath=%s)\n")
                % (maybe_path, full_path, root_abspath)
            )

        if maybe_path:
            return os.path.join(*maybe_path)

        if _root_debug:
            sys.stderr.write(f"_root ignore, returning {file_path_from_root}\n")

        #   --root=FAKE_DIR is ignored
        return file_path_from_root

    file_path_from_root = FixupPathFromRoot()
    return re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9]", "_", file_path_from_root).upper() + "_"


def CheckForHeaderGuard(filename, clean_lines, error, cppvar):
    """Checks that the file contains a header guard.

    Logs an error if no #ifndef header guard is present.  For other
    headers, checks that the full pathname is used.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the C++ header file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """

    # Don't check for header guards if there are error suppression
    # comments somewhere in this file.
    #
    # Because this is silencing a warning for a nonexistent line, we
    # only support the very specific NOLINT(build/header_guard) syntax,
    # and not the general NOLINT or NOLINT(*) syntax.
    raw_lines = clean_lines.lines_without_raw_strings
    for i in raw_lines:
        if re.search(r"//\s*NOLINT\(build/header_guard\)", i):
            return

    # Allow pragma once instead of header guards
    for i in raw_lines:
        if re.search(r"^\s*#pragma\s+once", i):
            return

    ifndef = ""
    ifndef_linenum = 0
    define = ""
    endif = ""
    endif_linenum = 0
    for linenum, line in enumerate(raw_lines):
        linesplit = line.split()
        if len(linesplit) >= 2:
            # find the first occurrence of #ifndef and #define, save arg
            if not ifndef and linesplit[0] == "#ifndef":
                # set ifndef to the header guard presented on the #ifndef line.
                ifndef = linesplit[1]
                ifndef_linenum = linenum
            if not define and linesplit[0] == "#define":
                define = linesplit[1]
        # find the last occurrence of #endif, save entire line
        if line.startswith("#endif"):
            endif = line
            endif_linenum = linenum

    if not ifndef or not define or ifndef != define:
        error(
            filename,
            0,
            "build/header_guard",
            5,
            f"No #ifndef header guard found, suggested CPP variable is: {cppvar}",
        )
        return

    # The guard should be PATH_FILE_H_, but we also allow PATH_FILE_H__
    # for backward compatibility.
    if ifndef != cppvar:
        error_level = 0
        if ifndef != cppvar + "_":
            error_level = 5

        ParseNolintSuppressions(filename, raw_lines[ifndef_linenum], ifndef_linenum, error)
        error(
            filename,
            ifndef_linenum,
            "build/header_guard",
            error_level,
            f"#ifndef header guard has wrong style, please use: {cppvar}",
        )

    # Check for "//" comments on endif line.
    ParseNolintSuppressions(filename, raw_lines[endif_linenum], endif_linenum, error)
    match = re.match(r"#endif\s*//\s*" + cppvar + r"(_)?\b", endif)
    if match:
        if match.group(1) == "_":
            # Issue low severity warning for deprecated double trailing underscore
            error(
                filename,
                endif_linenum,
                "build/header_guard",
                0,
                f'#endif line should be "#endif  // {cppvar}"',
            )
        return

    # Didn't find the corresponding "//" comment.  If this file does not
    # contain any "//" comments at all, it could be that the compiler
    # only wants "/**/" comments, look for those instead.
    no_single_line_comments = True
    for i in range(1, len(raw_lines) - 1):
        line = raw_lines[i]
        if re.match(r'^(?:(?:\'(?:\.|[^\'])*\')|(?:"(?:\.|[^"])*")|[^\'"])*//', line):
            no_single_line_comments = False
            break

    if no_single_line_comments:
        match = re.match(r"#endif\s*/\*\s*" + cppvar + r"(_)?\s*\*/", endif)
        if match:
            if match.group(1) == "_":
                # Low severity warning for double trailing underscore
                error(
                    filename,
                    endif_linenum,
                    "build/header_guard",
                    0,
                    f'#endif line should be "#endif  /* {cppvar} */"',
                )
            return

    # Didn't find anything
    error(
        filename,
        endif_linenum,
        "build/header_guard",
        5,
        f'#endif line should be "#endif  // {cppvar}"',
    )


def CheckHeaderFileIncluded(filename, include_state, error):
    """Logs an error if a source file does not include its header."""

    # Do not check test files
    fileinfo = FileInfo(filename)
    if re.search(_TEST_FILE_SUFFIX, fileinfo.BaseName()):
        return

    first_include = message = None
    basefilename = filename[0 : len(filename) - len(fileinfo.Extension())]
    for ext in GetHeaderExtensions():
        headerfile = basefilename + "." + ext
        if not os.path.exists(headerfile):
            continue
        headername = FileInfo(headerfile).RepositoryName()
        include_uses_unix_dir_aliases = False
        for section_list in include_state.include_list:
            for f in section_list:
                include_text = f[0]
                if "./" in include_text:
                    include_uses_unix_dir_aliases = True
                if headername in include_text or include_text in headername:
                    return
                if not first_include:
                    first_include = f[1]

        message = f"{fileinfo.RepositoryName()} should include its header file {headername}"
        if include_uses_unix_dir_aliases:
            message += ". Relative paths like . and .. are not allowed."

    if message:
        error(filename, first_include, "build/include", 5, message)


def CheckForBadCharacters(filename, lines, error):
    """Logs an error for each line containing bad characters.

    Two kinds of bad characters:

    1. Unicode replacement characters: These indicate that either the file
    contained invalid UTF-8 (likely) or Unicode replacement characters (which
    it shouldn't).  Note that it's possible for this to throw off line
    numbering if the invalid UTF-8 occurred adjacent to a newline.

    2. NUL bytes.  These are problematic for some tools.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      lines: An array of strings, each representing a line of the file.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    for linenum, line in enumerate(lines):
        if "\ufffd" in line:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "readability/utf8",
                5,
                "Line contains invalid UTF-8 (or Unicode replacement character).",
            )
        if "\0" in line:
            error(filename, linenum, "readability/nul", 5, "Line contains NUL byte.")


def CheckInlineHeader(filename, include_state, error):
  """Logs an error if both a header and its inline variant are included."""

  all_headers = dict(item for sublist in include_state.include_list
                     for item in sublist)
  bad_headers = set('%s.h' % name[:-6] for name in all_headers.keys()
                    if name.endswith('-inl.h'))
  bad_headers &= set(all_headers.keys())

  for name in bad_headers:
    err =  '%s includes both %s and %s-inl.h' % (filename, name, name)
    linenum = all_headers[name]
    error(filename, linenum, 'build/include_inline', 5, err)


def CheckForNewlineAtEOF(filename, lines, error):
    """Logs an error if there is no newline char at the end of the file.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      lines: An array of strings, each representing a line of the file.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """

    # The array lines() was created by adding two newlines to the
    # original file (go figure), then splitting on \n.
    # To verify that the file ends in \n, we just have to make sure the
    # last-but-two element of lines() exists and is empty.
    if len(lines) < 3 or lines[-2]:
        error(
            filename,
            len(lines) - 2,
            "whitespace/ending_newline",
            5,
            "Could not find a newline character at the end of the file.",
        )


def CheckForMultilineCommentsAndStrings(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Logs an error if we see /* ... */ or "..." that extend past one line.

    /* ... */ comments are legit inside macros, for one line.
    Otherwise, we prefer // comments, so it's ok to warn about the
    other.  Likewise, it's ok for strings to extend across multiple
    lines, as long as a line continuation character (backslash)
    terminates each line. Although not currently prohibited by the C++
    style guide, it's ugly and unnecessary. We don't do well with either
    in this lint program, so we warn about both.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Remove all \\ (escaped backslashes) from the line. They are OK, and the
    # second (escaped) slash may trigger later \" detection erroneously.
    line = line.replace("\\\\", "")

    if line.count("/*") > line.count("*/"):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "readability/multiline_comment",
            5,
            "Complex multi-line /*...*/-style comment found. "
            "Lint may give bogus warnings.  "
            "Consider replacing these with //-style comments, "
            "with #if 0...#endif, "
            "or with more clearly structured multi-line comments.",
        )

    if (line.count('"') - line.count('\\"')) % 2:
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "readability/multiline_string",
            5,
            'Multi-line string ("...") found.  This lint script doesn\'t '
            "do well with such strings, and may give bogus warnings.  "
            "Use C++11 raw strings or concatenation instead.",
        )


# (non-threadsafe name, thread-safe alternative, validation pattern)
#
# The validation pattern is used to eliminate false positives such as:
#  _rand();               // false positive due to substring match.
#  ->rand();              // some member function rand().
#  ACMRandom rand(seed);  // some variable named rand.
#  ISAACRandom rand();    // another variable named rand.
#
# Basically we require the return value of these functions to be used
# in some expression context on the same line by matching on some
# operator before the function name.  This eliminates constructors and
# member function calls.
_UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX = r"(?:[-+*/=%^&|(<]\s*|>\s+)"
_THREADING_LIST = (
    ("asctime(", "asctime_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"asctime\([^)]+\)"),
    ("ctime(", "ctime_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"ctime\([^)]+\)"),
    ("getgrgid(", "getgrgid_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"getgrgid\([^)]+\)"),
    ("getgrnam(", "getgrnam_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"getgrnam\([^)]+\)"),
    ("getlogin(", "getlogin_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"getlogin\(\)"),
    ("getpwnam(", "getpwnam_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"getpwnam\([^)]+\)"),
    ("getpwuid(", "getpwuid_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"getpwuid\([^)]+\)"),
    ("gmtime(", "gmtime_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"gmtime\([^)]+\)"),
    ("localtime(", "localtime_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"localtime\([^)]+\)"),
    ("rand(", "rand_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"rand\(\)"),
    ("strtok(", "strtok_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"strtok\([^)]+\)"),
    ("ttyname(", "ttyname_r(", _UNSAFE_FUNC_PREFIX + r"ttyname\([^)]+\)"),
)


def CheckPosixThreading(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks for calls to thread-unsafe functions.

    Much code has been originally written without consideration of
    multi-threading. Also, engineers are relying on their old experience;
    they have learned posix before threading extensions were added. These
    tests guide the engineers to use thread-safe functions (when using
    posix directly).

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    for single_thread_func, multithread_safe_func, pattern in _THREADING_LIST:
        # Additional pattern matching check to confirm that this is the
        # function we are looking for
        if re.search(pattern, line):
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/threadsafe_fn",
                2,
                "Consider using "
                + multithread_safe_func
                + "...) instead of "
                + single_thread_func
                + "...) for improved thread safety.",
            )


def CheckVlogArguments(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks that VLOG() is only used for defining a logging level.

    For example, VLOG(2) is correct. VLOG(INFO), VLOG(WARNING), VLOG(ERROR), and
    VLOG(FATAL) are not.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if re.search(r"\bVLOG\((INFO|ERROR|WARNING|DFATAL|FATAL)\)", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/vlog",
            5,
            "VLOG() should be used with numeric verbosity level.  "
            "Use LOG() if you want symbolic severity levels.",
        )


# Matches invalid increment: *count++, which moves pointer instead of
# incrementing a value.
_RE_PATTERN_INVALID_INCREMENT = re.compile(r"^\s*\*\w+(\+\+|--);")


def CheckInvalidIncrement(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks for invalid increment *count++.

    For example following function:
    void increment_counter(int* count) {
      *count++;
    }
    is invalid, because it effectively does count++, moving pointer, and should
    be replaced with ++*count, (*count)++ or *count += 1.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if _RE_PATTERN_INVALID_INCREMENT.match(line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/invalid_increment",
            5,
            "Changing pointer instead of value (or unused value of operator*).",
        )


def IsMacroDefinition(clean_lines, linenum):
    if re.search(r"^#define", clean_lines[linenum]):
        return True

    return bool(linenum > 0 and re.search(r"\\$", clean_lines[linenum - 1]))


def IsForwardClassDeclaration(clean_lines, linenum):
    return re.match(r"^\s*(\btemplate\b)*.*class\s+\w+;\s*$", clean_lines[linenum])


class _BlockInfo:
    """Stores information about a generic block of code."""

    def __init__(self, linenum, seen_open_brace):
        self.starting_linenum = linenum
        self.seen_open_brace = seen_open_brace
        self.open_parentheses = 0
        self.inline_asm = _NO_ASM
        self.check_namespace_indentation = False

    def CheckBegin(self, filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
        """Run checks that applies to text up to the opening brace.

        This is mostly for checking the text after the class identifier
        and the "{", usually where the base class is specified.  For other
        blocks, there isn't much to check, so we always pass.

        Args:
          filename: The name of the current file.
          clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
          linenum: The number of the line to check.
          error: The function to call with any errors found.
        """
        pass

    def CheckEnd(self, filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
        """Run checks that applies to text after the closing brace.

        This is mostly used for checking end of namespace comments.

        Args:
          filename: The name of the current file.
          clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
          linenum: The number of the line to check.
          error: The function to call with any errors found.
        """
        pass

    def IsBlockInfo(self):
        """Returns true if this block is a _BlockInfo.

        This is convenient for verifying that an object is an instance of
        a _BlockInfo, but not an instance of any of the derived classes.

        Returns:
          True for this class, False for derived classes.
        """
        return self.__class__ == _BlockInfo


class _ExternCInfo(_BlockInfo):
    """Stores information about an 'extern "C"' block."""

    def __init__(self, linenum):
        _BlockInfo.__init__(self, linenum, True)


class _ClassInfo(_BlockInfo):
    """Stores information about a class."""

    def __init__(self, name, class_or_struct, clean_lines, linenum):
        _BlockInfo.__init__(self, linenum, False)
        self.name = name
        self.is_derived = False
        self.check_namespace_indentation = True
        if class_or_struct == "struct":
            self.access = "public"
            self.is_struct = True
        else:
            self.access = "private"
            self.is_struct = False

        # Remember initial indentation level for this class.  Using raw_lines here
        # instead of elided to account for leading comments.
        self.class_indent = GetIndentLevel(clean_lines.raw_lines[linenum])

        # Try to find the end of the class.  This will be confused by things like:
        #   class A {
        #   } *x = { ...
        #
        # But it's still good enough for CheckSectionSpacing.
        self.last_line = 0
        depth = 0
        for i in range(linenum, clean_lines.NumLines()):
            line = clean_lines.elided[i]
            depth += line.count("{") - line.count("}")
            if not depth:
                self.last_line = i
                break

    def CheckBegin(self, filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
        # Look for a bare ':'
        if re.search("(^|[^:]):($|[^:])", clean_lines.elided[linenum]):
            self.is_derived = True

    def CheckEnd(self, filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
        # If there is a DISALLOW macro, it should appear near the end of
        # the class.
        seen_last_thing_in_class = False
        for i in range(linenum - 1, self.starting_linenum, -1):
            match = re.search(
                r"\b(DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN|DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS)\("
                + self.name
                + r"\)",
                clean_lines.elided[i],
            )
            if match:
                if seen_last_thing_in_class:
                    error(
                        filename,
                        i,
                        "readability/constructors",
                        3,
                        match.group(1) + " should be the last thing in the class",
                    )
                break

            if not re.match(r"^\s*$", clean_lines.elided[i]):
                seen_last_thing_in_class = True

        # Check that closing brace is aligned with beginning of the class.
        # Only do this if the closing brace is indented by only whitespaces.
        # This means we will not check single-line class definitions.
        indent = re.match(r"^( *)\}", clean_lines.elided[linenum])
        if indent and len(indent.group(1)) != self.class_indent:
            if self.is_struct:
                parent = "struct " + self.name
            else:
                parent = "class " + self.name
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "whitespace/indent",
                3,
                f"Closing brace should be aligned with beginning of {parent}",
            )


class _ConstructorInfo(_BlockInfo):
    """Stores information about a constructor.
    For detecting member initializer lists."""

    def __init__(self, linenum: int):
        _BlockInfo.__init__(self, linenum, seen_open_brace=False)


class _NamespaceInfo(_BlockInfo):
    """Stores information about a namespace."""

    def __init__(self, name, linenum):
        _BlockInfo.__init__(self, linenum, False)
        self.name = name or ""
        self.check_namespace_indentation = True

    def CheckEnd(self, filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
        """Check end of namespace comments."""
        line = clean_lines.raw_lines[linenum]

        # Check how many lines is enclosed in this namespace.  Don't issue
        # warning for missing namespace comments if there aren't enough
        # lines.  However, do apply checks if there is already an end of
        # namespace comment and it's incorrect.
        #
        # TODO(google): We always want to check end of namespace comments
        # if a namespace is large, but sometimes we also want to apply the
        # check if a short namespace contained nontrivial things (something
        # other than forward declarations).  There is currently no logic on
        # deciding what these nontrivial things are, so this check is
        # triggered by namespace size only, which works most of the time.
        if linenum - self.starting_linenum < 10 and not re.match(
            r"^\s*};*\s*(//|/\*).*\bnamespace\b", line
        ):
            return

        # Look for matching comment at end of namespace.
        #
        # Note that we accept C style "/* */" comments for terminating
        # namespaces, so that code that terminate namespaces inside
        # preprocessor macros can be cpplint clean.
        #
        # We also accept stuff like "// end of namespace <name>." with the
        # period at the end.
        #
        # Besides these, we don't accept anything else, otherwise we might
        # get false negatives when existing comment is a substring of the
        # expected namespace.
        if self.name:
            # Named namespace
            if not re.match(
                (r"^\s*};*\s*(//|/\*).*\bnamespace\s+" + re.escape(self.name) + r"[\*/\.\\\s]*$"),
                line,
            ):
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "readability/namespace",
                    5,
                    f'Namespace should be terminated with "// namespace {self.name}"',
                )
        else:
            # Anonymous namespace
            if not re.match(r"^\s*};*\s*(//|/\*).*\bnamespace[\*/\.\\\s]*$", line):
                # If "// namespace anonymous" or "// anonymous namespace (more text)",
                # mention "// anonymous namespace" as an acceptable form
                if re.match(r"^\s*}.*\b(namespace anonymous|anonymous namespace)\b", line):
                    error(
                        filename,
                        linenum,
                        "readability/namespace",
                        5,
                        'Anonymous namespace should be terminated with "// namespace"'
                        ' or "// anonymous namespace"',
                    )
                else:
                    error(
                        filename,
                        linenum,
                        "readability/namespace",
                        5,
                        'Anonymous namespace should be terminated with "// namespace"',
                    )


class _WrappedInfo(_BlockInfo):
    """Stores information about parentheses, initializer lists, etc.
    Not exactly a block but we do need the same signature.
    Needed to avoid namespace indentation false positives,
    though parentheses tracking would slow us down a lot
    and is effectively already done by open_parentheses."""

    pass


class _MemInitListInfo(_WrappedInfo):
    """Stores information about member initializer lists."""

    pass


class _PreprocessorInfo:
    """Stores checkpoints of nesting stacks when #if/#else is seen."""

    def __init__(self, stack_before_if):
        # The entire nesting stack before #if
        self.stack_before_if = stack_before_if

        # The entire nesting stack up to #else
        self.stack_before_else = []

        # Whether we have already seen #else or #elif
        self.seen_else = False


class NestingState:
    """Holds states related to parsing braces."""

    def __init__(self):
        # Stack for tracking all braces.  An object is pushed whenever we
        # see a "{", and popped when we see a "}".  Only 3 types of
        # objects are possible:
        # - _ClassInfo: a class or struct.
        # - _NamespaceInfo: a namespace.
        # - _BlockInfo: some other type of block.
        self.stack: list[_BlockInfo] = []

        # Top of the previous stack before each Update().
        #
        # Because the nesting_stack is updated at the end of each line, we
        # had to do some convoluted checks to find out what is the current
        # scope at the beginning of the line.  This check is simplified by
        # saving the previous top of nesting stack.
        #
        # We could save the full stack, but we only need the top.  Copying
        # the full nesting stack would slow down cpplint by ~10%.
        self.previous_stack_top: _BlockInfo | None = None

        # The number of open parentheses in the previous stack top before the last update.
        # Used to prevent false indentation detection when e.g. a function parameter is indented.
        # We can't use previous_stack_top, a shallow copy whose open_parentheses value is updated.
        self.previous_open_parentheses = 0

        # The last stack item we popped.
        self.popped_top: _BlockInfo | None = None

        # Stack of _PreprocessorInfo objects.
        self.pp_stack = []

    def SeenOpenBrace(self):
        """Check if we have seen the opening brace for the innermost block.

        Returns:
          True if we have seen the opening brace, False if the innermost
          block is still expecting an opening brace.
        """
        return (not self.stack) or self.stack[-1].seen_open_brace

    def InNamespaceBody(self):
        """Check if we are currently one level inside a namespace body.

        Returns:
          True if top of the stack is a namespace block, False otherwise.
        """
        return self.stack and isinstance(self.stack[-1], _NamespaceInfo)

    def InExternC(self):
        """Check if we are currently one level inside an 'extern "C"' block.

        Returns:
          True if top of the stack is an extern block, False otherwise.
        """
        return self.stack and isinstance(self.stack[-1], _ExternCInfo)

    def InClassDeclaration(self):
        """Check if we are currently one level inside a class or struct declaration.

