protocol.ts

// Copyright (c) 2025 ObjectStack. Licensed under the Apache-2.0 license.

import { ObjectStackProtocol } from '@objectstack/spec/api';
import { IDataEngine } from '@objectstack/core';
import { readEnvWithDeprecation } from '@objectstack/types';
import type { MetadataHostEngine } from './host-engine.js';
import { SysMetadataRepository, type SysMetadataEngine } from './sys-metadata-repository.js';
import { ConflictError, assertProtocolCompat, type MetadataItem } from '@objectstack/metadata-core';
import type {
    BatchUpdateRequest,
    BatchUpdateResponse,
    UpdateManyDataRequest,
    DeleteManyDataRequest,
    InstallPackageRequest,
    InstallPackageResponse
} from '@objectstack/spec/api';
import type { MetadataCacheRequest, MetadataCacheResponse, ServiceInfo, ApiRoutes, WellKnownCapabilities } from '@objectstack/spec/api';
import { readServiceSelfInfo } from '@objectstack/spec/api';
import { parseFilterAST, isFilterAST } from '@objectstack/spec/data';
import { PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR, SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL } from '@objectstack/spec/shared';
import { type FormView, isAggregatedViewContainer } from '@objectstack/spec/ui';
import { METADATA_FORM_REGISTRY } from '@objectstack/spec/system';
import { DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY, getMetadataTypeSchema, getMetadataTypeActions, getMetadataCreateSeed } from '@objectstack/spec/kernel';
import {
    extractProtection,
    evaluateLockForWrite,
    evaluateLockForDelete,
    resolveLockState,
    type MetadataLock,
    type MetadataProvenance,
} from '@objectstack/spec/kernel';
import { validateObjectNamespacePrefix, deriveNamespaceFromPackageId } from '@objectstack/spec/kernel';
import { z } from 'zod';
import {
    computeMetadataDiagnostics,
    computeViewReferenceDiagnostics,
    decorateMetadataItem,
    decorateMetadataItems,
    type MetadataDiagnostics,
} from './metadata-diagnostics.js';

/**
 * Canonical Zod schema per metadata type lives in
 * `@objectstack/spec/kernel/metadata-type-schemas` and is exposed through
 * {@link getMetadataTypeSchema}. Both save-time validation
 * ({@link resolveOverlaySchema}) and the `/meta/types/:type` JSON Schema
 * emitter consult that single source of truth, so adding a new
 * metadata-type schema requires editing exactly one file (or calling
 * `registerMetadataTypeSchema()` from a plugin).
 */
// (TYPE_TO_SCHEMA removed — use `getMetadataTypeSchema(type)` directly.)

/**
 * Canonical {@link FormView} layout per metadata type. Sourced from the
 * shared {@link METADATA_FORM_REGISTRY} in `@objectstack/spec/system` so
 * the runtime form payload, the i18n extractor, and Studio all read from
 * a single source of truth.
 *
 * Types without an entry render with the auto-generated single-section
 * layout derived from their JSON Schema (acceptable for simple types).
 */
const TYPE_TO_FORM: Readonly<Record<string, FormView>> = METADATA_FORM_REGISTRY;

/**
 * Convert a Zod schema to a JSON Schema, returning `undefined` if conversion
 * fails (e.g. unsupported constructs). Cached per schema reference.
 */
const _jsonSchemaCache = new WeakMap<z.ZodTypeAny, Record<string, unknown> | null>();
function toJsonSchemaSafe(schema: z.ZodTypeAny): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
    const cached = _jsonSchemaCache.get(schema);
    if (cached !== undefined) return cached ?? undefined;
    try {
        const result = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { unrepresentable: 'any' }) as Record<string, unknown>;
        _jsonSchemaCache.set(schema, result);
        return result;
    } catch {
        _jsonSchemaCache.set(schema, null);
        return undefined;
    }
}

/**
 * Hand-crafted fallback JSON Schemas for metadata types whose Zod schema
 * cannot be safely converted via `z.toJSONSchema()` (e.g. due to recursive
 * references or non-representable constructs like `z.lazy()` chains).
 *
 * These mirror the shape consumed by the corresponding `*.form.ts` layouts,
 * so the SchemaForm renderer can still produce a real form (instead of
 * falling back to the raw JSON editor). All fields use lenient types
 * (`string | object | array`) because the widget hint in the form layout
 * is what actually drives the UI control selection — the JSON Schema is
 * only used to (a) seed defaults and (b) report which property names exist.
 */
const HAND_CRAFTED_SCHEMAS: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>> = {
    object: {
        type: 'object',
        properties: {
            name: { type: 'string' },
            label: { type: 'string' },
            pluralLabel: { type: 'string' },
            icon: { type: 'string' },
            description: { type: 'string' },
            isSystem: { type: 'boolean', default: false },
            datasource: { type: 'string' },
            fields: {
                // Canonical Object.fields is a name-keyed map
                // (Record<string, FieldDefinition>) — insertion order is
                // display order. The SchemaForm engine recognises
                // `additionalProperties` as a Record and dispatches to
                // the `record` form-field renderer (ADR-0007). The form
                // layout in `object.form.ts` declares `type: 'record'`
                // so the inner `additionalProperties` schema is used to
                // shape each value.
                type: 'object',
                default: {},
                additionalProperties: {
                    type: 'object',
                    properties: {
                        name: { type: 'string' },
                        label: { type: 'string' },
                        type: { type: 'string' },
                        required: { type: 'boolean', default: false },
                        unique: { type: 'boolean', default: false },
                        defaultValue: {},
                        description: { type: 'string' },
                    },
                    required: ['type'],
                },
            },
            capabilities: { type: 'object', additionalProperties: true },
        },
        required: ['name'],
        additionalProperties: true,
    },
    action: {
        type: 'object',
        properties: {
            name: { type: 'string' },
            label: { type: 'string' },
            objectName: { type: 'string' },
            icon: { type: 'string' },
            type: { type: 'string', enum: ['url', 'flow', 'api', 'script'] },
            variant: { type: 'string', enum: ['primary', 'secondary', 'danger', 'ghost', 'outline'] },
            target: { type: 'string' },
            method: { type: 'string', enum: ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'DELETE'] },
            body: {
                type: 'array',
                default: [],
                items: {
                    type: 'object',
                    properties: {
                        line: { type: 'string' },
                    },
                },
            },
            params: {
                type: 'array',
                default: [],
                items: {
                    type: 'object',
                    properties: {
                        name: { type: 'string' },
                        label: { type: 'string' },
                        type: { type: 'string' },
                        required: { type: 'boolean', default: false },
                    },
                    required: ['name'],
                },
            },
            confirmText: { type: 'string' },
            successMessage: { type: 'string' },
            refreshAfter: { type: 'boolean', default: true },
            locations: {
                type: 'array',
                default: [],
                items: {
                    type: 'object',
                    properties: {
                        location: { type: 'string' },
                    },
                },
            },
            component: { type: 'string' },
            visible: { type: 'string' },
            disabled: { type: 'string' },
            shortcut: { type: 'string' },
            bulkEnabled: { type: 'boolean', default: false },
            aiExposed: { type: 'boolean', default: false },
            recordIdParam: { type: 'string' },
            recordIdField: { type: 'string' },
            bodyShape: { type: 'string', enum: ['flat', 'nested'] },
        },
        required: ['name', 'label', 'type'],
        additionalProperties: true,
    },
    // Validation rules live inside `object.validations[]`. The canonical
    // ValidationRuleSchema is a discriminated union of 6 variants; the
    // generic SchemaForm renderer treats unions as opaque JSON, so we
    // ship a *flat* form-friendly schema covering the common base
    // properties plus every variant-specific field as optional. Save-time
    // validation is unaffected — the union schema is still authoritative
    // at write time.
    validation: {
        type: 'object',
        properties: {
            // --- Base fields (all variants) ---
            name: { type: 'string', description: 'Unique rule name (snake_case)' },
            label: { type: 'string' },
            description: { type: 'string' },
            type: {
                type: 'string',
                enum: [
                    'script',
                    'state_machine',
                    'format',
                    'cross_field',
                    'json_schema',
                    'conditional',
                ],
                default: 'script',
                description: 'Validation variant',
            },
            active: { type: 'boolean', default: true },
            events: {
                type: 'array',
                items: { type: 'string', enum: ['insert', 'update'] },
                default: ['insert', 'update'],
            },
            priority: { type: 'number', default: 100, minimum: 0, maximum: 9999 },
            severity: {
                type: 'string',
                enum: ['error', 'warning', 'info'],
                default: 'error',
            },
            message: { type: 'string' },
            tags: { type: 'array', items: { type: 'string' } },
            // --- Variant-specific (all optional, gated by `type`) ---
            condition: {
                type: 'string',
                description: 'CEL predicate (type=script). True ⇒ validation fails.',
            },
            fields: {
                type: 'array',
                items: { type: 'string' },
                description: 'Fields (type=cross_field).',
            },
            field: { type: 'string', description: 'Single field (type=state_machine / format).' },
            transitions: {
                type: 'object',
                additionalProperties: { type: 'array', items: { type: 'string' } },
                description: 'Map { OldState: [AllowedNewStates] } (type=state_machine).',
            },
            regex: { type: 'string', description: 'Regex (type=format).' },
            format: {
                type: 'string',
                enum: ['email', 'url', 'phone', 'json'],
                description: 'Built-in format (type=format).',
            },
            when: { type: 'string', description: 'Outer condition (type=conditional).' },
        },
        required: ['name', 'type', 'message'],
        additionalProperties: true,
    },
};

