#5306: reject numbers outside long range in sprintf %d conversion instead of saturating

[morphqdd]

Closes #5306.

sprintf's %d conversion (SprintfArgs.CONVERSION.put('d', element -> element.asNumber().longValue()))
narrowed the argument's Double value to long via Double.longValue(), which doesn't throw for
a value outside long range — it saturates, returning Long.MAX_VALUE/Long.MIN_VALUE. So
sprintf("%d", *1e30) silently printed 9223372036854775807 instead of raising a domain error
naming the offending value. This is the same Double-to-integral narrowing-without-validation
defect already fixed for Expect.Natural/Expect.Int (#5295/#5307) and number.as-i64
(#5305/#5315), here in the %d conversion path used by every sprintf call in this codebase.

Added a SprintfArgs.toLong(double) helper that checks the value against Long.MIN_VALUE/
Long.MAX_VALUE before narrowing, and wired it into the 'd' entry of the CONVERSION map in
place of the raw .longValue() call.

Added throws-on-formatting-huge-number-as-decimal to tt/sprintf.eo, using 1.0e30 — the exact
reproduction value from the issue — mirroring the existing truncates-*-as-decimal tests for the
%d conversion.

Ran the full EO-generated sprintf test suite locally (EOtt.EOsprintfTest) — all 20 tests pass.

[sonarqubecloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

[github-actions]

🚀 Performance Analysis

All benchmarks are within the acceptable range. No critical degradation detected (threshold is 100%). Please refer to the detailed report for more information.

Click to see the detailed report

Test	Base Score	PR Score	Change	% Change	Unit	Mode
benchmarks.XmirBench.xmirToEO	13364.331	13078.302	-286.029	-2.14%	ms/op	Average Time

✅ Performance gain: benchmarks.XmirBench.xmirToEO is faster by 286.029 ms/op (2.14%)

[morphqdd]

@yegor256, please take a look when you have a moment.

[0crat]

@morphqdd Thanks for the contribution! You've earned +12 points for this: +16 as a basis; -4 for too few (28) hits-of-code. Please, keep them coming. Your running score is +548; don't forget to check your Zerocracy account too).