        Returns:
          True if top of the stack is a class/struct, False otherwise.
        """
        return self.stack and isinstance(self.stack[-1], _ClassInfo)

    def InAsmBlock(self):
        """Check if we are currently one level inside an inline ASM block.

        Returns:
          True if the top of the stack is a block containing inline ASM.
        """
        return self.stack and self.stack[-1].inline_asm != _NO_ASM

    def InBlockScope(self):
        """Check if we are currently one level inside a block scope.

        Returns:
          True if top of the stack is a block scope, False otherwise.
        """
        return len(self.stack) > 0 and not isinstance(self.stack[-1], _NamespaceInfo)

    def InTemplateArgumentList(self, clean_lines, linenum, pos):
        """Check if current position is inside template argument list.

        Args:
          clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
          linenum: The number of the line to check.
          pos: position just after the suspected template argument.
        Returns:
          True if (linenum, pos) is inside template arguments.
        """
        while linenum < clean_lines.NumLines():
            # Find the earliest character that might indicate a template argument
            line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
            match = re.match(r"^[^{};=\[\]\.<>]*(.)", line[pos:])
            if not match:
                linenum += 1
                pos = 0
                continue
            token = match.group(1)
            pos += len(match.group(0))

            # These things do not look like template argument list:
            #   class Suspect {
            #   class Suspect x; }
            if token in ("{", "}", ";"):
                return False

            # These things look like template argument list:
            #   template <class Suspect>
            #   template <class Suspect = default_value>
            #   template <class Suspect[]>
            #   template <class Suspect...>
            if token in (">", "=", "[", "]", "."):
                return True

            # Check if token is an unmatched '<'.
            # If not, move on to the next character.
            if token != "<":
                pos += 1
                if pos >= len(line):
                    linenum += 1
                    pos = 0
                continue

            # We can't be sure if we just find a single '<', and need to
            # find the matching '>'.
            (_, end_line, end_pos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, pos - 1)
            if end_pos < 0:
                # Not sure if template argument list or syntax error in file
                return False
            linenum = end_line
            pos = end_pos
        return False

    def UpdatePreprocessor(self, line):
        """Update preprocessor stack.

        We need to handle preprocessors due to classes like this:
          #ifdef SWIG
          struct ResultDetailsPageElementExtensionPoint {
          #else
          struct ResultDetailsPageElementExtensionPoint : public Extension {
          #endif

        We make the following assumptions (good enough for most files):
        - Preprocessor condition evaluates to true from #if up to first
          #else/#elif/#endif.

        - Preprocessor condition evaluates to false from #else/#elif up
          to #endif.  We still perform lint checks on these lines, but
          these do not affect nesting stack.

        Args:
          line: current line to check.
        """
        if re.match(r"^\s*#\s*(if|ifdef|ifndef)\b", line):
            # Beginning of #if block, save the nesting stack here.  The saved
            # stack will allow us to restore the parsing state in the #else case.
            self.pp_stack.append(_PreprocessorInfo(copy.deepcopy(self.stack)))
        elif re.match(r"^\s*#\s*(else|elif)\b", line):
            # Beginning of #else block
            if self.pp_stack:
                if not self.pp_stack[-1].seen_else:
                    # This is the first #else or #elif block.  Remember the
                    # whole nesting stack up to this point.  This is what we
                    # keep after the #endif.
                    self.pp_stack[-1].seen_else = True
                    self.pp_stack[-1].stack_before_else = copy.deepcopy(self.stack)

                # Restore the stack to how it was before the #if
                self.stack = copy.deepcopy(self.pp_stack[-1].stack_before_if)
            else:
                # TODO(google): unexpected #else, issue warning?
                pass
        elif re.match(r"^\s*#\s*endif\b", line):
            # End of #if or #else blocks.
            if self.pp_stack:
                # If we saw an #else, we will need to restore the nesting
                # stack to its former state before the #else, otherwise we
                # will just continue from where we left off.
                if self.pp_stack[-1].seen_else:
                    # Here we can just use a shallow copy since we are the last
                    # reference to it.
                    self.stack = self.pp_stack[-1].stack_before_else
                # Drop the corresponding #if
                self.pp_stack.pop()
            else:
                # TODO(google): unexpected #endif, issue warning?
                pass

    def _Pop(self):
        """Pop the innermost state (top of the stack) and remember the popped item."""
        self.popped_top = self.stack.pop()

    def _CountOpenParentheses(self, line: str):
        # Count parentheses.  This is to avoid adding struct arguments to
        # the nesting stack.
        if self.stack:
            inner_block = self.stack[-1]
            depth_change = line.count("(") - line.count(")")
            inner_block.open_parentheses += depth_change

            # Also check if we are starting or ending an inline assembly block.
            if inner_block.inline_asm in (_NO_ASM, _END_ASM):
                if (
                    depth_change != 0
                    and inner_block.open_parentheses == 1
                    and _MATCH_ASM.match(line)
                ):
                    # Enter assembly block
                    inner_block.inline_asm = _INSIDE_ASM
                else:
                    # Not entering assembly block.  If previous line was _END_ASM,
                    # we will now shift to _NO_ASM state.
                    inner_block.inline_asm = _NO_ASM
            elif inner_block.inline_asm == _INSIDE_ASM and inner_block.open_parentheses == 0:
                # Exit assembly block
                inner_block.inline_asm = _END_ASM

    def _UpdateNamesapce(self, line: str, linenum: int) -> str | None:
        """
        Match start of namespace, append to stack, and consume line
        Args:
            line: Line to check and consume
            linenum: Line number of the line to check

        Returns:
        The consumed line if namespace matched; None otherwise
        """
        # Match start of namespace.  The "\b\s*" below catches namespace
        # declarations even if it weren't followed by a whitespace, this
        # is so that we don't confuse our namespace checker.  The
        # missing spaces will be flagged by CheckSpacing.
        namespace_decl_match = re.match(r"^\s*namespace\b\s*([:\w]+)?(.*)$", line)
        if not namespace_decl_match:
            return None

        new_namespace = _NamespaceInfo(namespace_decl_match.group(1), linenum)
        self.stack.append(new_namespace)

        line = namespace_decl_match.group(2)
        if line.find("{") != -1:
            new_namespace.seen_open_brace = True
            line = line[line.find("{") + 1 :]
        return line

    def _UpdateConstructor(self, line: str, linenum: int, class_name: str | None = None):
        """
        Check if the given line is a constructor.
        Args:
            line: Line to check.
            class_name: If line checked is inside of a class block, a str of the class's name;
                otherwise, None.
        """
        if not class_name:
            if not re.match(r"\s*(\w*)\s*::\s*\1\s*\(", line):
                return
        elif not re.match(rf"\s*{re.escape(class_name)}\s*\(", line):
            return

        self.stack.append(_ConstructorInfo(linenum))

    # TODO(google): Update() is too long, but we will refactor later.
    def Update(self, filename: str, clean_lines: CleansedLines, linenum: int, error):
        """Update nesting state with current line.

        Args:
          filename: The name of the current file.
          clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
          linenum: The number of the line to check.
          error: The function to call with any errors found.
        """
        line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

        # Remember top of the previous nesting stack.
        #
        # The stack is always pushed/popped and not modified in place, so
        # we can just do a shallow copy instead of copy.deepcopy.  Using
        # deepcopy would slow down cpplint by ~28%.
        if self.stack:
            self.previous_stack_top = self.stack[-1]
            self.previous_open_parentheses = self.stack[-1].open_parentheses
        else:
            self.previous_stack_top = None

        # Update pp_stack
        self.UpdatePreprocessor(line)

        self._CountOpenParentheses(line)

        # Consume namespace declaration at the beginning of the line.  Do
        # this in a loop so that we catch same line declarations like this:
        #   namespace proto2 { namespace bridge { class MessageSet; } }
        while (new_line := self._UpdateNamesapce(line, linenum)) is not None:  # could be empty str
            line = new_line

        # Look for a class declaration in whatever is left of the line
        # after parsing namespaces.  The regexp accounts for decorated classes
        # such as in:
        #   class LOCKABLE API Object {
        #   };
        class_decl_match = re.match(
            r"^(\s*(?:template\s*<[\w\s<>,:=]*>\s*)?"
            r"(class|struct)\s+(?:[a-zA-Z0-9_]+\s+)*(\w+(?:::\w+)*))"
            r"(.*)$",
            line,
        )
        if class_decl_match and (not self.stack or self.stack[-1].open_parentheses == 0):
            # We do not want to accept classes that are actually template arguments:
            #   template <class Ignore1,
            #             class Ignore2 = Default<Args>,
            #             template <Args> class Ignore3>
            #   void Function() {};
            #
            # To avoid template argument cases, we scan forward and look for
            # an unmatched '>'.  If we see one, assume we are inside a
            # template argument list.
            end_declaration = len(class_decl_match.group(1))
            if not self.InTemplateArgumentList(clean_lines, linenum, end_declaration):
                self.stack.append(
                    _ClassInfo(
                        class_decl_match.group(3), class_decl_match.group(2), clean_lines, linenum
                    )
                )
                line = class_decl_match.group(4)

        # If we have not yet seen the opening brace for the innermost block,
        # run checks here.
        if not self.SeenOpenBrace():
            self.stack[-1].CheckBegin(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)

        # Update access control if we are directly inside a class/struct
        if self.stack and isinstance(self.stack[-1], _ClassInfo):
            if self.stack[-1].seen_open_brace:
                classinfo: _ClassInfo = self.stack[-1]
                # Update access control
                if access_match := re.match(
                    r"^(.*)\b(public|private|protected|signals)(\s+(?:slots\s*)?)?"
                    r":([^:].*|$)",
                    line,
                ):
                    classinfo.access = access_match.group(2)

                    # Check that access keywords are indented +1 space.  Skip this
                    # check if the keywords are not preceded by whitespaces.
                    indent = access_match.group(1)
                    if len(indent) != classinfo.class_indent + 1 and re.match(r"^\s*$", indent):
                        if classinfo.is_struct:
                            parent = "struct " + classinfo.name
                        else:
                            parent = "class " + classinfo.name
                        slots = ""
                        if access_match.group(3):
                            slots = access_match.group(3)
                        error(
                            filename,
                            linenum,
                            "whitespace/indent",
                            3,
                            f"{access_match.group(2)}{slots}:"
                            f" should be indented +1 space inside {parent}",
                        )

                    line = access_match.group(4)
                else:
                    self._UpdateConstructor(line, linenum, class_name=classinfo.name)
        else:  # Not in class
            self._UpdateConstructor(line, linenum)

        # If brace not open and we just finished a parenthetical definition,
        # check if we're in a member initializer list following a constructor.
        if (
            self.stack
            and (
                isinstance(self.stack[-1], _ConstructorInfo)
                or isinstance(self.previous_stack_top, _ConstructorInfo)
            )
            and not self.stack[-1].seen_open_brace
            and re.search(r"[^:]:[^:]", line)
        ):
            self.stack.append(_MemInitListInfo(linenum, seen_open_brace=False))

        # Consume braces or semicolons from what's left of the line
        while True:
            # Match first brace, semicolon, or closed parenthesis.
            matched = re.match(r"^[^{;)}]*([{;)}])(.*)$", line)
            if not matched:
                break

            token = matched.group(1)
            if token == "{":
                # If namespace or class hasn't seen an opening brace yet, mark
                # namespace/class head as complete.  Push a new block onto the
                # stack otherwise.
                if not self.SeenOpenBrace():
                    # End of initializer list wrap if present
                    if isinstance(self.stack[-1], _MemInitListInfo):
                        self._Pop()
                    self.stack[-1].seen_open_brace = True
                elif re.match(r'^extern\s*"[^"]*"\s*\{', line):
                    self.stack.append(_ExternCInfo(linenum))
                else:
                    self.stack.append(_BlockInfo(linenum, True))
                    if _MATCH_ASM.match(line):
                        self.stack[-1].inline_asm = _BLOCK_ASM
            elif token == ";":
                # If we haven't seen an opening brace yet, but we already saw
                # a semicolon, this is probably a forward declaration.  Pop
                # the stack for these.
                if not self.SeenOpenBrace():
                    self._Pop()
            elif token == ")":
                # Similarly, if we haven't seen an opening brace yet, but we
                # already saw a closing parenthesis, then these are probably
                # function arguments with extra "class" or "struct" keywords.
                # Also pop these stack for these.
                if (
                    self.stack
                    and not self.stack[-1].seen_open_brace
                    and isinstance(self.stack[-1], _ClassInfo)
                ):
                    self._Pop()
            else:  # token == '}'
                # Perform end of block checks and pop the stack.
                if self.stack:
                    self.stack[-1].CheckEnd(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
                    self._Pop()
            line = matched.group(2)

    def InnermostClass(self):
        """Get class info on the top of the stack.

        Returns:
          A _ClassInfo object if we are inside a class, or None otherwise.
        """
        for i in range(len(self.stack), 0, -1):
            classinfo = self.stack[i - 1]
            if isinstance(classinfo, _ClassInfo):
                return classinfo
        return None


def CheckForNonStandardConstructs(filename, clean_lines, linenum, nesting_state, error):
    r"""Logs an error if we see certain non-ANSI constructs ignored by gcc-2.

    Complain about several constructs which gcc-2 accepts, but which are
    not standard C++.  Warning about these in lint is one way to ease the
    transition to new compilers.
    - put storage class first (e.g. "static const" instead of "const static").
    - "%lld" instead of %qd" in printf-type functions.
    - "%1$d" is non-standard in printf-type functions.
    - "\%" is an undefined character escape sequence.
    - text after #endif is not allowed.
    - invalid inner-style forward declaration.
    - >? and <? operators, and their >?= and <?= cousins.

    Additionally, check for constructor/destructor style violations and reference
    members, as it is very convenient to do so while checking for
    gcc-2 compliance.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      error: A callable to which errors are reported, which takes 4 arguments:
             filename, line number, error level, and message
    """

    # Remove comments from the line, but leave in strings for now.
    line = clean_lines.lines[linenum]

    if re.search(r'printf\s*\(.*".*%[-+ ]?\d*q', line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/printf_format",
            3,
            "%q in format strings is deprecated.  Use %ll instead.",
        )

    if re.search(r'printf\s*\(.*".*%\d+\$', line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/printf_format",
            2,
            "%N$ formats are unconventional.  Try rewriting to avoid them.",
        )

    # Remove escaped backslashes before looking for undefined escapes.
    line = line.replace("\\\\", "")

    if re.search(r'("|\').*\\(%|\[|\(|{)', line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/printf_format",
            3,
            "%, [, (, and { are undefined character escapes.  Unescape them.",
        )

    # For the rest, work with both comments and strings removed.
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    if re.search(
        r"\b(const|volatile|void|char|short|int|long"
        r"|float|double|signed|unsigned"
        r"|schar|u?int8_t|u?int16_t|u?int32_t|u?int64_t)"
        r"\s+(register|static|extern|typedef)\b",
        line,
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/storage_class",
            5,
            "Storage-class specifier (static, extern, typedef, etc) should be "
            "at the beginning of the declaration.",
        )

    if re.match(r"\s*#\s*endif\s*[^/\s]+", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/endif_comment",
            5,
            "Uncommented text after #endif is non-standard.  Use a comment.",
        )

    if re.match(r"\s*class\s+(\w+\s*::\s*)+\w+\s*;", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/forward_decl",
            5,
            "Inner-style forward declarations are invalid.  Remove this line.",
        )

    if re.search(r"(\w+|[+-]?\d+(\.\d*)?)\s*(<|>)\?=?\s*(\w+|[+-]?\d+)(\.\d*)?", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/deprecated",
            3,
            ">? and <? (max and min) operators are non-standard and deprecated.",
        )

    if re.search(r"^\s*const\s*string\s*&\s*\w+\s*;", line):
        # TODO(google): Could it be expanded safely to arbitrary references,
        # without triggering too many false positives? The first
        # attempt triggered 5 warnings for mostly benign code in the regtest, hence
        # the restriction.
        # Here's the original regexp, for the reference:
        # type_name = r'\w+((\s*::\s*\w+)|(\s*<\s*\w+?\s*>))?'
        # r'\s*const\s*' + type_name + '\s*&\s*\w+\s*;'
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/member_string_references",
            2,
            "const string& members are dangerous. It is much better to use "
            "alternatives, such as pointers or simple constants.",
        )

    # Everything else in this function operates on class declarations.
    # Return early if the top of the nesting stack is not a class, or if
    # the class head is not completed yet.
    classinfo = nesting_state.InnermostClass()
    if not classinfo or not classinfo.seen_open_brace:
        return

    # The class may have been declared with namespace or classname qualifiers.
    # The constructor and destructor will not have those qualifiers.
    base_classname = classinfo.name.split("::")[-1]

    # Look for single-argument constructors that aren't marked explicit.
    # Technically a valid construct, but against style.
    explicit_constructor_match = re.match(
        r"\s+(?:(?:inline|constexpr)\s+)*(explicit\s+)?"
        rf"(?:(?:inline|constexpr)\s+)*{re.escape(base_classname)}\s*"
        r"\(((?:[^()]|\([^()]*\))*)\)",
        line,
    )

    if explicit_constructor_match:
        is_marked_explicit = explicit_constructor_match.group(1)

        if not explicit_constructor_match.group(2):
            constructor_args = []
        else:
            constructor_args = explicit_constructor_match.group(2).split(",")

        # collapse arguments so that commas in template parameter lists and function
        # argument parameter lists don't split arguments in two
        i = 0
        while i < len(constructor_args):
            constructor_arg = constructor_args[i]
            while constructor_arg.count("<") > constructor_arg.count(">") or constructor_arg.count(
                "("
            ) > constructor_arg.count(")"):
                constructor_arg += "," + constructor_args[i + 1]
                del constructor_args[i + 1]
            constructor_args[i] = constructor_arg
            i += 1

        variadic_args = [arg for arg in constructor_args if "&&..." in arg]
        defaulted_args = [arg for arg in constructor_args if "=" in arg]
        noarg_constructor = (
            not constructor_args  # empty arg list
            or
            # 'void' arg specifier
            (len(constructor_args) == 1 and constructor_args[0].strip() == "void")
        )
        onearg_constructor = (
            (
                len(constructor_args) == 1  # exactly one arg
                and not noarg_constructor
            )
            or
            # all but at most one arg defaulted
            (
                len(constructor_args) >= 1
                and not noarg_constructor
                and len(defaulted_args) >= len(constructor_args) - 1
            )
            or
            # variadic arguments with zero or one argument
            (len(constructor_args) <= 2 and len(variadic_args) >= 1)
        )
        initializer_list_constructor = bool(
            onearg_constructor
            and re.search(r"\bstd\s*::\s*initializer_list\b", constructor_args[0])
        )
        copy_constructor = bool(
            onearg_constructor
            and re.match(
                r"((const\s+(volatile\s+)?)?|(volatile\s+(const\s+)?))?"
                rf"{re.escape(base_classname)}(\s*<[^>]*>)?(\s+const)?\s*(?:<\w+>\s*)?&",
                constructor_args[0].strip(),
            )
        )

        if (
            not is_marked_explicit
            and onearg_constructor
            and not initializer_list_constructor
            and not copy_constructor
        ):
            if defaulted_args or variadic_args:
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "runtime/explicit",
                    4,
                    "Constructors callable with one argument should be marked explicit.",
                )
            else:
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "runtime/explicit",
                    4,
                    "Single-parameter constructors should be marked explicit.",
                )


def CheckSpacingForFunctionCall(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks for the correctness of various spacing around function calls.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Since function calls often occur inside if/for/while/switch
    # expressions - which have their own, more liberal conventions - we
    # first see if we should be looking inside such an expression for a
    # function call, to which we can apply more strict standards.
    fncall = line  # if there's no control flow construct, look at whole line
    for pattern in (
        r"\bif\s*\((.*)\)\s*{",
        r"\bfor\s*\((.*)\)\s*{",
        r"\bwhile\s*\((.*)\)\s*[{;]",
        r"\bswitch\s*\((.*)\)\s*{",
    ):
        match = re.search(pattern, line)
        if match:
            fncall = match.group(1)  # look inside the parens for function calls
            break

    # Except in if/for/while/switch, there should never be space
    # immediately inside parens (eg "f( 3, 4 )").  We make an exception
    # for nested parens ( (a+b) + c ).  Likewise, there should never be
    # a space before a ( when it's a function argument.  I assume it's a
    # function argument when the char before the whitespace is legal in
    # a function name (alnum + _) and we're not starting a macro. Also ignore
    # pointers and references to arrays and functions coz they're too tricky:
    # we use a very simple way to recognize these:
    # " (something)(maybe-something)" or
    # " (something)(maybe-something," or
    # " (something)[something]"
    # Note that we assume the contents of [] to be short enough that
    # they'll never need to wrap.
    if (  # Ignore control structures.
        not re.search(r"\b(if|elif|for|while|switch|return|new|delete|catch|sizeof)\b", fncall)
        and
        # Ignore pointers/references to functions.
        not re.search(r" \([^)]+\)\([^)]*(\)|,$)", fncall)
        and
        # Ignore pointers/references to arrays.
        not re.search(r" \([^)]+\)\[[^\]]+\]", fncall)
    ):
        if re.search(r"\w\s*\(\s(?!\s*\\$)", fncall):  # a ( used for a fn call
            error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/parens", 4, "Extra space after ( in function call")
        elif re.search(r"\(\s+(?!(\s*\\)|\()", fncall):
            error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/parens", 2, "Extra space after (")
        if (
            re.search(r"\w\s+\(", fncall)
            and not re.search(r"_{0,2}asm_{0,2}\s+_{0,2}volatile_{0,2}\s+\(", fncall)
            and not re.search(r"#\s*define|typedef|using\s+\w+\s*=", fncall)
            and not re.search(r"\w\s+\((\w+::)*\*\w+\)\(", fncall)
            and not re.search(r"\bcase\s+\(", fncall)
        ):
            # TODO(google): Space after an operator function seem to be a common
            # error, silence those for now by restricting them to highest verbosity.
            if re.search(r"\boperator_*\b", line):
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/parens",
                    0,
                    "Extra space before ( in function call",
                )
            else:
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/parens",
                    4,
                    "Extra space before ( in function call",
                )
        # If the ) is followed only by a newline or a { + newline, assume it's
        # part of a control statement (if/while/etc), and don't complain
        if re.search(r"[^)]\s+\)\s*[^{\s]", fncall):
            # If the closing parenthesis is preceded by only whitespaces,
            # try to give a more descriptive error message.
            if re.search(r"^\s+\)", fncall):
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/parens",
                    2,
                    "Closing ) should be moved to the previous line",
                )
            else:
                error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/parens", 2, "Extra space before )")


def IsBlankLine(line):
    """Returns true if the given line is blank.