/**
 * Zod schemas used to validate overlay items before they are persisted into
 * `sys_metadata` by {@link ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.saveMetaItem}.
 *
 * Single source of truth: the spec-side {@link getMetadataTypeSchema}
 * registry (`@objectstack/spec/kernel/metadata-type-schemas`). Every
 * metadata type whose payload should round-trip through Studio's
 * generic editor maps to its canonical Zod schema there; this function
 * is a plural→singular adapter on top of it.
 *
 * Validation policy:
 *   - `safeParse` is used so we can craft a 422 with structured `issues`.
 *   - We do NOT replace the persisted document with `parsed.data`; the
 *     original payload is stored verbatim so Studio-only auxiliary fields
 *     (e.g. `isPinned`, `isDefault`, `sortOrder`) survive the round-trip.
 *   - Types without a registered schema (the wiring-layer types
 *     `function`/`service`/`router`, and any plugin types that have not
 *     yet called `registerMetadataTypeSchema()`) fall through unvalidated.
 */
function resolveOverlaySchema(type: string, _item: unknown): z.ZodTypeAny | null {
    const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
    return getMetadataTypeSchema(singular) ?? null;
}

/**
 * Guarantee a `view` body carries a top-level `name`.
 *
 * {@link ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.getMetaItems} only surfaces a
 * sys_metadata overlay row when its parsed body has a top-level `name` (objects
 * and dashboards include one; some view producers — notably loose `{ list }`
 * fragments — do not, so the view is silently dropped from the object's view
 * list and never appears as a tab). We stamp the save name here, at the single
 * write chokepoint, without otherwise reshaping the document.
 *
 * Deliberately does NOT convert shape: both the `defineView` container form
 * (`{ list, listViews, … }`) and the `{ name, object, viewKind, config }`
 * record form are valid and the console consumes both — reshaping a container
 * into a record risks producing an invalid record (e.g. a non-`<object>.<key>`
 * name). Structural validity is enforced separately by the view metadata schema
 * during the spec-validation step. No-op for non-view types and bodies that
 * already carry a `name`.
 *
 * When `baseline` is provided (the registry entry this overlay will shadow),
 * missing identity fields — `viewKind`, `object`, `label` — are inherited onto
 * non-container bodies. A runtime personalization PUT (console column sort,
 * inline edit, …) sends only the raw view config; persisting it verbatim makes
 * the overlay replace the flattened package entry minus its identity, and the
 * view silently drops out of every consumer that filters on
 * `viewKind`/`object` (e.g. the switcher endpoint). See #2555. Container
 * bodies are left untouched — `expandViewContainer` derives identity itself.
 */
export function normalizeViewMetadata(type: string, item: unknown, saveName: string, baseline?: unknown): unknown {
    const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
    if (singular !== 'view') return item;
    if (!item || typeof item !== 'object' || Array.isArray(item)) return item;
    const it = item as Record<string, unknown>;
    const patch = viewIdentityPatch(it, baseline);
    if (it.name && !patch) return it;
    return { ...it, ...(it.name ? undefined : { name: saveName }), ...patch };
}

/**
 * #2555 — compute the identity fields (`viewKind`, `object`, `label`) a view
 * overlay is missing but the registry entry it shadows carries. The overlay's
 * own fields always win. Returns `null` (nothing to inherit) for `defineView`
 * container bodies — their identity is derived at expansion — and for
 * absent/invalid baselines.
 */
function viewIdentityPatch(overlay: Record<string, unknown>, baseline: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
    if (!baseline || typeof baseline !== 'object' || Array.isArray(baseline)) return null;
    if ('list' in overlay || 'listViews' in overlay || 'formViews' in overlay) return null;
    const b = baseline as Record<string, unknown>;
    const patch: Record<string, unknown> = {};
    for (const key of ['viewKind', 'object', 'label'] as const) {
        if (overlay[key] === undefined && b[key] !== undefined) patch[key] = b[key];
    }
    return Object.keys(patch).length > 0 ? patch : null;
}

/**
 * ADR-0010 §3.3 — Overlay the artifact's metadata-protection envelope
 * onto a returned item so artifact-level lock/packageId/provenance
 * always wins over whatever was persisted in the `sys_metadata` overlay
 * row. Returns `item` unchanged when no artifact baseline is available.
 *
 * The artifact's `_lock`, `_lockReason`, `_packageId`, `_packageVersion`,
 * and `_provenance` are the source of truth — an overlay copy may
 * pre-date the artifact's protection declaration and would otherwise
 * mask it.
 */
function mergeArtifactProtection(item: unknown, artifactItem: unknown): unknown {
    if (item === undefined || item === null) return item;
    if (artifactItem === undefined || artifactItem === null) return item;
    const a = artifactItem as Record<string, unknown>;
    if (typeof a !== 'object') return item;
    const out: Record<string, unknown> = { ...(item as Record<string, unknown>) };
    if (a._lock !== undefined) out._lock = a._lock;
    if (a._lockReason !== undefined) out._lockReason = a._lockReason;
    if (a._lockDocsUrl !== undefined) out._lockDocsUrl = a._lockDocsUrl;
    if (a._lockSource !== undefined) out._lockSource = a._lockSource;
    if (a._packageId !== undefined) out._packageId = a._packageId;
    if (a._packageVersion !== undefined) out._packageVersion = a._packageVersion;
    if (a._provenance !== undefined) out._provenance = a._provenance;
    return out;
}

/**
 * ADR-0048 (#1828) — composite dedup identity for the unscoped metadata list.
 *
 * Two installed packages may legitimately ship the same `type`/`name`
 * (e.g. `page/home`); the SchemaRegistry already stores them under distinct
 * `${packageId}:${name}` keys. Any list-merge that deduplicates by bare `name`
 * collapses the two packages' rows into one (last-write-wins), which is the
 * bug this key closes. A `NUL` separator keeps names containing `:` unambiguous.
 */
function metaItemKey(packageId: string | null | undefined, name: unknown): string {
    return `${packageId ?? ''}\u0000${String(name)}`;
}

