debugger: add edit-free runtime expression probes to node inspect

Add a non-interactive probe mode to `node inspect` for inspecting
runtime values in a run-to-completion application. This allows
users to perform printf-style debugging without having to modify
the application code and clean up afterwards, it also supports
structured output to be consumed by tools.

Probe mode launches the application, sets one or more source
breakpoints, evaluates one expression at each hit, and prints a
single text or JSON report when execution ends.

Interface:

node inspect [--json] [--preview] [--timeout=<ms>] [--port=<port>]
  --probe <file>:<line>[:<col>] --expr <expr> ...
  [--] <script> [args...]

Example:

```js
// cli.js
let maxRSS = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
  const { rss } = process.memoryUsage();
  maxRSS = Math.max(maxRSS, rss);
}
```

```
$ node inspect --probe cli.js:5 --expr 'rss' cli.js
Hit 1 at cli.js:5
  rss = 54935552
Hit 2 at cli.js:5
  rss = 55083008
Completed
```

(Prettified JSON to fit in commit message restrictions).

```js
$ node inspect --json --probe cli.js:5 --expr 'rss' cli.js
{"v":1,"probes":[{"expr":"rss","target":["cli.js",5]}],
"results":[
  {"probe":0,"event":"hit","hit":1,
   "result":{"type":"number","value":55443456,
             "description":"55443456"}},
  {"probe":0,"event":"hit","hit":2,
   "result":{"type":"number","value":55574528,
             "description":"55574528"}},
  {"event":"completed"}]}
```

Author: joyeecheung

doc/api/debugger.md

@@ -90,6 +90,157 @@ steps to the next line. Type `help` to see what other commands are available.
 Pressing `enter` without typing a command will repeat the previous debugger
 command.
 
+## Probe mode
+
+<!-- YAML
+added:
+  - REPLACEME
+-->
+
+> Stability: 1 - Experimental
+
+`node inspect` supports a non-interactive probe mode for inspecting runtime values
+in an application via the flag `--probe`. Probe mode launches the application,
+sets one or more source breakpoints, evaluates one expression whenever a
+matching breakpoint is hit, and prints one final report when the session ends
+(either on normal completion or timeout). This allows developers to perform
+printf-style debugging without having to modify the application code and
+clean up afterwards, and it supports structured output for tool use.
+
+```console
+$ node inspect [--json] [--preview] [--timeout=<ms>] [--port=<port>] \
+    --probe app.js:10 --expr 'x' \
+    [--probe app.js:20 --expr 'y' ...] \
+    [--] [<node-option> ...] <script.js> [args...]
+```
+
+* `--probe <file>:<line>[:<col>]`: Source location to probe. Line and column number
+  are 1-based.
+* `--timeout=<ms>`: A global wall-clock deadline for the entire probe session.
+  The default is `30000`. This can be used to probe a long-running application
+  that can be terminated externally.
+* `--json`: If used, prints a structured JSON report instead of the default text report.
+* `--preview`: If used, non-primitive values will include CDP property previews for
+  object-like JSON probe values.
+* `--port=<port>`: Selects the local inspector port used for the `--inspect-brk`
+  launch path. Probe mode defaults to `0`, which requests a random port.
+* `--` is optional unless the child needs its own Node.js flags.
+
+Additional rules about the `--probe` and `--expr` arguments:
+
+* `--probe <file>:<line>[:<col>]` and `--expr <expr>` are strict pairs. Each
+  `--probe` must be followed immediately by exactly one `--expr`.
+* `--timeout`, `--json`, `--preview`, and `--port` are global probe options
+  for the whole probe session. They may appear before or between probe pairs,
+  but not between a `--probe` and its matching `--expr`.
+
+If a single probe needs to evaluate more than one value,
+evaluate a structured value in `--expr`, for example `--expr "{ foo, bar }"`
+or `--expr "[foo, bar]"`, and use `--preview` to include property previews for
+any object-like values in the output.
+
+Probe mode only prints the final probe report to stdout, and otherwise silences
+stdout/stderr from the child process. If the child exits with an error after the
+probe session starts, the final report records a terminal `error` event with the
+exit code and captured child stderr. Invalid arguments and fatal launch or
+connect failures may still print diagnostics to stderr without a final probe
+result.
+
+Consider this script:
+
+```js
+// cli.js
+let maxRSS = 0;
+for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+  const { rss } = process.memoryUsage();
+  maxRSS = Math.max(maxRSS, rss);
+}
+```
+
+If `--json` is not used, the output is printed in a human-readable text format:
+
+```console
+$ node inspect --probe cli.js:5 --expr 'rss' cli.js
+Hit 1 at cli.js:5
+  rss = 54935552
+Hit 2 at cli.js:5
+  rss = 55083008
+Completed
+```
+
+Primitive results are printed directly, while objects and arrays use Chrome
+DevTools Protocol preview data when available. Other non-primitive values
+fall back to the Chrome DevTools Protocol `description` string.
+Expression failures are recorded as `[error] ...` lines and do not fail
+the overall session. If richer text formatting is needed, wrap the expression
+in `JSON.stringify(...)` or `util.inspect(...)`.
+
+When `--json` is used, the output shape looks like this:
+
+```console
+$ node inspect --json --probe cli.js:5 --expr 'rss' cli.js
+{"v":1,"probes":[{"expr":"rss","target":["cli.js",5]}],"results":[{"probe":0,"event":"hit","hit":1,"result":{"type":"number","value":55443456,"description":"55443456"}},{"probe":0,"event":"hit","hit":2,"result":{"type":"number","value":55574528,"description":"55574528"}},{"event":"completed"}]}
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "v": 1, // Probe JSON schema version.
+  "probes": [
+    {
+      "expr": "rss", // The expression paired with --probe.
+      "target": ["cli.js", 5] // [file, line] or [file, line, col].
+    }
+  ],
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "probe": 0, // Index into probes[].
+      "event": "hit", // Hit events are recorded in observation order.
+      "hit": 1, // 1-based hit count for this probe.
+      "result": {
+        "type": "number",
+        "value": 55443456,
+        "description": "55443456"
+      }
+      // If the expression throws, "error" is present instead of "result".
+    },
+    {
+      "probe": 0,
+      "event": "hit",
+      "hit": 2,
+      "result": {
+        "type": "number",
+        "value": 55574528,
+        "description": "55574528"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "event": "completed"
+      // The final entry is always a terminal event, for example:
+      // 1. { "event": "completed" }
+      // 2. { "event": "miss", "pending": [0, 1] }
+      // 3. {
+      //      "event": "timeout",
+      //      "pending": [0],
+      //      "error": {
+      //       "code": "probe_timeout",
+      //       "message": "Timed out after 30000ms waiting for probes: app.js:10"
+      //      }
+      //    }
+      // 4. {
+      //      "event": "error",
+      //      "pending": [0],
+      //      "error": {
+      //       "code": "probe_target_exit",
+      //       "exitCode": 1,
+      //       "stderr": "[Error: boom]",
+      //       "message": "Target exited with code 1 before probes: app.js:10"
+      //      }
+      //    }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
 ## Watchers
 
 It is possible to watch expression and variable values while debugging. On