    We consider a line to be blank if the line is empty or consists of
    only white spaces.

    Args:
      line: A line of a string.

    Returns:
      True, if the given line is blank.
    """
    return not line or line.isspace()


def CheckForNamespaceIndentation(filename, nesting_state, clean_lines, line, error):
    is_namespace_indent_item = len(nesting_state.stack) >= 1 and (
        isinstance(nesting_state.stack[-1], _NamespaceInfo)
        or (isinstance(nesting_state.previous_stack_top, _NamespaceInfo))
    )

    if ShouldCheckNamespaceIndentation(
        nesting_state, is_namespace_indent_item, clean_lines.elided, line
    ):
        CheckItemIndentationInNamespace(filename, clean_lines.elided, line, error)


def CheckForFunctionLengths(filename, clean_lines, linenum, function_state, error):
    """Reports for long function bodies.

    For an overview why this is done, see:
    https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Write_Short_Functions

    Uses a simplistic algorithm assuming other style guidelines
    (especially spacing) are followed.
    Only checks unindented functions, so class members are unchecked.
    Trivial bodies are unchecked, so constructors with huge initializer lists
    may be missed.
    Blank/comment lines are not counted so as to avoid encouraging the removal
    of vertical space and comments just to get through a lint check.
    NOLINT *on the last line of a function* disables this check.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      function_state: Current function name and lines in body so far.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    lines = clean_lines.lines
    line = lines[linenum]
    joined_line = ""

    starting_func = False
    regexp = r"(\w(\w|::|\*|\&|\s)*)\("  # decls * & space::name( ...
    if match_result := re.match(regexp, line):
        # If the name is all caps and underscores, figure it's a macro and
        # ignore it, unless it's TEST or TEST_F.
        function_name = match_result.group(1).split()[-1]
        if function_name in {"TEST", "TEST_F"} or not re.match(r"[A-Z_]+$", function_name):
            starting_func = True

    if starting_func:
        body_found = False
        for start_linenum in range(linenum, clean_lines.NumLines()):
            start_line = lines[start_linenum]
            joined_line += " " + start_line.lstrip()
            if re.search(r"(;|})", start_line):  # Declarations and trivial functions
                body_found = True
                break  # ... ignore
            if re.search(r"{", start_line):
                body_found = True
                function = re.search(r"((\w|:)*)\(", line).group(1)
                if re.match(r"TEST", function):  # Handle TEST... macros
                    parameter_regexp = re.search(r"(\(.*\))", joined_line)
                    if parameter_regexp:  # Ignore bad syntax
                        function += parameter_regexp.group(1)
                else:
                    function += "()"
                function_state.Begin(function)
                break
        if not body_found:
            # No body for the function (or evidence of a non-function) was found.
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "readability/fn_size",
                5,
                "Lint failed to find start of function body.",
            )
    elif re.match(r"^\}\s*$", line):  # function end
        function_state.Check(error, filename, linenum)
        function_state.End()
    elif not re.match(r"^\s*$", line):
        function_state.Count()  # Count non-blank/non-comment lines.


_RE_PATTERN_TODO = re.compile(r"^//(\s*)TODO(\(.+?\))?:?(\s|$)?")


def CheckComment(line, filename, linenum, next_line_start, error):
    """Checks for common mistakes in comments.

    Args:
      line: The line in question.
      filename: The name of the current file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      next_line_start: The first non-whitespace column of the next line.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    commentpos = line.find("//")
    if commentpos != -1:
        # Check if the // may be in quotes.  If so, ignore it
        if re.sub(r"\\.", "", line[0:commentpos]).count('"') % 2 == 0:
            # Allow one space for new scopes, two spaces otherwise:
            if not (re.match(r"^.*{ *//", line) and next_line_start == commentpos) and (
                (commentpos >= 1 and line[commentpos - 1] not in string.whitespace)
                or (commentpos >= 2 and line[commentpos - 2] not in string.whitespace)
            ):
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/comments",
                    2,
                    "At least two spaces is best between code and comments",
                )

            # Checks for common mistakes in TODO comments.
            comment = line[commentpos:]
            match = _RE_PATTERN_TODO.match(comment)
            if match:
                # One whitespace is correct; zero whitespace is handled elsewhere.
                leading_whitespace = match.group(1)
                if len(leading_whitespace) > 1:
                    error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/todo", 2, "Too many spaces before TODO")

                username = match.group(2)
                if not username:
                    error(
                        filename,
                        linenum,
                        "readability/todo",
                        2,
                        "Missing username in TODO; it should look like "
                        '"// TODO(my_username): Stuff."',
                    )

                middle_whitespace = match.group(3)
                # Comparisons made explicit for correctness
                #  -- pylint: disable=g-explicit-bool-comparison
                if middle_whitespace not in {" ", ""}:
                    error(
                        filename,
                        linenum,
                        "whitespace/todo",
                        2,
                        "TODO(my_username) should be followed by a space",
                    )

            # If the comment contains an alphanumeric character, there
            # should be a space somewhere between it and the // unless
            # it's a /// or //! Doxygen comment.
            if re.match(r"//[^ ]*\w", comment) and not re.match(r"(///|//\!)(\s+|$)", comment):
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/comments",
                    4,
                    "Should have a space between // and comment",
                )


def CheckSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, nesting_state, error):
    """Checks for the correctness of various spacing issues in the code.

    Things we check for: spaces around operators, spaces after
    if/for/while/switch, no spaces around parens in function calls, two
    spaces between code and comment, don't start a block with a blank
    line, don't end a function with a blank line, don't add a blank line
    after public/protected/private, don't have too many blank lines in a row.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """

    # Don't use "elided" lines here, otherwise we can't check commented lines.
    # Don't want to use "raw" either, because we don't want to check inside C++11
    # raw strings,
    raw = clean_lines.lines_without_raw_strings
    line = raw[linenum]

    # Before nixing comments, check if the line is blank for no good
    # reason.  This includes the first line after a block is opened, and
    # blank lines at the end of a function (ie, right before a line like '}'
    #
    # Skip all the blank line checks if we are immediately inside a
    # namespace body.  In other words, don't issue blank line warnings
    # for this block:
    #   namespace {
    #
    #   }
    #
    # A warning about missing end of namespace comments will be issued instead.
    #
    # Also skip blank line checks for 'extern "C"' blocks, which are formatted
    # like namespaces.
    if IsBlankLine(line) and not nesting_state.InNamespaceBody() and not nesting_state.InExternC():
        elided = clean_lines.elided
        prev_line = elided[linenum - 1]
        prevbrace = prev_line.rfind("{")
        # TODO(google): Don't complain if line before blank line, and line after,
        #                both start with alnums and are indented the same amount.
        #                This ignores whitespace at the start of a namespace block
        #                because those are not usually indented.
        if prevbrace != -1 and prev_line[prevbrace:].find("}") == -1:
            # OK, we have a blank line at the start of a code block.  Before we
            # complain, we check if it is an exception to the rule: The previous
            # non-empty line has the parameters of a function header that are indented
            # 4 spaces (because they did not fit in a 80 column line when placed on
            # the same line as the function name).  We also check for the case where
            # the previous line is indented 6 spaces, which may happen when the
            # initializers of a constructor do not fit into a 80 column line.
            exception = False
            if re.match(r" {6}\w", prev_line):  # Initializer list?
                # We are looking for the opening column of initializer list, which
                # should be indented 4 spaces to cause 6 space indentation afterwards.
                search_position = linenum - 2
                while search_position >= 0 and re.match(r" {6}\w", elided[search_position]):
                    search_position -= 1
                exception = search_position >= 0 and elided[search_position][:5] == "    :"
            else:
                # Search for the function arguments or an initializer list.  We use a
                # simple heuristic here: If the line is indented 4 spaces; and we have a
                # closing paren, without the opening paren, followed by an opening brace
                # or colon (for initializer lists) we assume that it is the last line of
                # a function header.  If we have a colon indented 4 spaces, it is an
                # initializer list.
                exception = re.match(
                    r" {4}\w[^\(]*\)\s*(const\s*)?(\{\s*$|:)", prev_line
                ) or re.match(r" {4}:", prev_line)

            if not exception:
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/blank_line",
                    2,
                    "Redundant blank line at the start of a code block should be deleted.",
                )
        # Ignore blank lines at the end of a block in a long if-else
        # chain, like this:
        #   if (condition1) {
        #     // Something followed by a blank line
        #
        #   } else if (condition2) {
        #     // Something else
        #   }
        if linenum + 1 < clean_lines.NumLines():
            next_line = raw[linenum + 1]
            if next_line and re.match(r"\s*}", next_line) and next_line.find("} else ") == -1:
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/blank_line",
                    3,
                    "Redundant blank line at the end of a code block should be deleted.",
                )

        matched = re.match(r"\s*(public|protected|private):", prev_line)
        if matched:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "whitespace/blank_line",
                3,
                f'Do not leave a blank line after "{matched.group(1)}:"',
            )

    # Next, check comments
    next_line_start = 0
    if linenum + 1 < clean_lines.NumLines():
        next_line = raw[linenum + 1]
        next_line_start = len(next_line) - len(next_line.lstrip())
    CheckComment(line, filename, linenum, next_line_start, error)

    # get rid of comments and strings
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # You shouldn't have spaces before your brackets, except for C++11 attributes
    # or maybe after 'delete []', 'return []() {};', or 'auto [abc, ...] = ...;'.
    if re.search(r"\w\s+\[(?!\[)", line) and not re.search(r"(?:auto&?|delete|return)\s+\[", line):
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/braces", 5, "Extra space before [")

    # In range-based for, we wanted spaces before and after the colon, but
    # not around "::" tokens that might appear.
    if re.search(r"for *\(.*[^:]:[^: ]", line) or re.search(r"for *\(.*[^: ]:[^:]", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/forcolon",
            2,
            "Missing space around colon in range-based for loop",
        )


def CheckOperatorSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks for horizontal spacing around operators.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Don't try to do spacing checks for operator methods.  Do this by
    # replacing the troublesome characters with something else,
    # preserving column position for all other characters.
    #
    # The replacement is done repeatedly to avoid false positives from
    # operators that call operators.
    while True:
        match = re.match(r"^(.*\boperator\b)(\S+)(\s*\(.*)$", line)
        if match:
            line = match.group(1) + ("_" * len(match.group(2))) + match.group(3)
        else:
            break

    # We allow no-spaces around = within an if: "if ( (a=Foo()) == 0 )".
    # Otherwise not.  Note we only check for non-spaces on *both* sides;
    # sometimes people put non-spaces on one side when aligning ='s among
    # many lines (not that this is behavior that I approve of...)
    if (
        (re.search(r"[\w.]=", line) or re.search(r"=[\w.]", line))
        and not re.search(r"\b(if|while|for) ", line)
        # Operators taken from [lex.operators] in C++11 standard.
        and not re.search(r"(>=|<=|==|!=|&=|\^=|\|=|\+=|\*=|\/=|\%=)", line)
        and not re.search(r"operator=", line)
    ):
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/operators", 4, "Missing spaces around =")

    # It's ok not to have spaces around binary operators like + - * /, but if
    # there's too little whitespace, we get concerned.  It's hard to tell,
    # though, so we punt on this one for now.  TODO(google).

    # You should always have whitespace around binary operators.
    #
    # Check <= and >= first to avoid false positives with < and >, then
    # check non-include lines for spacing around < and >.
    #
    # If the operator is followed by a comma, assume it's be used in a
    # macro context and don't do any checks.  This avoids false
    # positives.
    #
    # Note that && is not included here.  This is because there are too
    # many false positives due to RValue references.
    match = re.search(r"[^<>=!\s](==|!=|<=|>=|\|\|)[^<>=!\s,;\)]", line)
    if match:
        # TODO(google): support alternate operators
        error(
            filename, linenum, "whitespace/operators", 3, f"Missing spaces around {match.group(1)}"
        )
    elif not re.match(r"#.*include", line):
        # Look for < that is not surrounded by spaces.  This is only
        # triggered if both sides are missing spaces, even though
        # technically should should flag if at least one side is missing a
        # space.  This is done to avoid some false positives with shifts.
        match = re.match(r"^(.*[^\s<])<[^\s=<,]", line)
        if match:
            (_, _, end_pos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, len(match.group(1)))
            if end_pos <= -1:
                error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/operators", 3, "Missing spaces around <")

        # Look for > that is not surrounded by spaces.  Similar to the
        # above, we only trigger if both sides are missing spaces to avoid
        # false positives with shifts.
        match = re.match(r"^(.*[^-\s>])>[^\s=>,]", line)
        if match:
            (_, _, start_pos) = ReverseCloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, len(match.group(1)))
            if start_pos <= -1:
                error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/operators", 3, "Missing spaces around >")

    # We allow no-spaces around << when used like this: 10<<20, but
    # not otherwise (particularly, not when used as streams)
    #
    # We also allow operators following an opening parenthesis, since
    # those tend to be macros that deal with operators.
    match = re.search(r"(operator|[^\s(<])(?:L|UL|LL|ULL|l|ul|ll|ull)?<<([^\s,=<])", line)
    if (
        match
        and not (match.group(1).isdigit() and match.group(2).isdigit())
        and not (match.group(1) == "operator" and match.group(2) == ";")
    ):
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/operators", 3, "Missing spaces around <<")

    # We allow no-spaces around >> for almost anything.  This is because
    # C++11 allows ">>" to close nested templates, which accounts for
    # most cases when ">>" is not followed by a space.
    #
    # We still warn on ">>" followed by alpha character, because that is
    # likely due to ">>" being used for right shifts, e.g.:
    #   value >> alpha
    #
    # When ">>" is used to close templates, the alphanumeric letter that
    # follows would be part of an identifier, and there should still be
    # a space separating the template type and the identifier.
    #   type<type<type>> alpha
    match = re.search(r">>[a-zA-Z_]", line)
    if match:
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/operators", 3, "Missing spaces around >>")

    # There shouldn't be space around unary operators
    match = re.search(r"(!\s|~\s|[\s]--[\s;]|[\s]\+\+[\s;])", line)
    if match:
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/operators",
            4,
            f"Extra space for operator {match.group(1)}",
        )


def CheckParenthesisSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks for horizontal spacing around parentheses.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # No spaces after an if, while, switch, or for
    match = re.search(r" (if\(|for\(|while\(|switch\()", line)
    if match:
        error(
            filename, linenum, "whitespace/parens", 5, f"Missing space before ( in {match.group(1)}"
        )

    # For if/for/while/switch, the left and right parens should be
    # consistent about how many spaces are inside the parens, and
    # there should either be zero or one spaces inside the parens.
    # We don't want: "if ( foo)" or "if ( foo   )".
    # Exception: "for ( ; foo; bar)" and "for (foo; bar; )" are allowed.
    match = re.search(
        r"\b(if|for|while|switch)\s*"
        r"\(([ ]*)(.).*[^ ]+([ ]*)\)\s*{\s*$",
        line,
    )
    if match:
        if len(match.group(2)) != len(match.group(4)) and not (
            match.group(3) == ";"
            and len(match.group(2)) == 1 + len(match.group(4))
            or not match.group(2)
            and re.search(r"\bfor\s*\(.*; \)", line)
        ):
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "whitespace/parens",
                5,
                f"Mismatching spaces inside () in {match.group(1)}",
            )
        if len(match.group(2)) not in [0, 1]:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "whitespace/parens",
                5,
                f"Should have zero or one spaces inside ( and ) in {match.group(1)}",
            )


def CheckCommaSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks for horizontal spacing near commas and semicolons.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    raw = clean_lines.lines_without_raw_strings
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # You should always have a space after a comma (either as fn arg or operator)
    #
    # This does not apply when the non-space character following the
    # comma is another comma, since the only time when that happens is
    # for empty macro arguments.
    #
    # We run this check in two passes: first pass on elided lines to
    # verify that lines contain missing whitespaces, second pass on raw
    # lines to confirm that those missing whitespaces are not due to
    # elided comments.
    match = re.search(
        r",[^,\s]", re.sub(r"\b__VA_OPT__\s*\(,\)", "", re.sub(r"\boperator\s*,\s*\(", "F(", line))
    )
    if match and re.search(r",[^,\s]", raw[linenum]):
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/comma", 3, "Missing space after ,")

    # You should always have a space after a semicolon
    # except for few corner cases
    # TODO(google): clarify if 'if (1) { return 1;}' is requires one more
    # space after ;
    if re.search(r";[^\s};\\)/]", line):
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/semicolon", 3, "Missing space after ;")


def _IsType(clean_lines, nesting_state, expr):
    """Check if expression looks like a type name, returns true if so.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      expr: The expression to check.
    Returns:
      True, if token looks like a type.
    """
    # Keep only the last token in the expression
    if last_word := re.match(r"^.*(\b\S+)$", expr):
        token = last_word.group(1)
    else:
        token = expr

    # Match native types and stdint types
    if _TYPES.match(token):
        return True

    # Try a bit harder to match templated types.  Walk up the nesting
    # stack until we find something that resembles a typename
    # declaration for what we are looking for.
    typename_pattern = r"\b(?:typename|class|struct)\s+" + re.escape(token) + r"\b"
    block_index = len(nesting_state.stack) - 1
    while block_index >= 0:
        if isinstance(nesting_state.stack[block_index], _NamespaceInfo):
            return False

        # Found where the opening brace is.  We want to scan from this
        # line up to the beginning of the function, minus a few lines.
        #   template <typename Type1,  // stop scanning here
        #             ...>
        #   class C
        #     : public ... {  // start scanning here
        last_line = nesting_state.stack[block_index].starting_linenum

        next_block_start = 0
        if block_index > 0:
            next_block_start = nesting_state.stack[block_index - 1].starting_linenum
        first_line = last_line
        while first_line >= next_block_start:
            if clean_lines.elided[first_line].find("template") >= 0:
                break
            first_line -= 1
        if first_line < next_block_start:
            # Didn't find any "template" keyword before reaching the next block,
            # there are probably no template things to check for this block
            block_index -= 1
            continue

        # Look for typename in the specified range
        for i in range(first_line, last_line + 1, 1):
            if re.search(typename_pattern, clean_lines.elided[i]):
                return True
        block_index -= 1

    return False


def CheckBracesSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, nesting_state, error):
    """Checks for horizontal spacing near commas.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Except after an opening paren, or after another opening brace (in case of
    # an initializer list, for instance), you should have spaces before your
    # braces when they are delimiting blocks, classes, namespaces etc.
    # And since you should never have braces at the beginning of a line,
    # this is an easy test.  Except that braces used for initialization don't
    # follow the same rule; we often don't want spaces before those.

    if match := re.match(r"^(.*[^ ({>]){", line):
        # Try a bit harder to check for brace initialization.  This
        # happens in one of the following forms:
        #   Constructor() : initializer_list_{} { ... }
        #   Constructor{}.MemberFunction()
        #   Type variable{};
        #   FunctionCall(type{}, ...);
        #   LastArgument(..., type{});
        #   LOG(INFO) << type{} << " ...";
        #   map_of_type[{...}] = ...;
        #   ternary = expr ? new type{} : nullptr;
        #   OuterTemplate<InnerTemplateConstructor<Type>{}>
        #
        # We check for the character following the closing brace, and
        # silence the warning if it's one of those listed above, i.e.
        # "{.;,)<>]:".
        #
        # To account for nested initializer list, we allow any number of
        # closing braces up to "{;,)<".  We can't simply silence the
        # warning on first sight of closing brace, because that would
        # cause false negatives for things that are not initializer lists.
        #   Silence this:         But not this:
        #     Outer{                if (...) {
        #       Inner{...}            if (...){  // Missing space before {
        #     };                    }
        #
        # There is a false negative with this approach if people inserted
        # spurious semicolons, e.g. "if (cond){};", but we will catch the
        # spurious semicolon with a separate check.
        leading_text = match.group(1)
        (endline, endlinenum, endpos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, len(match.group(1)))
        trailing_text = ""
        if endpos > -1:
            trailing_text = endline[endpos:]
        for offset in range(endlinenum + 1, min(endlinenum + 3, clean_lines.NumLines() - 1)):
            trailing_text += clean_lines.elided[offset]
        # We also suppress warnings for `uint64_t{expression}` etc., as the style
        # guide recommends brace initialization for integral types to avoid
        # overflow/truncation.
        if not re.match(r"^[\s}]*[{.;,)<>\]:]", trailing_text) and not _IsType(
            clean_lines, nesting_state, leading_text
        ):
            error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/braces", 5, "Missing space before {")

    # Make sure '} else {' has spaces.
    if re.search(r"}else", line):
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/braces", 5, "Missing space before else")

    # You shouldn't have a space before a semicolon at the end of the line.
    # There's a special case for "for" since the style guide allows space before
    # the semicolon there.
    if re.search(r":\s*;\s*$", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/semicolon",
            5,
            "Semicolon defining empty statement. Use {} instead.",
        )
    elif re.search(r"^\s*;\s*$", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/semicolon",
            5,
            "Line contains only semicolon. If this should be an empty statement, use {} instead.",
        )
    elif re.search(r"\s+;\s*$", line) and not re.search(r"\bfor\b", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/semicolon",
            5,
            "Extra space before last semicolon. If this should be an empty "
            "statement, use {} instead.",
        )


def IsDecltype(clean_lines, linenum, column):
    """Check if the token ending on (linenum, column) is decltype().