/**
 * ADR-0048 (#1828) — package-aware overlay merge for the unscoped metadata list.
 *
 * `baseItems` (the lower layer: registry artifacts, or the running result) and
 * `records` (the higher layer: active `sys_metadata` overlays, or draft rows)
 * are merged so that:
 *
 *   • Two installed packages shipping the same `type/name` stay TWO rows —
 *     resolution is per `(package, name)`, not bare `name`, so a higher-layer
 *     row no longer collapses a same-name row from a different package.
 *   • For each package `P` that owns a row of a given name, the winner is the
 *     LATEST contribution that is either `P`'s own row or a package-less
 *     ("global", `package_id IS NULL`) row — mirroring
 *     `getMetaItem(name, packageId=P)`'s "scoped-then-global-fallback"
 *     resolution, so the list and single-item paths agree. This is also why a
 *     legacy row whose active/draft layers disagree on package attribution
 *     still collapses (a package-less active row + its `package_id`-bearing
 *     draft resolve to the one package slot, draft winning).
 *   • A name with NO package-owned row resolves to its latest package-less
 *     contribution — the pre-existing env-wide behaviour, unchanged.
 *
 * `transform(data, prev)` runs on each `records` body before it enters the
 * merge (view-identity healing, draft tagging); `prev` is the base row it
 * shadows at the same slot (or any same-name base row), else undefined.
 */
function mergePackageAwareOverlay(
    baseItems: unknown[],
    records: Array<{ data: unknown; packageId: string | undefined }>,
    transform?: (data: any, prev: any) => any,
): unknown[] {
    // Per-name, layer-ordered contributions; `pkg: undefined` = package-less.
    const buckets = new Map<string, Array<{ pkg: string | undefined; item: any }>>();
    const order: string[] = []; // first-seen name order → stable output
    const push = (name: string, pkg: string | undefined, item: any) => {
        let list = buckets.get(name);
        if (!list) { buckets.set(name, (list = [])); order.push(name); }
        list.push({ pkg, item });
    };

    for (const raw of baseItems) {
        const item = raw as any;
        if (item && typeof item === 'object' && 'name' in item) {
            push(item.name, (item._packageId ?? undefined) as string | undefined, item);
        }
    }
    for (const { data, packageId } of records) {
        const body = data as any;
        if (!(body && typeof body === 'object' && 'name' in body)) continue;
        // The base row this record shadows at its own slot (for view-identity
        // healing): a same-package row, else a package-less one, else any
        // same-name row it stands in for.
        const list = buckets.get(body.name);
        const prev = list
            ? (list.find((c) => c.pkg === packageId)?.item
                ?? list.find((c) => c.pkg === undefined)?.item
                ?? list[0]?.item)
            : undefined;
        push(body.name, packageId, transform ? transform(body, prev) : body);
    }

    const out: unknown[] = [];
    for (const name of order) {
        const list = buckets.get(name)!;
        const reals = Array.from(new Set(list.filter((c) => c.pkg !== undefined).map((c) => c.pkg)));
        if (reals.length === 0) {
            out.push(list[list.length - 1].item); // latest package-less row wins
            continue;
        }
        for (const real of reals) {
            // getMetaItem(name, real) resolution: latest row that is `real`'s
            // own or package-less (global fallback).
            let chosen: any;
            for (const c of list) {
                if (c.pkg === real || c.pkg === undefined) chosen = c.item;
            }
            if (chosen === undefined) continue;
            // A package-less body standing in for package `real` must carry
            // `real`'s provenance (the base row it replaced was `real`'s).
            if (chosen._packageId === undefined) chosen = { ...chosen, _packageId: real };
            out.push(chosen);
        }
    }
    return out;
}

/**
 * Simple hash function for ETag generation (browser-compatible)
 * Uses a basic hash algorithm instead of crypto.createHash
 */
function simpleHash(str: string): string {
    let hash = 0;
    for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
        const char = str.charCodeAt(i);
        hash = ((hash << 5) - hash) + char;
        hash = hash & hash; // Convert to 32bit integer
    }
    return Math.abs(hash).toString(16);
}

/**
 * Thrown by `updateData` / `deleteData` when the caller supplies an
 * `expectedVersion` that does not match the current record's `updated_at`.
 *
 * The HTTP layer maps this to `409 Conflict` with code `CONCURRENT_UPDATE`,
 * and includes both the current server-side version and the current record
 * payload so the client can render an informed conflict-resolution UI
 * ("Reload latest" vs. "Overwrite anyway").
 *
 * NOTE: This is an *application-level* compare-and-set — not an atomic
 * storage-layer CAS. There is a small TOCTOU window between the version
 * check and the subsequent write. For the conflict frequency this targets
 * (different users seconds-to-minutes apart in B2B record editing) this
 * is more than adequate; a future revision can push the check into the
 * driver's UPDATE statement (`WHERE id=? AND updated_at=?`) for true
 * atomicity.
 */
export class ConcurrentUpdateError extends Error {
    readonly code = 'CONCURRENT_UPDATE';
    readonly status = 409;
    readonly currentVersion: string | null;
    readonly currentRecord: unknown;
    constructor(opts: { currentVersion: string | null; currentRecord: unknown; message?: string }) {
        super(opts.message ?? 'Record was modified by another user');
        this.name = 'ConcurrentUpdateError';
        this.currentVersion = opts.currentVersion;
        this.currentRecord = opts.currentRecord;
    }
}

/**
 * Normalises a version token for comparison. Strips RFC-7232-style quotes
 * (`"…"`) that an HTTP `If-Match` header may carry, trims whitespace, and
 * returns null for empty / nullish input.
 */
function normaliseVersionToken(v: unknown): string | null {
    if (v === null || v === undefined) return null;
    const s = String(v).trim();
    if (!s) return null;
    if (s.length >= 2 && s.startsWith('"') && s.endsWith('"')) {
        return s.slice(1, -1);
    }
    return s;
}

// Lifecycle columns the engine always owns; the clone path drops them by NAME
// so the insert re-stamps fresh values instead of copying the source's. Mirrors
// record-validator's SKIP_FIELDS (system-injected, never author-supplied).
const CLONE_STRIP_FIELDS: readonly string[] = [
    'id', 'created_at', 'created_by', 'updated_at', 'updated_by',
];

/**
 * [#3043] Drop caller-supplied writes to statically `readonly: true` fields from
 * an INSERT payload, at the external DATA-WRITE INGRESS.
 *
 * #2948/#3003 made static `readonly` server-enforced on UPDATE (the engine strips
 * a non-system caller's write). INSERT was left exempt — but for approval/status
 * columns that exemption is the SHORTER attack: instead of the #3003
 * draft-then-PATCH move, a non-system caller can POST a record already
 * `approval_status: 'approved'` in one step. This closes it symmetrically, but at
 * the INGRESS rather than in the engine: every EXTERNAL programmatic create — the
 * REST CRUD route, the GraphQL/MCP dispatcher (`bridge.create` → `callData` →
 * here), and bulk import — lands in the DataProtocol, while TRUSTED internal
 * writers (better-auth's adapter, the metadata repository, the seed loader) call
 * `engine.insert` DIRECTLY and never pass through here. Keeping the strip at the
 * ingress therefore protects every agent/caller path at once WITHOUT stripping
 * the internal writers that legitimately seed read-only columns on create
 * (identity provisioning, provenance stamps, event-log cursors) — the blast
 * radius an engine-level insert strip would have.
 *
 * Silent by contract (like the UPDATE / `readonlyWhen` strips): the forged key is
 * dropped, the create still succeeds, and the engine re-derives the field's
 * `defaultValue` (a forged `approval_status` becomes `draft`, the enforced
 * initial state, not NULL). `isSystem` writes are exempt. `readonlyWhen` stays
 * INSERT-exempt (a conditional lock needs a prior record, which a create lacks).
 * Handles a single record or a batch array.
 *
 * SCOPE — author-defined business objects only. PLATFORM objects (`managedBy`
 * set, or the reserved `sys_` namespace) carry their OWN field-write governance
 * that a silent strip must not pre-empt: e.g. ADR-0086 REJECTS (403) a forged
 * `managed_by:'package'` / `package_id` on `sys_permission_set`, and #3004
 * rejects a forged `owner_id` anchor — several of those columns are `readonly`,
 * so stripping them here would silently swallow the payload the guard is meant to
 * reject. The #3043 threat is app approval/status/verdict fields (the issue's
 * `sporadic_application` / `assessment`), never `sys_`; this is the same
 * platform-vs-authored boundary `applySystemFields` uses for ownership.
 */
function stripReadonlyForInsert(schema: any, data: any, context: any): any {
    if (context?.isSystem) return data;
    if (!schema || schema.managedBy || String(schema.name ?? '').startsWith('sys_')) return data;
    const fields = schema?.fields;
    if (!fields || data == null) return data;
    const stripRow = (row: any): any => {
        if (row == null || typeof row !== 'object') return row;
        let out = row;
        for (const name of Object.keys(fields)) {
            if (!fields[name]?.readonly) continue;
            if (!(name in out)) continue;
            if (out === row) out = { ...row };
            delete out[name];
        }
        return out;
    };
    return Array.isArray(data) ? data.map(stripRow) : stripRow(data);
}

/**
 * Service Configuration for Discovery
 * Maps service names to their routes and plugin providers.
 *
 * `route: undefined` means the service has NO HTTP surface — discovery must
 * not advertise a route for it (ADR-0076 D12, #2462: an advertised route
 * with no mounted handler 404s and misleads consumers).
 */
const SERVICE_CONFIG: Record<string, { route?: string; plugin: string }> = {
    auth:         { route: '/api/v1/auth', plugin: 'plugin-auth' },
    automation:   { route: '/api/v1/automation', plugin: 'plugin-automation' },
    cache:        { route: '/api/v1/cache', plugin: 'plugin-redis' },
    queue:        { route: '/api/v1/queue', plugin: 'plugin-bullmq' },
    job:          { route: '/api/v1/jobs', plugin: 'job-scheduler' },
    ui:           { route: '/api/v1/ui', plugin: 'ui-plugin' },
    workflow:     { route: '/api/v1/workflow', plugin: 'plugin-workflow' },
    // service-realtime is an in-process pub/sub bus; nothing mounts
    // /api/v1/realtime, so no route is advertised (D12, #2462).
    realtime:     { plugin: 'service-realtime' },
    notification: { route: '/api/v1/notifications', plugin: 'plugin-notifications' },
    ai:           { route: '/api/v1/ai', plugin: 'plugin-ai' },
    i18n:         { route: '/api/v1/i18n', plugin: 'service-i18n' },
    graphql:      { route: '/graphql', plugin: 'plugin-graphql' },  // GraphQL uses /graphql by convention (not versioned REST)
    'file-storage': { route: '/api/v1/storage', plugin: 'plugin-storage' },
    search:       { route: '/api/v1/search', plugin: 'plugin-search' },
};

/**
 * Phase 3a-references: hand-curated reference path registry.
 *
 * Maps a *target* metadata type to the list of *source* type+path tuples
 * that may point at it. Used by {@link findReferencesToMeta} to scan all
 * loaded metadata and surface "what depends on this?" before a user
 * deletes or renames an artifact.
 *
 * Path syntax:
 *   - `'foo'`            → item.foo
 *   - `'foo.bar'`        → item.foo.bar
 *   - `'foo[]'`          → each element of array item.foo
 *   - `'foo[].bar'`      → bar of each element of array item.foo
 *   - `'foo{}'`          → each value of Record item.foo
 *   - `'foo{}.bar'`      → bar of each value of Record item.foo
 *
 * Coverage is intentionally narrow — covers the highest-value references
 * for MVP. Add more entries as new editors are built.
 */
const REFERENCE_PATHS: Record<string, Array<{ fromType: string; paths: string[]; kind: string }>> = {
    object: [
        { fromType: 'view', paths: ['object', 'objectName'], kind: 'view' },
        { fromType: 'dashboard', paths: ['widgets[].object', 'widgets[].objectName'], kind: 'dashboard widget' },
        { fromType: 'flow', paths: ['object', 'context.object', 'trigger.object', 'targetObject'], kind: 'flow' },
        { fromType: 'workflow', paths: ['object', 'targetObject'], kind: 'workflow' },
        { fromType: 'permission', paths: ['objects[].name', 'objects[].object'], kind: 'permission' },
        { fromType: 'app', paths: ['navItems[].objectName', 'navItems[].object', 'tabs[].objectName', 'tabs[].object'], kind: 'app nav' },
        { fromType: 'page', paths: ['object', 'objectName'], kind: 'page' },
        { fromType: 'report', paths: ['object', 'objectName'], kind: 'report' },
        { fromType: 'action', paths: ['object', 'objectName'], kind: 'action' },
        { fromType: 'validation', paths: ['object', 'objectName'], kind: 'validation' },
        { fromType: 'hook', paths: ['object', 'objectName'], kind: 'hook' },
        { fromType: 'object', paths: ['fields[].referenceTo', 'fields{}.referenceTo', 'fields{}.reference'], kind: 'field reference' },
    ],
    view: [
        { fromType: 'dashboard', paths: ['widgets[].view', 'widgets[].viewName'], kind: 'dashboard widget' },
        { fromType: 'app', paths: ['navItems[].viewName', 'tabs[].viewName'], kind: 'app nav' },
        { fromType: 'page', paths: ['viewName'], kind: 'page' },
    ],
    tool: [
        { fromType: 'agent', paths: ['tools[]', 'tools[].name'], kind: 'agent tool' },
    ],
    skill: [
        { fromType: 'agent', paths: ['skills[]', 'skills[].name'], kind: 'agent skill' },
    ],
    flow: [
        { fromType: 'app', paths: ['navItems[].flowName', 'tabs[].flowName'], kind: 'app nav' },
    ],
    dashboard: [
        { fromType: 'app', paths: ['navItems[].dashboardName', 'tabs[].dashboardName'], kind: 'app nav' },
    ],
    page: [
        { fromType: 'app', paths: ['navItems[].pageName', 'tabs[].pageName'], kind: 'app nav' },
    ],
};

/**
 * Extract one or more string values from `item` at `path`. Supports
 * `'a.b'` (nested object access) and `'a[].b'` (array element access).
 * Returns an empty array if any segment is missing.
 */
function extractPathValues(item: unknown, path: string): string[] {
    if (!item || typeof item !== 'object') return [];
    const segments = path.split('.');
    let current: unknown[] = [item];
    for (const rawSeg of segments) {
        let kind: 'value' | 'array' | 'record' = 'value';
        let seg = rawSeg;
        if (seg.endsWith('[]')) {
            kind = 'array';
            seg = seg.slice(0, -2);
        } else if (seg.endsWith('{}')) {
            kind = 'record';
            seg = seg.slice(0, -2);
        }
        const next: unknown[] = [];
        for (const node of current) {
            if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') continue;
            let value: unknown;
            if (seg === '') {
                value = node;
            } else {
                value = (node as Record<string, unknown>)[seg];
            }
            if (value === undefined || value === null) continue;
            if (kind === 'array') {
                if (Array.isArray(value)) {
                    for (const v of value) next.push(v);
                }
            } else if (kind === 'record') {
                if (Array.isArray(value)) {
                    for (const v of value) next.push(v);
                } else if (typeof value === 'object') {
                    for (const v of Object.values(value as Record<string, unknown>)) next.push(v);
                }
            } else {
                next.push(value);
            }
        }
        current = next;
        if (current.length === 0) return [];
    }
    // Coerce final values to strings, dropping non-string non-object leaves.
    const out: string[] = [];
    for (const v of current) {
        if (typeof v === 'string' && v.length > 0) out.push(v);
        else if (v && typeof v === 'object' && 'name' in (v as any) && typeof (v as any).name === 'string') {
            out.push((v as any).name);
        }
    }
    return out;
}

/**
 * Phase 3a-destructive: detect changes between an existing object schema
 * and an incoming overlay that would break runtime data — removed fields,
 * field type narrowing, required toggled on without a default. Returned
 * issues are surfaced as HTTP 409 `destructive_change` unless the caller
 * sets `force: true`, letting the admin UI render a warning dialog before
 * proceeding.
 *
 * Scope is intentionally narrow for MVP: covers the most common
 * data-loss footguns for `object` and `field` types. Subsequent passes
 * can layer in relationship changes, enum-value removals, etc.
 */
/**
 * Shallow JSON diff used by `diffMetaItem`. Compares the top-level
 * keys of `from` vs `to`; primitive value changes are reported as
 * `changed`, nested objects/arrays that differ structurally are also
 * reported as a single `changed` entry (deep structural diffs are out
 * of scope — Studio renders the full bodies for a side-by-side view).
 */
function diffShallow(
    from: Record<string, unknown>,
    to: Record<string, unknown>,
): {
    added: Array<{ path: string; value: unknown }>;
    removed: Array<{ path: string; value: unknown }>;
    changed: Array<{ path: string; from: unknown; to: unknown }>;
} {
    const added: Array<{ path: string; value: unknown }> = [];
    const removed: Array<{ path: string; value: unknown }> = [];
    const changed: Array<{ path: string; from: unknown; to: unknown }> = [];
    const fromKeys = new Set(Object.keys(from ?? {}));
    const toKeys = new Set(Object.keys(to ?? {}));
    for (const k of toKeys) {
        if (!fromKeys.has(k)) {
            added.push({ path: k, value: (to as any)[k] });
        } else {
            const a = (from as any)[k];
            const b = (to as any)[k];
            const aStr = JSON.stringify(a);
            const bStr = JSON.stringify(b);
            if (aStr !== bStr) {
                changed.push({ path: k, from: a, to: b });
            }
        }
    }
    for (const k of fromKeys) {
        if (!toKeys.has(k)) {
            removed.push({ path: k, value: (from as any)[k] });
        }
    }
    return { added, removed, changed };
}

function detectDestructiveObjectChanges(prev: any, next: any): Array<{
    code: string;
    field?: string;
    message: string;
}> {
    if (!prev || typeof prev !== 'object' || !next || typeof next !== 'object') return [];
    const prevFields = (prev.fields && typeof prev.fields === 'object') ? prev.fields as Record<string, any> : {};
    const nextFields = (next.fields && typeof next.fields === 'object') ? next.fields as Record<string, any> : {};

    const issues: Array<{ code: string; field?: string; message: string }> = [];