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: the number of the line to check.
      column: end column of the token to check.
    Returns:
      True if this token is decltype() expression, False otherwise.
    """
    (text, _, start_col) = ReverseCloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, column)
    if start_col < 0:
        return False
    return bool(re.search(r"\bdecltype\s*$", text[0:start_col]))


def CheckSectionSpacing(filename, clean_lines, class_info, linenum, error):
    """Checks for additional blank line issues related to sections.

    Currently the only thing checked here is blank line before protected/private.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      class_info: A _ClassInfo objects.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    # Skip checks if the class is small, where small means 25 lines or less.
    # 25 lines seems like a good cutoff since that's the usual height of
    # terminals, and any class that can't fit in one screen can't really
    # be considered "small".
    #
    # Also skip checks if we are on the first line.  This accounts for
    # classes that look like
    #   class Foo { public: ... };
    #
    # If we didn't find the end of the class, last_line would be zero,
    # and the check will be skipped by the first condition.
    if (
        class_info.last_line - class_info.starting_linenum <= 24
        or linenum <= class_info.starting_linenum
    ):
        return

    matched = re.match(r"\s*(public|protected|private):", clean_lines.lines[linenum])
    if matched:
        # Issue warning if the line before public/protected/private was
        # not a blank line, but don't do this if the previous line contains
        # "class" or "struct".  This can happen two ways:
        #  - We are at the beginning of the class.
        #  - We are forward-declaring an inner class that is semantically
        #    private, but needed to be public for implementation reasons.
        # Also ignores cases where the previous line ends with a backslash as can be
        # common when defining classes in C macros.
        prev_line = clean_lines.lines[linenum - 1]
        if (
            not IsBlankLine(prev_line)
            and not re.search(r"\b(class|struct)\b", prev_line)
            and not re.search(r"\\$", prev_line)
        ):
            # Try a bit harder to find the beginning of the class.  This is to
            # account for multi-line base-specifier lists, e.g.:
            #   class Derived
            #       : public Base {
            end_class_head = class_info.starting_linenum
            for i in range(class_info.starting_linenum, linenum):
                if re.search(r"\{\s*$", clean_lines.lines[i]):
                    end_class_head = i
                    break
            if end_class_head < linenum - 1:
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "whitespace/blank_line",
                    3,
                    f'"{matched.group(1)}:" should be preceded by a blank line',
                )


def GetPreviousNonBlankLine(clean_lines, linenum):
    """Return the most recent non-blank line and its line number.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file contents.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.

    Returns:
      A tuple with two elements.  The first element is the contents of the last
      non-blank line before the current line, or the empty string if this is the
      first non-blank line.  The second is the line number of that line, or -1
      if this is the first non-blank line.
    """

    prevlinenum = linenum - 1
    while prevlinenum >= 0:
        prevline = clean_lines.elided[prevlinenum]
        if not IsBlankLine(prevline):  # if not a blank line...
            return (prevline, prevlinenum)
        prevlinenum -= 1
    return ("", -1)


def CheckBraces(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Looks for misplaced braces (e.g. at the end of line).

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """

    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]  # get rid of comments and strings

    if re.match(r"\s*{\s*$", line):
        # We allow an open brace to start a line in the case where someone is using
        # braces in a block to explicitly create a new scope, which is commonly used
        # to control the lifetime of stack-allocated variables.  Braces are also
        # used for brace initializers inside function calls.  We don't detect this
        # perfectly: we just don't complain if the last non-whitespace character on
        # the previous non-blank line is ',', ';', ':', '(', '{', or '}', or if the
        # previous line starts a preprocessor block. We also allow a brace on the
        # following line if it is part of an array initialization and would not fit
        # within the 80 character limit of the preceding line.
        prevline = GetPreviousNonBlankLine(clean_lines, linenum)[0]
        if (
            not re.search(r"[,;:}{(]\s*$", prevline)
            and not re.match(r"\s*#", prevline)
            and not (GetLineWidth(prevline) > _line_length - 2 and "[]" in prevline)
        ):
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "whitespace/braces",
                4,
                "{ should almost always be at the end of the previous line",
            )

    # An else clause should be on the same line as the preceding closing brace.
    if last_wrong := re.match(r"\s*else\b\s*(?:if\b|\{|$)", line):
        prevline = GetPreviousNonBlankLine(clean_lines, linenum)[0]
        if re.match(r"\s*}\s*$", prevline):
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "whitespace/newline",
                4,
                "An else should appear on the same line as the preceding }",
            )
        else:
            last_wrong = False

    # If braces come on one side of an else, they should be on both.
    # However, we have to worry about "else if" that spans multiple lines!
    if re.search(r"else if\s*\(", line):  # could be multi-line if
        brace_on_left = bool(re.search(r"}\s*else if\s*\(", line))
        # find the ( after the if
        pos = line.find("else if")
        pos = line.find("(", pos)
        if pos > 0:
            (endline, _, endpos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, pos)
            brace_on_right = endline[endpos:].find("{") != -1
            if brace_on_left != brace_on_right:  # must be brace after if
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "readability/braces",
                    5,
                    "If an else has a brace on one side, it should have it on both",
                )
    # Prevent detection if statement has { and we detected an improper newline after }
    elif re.search(r"}\s*else[^{]*$", line) or (
        re.match(r"[^}]*else\s*{", line) and not last_wrong
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "readability/braces",
            5,
            "If an else has a brace on one side, it should have it on both",
        )

    # No control clauses with braces should have its contents on the same line
    # Exclude } which will be covered by empty-block detect
    # Exclude ; which may be used by while in a do-while
    if (
        keyword := re.search(
            r"\b(else if|if|while|for|switch)"  # These have parens
            r"\s*\(.*\)\s*(?:\[\[(?:un)?likely\]\]\s*)?{\s*[^\s\\};]",
            line,
        )
    ) or (
        keyword := re.search(
            r"\b(else|do|try)"  # These don't have parens
            r"\s*(?:\[\[(?:un)?likely\]\]\s*)?{\s*[^\s\\}]",
            line,
        )
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/newline",
            5,
            f"Controlled statements inside brackets of {keyword.group(1)} clause"
            " should be on a separate line",
        )

    # TODO(aaronliu0130): Err on if...else and do...while statements without braces;
    # style guide has changed since the below comment was written

    # Check single-line if/else bodies. The style guide says 'curly braces are not
    # required for single-line statements'. We additionally allow multi-line,
    # single statements, but we reject anything with more than one semicolon in
    # it. This means that the first semicolon after the if should be at the end of
    # its line, and the line after that should have an indent level equal to or
    # lower than the if. We also check for ambiguous if/else nesting without
    # braces.
    if_else_match = re.search(r"\b(if\s*(|constexpr)\s*\(|else\b)", line)
    if if_else_match and not re.match(r"\s*#", line):
        if_indent = GetIndentLevel(line)
        endline, endlinenum, endpos = line, linenum, if_else_match.end()
        if_match = re.search(r"\bif\s*(|constexpr)\s*\(", line)
        if if_match:
            # This could be a multiline if condition, so find the end first.
            pos = if_match.end() - 1
            (endline, endlinenum, endpos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, pos)
        # Check for an opening brace, either directly after the if or on the next
        # line. If found, this isn't a single-statement conditional.
        if not re.match(r"\s*(?:\[\[(?:un)?likely\]\]\s*)?{", endline[endpos:]) and not (
            re.match(r"\s*$", endline[endpos:])
            and endlinenum < (len(clean_lines.elided) - 1)
            and re.match(r"\s*{", clean_lines.elided[endlinenum + 1])
        ):
            while (
                endlinenum < len(clean_lines.elided)
                and ";" not in clean_lines.elided[endlinenum][endpos:]
            ):
                endlinenum += 1
                endpos = 0
            if endlinenum < len(clean_lines.elided):
                endline = clean_lines.elided[endlinenum]
                # We allow a mix of whitespace and closing braces (e.g. for one-liner
                # methods) and a single \ after the semicolon (for macros)
                endpos = endline.find(";")
                if not re.match(r";[\s}]*(\\?)$", endline[endpos:]):
                    # Semicolon isn't the last character, there's something trailing.
                    # Output a warning if the semicolon is not contained inside
                    # a lambda expression.
                    if not re.match(r"^[^{};]*\[[^\[\]]*\][^{}]*\{[^{}]*\}\s*\)*[;,]\s*$", endline):
                        error(
                            filename,
                            linenum,
                            "readability/braces",
                            4,
                            "If/else bodies with multiple statements require braces",
                        )
                elif endlinenum < len(clean_lines.elided) - 1:
                    # Make sure the next line is dedented
                    next_line = clean_lines.elided[endlinenum + 1]
                    next_indent = GetIndentLevel(next_line)
                    # With ambiguous nested if statements, this will error out on the
                    # if that *doesn't* match the else, regardless of whether it's the
                    # inner one or outer one.
                    if if_match and re.match(r"\s*else\b", next_line) and next_indent != if_indent:
                        error(
                            filename,
                            linenum,
                            "readability/braces",
                            4,
                            "Else clause should be indented at the same level as if. "
                            "Ambiguous nested if/else chains require braces.",
                        )
                    elif next_indent > if_indent:
                        error(
                            filename,
                            linenum,
                            "readability/braces",
                            4,
                            "If/else bodies with multiple statements require braces",
                        )


def CheckTrailingSemicolon(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Looks for redundant trailing semicolon.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """

    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Block bodies should not be followed by a semicolon.  Due to C++11
    # brace initialization, there are more places where semicolons are
    # required than not, so we explicitly list the allowed rules rather
    # than listing the disallowed ones.  These are the places where "};"
    # should be replaced by just "}":
    # 1. Some flavor of block following closing parenthesis:
    #    for (;;) {};
    #    while (...) {};
    #    switch (...) {};
    #    Function(...) {};
    #    if (...) {};
    #    if (...) else if (...) {};
    #
    # 2. else block:
    #    if (...) else {};
    #
    # 3. const member function:
    #    Function(...) const {};
    #
    # 4. Block following some statement:
    #    x = 42;
    #    {};
    #
    # 5. Block at the beginning of a function:
    #    Function(...) {
    #      {};
    #    }
    #
    #    Note that naively checking for the preceding "{" will also match
    #    braces inside multi-dimensional arrays, but this is fine since
    #    that expression will not contain semicolons.
    #
    # 6. Block following another block:
    #    while (true) {}
    #    {};
    #
    # 7. End of namespaces:
    #    namespace {};
    #
    #    These semicolons seems far more common than other kinds of
    #    redundant semicolons, possibly due to people converting classes
    #    to namespaces.  For now we do not warn for this case.
    #
    # Try matching case 1 first.
    match = re.match(r"^(.*\)\s*)\{", line)
    if match:
        # Matched closing parenthesis (case 1).  Check the token before the
        # matching opening parenthesis, and don't warn if it looks like a
        # macro.  This avoids these false positives:
        #  - macro that defines a base class
        #  - multi-line macro that defines a base class
        #  - macro that defines the whole class-head
        #
        # But we still issue warnings for macros that we know are safe to
        # warn, specifically:
        #  - TEST, TEST_F, TEST_P, MATCHER, MATCHER_P
        #  - TYPED_TEST
        #  - INTERFACE_DEF
        #  - EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED, SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED, LOCKS_EXCLUDED:
        #
        # We implement a list of safe macros instead of a list of
        # unsafe macros, even though the latter appears less frequently in
        # google code and would have been easier to implement.  This is because
        # the downside for getting the allowed checks wrong means some extra
        # semicolons, while the downside for getting disallowed checks wrong
        # would result in compile errors.
        #
        # In addition to macros, we also don't want to warn on
        #  - Compound literals
        #  - Lambdas
        #  - alignas specifier with anonymous structs
        #  - decltype
        #  - concepts (requires expression)
        closing_brace_pos = match.group(1).rfind(")")
        opening_parenthesis = ReverseCloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, closing_brace_pos)
        if opening_parenthesis[2] > -1:
            line_prefix = opening_parenthesis[0][0 : opening_parenthesis[2]]
            macro = re.search(r"\b([A-Z_][A-Z0-9_]*)\s*$", line_prefix)
            func = re.match(r"^(.*\])\s*$", line_prefix)
            if (
                (
                    macro
                    and macro.group(1)
                    not in (
                        "TEST",
                        "TEST_F",
                        "MATCHER",
                        "MATCHER_P",
                        "TYPED_TEST",
                        "EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED",
                        "SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED",
                        "LOCKS_EXCLUDED",
                        "INTERFACE_DEF",
                    )
                )
                or (func and not re.search(r"\boperator\s*\[\s*\]", func.group(1)))
                or re.search(r"\b(?:struct|union)\s+alignas\s*$", line_prefix)
                or re.search(r"\bdecltype$", line_prefix)
                or re.search(r"\brequires.*$", line_prefix)
                or re.search(r"\s+=\s*$", line_prefix)
            ):
                match = None
        if (
            match
            and opening_parenthesis[1] > 1
            and re.search(r"\]\s*$", clean_lines.elided[opening_parenthesis[1] - 1])
        ):
            # Multi-line lambda-expression
            match = None

    else:
        # Try matching cases 2-3.
        match = re.match(r"^(.*(?:else|\)\s*const)\s*)\{", line)
        if not match:
            # Try matching cases 4-6.  These are always matched on separate lines.
            #
            # Note that we can't simply concatenate the previous line to the
            # current line and do a single match, otherwise we may output
            # duplicate warnings for the blank line case:
            #   if (cond) {
            #     // blank line
            #   }
            prevline = GetPreviousNonBlankLine(clean_lines, linenum)[0]
            if prevline and re.search(r"[;{}]\s*$", prevline):
                match = re.match(r"^(\s*)\{", line)

    # Check matching closing brace
    if match:
        (endline, endlinenum, endpos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, len(match.group(1)))
        if endpos > -1 and re.match(r"^\s*;", endline[endpos:]):
            # Current {} pair is eligible for semicolon check, and we have found
            # the redundant semicolon, output warning here.
            #
            # Note: because we are scanning forward for opening braces, and
            # outputting warnings for the matching closing brace, if there are
            # nested blocks with trailing semicolons, we will get the error
            # messages in reversed order.

            # We need to check the line forward for NOLINT
            raw_lines = clean_lines.raw_lines
            ParseNolintSuppressions(filename, raw_lines[endlinenum - 1], endlinenum - 1, error)
            ParseNolintSuppressions(filename, raw_lines[endlinenum], endlinenum, error)

            error(filename, endlinenum, "readability/braces", 4, "You don't need a ; after a }")


def CheckEmptyBlockBody(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Look for empty loop/conditional body with only a single semicolon.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """

    # Search for loop keywords at the beginning of the line.  Because only
    # whitespaces are allowed before the keywords, this will also ignore most
    # do-while-loops, since those lines should start with closing brace.
    #
    # We also check "if" blocks here, since an empty conditional block
    # is likely an error.
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if matched := re.match(r"\s*(for|while|if)\s*\(", line):
        # Find the end of the conditional expression.
        (end_line, end_linenum, end_pos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, line.find("("))

        # Output warning if what follows the condition expression is a semicolon.
        # No warning for all other cases, including whitespace or newline, since we
        # have a separate check for semicolons preceded by whitespace.
        if end_pos >= 0 and re.match(r";", end_line[end_pos:]):
            if matched.group(1) == "if":
                error(
                    filename,
                    end_linenum,
                    "whitespace/empty_conditional_body",
                    5,
                    "Empty conditional bodies should use {}",
                )
            else:
                error(
                    filename,
                    end_linenum,
                    "whitespace/empty_loop_body",
                    5,
                    "Empty loop bodies should use {} or continue",
                )

        # Check for if statements that have completely empty bodies (no comments)
        # and no else clauses.
        if end_pos >= 0 and matched.group(1) == "if":
            # Find the position of the opening { for the if statement.
            # Return without logging an error if it has no brackets.
            opening_linenum = end_linenum
            opening_line_fragment = end_line[end_pos:]
            # Loop until EOF or find anything that's not whitespace or opening {.
            while not re.search(r"^\s*\{", opening_line_fragment):
                if re.search(r"^(?!\s*$)", opening_line_fragment):
                    # Conditional has no brackets.
                    return
                opening_linenum += 1
                if opening_linenum == len(clean_lines.elided):
                    # Couldn't find conditional's opening { or any code before EOF.
                    return
                opening_line_fragment = clean_lines.elided[opening_linenum]
            # Set opening_line (opening_line_fragment may not be entire opening line).
            opening_line = clean_lines.elided[opening_linenum]

            # Find the position of the closing }.
            opening_pos = opening_line_fragment.find("{")
            if opening_linenum == end_linenum:
                # We need to make opening_pos relative to the start of the entire line.
                opening_pos += end_pos
            (closing_line, closing_linenum, closing_pos) = CloseExpression(
                clean_lines, opening_linenum, opening_pos
            )
            if closing_pos < 0:
                return

            # Now construct the body of the conditional. This consists of the portion
            # of the opening line after the {, all lines until the closing line,
            # and the portion of the closing line before the }.
            if clean_lines.raw_lines[opening_linenum] != CleanseComments(
                clean_lines.raw_lines[opening_linenum]
            ):
                # Opening line ends with a comment, so conditional isn't empty.
                return
            if closing_linenum > opening_linenum:
                # Opening line after the {. Ignore comments here since we checked above.
                bodylist = list(opening_line[opening_pos + 1 :])
                # All lines until closing line, excluding closing line, with comments.
                bodylist.extend(clean_lines.raw_lines[opening_linenum + 1 : closing_linenum])
                # Closing line before the }. Won't (and can't) have comments.
                bodylist.append(clean_lines.elided[closing_linenum][: closing_pos - 1])
                body = "\n".join(bodylist)
            else:
                # If statement has brackets and fits on a single line.
                body = opening_line[opening_pos + 1 : closing_pos - 1]

            # Check if the body is empty
            if not _EMPTY_CONDITIONAL_BODY_PATTERN.search(body):
                return
            # The body is empty. Now make sure there's not an else clause.
            current_linenum = closing_linenum
            current_line_fragment = closing_line[closing_pos:]
            # Loop until EOF or find anything that's not whitespace or else clause.
            while re.search(r"^\s*$|^(?=\s*else)", current_line_fragment):
                if re.search(r"^(?=\s*else)", current_line_fragment):
                    # Found an else clause, so don't log an error.
                    return
                current_linenum += 1
                if current_linenum == len(clean_lines.elided):
                    break
                current_line_fragment = clean_lines.elided[current_linenum]

            # The body is empty and there's no else clause until EOF or other code.
            error(
                filename,
                end_linenum,
                "whitespace/empty_if_body",
                4,
                ("If statement had no body and no else clause"),
            )


def FindCheckMacro(line):
    """Find a replaceable CHECK-like macro.

    Args:
      line: line to search on.
    Returns:
      (macro name, start position), or (None, -1) if no replaceable
      macro is found.
    """
    for macro in _CHECK_MACROS:
        i = line.find(macro)
        if i >= 0:
            # Find opening parenthesis.  Do a regular expression match here
            # to make sure that we are matching the expected CHECK macro, as
            # opposed to some other macro that happens to contain the CHECK
            # substring.
            matched = re.match(r"^(.*\b" + macro + r"\s*)\(", line)
            if not matched:
                continue
            return (macro, len(matched.group(1)))
    return (None, -1)


def CheckCheck(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Checks the use of CHECK and EXPECT macros.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """

    # Decide the set of replacement macros that should be suggested
    lines = clean_lines.elided
    (check_macro, start_pos) = FindCheckMacro(lines[linenum])
    if not check_macro:
        return

    # Find end of the boolean expression by matching parentheses
    (last_line, end_line, end_pos) = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, start_pos)
    if end_pos < 0:
        return

    # If the check macro is followed by something other than a
    # semicolon, assume users will log their own custom error messages
    # and don't suggest any replacements.
    if not re.match(r"\s*;", last_line[end_pos:]):
        return

    if linenum == end_line:
        expression = lines[linenum][start_pos + 1 : end_pos - 1]
    else:
        expression = lines[linenum][start_pos + 1 :]
        for i in range(linenum + 1, end_line):
            expression += lines[i]
        expression += last_line[0 : end_pos - 1]

    # Parse expression so that we can take parentheses into account.
    # This avoids false positives for inputs like "CHECK((a < 4) == b)",
    # which is not replaceable by CHECK_LE.
    lhs = ""
    rhs = ""
    operator = None
    while expression:
        matched = re.match(
            r"^\s*(<<|<<=|>>|>>=|->\*|->|&&|\|\||"
            r"==|!=|>=|>|<=|<|\()(.*)$",
            expression,
        )
        if matched:
            token = matched.group(1)
            if token == "(":
                # Parenthesized operand
                expression = matched.group(2)
                (end, _) = FindEndOfExpressionInLine(expression, 0, ["("])
                if end < 0:
                    return  # Unmatched parenthesis
                lhs += "(" + expression[0:end]
                expression = expression[end:]
            elif token in ("&&", "||"):
                # Logical and/or operators.  This means the expression
                # contains more than one term, for example:
                #   CHECK(42 < a && a < b);
                #
                # These are not replaceable with CHECK_LE, so bail out early.
                return
            elif token in ("<<", "<<=", ">>", ">>=", "->*", "->"):
                # Non-relational operator
                lhs += token
                expression = matched.group(2)
            else:
                # Relational operator
                operator = token
                rhs = matched.group(2)
                break
        else:
            # Unparenthesized operand.  Instead of appending to lhs one character
            # at a time, we do another regular expression match to consume several
            # characters at once if possible.  Trivial benchmark shows that this
            # is more efficient when the operands are longer than a single
            # character, which is generally the case.
            matched = re.match(r"^([^-=!<>()&|]+)(.*)$", expression)
            if not matched:
                matched = re.match(r"^(\s*\S)(.*)$", expression)
                if not matched:
                    break
            lhs += matched.group(1)
            expression = matched.group(2)

    # Only apply checks if we got all parts of the boolean expression
    if not (lhs and operator and rhs):
        return

    # Check that rhs do not contain logical operators.  We already know
    # that lhs is fine since the loop above parses out && and ||.
    if rhs.find("&&") > -1 or rhs.find("||") > -1:
        return

    # At least one of the operands must be a constant literal.  This is
    # to avoid suggesting replacements for unprintable things like
    # CHECK(variable != iterator)
    #
    # The following pattern matches decimal, hex integers, strings, and
    # characters (in that order).
    lhs = lhs.strip()
    rhs = rhs.strip()
    match_constant = r'^([-+]?(\d+|0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+)[lLuU]{0,3}|".*"|\'.*\')$'
    if re.match(match_constant, lhs) or re.match(match_constant, rhs):
        # Note: since we know both lhs and rhs, we can provide a more
        # descriptive error message like:
        #   Consider using CHECK_EQ(x, 42) instead of CHECK(x == 42)
        # Instead of:
        #   Consider using CHECK_EQ instead of CHECK(a == b)
        #
        # We are still keeping the less descriptive message because if lhs
        # or rhs gets long, the error message might become unreadable.
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "readability/check",
            2,
            f"Consider using {_CHECK_REPLACEMENT[check_macro][operator]}"
            f" instead of {check_macro}(a {operator} b)",
        )


def CheckAltTokens(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Check alternative keywords being used in boolean expressions.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Avoid preprocessor lines
    if re.match(r"^\s*#", line):
        return

    # Last ditch effort to avoid multi-line comments.  This will not help
    # if the comment started before the current line or ended after the
    # current line, but it catches most of the false positives.  At least,
    # it provides a way to workaround this warning for people who use
    # multi-line comments in preprocessor macros.
    #
    # TODO(google): remove this once cpplint has better support for
    # multi-line comments.
    if line.find("/*") >= 0 or line.find("*/") >= 0:
        return

    for match in _ALT_TOKEN_REPLACEMENT_PATTERN.finditer(line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "readability/alt_tokens",
            2,
            f"Use operator {_ALT_TOKEN_REPLACEMENT[match.group(2)]} instead of {match.group(2)}",
        )


def CheckNullTokens(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
  """Check NULL usage.

  Args:
    filename: The name of the current file.
    clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
    linenum: The number of the line to check.
    error: The function to call with any errors found.
  """
  line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

  # Avoid preprocessor lines
  if re.match(r'^\s*#', line):
    return

  if line.find('/*') >= 0 or line.find('*/') >= 0:
    return

  for match in _NULL_TOKEN_PATTERN.finditer(line):
    error(filename, linenum, 'readability/null_usage', 2,
          'Use nullptr instead of NULL')


def CheckV8PersistentTokens(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
  """Check v8::Persistent usage.

  Args:
    filename: The name of the current file.
    clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
    linenum: The number of the line to check.
    error: The function to call with any errors found.
  """
  line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

  # Avoid preprocessor lines
  if re.match(r'^\s*#', line):
    return

  if line.find('/*') >= 0 or line.find('*/') >= 0:
    return

  for match in _V8_PERSISTENT_PATTERN.finditer(line):
    error(filename, linenum, 'runtime/v8_persistent', 2,
          'Use v8::Global instead of v8::Persistent')


def CheckLeftLeaningPointer(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
  """Check for left-leaning pointer placement.

  Args:
    filename: The name of the current file.
    clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
    linenum: The number of the line to check.
    error: The function to call with any errors found.
  """
  line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

  # Avoid preprocessor lines
  if re.match(r'^\s*#', line):
    return

  if '/*' in line or '*/' in line:
    return

  for match in _RIGHT_LEANING_POINTER_PATTERN.finditer(line):
    error(filename, linenum, 'readability/null_usage', 2,
          'Use left leaning pointer instead of right leaning')


def GetLineWidth(line):
    """Determines the width of the line in column positions.

    Args:
      line: A string, which may be a Unicode string.

    Returns:
      The width of the line in column positions, accounting for Unicode
      combining characters and wide characters.
    """
    if isinstance(line, str):
        width = 0
        for uc in unicodedata.normalize("NFC", line):
            if unicodedata.east_asian_width(uc) in ("W", "F"):
                width += 2
            elif not unicodedata.combining(uc):
                # Issue 337
                # https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2012-August/628809.html
                if (sys.version_info.major, sys.version_info.minor) <= (3, 2):
                    # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/2.7/Include/unicodeobject.h#L81
                    is_wide_build = sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_UNICODE_SIZE") >= 4
                    # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/2.7/Objects/unicodeobject.c#L564
                    is_low_surrogate = 0xDC00 <= ord(uc) <= 0xDFFF
                    if not is_wide_build and is_low_surrogate:
                        width -= 1

                width += 1
        return width
    return len(line)


def CheckStyle(filename, clean_lines, linenum, file_extension, nesting_state, error, cppvar=None):
    """Checks rules from the 'C++ style rules' section of cppguide.html.

    Most of these rules are hard to test (naming, comment style), but we
    do what we can.  In particular we check for 2-space indents, line lengths,
    tab usage, spaces inside code, etc.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      file_extension: The extension (without the dot) of the filename.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
      cppvar: The header guard variable returned by GetHeaderGuardCPPVar.
    """

    # Don't use "elided" lines here, otherwise we can't check commented lines.
    # Don't want to use "raw" either, because we don't want to check inside C++11
    # raw strings,
    raw_lines = clean_lines.lines_without_raw_strings
    line = raw_lines[linenum]
    prev = raw_lines[linenum - 1] if linenum > 0 else ""

    if line.find("\t") != -1:
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/tab", 1, "Tab found; better to use spaces")

    # One or three blank spaces at the beginning of the line is weird; it's
    # hard to reconcile that with 2-space indents.
    # NOTE: here are the conditions rob pike used for his tests.  Mine aren't
    # as sophisticated, but it may be worth becoming so:  RLENGTH==initial_spaces
    # if(RLENGTH > 20) complain = 0;
    # if(match($0, " +(error|private|public|protected):")) complain = 0;
    # if(match(prev, "&& *$")) complain = 0;
    # if(match(prev, "\\|\\| *$")) complain = 0;
    # if(match(prev, "[\",=><] *$")) complain = 0;
    # if(match($0, " <<")) complain = 0;
    # if(match(prev, " +for \\(")) complain = 0;
    # if(prevodd && match(prevprev, " +for \\(")) complain = 0;
    scope_or_label_pattern = r"\s*(?:public|private|protected|signals)(?:\s+(?:slots\s*)?)?:\s*\\?$"
    classinfo = nesting_state.InnermostClass()
    initial_spaces = 0
    cleansed_line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    while initial_spaces < len(line) and line[initial_spaces] == " ":
        initial_spaces += 1
    # There are certain situations we allow one space, notably for
    # section labels, and also lines containing multi-line raw strings.
    # We also don't check for lines that look like continuation lines
    # (of lines ending in double quotes, commas, equals, or angle brackets)
    # because the rules for how to indent those are non-trivial.
    if (
        not re.search(r'[",=><] *$', prev)
        and (initial_spaces in {1, 3})
        and not re.match(scope_or_label_pattern, cleansed_line)
        and not (clean_lines.raw_lines[linenum] != line and re.match(r'^\s*""', line))
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/indent",
            3,
            "Weird number of spaces at line-start.  Are you using a 2-space indent?",
        )

    if line and line[-1].isspace():
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "whitespace/end_of_line",
            4,
            "Line ends in whitespace.  Consider deleting these extra spaces.",
        )

    # Check if the line is a header guard.
    is_header_guard = IsHeaderExtension(file_extension) and line.startswith(
        (f"#ifndef {cppvar}", f"#define {cppvar}", f"#endif  // {cppvar}")
    )
    # #include lines and header guards can be long, since there's no clean way to
    # split them.
    #
    # URLs can be long too.  It's possible to split these, but it makes them
    # harder to cut&paste.
    #
    # The "$Id:...$" comment may also get very long without it being the
    # developers fault.
    #
    # Doxygen documentation copying can get pretty long when using an overloaded
    # function declaration
    if (
        not line.startswith("#include")
        and not is_header_guard
        and not re.match(r"^\s*//.*http(s?)://\S*$", line)
        and not re.match(r"^\s*//\s*[^\s]*$", line)
        and not re.match(r"^// \$Id:.*#[0-9]+ \$$", line)
        and not re.match(r"^\s*/// [@\\](copydoc|copydetails|copybrief) .*$", line)
    ):
        line_width = GetLineWidth(line)
        if line_width > _line_length:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "whitespace/line_length",
                2,
                f"Lines should be <= {_line_length} characters long",
            )

    if (
        cleansed_line.count(";") > 1
        and
        # allow simple single line lambdas
        not re.match(r"^[^{};]*\[[^\[\]]*\][^{}]*\{[^{}\n\r]*\}", line)
        and
        # for loops are allowed two ;'s (and may run over two lines).
        cleansed_line.find("for") == -1
        and (
            GetPreviousNonBlankLine(clean_lines, linenum)[0].find("for") == -1
            or GetPreviousNonBlankLine(clean_lines, linenum)[0].find(";") != -1
        )
        and
        # It's ok to have many commands in a switch case that fits in 1 line
        not (
            (cleansed_line.find("case ") != -1 or cleansed_line.find("default:") != -1)
            and cleansed_line.find("break;") != -1
        )
    ):
        error(filename, linenum, "whitespace/newline", 0, "More than one command on the same line")

    # Some more style checks
    CheckBraces(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckTrailingSemicolon(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckEmptyBlockBody(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, nesting_state, error)
    CheckOperatorSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckParenthesisSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckCommaSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckBracesSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, nesting_state, error)
    CheckSpacingForFunctionCall(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckCheck(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckAltTokens(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckNullTokens(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckV8PersistentTokens(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckLeftLeaningPointer(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    classinfo = nesting_state.InnermostClass()
    if classinfo:
        CheckSectionSpacing(filename, clean_lines, classinfo, linenum, error)


_RE_PATTERN_INCLUDE = re.compile(r'^\s*#\s*include\s*([<"])([^>"]*)[>"].*$')
# Matches the first component of a filename delimited by -s and _s. That is:
#  _RE_FIRST_COMPONENT.match('foo').group(0) == 'foo'
#  _RE_FIRST_COMPONENT.match('foo.cc').group(0) == 'foo'
#  _RE_FIRST_COMPONENT.match('foo-bar_baz.cc').group(0) == 'foo'
#  _RE_FIRST_COMPONENT.match('foo_bar-baz.cc').group(0) == 'foo'
_RE_FIRST_COMPONENT = re.compile(r"^[^-_.]+")


def _DropCommonSuffixes(filename):
    """Drops common suffixes like _test.cc or -inl.h from filename.

    For example:
      >>> _DropCommonSuffixes('foo/foo-inl.h')
      'foo/foo'
      >>> _DropCommonSuffixes('foo/bar/foo.cc')
      'foo/bar/foo'
      >>> _DropCommonSuffixes('foo/foo_internal.h')
      'foo/foo'
      >>> _DropCommonSuffixes('foo/foo_unusualinternal.h')
      'foo/foo_unusualinternal'

    Args:
      filename: The input filename.

    Returns:
      The filename with the common suffix removed.
    """
    for suffix in itertools.chain(
        (
            f"{test_suffix.lstrip('_')}.{ext}"
            for test_suffix, ext in itertools.product(_test_suffixes, GetNonHeaderExtensions())
        ),
        (
            f"{suffix}.{ext}"
            for suffix, ext in itertools.product(["inl", "imp", "internal"], GetHeaderExtensions())
        ),
    ):
        if (
            filename.endswith(suffix)
            and len(filename) > len(suffix)
            and filename[-len(suffix) - 1] in ("-", "_")
        ):
            return filename[: -len(suffix) - 1]
    return os.path.splitext(filename)[0]


def _ClassifyInclude(fileinfo, include, used_angle_brackets, include_order="default"):
    """Figures out what kind of header 'include' is.

    Args:
      fileinfo: The current file cpplint is running over. A FileInfo instance.
      include: The path to a #included file.
      used_angle_brackets: True if the #include used <> rather than "".
      include_order: "default" or other value allowed in program arguments

    Returns:
      One of the _XXX_HEADER constants.

    For example:
      >>> _ClassifyInclude(FileInfo('foo/foo.cc'), 'stdio.h', True)
      _C_SYS_HEADER
      >>> _ClassifyInclude(FileInfo('foo/foo.cc'), 'string', True)
      _CPP_SYS_HEADER
      >>> _ClassifyInclude(FileInfo('foo/foo.cc'), 'foo/foo.h', True, "standardcfirst")
      _OTHER_SYS_HEADER
      >>> _ClassifyInclude(FileInfo('foo/foo.cc'), 'foo/foo.h', False)
      _LIKELY_MY_HEADER
      >>> _ClassifyInclude(FileInfo('foo/foo_unknown_extension.cc'),
      ...                  'bar/foo_other_ext.h', False)
      _POSSIBLE_MY_HEADER
      >>> _ClassifyInclude(FileInfo('foo/foo.cc'), 'foo/bar.h', False)
      _OTHER_HEADER
    """
    # This is a list of all standard c++ header files, except
    # those already checked for above.
    is_cpp_header = include in _CPP_HEADERS

    # Mark include as C header if in list or in a known folder for standard-ish C headers.
    is_std_c_header = (include_order == "default") or (
        include in _C_HEADERS
        # additional linux glibc header folders
        or re.search(rf"(?:{'|'.join(C_STANDARD_HEADER_FOLDERS)})\/.*\.h", include)
    )

    # Headers with C++ extensions shouldn't be considered C system headers
    include_ext = os.path.splitext(include)[1]
    is_system = used_angle_brackets and include_ext not in [".hh", ".hpp", ".hxx", ".h++"]

    if is_system:
        if is_cpp_header:
            return _CPP_SYS_HEADER
        if is_std_c_header:
            return _C_SYS_HEADER
        return _OTHER_SYS_HEADER

    # If the target file and the include we're checking share a
    # basename when we drop common extensions, and the include
    # lives in . , then it's likely to be owned by the target file.
    target_dir, target_base = os.path.split(_DropCommonSuffixes(fileinfo.RepositoryName()))
    include_dir, include_base = os.path.split(_DropCommonSuffixes(include))
    target_dir_pub = os.path.normpath(target_dir + "/../public")
    target_dir_pub = target_dir_pub.replace("\\", "/")
    if target_base == include_base and (include_dir in (target_dir, target_dir_pub)):
        return _LIKELY_MY_HEADER

    # If the target and include share some initial basename
    # component, it's possible the target is implementing the
    # include, so it's allowed to be first, but we'll never
    # complain if it's not there.
    target_first_component = _RE_FIRST_COMPONENT.match(target_base)
    include_first_component = _RE_FIRST_COMPONENT.match(include_base)
    if (
        target_first_component
        and include_first_component
        and target_first_component.group(0) == include_first_component.group(0)
    ):
        return _POSSIBLE_MY_HEADER

    return _OTHER_HEADER


def CheckIncludeLine(filename, clean_lines, linenum, include_state, error):
    """Check rules that are applicable to #include lines.

    Strings on #include lines are NOT removed from elided line, to make
    certain tasks easier. However, to prevent false positives, checks
    applicable to #include lines in CheckLanguage must be put here.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      include_state: An _IncludeState instance in which the headers are inserted.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    fileinfo = FileInfo(filename)
    line = clean_lines.lines[linenum]

    # "include" should use the new style "foo/bar.h" instead of just "bar.h"
    # Only do this check if the included header follows google naming
    # conventions.  If not, assume that it's a 3rd party API that
    # requires special include conventions.
    #
    # We also make an exception for Lua headers, which follow google
    # naming convention but not the include convention.
    match = re.match(r'#include\s*"([^/]+\.(.*))"', line)
    if (
        match
        and IsHeaderExtension(match.group(2))
        and not _third_party_headers_pattern.match(match.group(1))
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/include_subdir",
            4,
            "Include the directory when naming header files",
        )

    # we shouldn't include a file more than once. actually, there are a
    # handful of instances where doing so is okay, but in general it's
    # not.
    match = _RE_PATTERN_INCLUDE.search(line)
    if match:
        include = match.group(2)
        used_angle_brackets = match.group(1) == "<"
        duplicate_line = include_state.FindHeader(include)
        if duplicate_line >= 0:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "build/include",
                4,
                f'"{include}" already included at {filename}:{duplicate_line}',
            )
            return

        for extension in GetNonHeaderExtensions():
            if include.endswith("." + extension) and os.path.dirname(
                fileinfo.RepositoryName()
            ) != os.path.dirname(include):
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "build/include",
                    4,
                    "Do not include ." + extension + " files from other packages",
                )
                return

        # We DO want to include a 3rd party looking header if it matches the
        # filename. Otherwise we get an erroneous error "...should include its
        # header" error later.
        third_src_header = False
        for ext in GetHeaderExtensions():
            basefilename = filename[0 : len(filename) - len(fileinfo.Extension())]
            headerfile = basefilename + "." + ext
            headername = FileInfo(headerfile).RepositoryName()
            if headername in include or include in headername:
                third_src_header = True
                break

        if third_src_header or not _third_party_headers_pattern.match(include):
            include_state.include_list[-1].append((include, linenum))

            # We want to ensure that headers appear in the right order:
            # 1) for foo.cc, foo.h  (preferred location)
            # 2) c system files
            # 3) cpp system files
            # 4) for foo.cc, foo.h  (deprecated location)
            # 5) other google headers
            #
            # We classify each include statement as one of those 5 types
            # using a number of techniques. The include_state object keeps
            # track of the highest type seen, and complains if we see a
            # lower type after that.
            error_message = include_state.CheckNextIncludeOrder(
                _ClassifyInclude(fileinfo, include, used_angle_brackets, _include_order)
            )
            if error_message:
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "build/include_order",
                    4,
                    f"{error_message}. Should be: {fileinfo.BaseName()}.h, c system,"
                    " c++ system, other.",
                )
            canonical_include = include_state.CanonicalizeAlphabeticalOrder(include)
            if not include_state.IsInAlphabeticalOrder(clean_lines, linenum, canonical_include):
                error(
                    filename,
                    linenum,
                    "build/include_alpha",
                    4,
                    f'Include "{include}" not in alphabetical order',
                )
            include_state.SetLastHeader(canonical_include)


def _GetTextInside(text, start_pattern):
    r"""Retrieves all the text between matching open and close parentheses.

    Given a string of lines and a regular expression string, retrieve all the text
    following the expression and between opening punctuation symbols like
    (, [, or {, and the matching close-punctuation symbol. This properly nested
    occurrences of the punctuation, so for the text like
      printf(a(), b(c()));
    a call to _GetTextInside(text, r'printf\(') will return 'a(), b(c())'.
    start_pattern must match string having an open punctuation symbol at the end.

    Args:
      text: The lines to extract text. Its comments and strings must be elided.
             It can be single line and can span multiple lines.
      start_pattern: The regexp string indicating where to start extracting
                     the text.
    Returns:
      The extracted text.
      None if either the opening string or ending punctuation could not be found.
    """
    # TODO(google): Audit cpplint.py to see what places could be profitably
    # rewritten to use _GetTextInside (and use inferior regexp matching today).