    // Removed fields — silently dropping a column is a data-loss event.
    for (const fname of Object.keys(prevFields)) {
        // Skip system fields — those are managed by applySystemFields and
        // re-injected on every registerObject call; they will look "removed"
        // in any user-supplied overlay.
        if (prevFields[fname]?.system) continue;
        if (!(fname in nextFields)) {
            issues.push({
                code: 'field_removed',
                field: fname,
                message: `Field '${fname}' removed — existing data in this column will become inaccessible.`,
            });
        }
    }

    // Field type changes — narrowing or incompatible conversions.
    const TYPE_COMPATIBILITY: Record<string, Set<string>> = {
        text: new Set(['textarea', 'markdown', 'html', 'code']),
        number: new Set([]),
        boolean: new Set([]),
        date: new Set(['datetime']),
        datetime: new Set(['date']),
    };
    for (const fname of Object.keys(nextFields)) {
        const prevField = prevFields[fname];
        const nextField = nextFields[fname];
        if (!prevField) continue; // brand-new field — non-destructive
        const prevType = prevField.type;
        const nextType = nextField.type;
        if (prevType && nextType && prevType !== nextType) {
            const compatible = TYPE_COMPATIBILITY[prevType]?.has(nextType);
            if (!compatible) {
                issues.push({
                    code: 'field_type_change',
                    field: fname,
                    message: `Field '${fname}' type changed from '${prevType}' to '${nextType}' — existing values may not convert cleanly.`,
                });
            }
        }
        // required toggled on without a default — new inserts will start
        // to fail validation, and any null rows already in the table will
        // fail on next save.
        if (!prevField.required && nextField.required && nextField.defaultValue === undefined) {
            issues.push({
                code: 'field_required_no_default',
                field: fname,
                message: `Field '${fname}' is now required but has no default value — existing rows with null values may fail validation.`,
            });
        }
    }
    return issues;
}

/**
 * Result of projecting a published metadata body into its data-plane
 * representation. `success:false` with an `error` is the surfaced-not-thrown
 * failure contract — publishing the metadata itself always succeeds.
 */
export interface PublishMaterializeResult {
    success: boolean;
    inserted: number;
    updated: number;
    error?: string;
}

/**
 * Publish-time materializer (ADR-0086 P2). Receives the just-published body
 * plus the draft's package binding and org scope. Registered per metadata type
 * via {@link ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.registerPublishMaterializer}.
 */
export type PublishMaterializer = (args: {
    body: unknown;
    packageId: string | null;
    organizationId: string | null;
    actor: string;
}) => Promise<PublishMaterializeResult>;

/**
 * Uninstall-time data-plane cleanup (ADR-0086 D3, #2747). The exact mirror of
 * {@link PublishMaterializer}: domain plugins own data-plane tables the
 * protocol layer must not know the shape of (e.g. plugin-security's
 * `sys_permission_set` and its binding tables), so they register a named
 * cleanup here and {@link ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.deletePackage}
 * invokes every cleanup with the uninstalled package id. Cleanups run
 * best-effort — a failure is REPORTED on the uninstall response (`cleanups`),
 * never thrown — but ghost grants are a security condition, so callers must
 * surface a failed cleanup, not swallow it.
 */
export type UninstallCleanup = (args: {
    packageId: string;
    organizationId?: string;
    actor?: string;
}) => Promise<{ success: boolean; removed: number; error?: string }>;

/** Per-cleanup outcome reported on the `deletePackage` response. */
export interface UninstallCleanupOutcome {
    name: string;
    success: boolean;
    removed: number;
    error?: string;
}

/**
 * Post-persistence metadata-mutation notification (#2588). Emitted by
 * `saveMetaItem` / `publishMetaItem` / `deleteMetaItem` AFTER the write
 * landed. `type` is the singular metadata type name. Subscribe via
 * {@link ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.onMetadataMutation}.
 */
export interface MetadataMutationEvent {
    type: string;
    name: string;
    /** Resulting lifecycle state of the row the mutation produced. */
    state: 'active' | 'draft' | 'deleted';
    organizationId?: string | null;
}

/**
 * Awaited per-type mutation projector (ADR-0094). Invoked AFTER a metadata
 * mutation persists — `saveMetaItem` (draft AND active saves),
 * `publishMetaItem`, `deleteMetaItem` — and AWAITED before the write returns,
 * so a data-plane read-model derived from the metadata (e.g. `permission` →
 * `sys_permission_set`) is already consistent when the caller's next read
 * lands. This is what makes such a read-model a PURE projection: the
 * projector is its only writer, and it runs in the same awaited operation as
 * every metadata write, instead of a fire-and-forget subscriber a new write
 * path might race or forget.
 *
 * Complements (does not replace) {@link MetadataMutationEvent} listeners,
 * which stay fire-and-forget for cache-invalidation consumers.
 *
 * Best-effort: a projector failure is surfaced on the write's response
 * (`projectionApplied: { success:false, error }`) and logged, never thrown —
 * the metadata write itself already succeeded, and boot reconciliation heals
 * the projection on next start.
 *
 * `body` carries the just-persisted item when the mutation has one in hand
 * (save/publish); projectors that need the EFFECTIVE (layered) body should
 * re-read it — a delete, for instance, may reveal the artifact baseline.
 */
export type MetadataMutationProjector = (
    evt: MetadataMutationEvent & { body?: unknown },
) => Promise<void>;

/** Per-write outcome of the awaited mutation projector (ADR-0094). */
export interface MutationProjectionOutcome {
    success: boolean;
    error?: string;
}

/**
 * Pre-persistence authoring gate (ADR-0094 addendum seam; #3050).
 *
 * Unlike the post-persist {@link MetadataMutationProjector} (best-effort,
 * never thrown), an authoring gate runs BEFORE persistence and REJECTS the
 * write by throwing — it is the seam for domain invariants that must hold on
 * every runtime-authored body regardless of which HTTP surface produced it
 * (e.g. plugin-security's OWD posture gate: an environment may only TIGHTEN
 * a packaged object's `sharingModel`, and `externalSharingModel ≤
 * sharingModel` per ADR-0090 D11).
 *
 * Invoked inside `saveMetaItem` for BOTH draft and publish-mode saves, after
 * the ADR-0005 overlay/runtime-create authorization and the per-type spec
 * validation — so `publishMetaItem` promotes an already-gated body and needs
 * no second gate. Environment writes only: control-plane bootstrap writes
 * (`environmentId === undefined`) are the package author's own channel and
 * bypass the gate, mirroring the ADR-0005 gate above.
 */
export interface MetadataAuthoringGateContext {
    /** Singular type name (e.g. `object`). */
    type: string;
    name: string;
    /** Lifecycle the body is being saved into. */
    state: 'draft' | 'active';
    organizationId?: string;
    /** The body being persisted. */
    body: unknown;
    /** True when a packaged artifact backs this name — the write is an env overlay of shipped metadata. */
    isArtifactBacked: boolean;
    /** The packaged (code-layer) baseline body when {@link isArtifactBacked}; the declaration an overlay customizes. */
    declaredBody?: unknown;
}
export type MetadataAuthoringGate = (ctx: MetadataAuthoringGateContext) => void | Promise<void>;

export class ObjectStackProtocolImplementation implements ObjectStackProtocol {
    private engine: MetadataHostEngine;
    private getServicesRegistry?: () => Map<string, any>;
    /**
     * Project scope applied to sys_metadata reads/writes. When undefined
     * (single-kernel deployments), rows land in / come from the
     * platform-global bucket (`environment_id IS NULL`). When set, every
     * saveMetaItem insert/update and loadMetaFromDb query is filtered by
     * `environment_id = environmentId`, so per-project kernels see only their own
     * metadata even if several projects share the same physical database.
     */
    private environmentId?: string;