    # Give opening punctuation to get the matching close-punctuation.
    matching_punctuation = {"(": ")", "{": "}", "[": "]"}
    closing_punctuation = set(dict.values(matching_punctuation))

    # Find the position to start extracting text.
    match = re.search(start_pattern, text, re.MULTILINE)
    if not match:  # start_pattern not found in text.
        return None
    start_position = match.end(0)

    assert start_position > 0, "start_pattern must ends with an opening punctuation."
    assert text[start_position - 1] in matching_punctuation, (
        "start_pattern must ends with an opening punctuation."
    )
    # Stack of closing punctuation we expect to have in text after position.
    punctuation_stack = [matching_punctuation[text[start_position - 1]]]
    position = start_position
    while punctuation_stack and position < len(text):
        if text[position] == punctuation_stack[-1]:
            punctuation_stack.pop()
        elif text[position] in closing_punctuation:
            # A closing punctuation without matching opening punctuation.
            return None
        elif text[position] in matching_punctuation:
            punctuation_stack.append(matching_punctuation[text[position]])
        position += 1
    if punctuation_stack:
        # Opening punctuation left without matching close-punctuation.
        return None
    # punctuation match.
    return text[start_position : position - 1]


# Patterns for matching call-by-reference parameters.
#
# Supports nested templates up to 2 levels deep using this messy pattern:
#   < (?: < (?: < [^<>]*
#               >
#           |   [^<>] )*
#         >
#     |   [^<>] )*
#   >
_RE_PATTERN_IDENT = r"[_a-zA-Z]\w*"  # =~ [[:alpha:]][[:alnum:]]*
_RE_PATTERN_TYPE = (
    r"(?:const\s+)?(?:typename\s+|class\s+|struct\s+|union\s+|enum\s+)?"
    r"(?:\w|"
    r"\s*<(?:<(?:<[^<>]*>|[^<>])*>|[^<>])*>|"
    r"::)+"
)
# A call-by-reference parameter ends with '& identifier'.
_RE_PATTERN_REF_PARAM = re.compile(
    r"(" + _RE_PATTERN_TYPE + r"(?:\s*(?:\bconst\b|[*]))*\s*"
    r"&\s*" + _RE_PATTERN_IDENT + r")\s*(?:=[^,()]+)?[,)]"
)
# A call-by-const-reference parameter either ends with 'const& identifier'
# or looks like 'const type& identifier' when 'type' is atomic.
_RE_PATTERN_CONST_REF_PARAM = (
    r"(?:.*\s*\bconst\s*&\s*"
    + _RE_PATTERN_IDENT
    + r"|const\s+"
    + _RE_PATTERN_TYPE
    + r"\s*&\s*"
    + _RE_PATTERN_IDENT
    + r")"
)
# Stream types.
_RE_PATTERN_REF_STREAM_PARAM = r"(?:.*stream\s*&\s*" + _RE_PATTERN_IDENT + r")"


def CheckLanguage(
    filename, clean_lines, linenum, file_extension, include_state, nesting_state, error
):
    """Checks rules from the 'C++ language rules' section of cppguide.html.

    Some of these rules are hard to test (function overloading, using
    uint32_t inappropriately), but we do the best we can.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      file_extension: The extension (without the dot) of the filename.
      include_state: An _IncludeState instance in which the headers are inserted.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    # If the line is empty or consists of entirely a comment, no need to
    # check it.
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if not line:
        return

    match = _RE_PATTERN_INCLUDE.search(line)
    if match:
        CheckIncludeLine(filename, clean_lines, linenum, include_state, error)
        return

    # Reset include state across preprocessor directives.  This is meant
    # to silence warnings for conditional includes.
    match = re.match(r"^\s*#\s*(if|ifdef|ifndef|elif|else|endif)\b", line)
    if match:
        include_state.ResetSection(match.group(1))

    # Perform other checks now that we are sure that this is not an include line
    CheckCasts(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckGlobalStatic(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
    CheckPrintf(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)

    if IsHeaderExtension(file_extension):
        # TODO(google): check that 1-arg constructors are explicit.
        #                How to tell it's a constructor?
        #                (handled in CheckForNonStandardConstructs for now)
        # TODO(google): check that classes declare or disable copy/assign
        #                (level 1 error)
        pass

    # Check if people are using the verboten C basic types.  The only exception
    # we regularly allow is "unsigned short port" for port.
    if re.search(r"\bshort port\b", line):
        if not re.search(r"\bunsigned short port\b", line):
            error(
                filename, linenum, "runtime/int", 4, 'Use "unsigned short" for ports, not "short"'
            )
    else:
        match = re.search(r"\b(short|long(?! +double)|long long)\b", line)
        if match:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/int",
                4,
                f"Use int16_t/int64_t/etc, rather than the C type {match.group(1)}",
            )

    # Check if some verboten operator overloading is going on
    # TODO(google): catch out-of-line unary operator&:
    #   class X {};
    #   int operator&(const X& x) { return 42; }  // unary operator&
    # The trick is it's hard to tell apart from binary operator&:
    #   class Y { int operator&(const Y& x) { return 23; } }; // binary operator&
    if re.search(r"\boperator\s*&\s*\(\s*\)", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/operator",
            4,
            "Unary operator& is dangerous.  Do not use it.",
        )

    # Check for suspicious usage of "if" like
    # } if (a == b) {
    if re.search(r"\}\s*if\s*\(", line):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "readability/braces",
            4,
            'Did you mean "else if"? If not, start a new line for "if".',
        )

    # Check for potential format string bugs like printf(foo).
    # We constrain the pattern not to pick things like DocidForPrintf(foo).
    # Not perfect but it can catch printf(foo.c_str()) and printf(foo->c_str())
    # TODO(google): Catch the following case. Need to change the calling
    # convention of the whole function to process multiple line to handle it.
    #   printf(
    #       boy_this_is_a_really_long_variable_that_cannot_fit_on_the_prev_line);
    if printf_args := _GetTextInside(line, r"(?i)\b(string)?printf\s*\("):
        match = re.match(r"([\w.\->()]+)$", printf_args)
        if match and match.group(1) != "__VA_ARGS__":
            function_name = re.search(r"\b((?:string)?printf)\s*\(", line, re.IGNORECASE).group(1)
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/printf",
                4,
                f'Potential format string bug. Do {function_name}("%s", {match.group(1)}) instead.',
            )

    # Check for potential memset bugs like memset(buf, sizeof(buf), 0).
    match = re.search(r"memset\s*\(([^,]*),\s*([^,]*),\s*0\s*\)", line)
    if match and not re.match(r"^''|-?[0-9]+|0x[0-9A-Fa-f]$", match.group(2)):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/memset",
            4,
            f'Did you mean "memset({match.group(1)}, 0, {match.group(2)})"?',
        )

    if re.search(r"\busing namespace\b", line):
        is_literals = re.search(r"\bliterals\b", line) is not None
        is_header = not _IsSourceExtension(file_extension)
        file_type = "header" if is_header else "source"

        # Check for the block scope for multiline blocks.
        # Check if the line starts with the using directive as a heuristic in case it's all one line
        is_block_scope = nesting_state.InBlockScope() or not line.startswith("using namespace")

        scope_type = "block" if is_block_scope else "namespace"
        literal_type = "literals" if is_literals else "nonliterals"

        specific_category = f"build/namespaces/{file_type}/{scope_type}/{literal_type}"

        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            specific_category,
            5,
            "Do not use namespace using-directives.  Use using-declarations instead.",
        )

    # Detect variable-length arrays.
    match = re.match(r"\s*(.+::)?(\w+) [a-z]\w*\[(.+)];", line)
    if (
        match
        and match.group(2) != "return"
        and match.group(2) != "delete"
        and match.group(3).find("]") == -1
    ):
        # Split the size using space and arithmetic operators as delimiters.
        # If any of the resulting tokens are not compile time constants then
        # report the error.
        tokens = re.split(r"\s|\+|\-|\*|\/|<<|>>]", match.group(3))
        is_const = True
        skip_next = False
        for tok in tokens:
            if skip_next:
                skip_next = False
                continue

            if re.search(r"sizeof\(.+\)", tok):
                continue
            if re.search(r"arraysize\(\w+\)", tok):
                continue

            tok = tok.lstrip("(")
            tok = tok.rstrip(")")
            if not tok:
                continue
            if re.match(r"\d+", tok):
                continue
            if re.match(r"0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+", tok):
                continue
            if re.match(r"k[A-Z0-9]\w*", tok):
                continue
            if re.match(r"(.+::)?k[A-Z0-9]\w*", tok):
                continue
            if re.match(r"(.+::)?[A-Z][A-Z0-9_]*", tok):
                continue
            # A catch all for tricky sizeof cases, including 'sizeof expression',
            # 'sizeof(*type)', 'sizeof(const type)', 'sizeof(struct StructName)'
            # requires skipping the next token because we split on ' ' and '*'.
            if tok.startswith("sizeof"):
                skip_next = True
                continue
            is_const = False
            break
        if not is_const:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/arrays",
                1,
                "Do not use variable-length arrays.  Use an appropriately named "
                "('k' followed by CamelCase) compile-time constant for the size.",
            )

    # Check for use of unnamed namespaces in header files.  Registration
    # macros are typically OK, so we allow use of "namespace {" on lines
    # that end with backslashes.
    if (
        IsHeaderExtension(file_extension)
        and re.search(r"\bnamespace\s*{", line)
        and line[-1] != "\\"
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/namespaces_headers",
            4,
            "Do not use unnamed namespaces in header files.  See "
            "https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Namespaces"
            " for more information.",
        )


def CheckGlobalStatic(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Check for unsafe global or static objects.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Match two lines at a time to support multiline declarations
    if linenum + 1 < clean_lines.NumLines() and not re.search(r"[;({]", line):
        line += clean_lines.elided[linenum + 1].strip()

    # Check for people declaring static/global STL strings at the top level.
    # This is dangerous because the C++ language does not guarantee that
    # globals with constructors are initialized before the first access, and
    # also because globals can be destroyed when some threads are still running.
    # TODO(google): Generalize this to also find static unique_ptr instances.
    # TODO(google): File bugs for clang-tidy to find these.
    match = re.match(
        r"((?:|static +)(?:|const +))(?::*std::)?string( +const)? +"
        r"([a-zA-Z0-9_:]+)\b(.*)",
        line,
    )

    # Remove false positives:
    # - String pointers (as opposed to values).
    #    string *pointer
    #    const string *pointer
    #    string const *pointer
    #    string *const pointer
    #
    # - Functions and template specializations.
    #    string Function<Type>(...
    #    string Class<Type>::Method(...
    #
    # - Operators.  These are matched separately because operator names
    #   cross non-word boundaries, and trying to match both operators
    #   and functions at the same time would decrease accuracy of
    #   matching identifiers.
    #    string Class::operator*()
    if (
        match
        and not re.search(r"\bstring\b(\s+const)?\s*[\*\&]\s*(const\s+)?\w", line)
        and not re.search(r"\boperator\W", line)
        and not re.match(r'\s*(<.*>)?(::[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*\s*\(([^"]|$)', match.group(4))
    ):
        if re.search(r"\bconst\b", line):
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/string",
                4,
                "For a static/global string constant, use a C style string instead:"
                f' "{match.group(1)}char{match.group(2) or ""} {match.group(3)}[]".',
            )
        else:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/string",
                4,
                "Static/global string variables are not permitted.",
            )

    if re.search(r"\b([A-Za-z0-9_]*_)\(\1\)", line) or re.search(
        r"\b([A-Za-z0-9_]*_)\(CHECK_NOTNULL\(\1\)\)", line
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/init",
            4,
            "You seem to be initializing a member variable with itself.",
        )


def CheckPrintf(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Check for printf related issues.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # When snprintf is used, the second argument shouldn't be a literal.
    match = re.search(r"snprintf\s*\(([^,]*),\s*([0-9]*)\s*,", line)
    if match and match.group(2) != "0":
        # If 2nd arg is zero, snprintf is used to calculate size.
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/printf",
            3,
            "If you can, use"
            f" sizeof({match.group(1)}) instead of {match.group(2)}"
            " as the 2nd arg to snprintf.",
        )

    # Check if some verboten C functions are being used.
    if re.search(r"\bsprintf\s*\(", line):
        error(filename, linenum, "runtime/printf", 5, "Never use sprintf. Use snprintf instead.")
    match = re.search(r"\b(strcpy|strcat)\s*\(", line)
    if match:
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "runtime/printf",
            4,
            f"Almost always, snprintf is better than {match.group(1)}",
        )


def IsDerivedFunction(clean_lines, linenum):
    """Check if current line contains an inherited function.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
    Returns:
      True if current line contains a function with "override"
      virt-specifier.
    """
    # Scan back a few lines for start of current function
    for i in range(linenum, max(-1, linenum - 10), -1):
        match = re.match(r"^([^()]*\w+)\(", clean_lines.elided[i])
        if match:
            # Look for "override" after the matching closing parenthesis
            line, _, closing_paren = CloseExpression(clean_lines, i, len(match.group(1)))
            return closing_paren >= 0 and re.search(r"\boverride\b", line[closing_paren:])
    return False


def IsOutOfLineMethodDefinition(clean_lines, linenum):
    """Check if current line contains an out-of-line method definition.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
    Returns:
      True if current line contains an out-of-line method definition.
    """
    # Scan back a few lines for start of current function
    for i in range(linenum, max(-1, linenum - 10), -1):
        if re.match(r"^([^()]*\w+)\(", clean_lines.elided[i]):
            return re.match(r"^[^()]*\w+::\w+\(", clean_lines.elided[i]) is not None
    return False


def IsInitializerList(clean_lines, linenum):
    """Check if current line is inside constructor initializer list.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
    Returns:
      True if current line appears to be inside constructor initializer
      list, False otherwise.
    """
    for i in range(linenum, 1, -1):
        line = clean_lines.elided[i]
        if i == linenum:
            remove_function_body = re.match(r"^(.*)\{\s*$", line)
            if remove_function_body:
                line = remove_function_body.group(1)

        if re.search(r"\s:\s*\w+[({]", line):
            # A lone colon tend to indicate the start of a constructor
            # initializer list.  It could also be a ternary operator, which
            # also tend to appear in constructor initializer lists as
            # opposed to parameter lists.
            return True
        if re.search(r"\}\s*,\s*$", line):
            # A closing brace followed by a comma is probably the end of a
            # brace-initialized member in constructor initializer list.
            return True
        if re.search(r"[{};]\s*$", line):
            # Found one of the following:
            # - A closing brace or semicolon, probably the end of the previous
            #   function.
            # - An opening brace, probably the start of current class or namespace.
            #
            # Current line is probably not inside an initializer list since
            # we saw one of those things without seeing the starting colon.
            return False

    # Got to the beginning of the file without seeing the start of
    # constructor initializer list.
    return False


def CheckForNonConstReference(filename, clean_lines, linenum, nesting_state, error):
    """Check for non-const references.

    Separate from CheckLanguage since it scans backwards from current
    line, instead of scanning forward.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    # Do nothing if there is no '&' on current line.
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if "&" not in line:
        return

    # If a function is inherited, current function doesn't have much of
    # a choice, so any non-const references should not be blamed on
    # derived function.
    if IsDerivedFunction(clean_lines, linenum):
        return

    # Don't warn on out-of-line method definitions, as we would warn on the
    # in-line declaration, if it isn't marked with 'override'.
    if IsOutOfLineMethodDefinition(clean_lines, linenum):
        return

    # Long type names may be broken across multiple lines, usually in one
    # of these forms:
    #   LongType
    #       ::LongTypeContinued &identifier
    #   LongType::
    #       LongTypeContinued &identifier
    #   LongType<
    #       ...>::LongTypeContinued &identifier
    #
    # If we detected a type split across two lines, join the previous
    # line to current line so that we can match const references
    # accordingly.
    #
    # Note that this only scans back one line, since scanning back
    # arbitrary number of lines would be expensive.  If you have a type
    # that spans more than 2 lines, please use a typedef.
    if linenum > 1:
        previous = None
        if re.match(r"\s*::(?:[\w<>]|::)+\s*&\s*\S", line):
            # previous_line\n + ::current_line
            previous = re.search(
                r"\b((?:const\s*)?(?:[\w<>]|::)+[\w<>])\s*$", clean_lines.elided[linenum - 1]
            )
        elif re.match(r"\s*[a-zA-Z_]([\w<>]|::)+\s*&\s*\S", line):
            # previous_line::\n + current_line
            previous = re.search(
                r"\b((?:const\s*)?(?:[\w<>]|::)+::)\s*$", clean_lines.elided[linenum - 1]
            )
        if previous:
            line = previous.group(1) + line.lstrip()
        else:
            # Check for templated parameter that is split across multiple lines
            endpos = line.rfind(">")
            if endpos > -1:
                (_, startline, startpos) = ReverseCloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, endpos)
                if startpos > -1 and startline < linenum:
                    # Found the matching < on an earlier line, collect all
                    # pieces up to current line.
                    line = ""
                    for i in range(startline, linenum + 1):
                        line += clean_lines.elided[i].strip()

    # Check for non-const references in function parameters.  A single '&' may
    # found in the following places:
    #   inside expression: binary & for bitwise AND
    #   inside expression: unary & for taking the address of something
    #   inside declarators: reference parameter
    # We will exclude the first two cases by checking that we are not inside a
    # function body, including one that was just introduced by a trailing '{'.
    # TODO(google): Doesn't account for 'catch(Exception& e)' [rare].
    if nesting_state.previous_stack_top and not (
        isinstance(nesting_state.previous_stack_top, (_ClassInfo, _NamespaceInfo))
    ):
        # Not at toplevel, not within a class, and not within a namespace
        return

    # Avoid initializer lists.  We only need to scan back from the
    # current line for something that starts with ':'.
    #
    # We don't need to check the current line, since the '&' would
    # appear inside the second set of parentheses on the current line as
    # opposed to the first set.
    if linenum > 0:
        for i in range(linenum - 1, max(0, linenum - 10), -1):
            previous_line = clean_lines.elided[i]
            if not re.search(r"[),]\s*$", previous_line):
                break
            if re.match(r"^\s*:\s+\S", previous_line):
                return

    # Avoid preprocessors
    if re.search(r"\\\s*$", line):
        return

    # Avoid constructor initializer lists
    if IsInitializerList(clean_lines, linenum):
        return

    # We allow non-const references in a few standard places, like functions
    # called "swap()" or iostream operators like "<<" or ">>".  Do not check
    # those function parameters.
    #
    # We also accept & in static_assert, which looks like a function but
    # it's actually a declaration expression.
    allowed_functions = (
        r"(?:[sS]wap(?:<\w:+>)?|"
        r"operator\s*[<>][<>]|"
        r"static_assert|COMPILE_ASSERT"
        r")\s*\("
    )

    # V8 Fast API types require non-const references as part of their API
    # contract; Node.js has no control over these signatures.
    _V8_FAST_API_REF_TYPES = re.compile(
        r"v8::FastApiCallbackOptions\s*&"
    )
    if re.search(allowed_functions, line):
        return
    if not re.search(r"\S+\([^)]*$", line):
        # Don't see an allowed function on this line.  Actually we
        # didn't see any function name on this line, so this is likely a
        # multi-line parameter list.  Try a bit harder to catch this case.
        for i in range(2):
            if linenum > i and re.search(allowed_functions, clean_lines.elided[linenum - i - 1]):
                return

    decls = re.sub(r"{[^}]*}", " ", line)  # exclude function body
    for parameter in re.findall(_RE_PATTERN_REF_PARAM, decls):
        if not re.match(_RE_PATTERN_CONST_REF_PARAM, parameter) and not re.match(
            _RE_PATTERN_REF_STREAM_PARAM, parameter
        ) and not _V8_FAST_API_REF_TYPES.search(parameter):
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/references",
                2,
                "Is this a non-const reference? "
                "If so, make const or use a pointer: " + re.sub(" *<", "<", parameter),
            )


def CheckCasts(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Various cast related checks.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    # Check to see if they're using an conversion function cast.
    # I just try to capture the most common basic types, though there are more.
    # Parameterless conversion functions, such as bool(), are allowed as they are
    # probably a member operator declaration or default constructor.
    match = re.search(
        r"(\bnew\s+(?:const\s+)?|\S<\s*(?:const\s+)?)?\b"
        r"(int|float|double|bool|char|int16_t|uint16_t|int32_t|uint32_t|int64_t|uint64_t)"
        r"(\([^)].*)",
        line,
    )
    expecting_function = ExpectingFunctionArgs(clean_lines, linenum)
    if match and not expecting_function:
        matched_type = match.group(2)

        # matched_new_or_template is used to silence two false positives:
        # - New operators
        # - Template arguments with function types
        #
        # For template arguments, we match on types immediately following
        # an opening bracket without any spaces.  This is a fast way to
        # silence the common case where the function type is the first
        # template argument.  False negative with less-than comparison is
        # avoided because those operators are usually followed by a space.
        #
        #   function<double(double)>   // bracket + no space = false positive
        #   value < double(42)         // bracket + space = true positive
        matched_new_or_template = match.group(1)

        # Avoid arrays by looking for brackets that come after the closing
        # parenthesis.
        if re.match(r"\([^()]+\)\s*\[", match.group(3)):
            return

        # Other things to ignore:
        # - Function pointers
        # - Casts to pointer types
        # - Placement new
        # - Alias declarations
        matched_funcptr = match.group(3)
        if (
            matched_new_or_template is None
            and not (
                matched_funcptr
                and (
                    re.match(r"\((?:[^() ]+::\s*\*\s*)?[^() ]+\)\s*\(", matched_funcptr)
                    or matched_funcptr.startswith("(*)")
                )
            )
            and not re.match(r"\s*using\s+\S+\s*=\s*" + matched_type, line)
            and not re.search(r"new\(\S+\)\s*" + matched_type, line)
        ):
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "readability/casting",
                4,
                f"Using deprecated casting style.  Use static_cast<{matched_type}>(...) instead",
            )

    if not expecting_function:
        CheckCStyleCast(
            filename,
            clean_lines,
            linenum,
            "static_cast",
            r"\((int|float|double|bool|char|u?int(16|32|64)_t|size_t)\)",
            error,
        )

    # This doesn't catch all cases. Consider (const char * const)"hello".
    #
    # (char *) "foo" should always be a const_cast (reinterpret_cast won't
    # compile).
    if CheckCStyleCast(
        filename, clean_lines, linenum, "const_cast", r'\((char\s?\*+\s?)\)\s*"', error
    ):
        pass
    else:
        # Check pointer casts for other than string constants
        CheckCStyleCast(
            filename, clean_lines, linenum, "reinterpret_cast", r"\((\w+\s?\*+\s?)\)", error
        )

    # In addition, we look for people taking the address of a cast.  This
    # is dangerous -- casts can assign to temporaries, so the pointer doesn't
    # point where you think.
    #
    # Some non-identifier character is required before the '&' for the
    # expression to be recognized as a cast.  These are casts:
    #   expression = &static_cast<int*>(temporary());
    #   function(&(int*)(temporary()));
    #
    # This is not a cast:
    #   reference_type&(int* function_param);
    match = re.search(
        r"(?:[^\w]&\(([^)*][^)]*)\)[\w(])|"
        r"(?:[^\w]&(static|dynamic|down|reinterpret)_cast\b)",
        line,
    )
    if match:
        # Try a better error message when the & is bound to something
        # dereferenced by the casted pointer, as opposed to the casted
        # pointer itself.
        parenthesis_error = False
        match = re.match(r"^(.*&(?:static|dynamic|down|reinterpret)_cast\b)<", line)
        if match:
            _, y1, x1 = CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, len(match.group(1)))
            if x1 >= 0 and clean_lines.elided[y1][x1] == "(":
                _, y2, x2 = CloseExpression(clean_lines, y1, x1)
                if x2 >= 0:
                    extended_line = clean_lines.elided[y2][x2:]
                    if y2 < clean_lines.NumLines() - 1:
                        extended_line += clean_lines.elided[y2 + 1]
                    if re.match(r"\s*(?:->|\[)", extended_line):
                        parenthesis_error = True

        if parenthesis_error:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "readability/casting",
                4,
                (
                    "Are you taking an address of something dereferenced "
                    "from a cast?  Wrapping the dereferenced expression in "
                    "parentheses will make the binding more obvious"
                ),
            )
        else:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "runtime/casting",
                4,
                (
                    "Are you taking an address of a cast?  "
                    "This is dangerous: could be a temp var.  "
                    "Take the address before doing the cast, rather than after"
                ),
            )


def CheckCStyleCast(filename, clean_lines, linenum, cast_type, pattern, error):
    """Checks for a C-style cast by looking for the pattern.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      cast_type: The string for the C++ cast to recommend.  This is either
        reinterpret_cast, static_cast, or const_cast, depending.
      pattern: The regular expression used to find C-style casts.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.

    Returns:
      True if an error was emitted.
      False otherwise.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    match = re.search(pattern, line)
    if not match:
        return False

    # Exclude lines with keywords that tend to look like casts
    context = line[0 : match.start(1) - 1]
    if re.match(r".*\b(?:sizeof|alignof|alignas|[_A-Z][_A-Z0-9]*)\s*$", context):
        return False

    # Try expanding current context to see if we one level of
    # parentheses inside a macro.
    if linenum > 0:
        for i in range(linenum - 1, max(0, linenum - 5), -1):
            context = clean_lines.elided[i] + context
    if re.match(r".*\b[_A-Z][_A-Z0-9]*\s*\((?:\([^()]*\)|[^()])*$", context):
        return False

    # operator++(int) and operator--(int)
    if context.endswith((" operator++", " operator--", "::operator++", "::operator--")):
        return False

    # A single unnamed argument for a function tends to look like old style cast.
    # If we see those, don't issue warnings for deprecated casts.
    remainder = line[match.end(0) :]
    if re.match(r"^\s*(?:;|const\b|throw\b|final\b|override\b|[=>{),]|->)", remainder):
        return False

    # At this point, all that should be left is actual casts.
    error(
        filename,
        linenum,
        "readability/casting",
        4,
        f"Using C-style cast.  Use {cast_type}<{match.group(1)}>(...) instead",
    )

    return True


def ExpectingFunctionArgs(clean_lines, linenum):
    """Checks whether where function type arguments are expected.

    Args:
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.

    Returns:
      True if the line at 'linenum' is inside something that expects arguments
      of function types.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    return re.match(r"^\s*MOCK_(CONST_)?METHOD\d+(_T)?\(", line) or (
        linenum >= 2
        and (
            re.match(
                r"^\s*MOCK_(?:CONST_)?METHOD\d+(?:_T)?\((?:\S+,)?\s*$",
                clean_lines.elided[linenum - 1],
            )
            or re.match(
                r"^\s*MOCK_(?:CONST_)?METHOD\d+(?:_T)?\(\s*$", clean_lines.elided[linenum - 2]
            )
            or re.search(r"\bstd::m?function\s*\<\s*$", clean_lines.elided[linenum - 1])
        )
    )


_HEADERS_CONTAINING_TEMPLATES: tuple[tuple[str, tuple[str, ...]], ...] = (
    ("<deque>", ("deque",)),
    (
        "<functional>",
        (
            "unary_function",
            "binary_function",
            "plus",
            "minus",
            "multiplies",
            "divides",
            "modulus",
            "negate",
            "equal_to",
            "not_equal_to",
            "greater",
            "less",
            "greater_equal",
            "less_equal",
            "logical_and",
            "logical_or",
            "logical_not",
            "unary_negate",
            "not1",
            "binary_negate",
            "not2",
            "bind1st",
            "bind2nd",
            "pointer_to_unary_function",
            "pointer_to_binary_function",
            "ptr_fun",
            "mem_fun_t",
            "mem_fun",
            "mem_fun1_t",
            "mem_fun1_ref_t",
            "mem_fun_ref_t",
            "const_mem_fun_t",
            "const_mem_fun1_t",
            "const_mem_fun_ref_t",
            "const_mem_fun1_ref_t",
            "mem_fun_ref",
        ),
    ),
    ("<limits>", ("numeric_limits",)),
    ("<list>", ("list",)),
    ("<map>", ("multimap",)),
    (
        "<memory>",
        ("allocator", "make_shared", "make_unique", "shared_ptr", "unique_ptr", "weak_ptr"),
    ),
    (
        "<queue>",
        (
            "queue",
            "priority_queue",
        ),
    ),
    (
        "<set>",
        (
            "set",
            "multiset",
        ),
    ),
    ("<stack>", ("stack",)),
    (
        "<string>",
        (
            "char_traits",
            "basic_string",
        ),
    ),
    ("<tuple>", ("tuple",)),
    ("<unordered_map>", ("unordered_map", "unordered_multimap")),
    ("<unordered_set>", ("unordered_set", "unordered_multiset")),
    ("<utility>", ("pair",)),
    ("<vector>", ("vector",)),
    # gcc extensions.
    # Note: std::hash is their hash, ::hash is our hash
    (
        "<hash_map>",
        (
            "hash_map",
            "hash_multimap",
        ),
    ),
    (
        "<hash_set>",
        (
            "hash_set",
            "hash_multiset",
        ),
    ),
    ("<slist>", ("slist",)),
)

_HEADERS_MAYBE_TEMPLATES: tuple[tuple[str, tuple[str, ...]], ...] = (
    (
        "<algorithm>",
        (
            "copy",
            "max",
            "min",
            "min_element",
            "sort",
            "transform",
        ),
    ),
    ("<utility>", ("forward", "make_pair", "move", "swap")),
)

# Non templated types or global objects
_HEADERS_TYPES_OR_OBJS: tuple[tuple[str, tuple[str, ...]], ...] = (
    # String and others are special -- it is a non-templatized type in STL.
    ("<string>", ("string",)),
    ("<iostream>", ("cin", "cout", "cerr", "clog", "wcin", "wcout", "wcerr", "wclog")),
    ("<cstdio>", ("FILE", "fpos_t")),
)

# Non templated functions
_HEADERS_FUNCTIONS: tuple[tuple[str, tuple[str, ...]], ...] = (
    (
        "<cstdio>",
        (
            "fopen",
            "freopen",
            "fclose",
            "fflush",
            "setbuf",
            "setvbuf",
            "fread",
            "fwrite",
            "fgetc",
            "getc",
            "fgets",
            "fputc",
            "putc",
            "fputs",
            "getchar",
            "gets",
            "putchar",
            "puts",
            "ungetc",
            "scanf",
            "fscanf",
            "sscanf",
            "vscanf",
            "vfscanf",
            "vsscanf",
            "printf",
            "fprintf",
            "sprintf",
            "snprintf",
            "vprintf",
            "vfprintf",
            "vsprintf",
            "vsnprintf",
            "ftell",
            "fgetpos",
            "fseek",
            "fsetpos",
            "clearerr",
            "feof",
            "ferror",
            "perror",
            "tmpfile",
            "tmpnam",
        ),
    ),
)

_re_pattern_headers_maybe_templates: list[tuple[re.Pattern, str, str]] = []
for _header, _templates in _HEADERS_MAYBE_TEMPLATES:
    # Match max<type>(..., ...), max(..., ...), but not foo->max, foo.max or
    # 'type::max()'.
    _re_pattern_headers_maybe_templates.extend(
        (re.compile(r"((\bstd::)|[^>.:])\b" + _template + r"(<.*?>)?\([^\)]"), _template, _header)
        for _template in _templates
    )

# Map is often overloaded. Only check, if it is fully qualified.
# Match 'std::map<type>(...)', but not 'map<type>(...)''
_re_pattern_headers_maybe_templates.append(
    (re.compile(r"(std\b::\bmap\s*\<)|(^(std\b::\b)map\b\(\s*\<)"), "map<>", "<map>")
)

# Other scripts may reach in and modify this pattern.
_re_pattern_templates: list[tuple[re.Pattern, str, str]] = []
for _header, _templates in _HEADERS_CONTAINING_TEMPLATES:
    _re_pattern_templates.extend(
        (
            re.compile(r"((^|(^|\s|((^|\W)::))std::)|[^>.:]\b)" + _template + r"\s*\<"),
            _template + "<>",
            _header,
        )
        for _template in _templates
    )

_re_pattern_types_or_objs: list[tuple[re.Pattern, object | type, str]] = []
for _header, _types_or_objs in _HEADERS_TYPES_OR_OBJS:
    _re_pattern_types_or_objs.extend(
        (re.compile(r"\b" + _type_or_obj + r"\b"), _type_or_obj, _header)
        for _type_or_obj in _types_or_objs
    )

_re_pattern_functions: list[tuple[re.Pattern, str, str]] = []
for _header, _functions in _HEADERS_FUNCTIONS:
    # Match printf(..., ...), but not foo->printf, foo.printf or
    # 'type::printf()'.
    _re_pattern_functions.extend(
        (re.compile(r"([^>.]|^)\b" + _function + r"\([^\)]"), _function, _header)
        for _function in _functions
    )


def FilesBelongToSameModule(filename_cc, filename_h):
    """Check if these two filenames belong to the same module.

    The concept of a 'module' here is a as follows:
    foo.h, foo-inl.h, foo.cc, foo_test.cc and foo_unittest.cc belong to the
    same 'module' if they are in the same directory.
    some/path/public/xyzzy and some/path/internal/xyzzy are also considered
    to belong to the same module here.

    If the filename_cc contains a longer path than the filename_h, for example,
    '/absolute/path/to/base/sysinfo.cc', and this file would include
    'base/sysinfo.h', this function also produces the prefix needed to open the
    header. This is used by the caller of this function to more robustly open the
    header file. We don't have access to the real include paths in this context,
    so we need this guesswork here.

    Known bugs: tools/base/bar.cc and base/bar.h belong to the same module
    according to this implementation. Because of this, this function gives
    some false positives. This should be sufficiently rare in practice.

    Args:
      filename_cc: is the path for the source (e.g. .cc) file
      filename_h: is the path for the header path

    Returns:
      Tuple with a bool and a string:
      bool: True if filename_cc and filename_h belong to the same module.
      string: the additional prefix needed to open the header file.
    """
    fileinfo_cc = FileInfo(filename_cc)
    if fileinfo_cc.Extension().lstrip(".") not in GetNonHeaderExtensions():
        return (False, "")

    fileinfo_h = FileInfo(filename_h)
    if not IsHeaderExtension(fileinfo_h.Extension().lstrip(".")):
        return (False, "")

    filename_cc = filename_cc[: -(len(fileinfo_cc.Extension()))]
    if matched_test_suffix := re.search(_TEST_FILE_SUFFIX, fileinfo_cc.BaseName()):
        filename_cc = filename_cc[: -len(matched_test_suffix.group(1))]

    filename_cc = filename_cc.replace("/public/", "/")
    filename_cc = filename_cc.replace("/internal/", "/")

    filename_h = filename_h[: -(len(fileinfo_h.Extension()))]
    filename_h = filename_h.removesuffix("-inl")
    filename_h = filename_h.replace("/public/", "/")
    filename_h = filename_h.replace("/internal/", "/")

    files_belong_to_same_module = filename_cc.endswith(filename_h)
    common_path = ""
    if files_belong_to_same_module:
        common_path = filename_cc[: -len(filename_h)]
    return files_belong_to_same_module, common_path


def CheckForIncludeWhatYouUse(filename, clean_lines, include_state, error, io=codecs):
    """Reports for missing stl includes.

    This function will output warnings to make sure you are including the headers
    necessary for the stl containers and functions that you use. We only give one
    reason to include a header. For example, if you use both equal_to<> and
    less<> in a .h file, only one (the latter in the file) of these will be
    reported as a reason to include the <functional>.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      include_state: An _IncludeState instance.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
      io: The IO factory to use to read the header file. Provided for unittest
          injection.
    """
    required = {}  # A map of header name to linenumber and the template entity.
    # Example of required: { '<functional>': (1219, 'less<>') }

    for linenum in range(clean_lines.NumLines()):
        line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
        if not line or line[0] == "#":
            continue

        _re_patterns = []
        _re_patterns.extend(_re_pattern_types_or_objs)
        _re_patterns.extend(_re_pattern_functions)
        for pattern, item, header in _re_patterns:
            matched = pattern.search(line)
            if matched:
                # Don't warn about strings in non-STL namespaces:
                # (We check only the first match per line; good enough.)
                prefix = line[: matched.start()]
                if prefix.endswith("std::") or not prefix.endswith("::"):
                    required[header] = (linenum, item)

        for pattern, template, header in _re_pattern_headers_maybe_templates:
            if pattern.search(line):
                required[header] = (linenum, template)

        # The following function is just a speed up, no semantics are changed.
        if "<" not in line:  # Reduces the cpu time usage by skipping lines.
            continue

        for pattern, template, header in _re_pattern_templates:
            matched = pattern.search(line)
            if matched:
                # Don't warn about IWYU in non-STL namespaces:
                # (We check only the first match per line; good enough.)
                prefix = line[: matched.start()]
                if prefix.endswith("std::") or not prefix.endswith("::"):
                    required[header] = (linenum, template)

    # Let's flatten the include_state include_list and copy it into a dictionary.
    include_dict = dict([item for sublist in include_state.include_list for item in sublist])

    # All the lines have been processed, report the errors found.
    for header in sorted(required, key=required.__getitem__):
        template = required[header][1]
        header_stripped = header.strip('<>"')
        if header_stripped not in include_dict and not (
            header_stripped[0] == "c" and (header_stripped[1:] + ".h") in include_dict
        ):
            error(
                filename,
                required[header][0],
                "build/include_what_you_use",
                4,
                "Add #include " + header + " for " + template,
            )


_RE_PATTERN_EXPLICIT_MAKEPAIR = re.compile(r"\bmake_pair\s*<")


def CheckMakePairUsesDeduction(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Check that make_pair's template arguments are deduced.

    G++ 4.6 in C++11 mode fails badly if make_pair's template arguments are
    specified explicitly, and such use isn't intended in any case.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    match = _RE_PATTERN_EXPLICIT_MAKEPAIR.search(line)
    if match:
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/explicit_make_pair",
            4,  # 4 = high confidence
            "For C++11-compatibility, omit template arguments from make_pair"
            " OR use pair directly OR if appropriate, construct a pair directly",
        )


def CheckRedundantVirtual(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Check if line contains a redundant "virtual" function-specifier.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    # Look for "virtual" on current line.
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    virtual = re.match(r"^(.*)(\bvirtual\b)(.*)$", line)
    if not virtual:
        return

    # Ignore "virtual" keywords that are near access-specifiers.  These
    # are only used in class base-specifier and do not apply to member
    # functions.
    if re.search(r"\b(public|protected|private)\s+$", virtual.group(1)) or re.match(
        r"^\s+(public|protected|private)\b", virtual.group(3)
    ):
        return

    # Ignore the "virtual" keyword from virtual base classes.  Usually
    # there is a column on the same line in these cases (virtual base
    # classes are rare in google3 because multiple inheritance is rare).
    if re.match(r"^.*[^:]:[^:].*$", line):
        return

    # Look for the next opening parenthesis.  This is the start of the
    # parameter list (possibly on the next line shortly after virtual).
    # TODO(google): doesn't work if there are virtual functions with
    # decltype() or other things that use parentheses, but csearch suggests
    # that this is rare.
    end_col = -1
    end_line = -1
    start_col = len(virtual.group(2))
    for start_line in range(linenum, min(linenum + 3, clean_lines.NumLines())):
        line = clean_lines.elided[start_line][start_col:]
        parameter_list = re.match(r"^([^(]*)\(", line)
        if parameter_list:
            # Match parentheses to find the end of the parameter list
            (_, end_line, end_col) = CloseExpression(
                clean_lines, start_line, start_col + len(parameter_list.group(1))
            )
            break
        start_col = 0

    if end_col < 0:
        return  # Couldn't find end of parameter list, give up

    # Look for "override" or "final" after the parameter list
    # (possibly on the next few lines).
    for i in range(end_line, min(end_line + 3, clean_lines.NumLines())):
        line = clean_lines.elided[i][end_col:]
        match = re.search(r"\b(override|final)\b", line)
        if match:
            error(
                filename,
                linenum,
                "readability/inheritance",
                4,
                (
                    '"virtual" is redundant since function is '
                    f'already declared as "{match.group(1)}"'
                ),
            )

        # Set end_col to check whole lines after we are done with the
        # first line.
        end_col = 0
        if re.search(r"[^\w]\s*$", line):
            break


def CheckRedundantOverrideOrFinal(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Check if line contains a redundant "override" or "final" virt-specifier.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    # Look for closing parenthesis nearby.  We need one to confirm where
    # the declarator ends and where the virt-specifier starts to avoid
    # false positives.
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
    if (declarator_end := line.rfind(")")) >= 0:
        fragment = line[declarator_end:]
    else:
        if linenum > 1 and clean_lines.elided[linenum - 1].rfind(")") >= 0:
            fragment = line
        else:
            return

    # Check that at most one of "override" or "final" is present, not both
    if re.search(r"\boverride\b", fragment) and re.search(r"\bfinal\b", fragment):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "readability/inheritance",
            4,
            ('"override" is redundant since function is already declared as "final"'),
        )


# Returns true if we are at a new block, and it is directly
# inside of a namespace.
def IsBlockInNameSpace(nesting_state: NestingState, is_forward_declaration: bool):  # noqa: FBT001
    """Checks that the new block is directly in a namespace.

    Args:
      nesting_state: The NestingState object that contains info about our state.
      is_forward_declaration: If the class is a forward declared class.
    Returns:
      Whether or not the new block is directly in a namespace.
    """
    if is_forward_declaration:
        return len(nesting_state.stack) >= 1 and (
            isinstance(nesting_state.stack[-1], _NamespaceInfo)
        )

    if len(nesting_state.stack) >= 1:
        if isinstance(nesting_state.stack[-1], _NamespaceInfo):
            return True
        if (
            len(nesting_state.stack) > 1
            and isinstance(nesting_state.previous_stack_top, _NamespaceInfo)
            and (
                isinstance(nesting_state.stack[-2], _NamespaceInfo)
                or len(nesting_state.stack) > 2  # Accommodate for WrappedInfo
                and issubclass(type(nesting_state.stack[-1]), _WrappedInfo)
                and not nesting_state.stack[-2].seen_open_brace
                and isinstance(nesting_state.stack[-3], _NamespaceInfo)
            )
        ):
            return True
    return False


def ShouldCheckNamespaceIndentation(
    nesting_state: NestingState, is_namespace_indent_item, raw_lines_no_comments, linenum
):
    """This method determines if we should apply our namespace indentation check.