    /**
     * Lazily-instantiated SysMetadataRepository per organization. Keyed by
     * `${organizationId ?? '__env__'}`. Repositories are stateful — they
     * carry the per-org `seqCounter` and watch subscribers — so we cache
     * them rather than constructing one per call.
     */
    private overlayRepos = new Map<string, SysMetadataRepository>();

    /**
     * Publish-time materializers keyed by singular metadata type (ADR-0086 P2).
     * When a draft of a registered type is published, its body is projected
     * into a data-plane representation the admin surface reads — e.g. a
     * `permission` set is upserted into `sys_permission_set` with
     * `managed_by:'package'`. Domain plugins own the projection (the generic
     * protocol layer must not know `sys_permission_set`'s field shape), so they
     * register here at init. Best-effort — a materializer failure is surfaced on
     * the publish response, never thrown (publishing metadata always succeeds
     * independently; the same contract as `seed` apply).
     */
    private publishMaterializers = new Map<string, PublishMaterializer>();

    /** [#2747] Named uninstall cleanups, run by {@link deletePackage}. */
    private uninstallCleanups = new Map<string, UninstallCleanup>();

    /**
     * Awaited per-type mutation projectors (ADR-0094), keyed by singular
     * metadata type. Unlike {@link publishMaterializers} (publish-only,
     * package door) a projector runs on EVERY persisted mutation of its type
     * — save, publish, delete — so a derived data-plane read-model can be a
     * pure projection with no unsynchronized door. One per type; a second
     * registration replaces the first (idempotent re-init).
     */
    private mutationProjectors = new Map<string, MetadataMutationProjector>();

    /**
     * Pre-persistence authoring gates (#3050). One per type; a second
     * registration replaces the first (idempotent re-init). Unlike
     * projectors these THROW to reject the write — see
     * {@link MetadataAuthoringGate}.
     */
    private authoringGates = new Map<string, MetadataAuthoringGate>();

    constructor(
        engine: IDataEngine,
        getServicesRegistry?: () => Map<string, any>,
        environmentId?: string,
    ) {
        this.engine = engine as MetadataHostEngine;
        this.getServicesRegistry = getServicesRegistry;
        this.environmentId = environmentId;
    }

    /**
     * Register a publish-time materializer for a metadata type (ADR-0086 P2).
     * Called by domain plugins at init (e.g. plugin-security registers the
     * `permission` → `sys_permission_set` projection). The singular type name is
     * used — `permissions` and `permission` both resolve here. One materializer
     * per type; a second registration replaces the first (idempotent re-init).
     */
    registerPublishMaterializer(type: string, materializer: PublishMaterializer): void {
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
        this.publishMaterializers.set(singular, materializer);
    }

    /**
     * Register a named uninstall-time data-plane cleanup (ADR-0086 D3, #2747).
     * Called by domain plugins at init — e.g. plugin-security registers the
     * cleanup that removes its package-owned `sys_permission_set` rows and
     * their bindings when the owning package is uninstalled, so grants are
     * revoked everywhere at once (no ghost grants). One cleanup per name; a
     * second registration replaces the first (idempotent re-init).
     */
    registerUninstallCleanup(name: string, cleanup: UninstallCleanup): void {
        this.uninstallCleanups.set(name, cleanup);
    }

    /**
     * Register the awaited mutation projector for a metadata type (ADR-0094).
     * Called by the domain plugin that owns the derived read-model (e.g.
     * plugin-security registers the `permission` → `sys_permission_set`
     * projector). Singular or plural type names both resolve.
     */
    registerMutationProjector(type: string, projector: MetadataMutationProjector): void {
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
        this.mutationProjectors.set(singular, projector);
    }

    /**
     * Register the pre-persistence authoring gate for a metadata type
     * (ADR-0094 addendum seam; #3050). Called by domain plugins at init —
     * e.g. plugin-security registers the `object` OWD posture gate. The gate
     * THROWS to reject the write. Singular or plural type names both resolve;
     * one gate per type, a second registration replaces the first.
     */
    registerAuthoringGate(type: string, gate: MetadataAuthoringGate): void {
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
        this.authoringGates.set(singular, gate);
    }

    /**
     * Run the registered authoring gate for an about-to-persist body (#3050).
     * No-op when no gate is registered for the type. A gate throw PROPAGATES
     * (with its status/code) — that is the contract: the write is rejected
     * before persistence. Resolves the artifact-backed flag and the packaged
     * declaration body (the baseline an overlay customizes) for the gate.
     */
    private async runAuthoringGate(evt: {
        type: string; name: string; state: 'draft' | 'active'; organizationId?: string; body: unknown;
    }): Promise<void> {
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[evt.type] ?? evt.type;
        const gate = this.authoringGates.get(singular);
        if (!gate) return;
        const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(evt.type, evt.name);
        let declaredBody: unknown;
        if (artifactBacked && typeof this.engine.registry?.getItem === 'function') {
            const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[evt.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[evt.type];
            declaredBody = this.engine.registry.getItem(evt.type, evt.name)
                ?? (alt ? this.engine.registry.getItem(alt, evt.name) : undefined);
        }
        await gate({
            type: singular,
            name: evt.name,
            state: evt.state,
            ...(evt.organizationId ? { organizationId: evt.organizationId } : {}),
            body: evt.body,
            isArtifactBacked: artifactBacked,
            ...(declaredBody !== undefined ? { declaredBody } : {}),
        });
    }

    /**
     * Run the registered projector for a just-persisted mutation (ADR-0094).
     * Returns `undefined` when no projector is registered for the type;
     * otherwise a {@link MutationProjectionOutcome} that callers attach to
     * the write's response as `projectionApplied`. Never throws.
     */
    private async runMutationProjector(
        evt: MetadataMutationEvent & { body?: unknown },
    ): Promise<MutationProjectionOutcome | undefined> {
        const projector = this.mutationProjectors.get(evt.type);
        if (!projector) return undefined;
        try {
            await projector(evt);
            return { success: true };
        } catch (e) {
            const error = e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e);
            console.warn(
                `[Protocol] mutation projector failed for ${evt.type}/${evt.name} (state=${evt.state}): ${error}`,
            );
            return { success: false, error };
        }
    }

    /**
     * Runtime-mutation listeners (#2588). Every metadata mutation that lands
     * through this protocol — `saveMetaItem` (draft AND direct-active saves),
     * `publishMetaItem` (per-item and package publish-drafts), and
     * `deleteMetaItem` — notifies these listeners AFTER persistence succeeds.
     *
     * This is the ONE choke point every authoring surface funnels through
     * (rest-server, http-dispatcher, AI builders, direct protocol callers),
     * so boot-cached runtime consumers can re-sync on authoring without each
     * HTTP surface hand-announcing. First consumer: ObjectQLPlugin re-binds
     * runtime-authored hooks when a `hook` row changes.
     *
     * Server-side extension only — NOT part of the ObjectStackProtocol wire
     * contract (same status as `loadMetaFromDb`).
     */
    private metadataMutationListeners: Array<(evt: MetadataMutationEvent) => void> = [];

    /** Subscribe to post-persistence metadata mutations. Returns an unsubscribe fn. */
    onMetadataMutation(listener: (evt: MetadataMutationEvent) => void): () => void {
        this.metadataMutationListeners.push(listener);
        return () => {
            const i = this.metadataMutationListeners.indexOf(listener);
            if (i >= 0) this.metadataMutationListeners.splice(i, 1);
        };
    }