    Args:
      nesting_state: The current nesting state.
      is_namespace_indent_item: If we just put a new class on the stack, True.
        If the top of the stack is not a class, or we did not recently
        add the class, False.
      raw_lines_no_comments: The lines without the comments.
      linenum: The current line number we are processing.

    Returns:
      True if we should apply our namespace indentation check. Currently, it
      only works for classes and namespaces inside of a namespace.
    """

    # Required by all checks involving nesting_state
    if not nesting_state.stack:
        return False

    is_forward_declaration = IsForwardClassDeclaration(raw_lines_no_comments, linenum)

    if not (is_namespace_indent_item or is_forward_declaration):
        return False

    # If we are in a macro, we do not want to check the namespace indentation.
    if IsMacroDefinition(raw_lines_no_comments, linenum):
        return False

    # Skip if we are inside an open parenthesis block (e.g. function parameters).
    if nesting_state.previous_stack_top and nesting_state.previous_open_parentheses > 0:
        return False

    # Skip if we are extra-indenting a member initializer list.
    if (
        isinstance(nesting_state.previous_stack_top, _ConstructorInfo)  # F/N (A::A() : _a(0) {/{})
        and (
            isinstance(nesting_state.stack[-1], _MemInitListInfo)
            or isinstance(nesting_state.popped_top, _MemInitListInfo)
        )
    ) or (  # popping constructor after MemInitList on the same line (: _a(a) {})
        isinstance(nesting_state.previous_stack_top, _ConstructorInfo)
        and isinstance(nesting_state.popped_top, _ConstructorInfo)
        and re.search(r"[^:]:[^:]", raw_lines_no_comments[linenum])
    ):
        return False

    return IsBlockInNameSpace(nesting_state, is_forward_declaration)


# Call this method if the line is directly inside of a namespace.
# If the line above is blank (excluding comments) or the start of
# an inner namespace, it cannot be indented.
def CheckItemIndentationInNamespace(filename, raw_lines_no_comments, linenum, error):
    line = raw_lines_no_comments[linenum]
    if re.match(r"^\s+", line):
        error(
            filename, linenum, "whitespace/indent_namespace", 4, "Do not indent within a namespace."
        )


def CheckLocalVectorUsage(filename, lines, error):
  """Logs an error if std::vector<v8::Local<T>> is used.
  Args:
    filename: The name of the current file.
    lines: An array of strings, each representing a line of the file.
    error: The function to call with any errors found.
  """
  for linenum, line in enumerate(lines):
    if (re.search(r'\bstd::vector<v8::Local<[^>]+>>', line) or
        re.search(r'\bstd::vector<Local<[^>]+>>', line)):
      error(filename, linenum, 'runtime/local_vector', 5,
            'Do not use std::vector<v8::Local<T>>. '
            'Use v8::LocalVector<T> instead.')


def CheckStringValueUsage(filename, lines, error):
  """Logs an error if v8's String::Value/Utf8Value are used.
  Args:
    filename: The name of the current file.
    lines: An array of strings, each representing a line of the file.
    error: The function to call with any errors found.
  """
  if filename.startswith('test/') or filename.startswith('test\\'):
    return # Skip test files, where Node.js headers may not be available

  for linenum, line in enumerate(lines):
    if re.search(r'\bString::Utf8Value\b', line):
      error(filename, linenum, 'runtime/v8_string_value', 5,
            'Do not use v8::String::Utf8Value. '
            'Use node::Utf8Value instead.')
    if re.search(r'\bString::Value\b', line):
      error(filename, linenum, 'runtime/v8_string_value', 5,
            'Do not use v8::String::Value. '
            'Use node::TwoByteValue instead.')


def ProcessLine(
    filename,
    file_extension,
    clean_lines,
    line,
    include_state,
    function_state,
    nesting_state,
    error,
    extra_check_functions=None,
    cppvar=None,
):
    """Processes a single line in the file.

    Args:
      filename: Filename of the file that is being processed.
      file_extension: The extension (dot not included) of the file.
      clean_lines: An array of strings, each representing a line of the file,
                   with comments stripped.
      line: Number of line being processed.
      include_state: An _IncludeState instance in which the headers are inserted.
      function_state: A _FunctionState instance which counts function lines, etc.
      nesting_state: A NestingState instance which maintains information about
                     the current stack of nested blocks being parsed.
      error: A callable to which errors are reported, which takes 4 arguments:
             filename, line number, error level, and message
      extra_check_functions: An array of additional check functions that will be
                             run on each source line. Each function takes 4
                             arguments: filename, clean_lines, line, error
      cppvar: The header guard variable returned by GetHeaderGuardCPPVar.
    """
    raw_lines = clean_lines.raw_lines
    ParseNolintSuppressions(filename, raw_lines[line], line, error)
    nesting_state.Update(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    CheckForNamespaceIndentation(filename, nesting_state, clean_lines, line, error)
    if nesting_state.InAsmBlock():
        return
    CheckForFunctionLengths(filename, clean_lines, line, function_state, error)
    CheckForMultilineCommentsAndStrings(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    CheckStyle(filename, clean_lines, line, file_extension, nesting_state, error, cppvar)
    CheckLanguage(filename, clean_lines, line, file_extension, include_state, nesting_state, error)
    CheckForNonConstReference(filename, clean_lines, line, nesting_state, error)
    CheckForNonStandardConstructs(filename, clean_lines, line, nesting_state, error)
    CheckVlogArguments(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    CheckPosixThreading(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    CheckInvalidIncrement(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    CheckMakePairUsesDeduction(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    CheckRedundantVirtual(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    CheckRedundantOverrideOrFinal(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    if extra_check_functions:
        for check_fn in extra_check_functions:
            check_fn(filename, clean_lines, line, error)


def FlagCxxHeaders(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error):
    """Flag C++ headers that the styleguide restricts.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the current file.
      clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
      linenum: The number of the line to check.
      error: The function to call with any errors found.
    """
    line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]

    include = re.match(r'\s*#\s*include\s+[<"]([^<"]+)[">]', line)

    # Flag unapproved C++11 headers.
    if include and include.group(1) in (
        "cfenv",
        "fenv.h",
        "ratio",
    ):
        error(
            filename,
            linenum,
            "build/c++11",
            5,
            f"<{include.group(1)}> is an unapproved C++11 header.",
        )

    # filesystem is the only unapproved C++17 header
    if include and include.group(1) == "filesystem":
        error(filename, linenum, "build/c++17", 5, "<filesystem> is an unapproved C++17 header.")


def ProcessFileData(filename, file_extension, lines, error, extra_check_functions=None):
    """Performs lint checks and reports any errors to the given error function.

    Args:
      filename: Filename of the file that is being processed.
      file_extension: The extension (dot not included) of the file.
      lines: An array of strings, each representing a line of the file, with the
             last element being empty if the file is terminated with a newline.
      error: A callable to which errors are reported, which takes 4 arguments:
             filename, line number, error level, and message
      extra_check_functions: An array of additional check functions that will be
                             run on each source line. Each function takes 4
                             arguments: filename, clean_lines, line, error
    """
    lines = (
        ["// marker so line numbers and indices both start at 1"]
        + lines
        + ["// marker so line numbers end in a known way"]
    )

    include_state = _IncludeState()
    function_state = _FunctionState()
    nesting_state = NestingState()

    ResetNolintSuppressions()

    CheckForCopyright(filename, lines, error)
    ProcessGlobalSuppressions(filename, lines)
    RemoveMultiLineComments(filename, lines, error)
    clean_lines = CleansedLines(lines)

    cppvar = None
    if IsHeaderExtension(file_extension):
        cppvar = GetHeaderGuardCPPVariable(filename)
        CheckForHeaderGuard(filename, clean_lines, error, cppvar)

    for line in range(clean_lines.NumLines()):
        ProcessLine(
            filename,
            file_extension,
            clean_lines,
            line,
            include_state,
            function_state,
            nesting_state,
            error,
            extra_check_functions,
            cppvar,
        )
        FlagCxxHeaders(filename, clean_lines, line, error)
    if _error_suppressions.HasOpenBlock():
        error(
            filename,
            _error_suppressions.GetOpenBlockStart(),
            "readability/nolint",
            5,
            "NONLINT block never ended",
        )

    CheckForIncludeWhatYouUse(filename, clean_lines, include_state, error)

    # Check that the .cc file has included its header if it exists.
    if _IsSourceExtension(file_extension):
        CheckHeaderFileIncluded(filename, include_state, error)

    # We check here rather than inside ProcessLine so that we see raw
    # lines rather than "cleaned" lines.
    CheckForBadCharacters(filename, lines, error)

    CheckForNewlineAtEOF(filename, lines, error)

    CheckInlineHeader(filename, include_state, error)

    CheckLocalVectorUsage(filename, lines, error)

    CheckStringValueUsage(filename, lines, error)


def ProcessConfigOverrides(filename):
    """Loads the configuration files and processes the config overrides.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the file being processed by the linter.

    Returns:
      False if the current |filename| should not be processed further.
    """

    abs_filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
    cfg_filters = []
    keep_looking = True
    while keep_looking:
        abs_path, base_name = os.path.split(abs_filename)
        if not base_name:
            break  # Reached the root directory.

        cfg_file = os.path.join(abs_path, _config_filename)
        abs_filename = abs_path
        if not os.path.isfile(cfg_file):
            continue

        try:
            with open(cfg_file, encoding="utf8", errors="replace") as file_handle:
                for line in file_handle:
                    line, _, _ = line.partition("#")  # Remove comments.
                    if not line.strip():
                        continue

                    name, _, val = line.partition("=")
                    name = name.strip()
                    val = val.strip()
                    if name == "set noparent":
                        keep_looking = False
                    elif name == "filter":
                        cfg_filters.append(val)
                    elif name == "exclude_files":
                        # When matching exclude_files pattern, use the base_name of
                        # the current file name or the directory name we are processing.
                        # For example, if we are checking for lint errors in /foo/bar/baz.cc
                        # and we found the .cfg file at /foo/CPPLINT.cfg, then the config
                        # file's "exclude_files" filter is meant to be checked against "bar"
                        # and not "baz" nor "bar/baz.cc".
                        if base_name:
                            pattern = re.compile(val)
                            if pattern.match(base_name):
                                if _cpplint_state.quiet:
                                    # Suppress "Ignoring file" warning when using --quiet.
                                    return False
                                _cpplint_state.PrintInfo(
                                    f'Ignoring "{filename}": file excluded by "{cfg_file}". '
                                    'File path component "%s" matches '
                                    'pattern "%s"\n' % (base_name, val)
                                )
                                return False
                    elif name == "linelength":
                        global _line_length
                        try:
                            _line_length = int(val)
                        except ValueError:
                            _cpplint_state.PrintError("Line length must be numeric.")
                    elif name == "extensions":
                        ProcessExtensionsOption(val)
                    elif name == "root":
                        global _root
                        # root directories are specified relative to CPPLINT.cfg dir.
                        _root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(cfg_file), val)
                    elif name == "headers":
                        ProcessHppHeadersOption(val)
                    elif name == "third_party_headers":
                        ProcessThirdPartyHeadersOption(val)
                    elif name == "includeorder":
                        ProcessIncludeOrderOption(val)
                    else:
                        _cpplint_state.PrintError(
                            f"Invalid configuration option ({name}) in file {cfg_file}\n"
                        )

        except OSError:
            _cpplint_state.PrintError(
                f"Skipping config file '{cfg_file}': Can't open for reading\n"
            )
            keep_looking = False

    # Apply all the accumulated filters in reverse order (top-level directory
    # config options having the least priority).
    for cfg_filter in reversed(cfg_filters):
        _AddFilters(cfg_filter)

    return True


def ProcessFile(filename, vlevel, extra_check_functions=None):
    """Does google-lint on a single file.

    Args:
      filename: The name of the file to parse.

      vlevel: The level of errors to report.  Every error of confidence
      >= verbose_level will be reported.  0 is a good default.

      extra_check_functions: An array of additional check functions that will be
                             run on each source line. Each function takes 4
                             arguments: filename, clean_lines, line, error
    """

    _SetVerboseLevel(vlevel)
    _BackupFilters()
    old_errors = _cpplint_state.error_count

    if not ProcessConfigOverrides(filename):
        _RestoreFilters()
        return

    try:
        # Support the UNIX convention of using "-" for stdin.
        if filename == "-":
            lines = sys.stdin.read().split("\n")
        else:
            with open(filename, encoding="utf8", errors="replace", newline=None) as target_file:
                lines = target_file.read().split("\n")

    except OSError:
        # TODO(aaronliu0130): Maybe make this have an exit code of 2 after all is done
        _cpplint_state.PrintError(f"Skipping input '{filename}': Can't open for reading\n")
        _RestoreFilters()
        return

    # Note, if no dot is found, this will give the entire filename as the ext.
    file_extension = filename[filename.rfind(".") + 1 :]

    # When reading from stdin, the extension is unknown, so no cpplint tests
    # should rely on the extension.
    if filename != "-" and file_extension not in GetAllExtensions():
        _cpplint_state.PrintError(
            f"Ignoring {filename}; not a valid file name ({(', '.join(GetAllExtensions()))})\n"
        )
    else:
        ProcessFileData(filename, file_extension, lines, Error, extra_check_functions)

    # Suppress printing anything if --quiet was passed unless the error
    # count has increased after processing this file.
    if not _cpplint_state.quiet or old_errors != _cpplint_state.error_count:
        _cpplint_state.PrintInfo(f"Done processing {filename}\n")
    _RestoreFilters()


def PrintUsage(message):
    """Prints a brief usage string and exits, optionally with an error message.

    Args:
      message: The optional error message.
    """
    sys.stderr.write(
        _USAGE
        % (
            sorted(GetAllExtensions()),
            ",".join(sorted(GetAllExtensions())),
            sorted(GetHeaderExtensions()),
            ",".join(sorted(GetHeaderExtensions())),
        )
    )

    if message:
        sys.exit("\nFATAL ERROR: " + message)
    else:
        sys.exit(0)


def PrintVersion():
    sys.stdout.write("Cpplint fork (https://github.com/cpplint/cpplint)\n")
    sys.stdout.write("cpplint " + __VERSION__ + "\n")
    sys.stdout.write("Python " + sys.version + "\n")
    sys.exit(0)


def PrintCategories():
    """Prints a list of all the error-categories used by error messages.

    These are the categories used to filter messages via --filter.
    """
    sys.stderr.write("".join(f"  {cat}\n" for cat in _ERROR_CATEGORIES))
    sys.exit(0)


def ParseArguments(args):
    """Parses the command line arguments.

    This may set the output format and verbosity level as side-effects.

    Args:
      args: The command line arguments:

    Returns:
      The list of filenames to lint.
    """
    try:
        (opts, filenames) = getopt.getopt(
            args,
            "",
            [
                "help",
                "output=",
                "verbose=",
                "v=",
                "version",
                "counting=",
                "filter=",
                "root=",
                "repository=",
                "linelength=",
                "extensions=",
                "exclude=",
                "recursive",
                "headers=",
                "third_party_headers=",
                "includeorder=",
                "config=",
                "quiet",
            ],
        )
    except getopt.GetoptError:
        PrintUsage("Invalid arguments.")

    verbosity = _VerboseLevel()
    output_format = _OutputFormat()
    filters = ""
    quiet = _Quiet()
    counting_style = ""
    recursive = False

    for opt, val in opts:
        if opt == "--help":
            PrintUsage(None)
        if opt == "--version":
            PrintVersion()
        elif opt == "--output":
            if val not in ("emacs", "vs7", "eclipse", "junit", "sed", "gsed"):
                PrintUsage(
                    "The only allowed output formats are emacs, vs7, eclipse sed, gsed and junit."
                )
            output_format = val
        elif opt == "--quiet":
            quiet = True
        elif opt in {"--verbose", "--v"}:
            verbosity = int(val)
        elif opt == "--filter":
            filters = val
            if not filters:
                PrintCategories()
        elif opt == "--counting":
            if val not in ("total", "toplevel", "detailed"):
                PrintUsage("Valid counting options are total, toplevel, and detailed")
            counting_style = val
        elif opt == "--root":
            global _root
            _root = val
        elif opt == "--repository":
            global _repository
            _repository = val
        elif opt == "--linelength":
            global _line_length
            try:
                _line_length = int(val)
            except ValueError:
                PrintUsage("Line length must be digits.")
        elif opt == "--exclude":
            global _excludes
            if not _excludes:
                _excludes = set()
            _excludes.update(glob.glob(val))
        elif opt == "--extensions":
            ProcessExtensionsOption(val)
        elif opt == "--headers":
            ProcessHppHeadersOption(val)
        elif opt == "--third_party_headers":
            ProcessThirdPartyHeadersOption(val)
        elif opt == "--recursive":
            recursive = True
        elif opt == "--includeorder":
            ProcessIncludeOrderOption(val)
        elif opt == "--config":
            global _config_filename
            _config_filename = val
            if os.path.basename(_config_filename) != _config_filename:
                PrintUsage("Config file name must not include directory components.")

    if not filenames:
        PrintUsage("No files were specified.")

    if recursive:
        filenames = _ExpandDirectories(filenames)

    if _excludes:
        filenames = _FilterExcludedFiles(filenames)

    _SetOutputFormat(output_format)
    _SetQuiet(quiet)
    _SetVerboseLevel(verbosity)
    _SetFilters(filters)
    _SetCountingStyle(counting_style)

    filenames.sort()
    return filenames


def _ParseFilterSelector(parameter):
    """Parses the given command line parameter for file- and line-specific
    exclusions.
    readability/casting:file.cpp
    readability/casting:file.cpp:43

    Args:
      parameter: The parameter value of --filter

    Returns:
      [category, filename, line].
      Category is always given.
      Filename is either a filename or empty if all files are meant.
      Line is either a line in filename or -1 if all lines are meant.
    """
    colon_pos = parameter.find(":")
    if colon_pos == -1:
        return parameter, "", -1
    category = parameter[:colon_pos]
    second_colon_pos = parameter.find(":", colon_pos + 1)
    if second_colon_pos == -1:
        return category, parameter[colon_pos + 1 :], -1
    return (
        category,
        parameter[colon_pos + 1 : second_colon_pos],
        int(parameter[second_colon_pos + 1 :]),
    )


def _ExpandDirectories(filenames):
    """Searches a list of filenames and replaces directories in the list with
    all files descending from those directories. Files with extensions not in
    the valid extensions list are excluded.

    Args:
      filenames: A list of files or directories

    Returns:
      A list of all files that are members of filenames or descended from a
      directory in filenames
    """
    expanded = set()
    for filename in filenames:
        if not os.path.isdir(filename):
            expanded.add(filename)
            continue

        for root, _, files in os.walk(filename):
            for loopfile in files:
                fullname = os.path.join(root, loopfile)
                fullname = fullname.removeprefix("." + os.path.sep)
                expanded.add(fullname)

    return [
        filename for filename in expanded if os.path.splitext(filename)[1][1:] in GetAllExtensions()
    ]


def _FilterExcludedFiles(fnames):
    """Filters out files listed in the --exclude command line switch. File paths
    in the switch are evaluated relative to the current working directory
    """
    exclude_paths = [os.path.abspath(f) for f in _excludes]
    # because globbing does not work recursively, exclude all subpath of all excluded entries
    return [
        f
        for f in fnames
        if not any(e for e in exclude_paths if _IsParentOrSame(e, os.path.abspath(f)))
    ]


def _IsParentOrSame(parent, child):
    """Return true if child is subdirectory of parent.
    Assumes both paths are absolute and don't contain symlinks.
    """
    parent = os.path.normpath(parent)
    child = os.path.normpath(child)
    if parent == child:
        return True

    prefix = os.path.commonprefix([parent, child])
    if prefix != parent:
        return False
    # Note: os.path.commonprefix operates on character basis, so
    # take extra care of situations like '/foo/ba' and '/foo/bar/baz'
    child_suffix = child[len(prefix) :]
    child_suffix = child_suffix.lstrip(os.sep)
    return child == os.path.join(prefix, child_suffix)


def main():
    filenames = ParseArguments(sys.argv[1:])
    backup_err = sys.stderr
    try:
        # Change stderr to write with replacement characters so we don't die
        # if we try to print something containing non-ASCII characters.
        sys.stderr = codecs.StreamReader(sys.stderr, "replace")

        _cpplint_state.ResetErrorCounts()
        for filename in filenames:
            ProcessFile(filename, _cpplint_state.verbose_level)
        # If --quiet is passed, suppress printing error count unless there are errors.
        if not _cpplint_state.quiet or _cpplint_state.error_count > 0:
            _cpplint_state.PrintErrorCounts()

        if _cpplint_state.output_format == "junit":
            sys.stderr.write(_cpplint_state.FormatJUnitXML())

    finally:
        sys.stderr = backup_err

    sys.exit(_cpplint_state.error_count > 0)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()