    /**
     * Notify mutation listeners (best-effort, synchronous fan-out). A
     * listener failure must never fail the write it observes — the row is
     * already persisted — so each listener is isolated in its own try/catch.
     */
    private emitMetadataMutation(evt: MetadataMutationEvent): void {
        for (const listener of this.metadataMutationListeners) {
            try {
                listener(evt);
            } catch (e) {
                console.warn(
                    `[Protocol] metadata-mutation listener failed for ${evt.type}/${evt.name}: `
                    + `${e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e)}`,
                );
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Lazily obtain a SysMetadataRepository for the given organization.
     * Env-wide overlays (organizationId == null) share a singleton under
     * the `__env__` key.
     */
    private getOverlayRepo(organizationId: string | null): SysMetadataRepository {
        const key = organizationId ?? '__env__';
        let repo = this.overlayRepos.get(key);
        if (!repo) {
            repo = new SysMetadataRepository({
                engine: this.engine as unknown as SysMetadataEngine,
                organizationId,
                orgLabel: organizationId ?? 'env',
            });
            this.overlayRepos.set(key, repo);
        }
        return repo;
    }

    /**
     * One-time guard for ensuring the overlay-uniqueness UNIQUE INDEX exists
     * on `sys_metadata`. ADR-0005: scopes overlays by
     * `(type, name, organization_id, environment_id, scope)` for active rows only.
     * Idempotent SQL — safe to attempt on every protocol instance.
     *
     * Inlined here (rather than importing from @objectstack/metadata/migrations)
     * to avoid a circular dependency: metadata already depends on objectql.
     */
    private overlayIndexEnsured = false;
    private async ensureOverlayIndex(): Promise<void> {
        if (this.overlayIndexEnsured) return;
        this.overlayIndexEnsured = true;
        try {
            const engineAny = this.engine as any;
            let driver: any = engineAny?.driver ?? engineAny?.getDriver?.();
            if (!driver && engineAny?.drivers instanceof Map) {
                for (const candidate of engineAny.drivers.values()) {
                    if (
                        candidate &&
                        (typeof (candidate as any).raw === 'function' ||
                            typeof (candidate as any).execute === 'function')
                    ) {
                        driver = candidate;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!driver) return;
            const exec = async (sql: string): Promise<void> => {
                if (typeof (driver as any).raw === 'function') {
                    await (driver as any).raw(sql);
                } else if (typeof (driver as any).execute === 'function') {
                    await (driver as any).execute(sql);
                } else {
                    throw new Error('driver has neither raw nor execute');
                }
            };
            // ADR-0005 (revised 2026-05) + ADR-0048: per-env DBs replace the old
            // "per-project" isolation, so `environment_id` is no longer a
            // discriminator. Overlay uniqueness is `(type, name,
            // organization_id, COALESCE(package_id,''))` filtered to active
            // rows — `package_id` is in the key so two installed packages
            // shipping the same name each get their own overlay, while
            // `COALESCE(...,'')` keeps the package-less (global) rows unique
            // among themselves (a plain unique index would treat NULLs as
            // distinct and allow duplicate globals). Drop the legacy composite
            // index first so the new partial UNIQUE can claim the same name —
            // DROP INDEX IF EXISTS is idempotent.
            try { await exec("DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_sys_metadata_overlay_active"); } catch { /* best-effort */ }
            const partialSql =
                "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_sys_metadata_overlay_active " +
                "ON sys_metadata (type, name, organization_id, COALESCE(package_id, '')) " +
                "WHERE state = 'active'";
            const fallbackSql =
                "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_sys_metadata_overlay_active " +
                "ON sys_metadata (type, name, organization_id, package_id)";
            try {
                await exec(partialSql);
            } catch (err: any) {
                const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
                if (/partial|where clause|syntax/i.test(msg)) {
                    try {
                        await exec(fallbackSql);
                    } catch {
                        // ignore — non-essential optimization
                    }
                }
                // "already exists" or anything else: best-effort
            }
            // Mirror the same partial-UNIQUE for draft rows so a second
            // simultaneous draft cannot be inserted for the same
            // (type,name,org,package). The unique-active index above already
            // guards published rows; the two never collide because the
            // `state` predicate disambiguates them. DROP first so an existing
            // legacy 3-column draft index is replaced in-place (ADR-0048).
            try { await exec("DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_sys_metadata_overlay_draft"); } catch { /* best-effort */ }
            const draftPartialSql =
                "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_sys_metadata_overlay_draft " +
                "ON sys_metadata (type, name, organization_id, COALESCE(package_id, '')) " +
                "WHERE state = 'draft'";
            try {
                await exec(draftPartialSql);
            } catch (err: any) {
                const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
                if (/partial|where clause|syntax/i.test(msg)) {
                    try {
                        await exec(
                            "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_sys_metadata_overlay_draft " +
                            "ON sys_metadata (type, name, organization_id, package_id)",
                        );
                    } catch {
                        // ignore — best effort
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch {
            // ignore — index is an optimization, not a correctness invariant
        }
    }

    /**
     * Exposes the project scope the protocol is bound to. Consumers like
     * the HTTP dispatcher use this to decide whether to trust the process-
     * wide SchemaRegistry or whether they must route a read through the
     * protocol's environment_id-filtered lookup.
     */
    getProjectId(): string | undefined {
        return this.environmentId;
    }

    async getDiscovery() {
        // Get registered services from kernel if available
        const registeredServices = this.getServicesRegistry ? this.getServicesRegistry() : new Map();
        
        // Honest capabilities (ADR-0076 D12, #2462): the registered analytics
        // service may be the lightweight ObjectQL fallback rather than the
        // full service-analytics engine — report whatever it declares about
        // itself instead of hardcoding 'available'.
        const analyticsSelf = readServiceSelfInfo(registeredServices.get('analytics'));

        // Build dynamic service info with proper typing
        const services: Record<string, ServiceInfo> = {
            // --- Kernel-provided (objectql is an example kernel implementation) ---
            metadata:  { enabled: true, status: 'available' as const, route: '/api/v1/meta', provider: 'objectql' },
            data:      { enabled: true, status: 'available' as const, route: '/api/v1/data', provider: 'objectql' },
            analytics: {
                enabled: true,
                status: analyticsSelf?.status ?? ('available' as const),
                route: '/api/v1/analytics',
                provider: 'objectql',
                ...(analyticsSelf?.handlerReady !== undefined ? { handlerReady: analyticsSelf.handlerReady } : {}),
                ...(analyticsSelf?.message ? { message: analyticsSelf.message } : {}),
            },
        };

        // Check which services are actually registered
        for (const [serviceName, config] of Object.entries(SERVICE_CONFIG)) {
            if (registeredServices.has(serviceName)) {
                // Registered — but honor a stub/dev/fallback self-description
                // instead of blindly reporting 'available' (ADR-0076 D12).
                const self = readServiceSelfInfo(registeredServices.get(serviceName));
                // No HTTP surface at all (e.g. realtime): the handler can never
                // be ready and 'available' would overstate it — report degraded.
                const noHttpSurface = !config.route;
                services[serviceName] = {
                    enabled: true,
                    status: self?.status ?? (noHttpSurface ? ('degraded' as const) : ('available' as const)),
                    route: config.route,
                    provider: config.plugin,
                    ...(noHttpSurface || self?.handlerReady !== undefined
                        ? { handlerReady: noHttpSurface ? false : self?.handlerReady }
                        : {}),
                    ...(self?.message
                        ? { message: self.message }
                        : noHttpSurface
                            ? { message: 'In-process service only — no HTTP surface is mounted' }
                            : {}),
                };
            } else {
                // Service is not registered
                services[serviceName] = {
                    enabled: false,
                    status: 'unavailable' as const,
                    message: `Install ${config.plugin} to enable`,
                };
            }
        }

        // Build routes from services — a flat convenience map for client routing
        const serviceToRouteKey: Record<string, keyof ApiRoutes> = {
            auth: 'auth',
            automation: 'automation',
            ui: 'ui',
            workflow: 'workflow',
            realtime: 'realtime',
            notification: 'notifications',
            ai: 'ai',
            i18n: 'i18n',
            graphql: 'graphql',
            'file-storage': 'storage',
        };

        const optionalRoutes: Partial<ApiRoutes> = {
            analytics: '/api/v1/analytics',
        };

        // Add routes for available plugin services. Services without an HTTP
        // surface (config.route undefined) advertise no route (D12, #2462).
        for (const [serviceName, config] of Object.entries(SERVICE_CONFIG)) {
            if (registeredServices.has(serviceName) && config.route) {
                const routeKey = serviceToRouteKey[serviceName];
                if (routeKey) {
                    optionalRoutes[routeKey] = config.route;
                }
            }
        }

        const routes: ApiRoutes = {
            data: '/api/v1/data',
            metadata: '/api/v1/meta',
            ...optionalRoutes,
        };

        // Build well-known capabilities from registered services.
        // DiscoverySchema defines capabilities as Record<string, { enabled, features?, description? }>
        // (hierarchical format). We also keep a flat WellKnownCapabilities for backward compat.
        const wellKnown: WellKnownCapabilities = {
            // Comments/chatter are served by the `sys_comment` object via the generic
            // data API (ADR-0052 §5) — not a dedicated service. The capability is true
            // iff that object is loaded (the always-on audit slate provides it); this
            // keeps declared === enforced (Prime Directive #10). #3180
            comments: !!this.engine.registry?.getObject?.('sys_comment'),
            automation: registeredServices.has('automation'),
            cron: registeredServices.has('job'),
            search: registeredServices.has('search'),
            export: registeredServices.has('automation') || registeredServices.has('queue'),
            chunkedUpload: registeredServices.has('file-storage'),
            // Atomic cross-object batch (#3298 / #1604 / ADR-0034 item 4): the
            // REST /batch endpoint runs its ops inside `engine.transaction()`,
            // which only opens a real (all-or-nothing) transaction when the
            // engine exposes one — otherwise it degrades to a non-atomic
            // passthrough. Advertise the capability iff the runtime engine can
            // honour a transaction, so `declared === enforced` (Prime Directive
            // #10). The rest-server producer ANDs this with `api.enableBatch` so
            // a server that doesn't mount the route reports `false` at its layer.
            transactionalBatch: typeof (this.engine as { transaction?: unknown })?.transaction === 'function',
        };

        // Convert flat booleans → hierarchical capability objects
        const capabilities: Record<string, { enabled: boolean; description?: string }> = {};
        for (const [key, enabled] of Object.entries(wellKnown)) {
            capabilities[key] = { enabled };
        }

        return {
            version: '1.0',
            apiName: 'ObjectStack API',
            routes,
            services,
            capabilities,
        };
    }

    async getMetaTypes() {
        const schemaTypes = this.engine.registry.getRegisteredTypes();

        // Also include types from MetadataService (runtime-registered: agent, tool, etc.)
        let runtimeTypes: string[] = [];
        try {
            const services = this.getServicesRegistry?.();
            const metadataService = services?.get('metadata');
            if (metadataService && typeof metadataService.getRegisteredTypes === 'function') {
                runtimeTypes = await metadataService.getRegisteredTypes();
            }
        } catch {
            // MetadataService not available
        }

        const allTypes = Array.from(new Set([...schemaTypes, ...runtimeTypes]));

        // Phase 3a-1: enrich response with per-type registry metadata so admin
        // UI can render directory pages, filter by domain, decide which types
        // expose write actions, etc. Existing clients keep working — the
        // `types: string[]` field is preserved alongside the new `entries`.
        //
        // Phase 3a-env-writable: `OS_METADATA_WRITABLE` env var (comma
        // separated singular type names) flips `allowOrgOverride` on listed
        // types so admins can self-serve. The same env var is consulted by
        // `isOverlayAllowed()` at write time — they must stay in sync.
        const writableOverrides = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.envWritableTypes();
        const registryByType = new Map(
            DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY.map((e) => [e.type, e] as const)
        );

        const entries = allTypes.map((type) => {
            const singular = (PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type) as string;
            // Phase 3a-schema: emit a JSON Schema per type so the generic
            // metadata admin UI can render real forms (no more raw-JSON
            // textareas for new resources). The canonical schema for every
            // built-in (and plugin-registered) metadata type lives in the
            // central `getMetadataTypeSchema()` registry; we delegate so
            // Studio's editor and the runtime overlay validator stay in
            // lock-step (one source of truth).
            const zodSchema = getMetadataTypeSchema(singular);
            const schema = (zodSchema ? toJsonSchemaSafe(zodSchema) : undefined)
                ?? HAND_CRAFTED_SCHEMAS[singular];
            const form = TYPE_TO_FORM[singular];
            // Phase 2: the authoritative minimal create seed (single source of
            // truth in @objectstack/spec). Studio/CLI derive create defaults
            // from this via /meta/types instead of re-inventing them.
            const createSeed = getMetadataCreateSeed(singular);

            // Type-level actions: merge the registry's declarative actions
            // with any plugin-registered overlay (`registerMetadataTypeActions`).
            // This is the single accessor — a host plugin (e.g. the private
            // datasource-admin backend) contributes its `test_connection`
            // button here, co-located with the route handler it calls, so the
            // button only appears when the backend that serves it is installed.
            const typeActions = getMetadataTypeActions(singular);

            const base = registryByType.get(singular as any);
            if (base) {
                const isEnvOverridden = writableOverrides.has(singular);
                return {
                    ...base,
                    type: singular,
                    schemaId: singular, // API client expects schemaId field
                    allowOrgOverride: base.allowOrgOverride || isEnvOverridden,
                    overrideSource: isEnvOverridden && !base.allowOrgOverride
                        ? 'env' as const
                        : 'registry' as const,
                    schema,
                    form,
                    ...(createSeed !== undefined ? { createSeed } : {}),
                    // Override the spread `base.actions` with the merged view
                    // (declarative + plugin-registered). Omit when empty to
                    // preserve the prior "no actions key" response shape.
                    ...(typeActions.length ? { actions: typeActions } : {}),
                };
            }
            // Runtime-registered type with no registry entry — synthesise a
            // minimal descriptor so the UI can still surface it.
            return {
                type: singular,
                schemaId: singular, // API client expects schemaId field
                label: singular,
                description: undefined,
                filePatterns: [],
                supportsOverlay: false,
                allowOrgOverride: writableOverrides.has(singular),
                allowRuntimeCreate: true,
                supportsVersioning: false,
                executionPinned: false,
                loadOrder: 1000,
                domain: 'system' as const,
                overrideSource: writableOverrides.has(singular) ? 'env' as const : 'registry' as const,
                schema,
                form,
                ...(createSeed !== undefined ? { createSeed } : {}),
                // Plugin-registered actions on a type with no registry entry.
                ...(typeActions.length ? { actions: typeActions } : {}),
            };
        }).sort((a, b) => {
            if (a.domain !== b.domain) return a.domain.localeCompare(b.domain);
            return a.type.localeCompare(b.type);
        });

        return { types: allTypes, entries };
    }

    /**
     * Sweep all (or filtered) metadata types and report entries that
     * fail spec validation. Powers the Studio governance view
     * (`GET /api/v1/meta/diagnostics`) and `os doctor`-style CLI
     * checks.
     *
     * `severity` defaults to `'error'` — only entries with at least
     * one Zod error issue are returned. `'warning'` includes
     * everything we surface (warnings are reserved for a future lint
     * layer on top of spec validation).
     *
     * `type` may be either a singular (`'view'`) or plural (`'views'`)
     * identifier; the underlying `getMetaItems` already normalises.
     *
     * Implementation note: leverages the `_diagnostics` already
     * decorated onto items by `getMetaItems()` to avoid running
     * `safeParse()` twice. For types whose schema is unregistered we
     * skip silently (they cannot be validated and should not appear
     * as "valid" either — they are simply opaque to this report).
     */
    async getMetaDiagnostics(request: {
        type?: string;
        severity?: 'error' | 'warning';
        organizationId?: string;
        packageId?: string;
    } = {}): Promise<{
        entries: Array<{ type: string; name: string; diagnostics: MetadataDiagnostics }>;
        total: number;
        scannedTypes: number;
        scannedItems: number;
        /**
         * Per-type aggregate stats — count of items and the list of
         * packages contributing to each type. Computed in the same
         * sweep so the Studio directory page can render tile counts
         * and a package filter in one round-trip.
         */
        stats: Record<string, { count: number; locked: number; packages: string[] }>;
    }> {
        const includeWarnings = request.severity === 'warning';
        const targetTypes = request.type
            ? [request.type]
            : DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY
                .filter((e) => getMetadataTypeSchema(e.type))
                .map((e) => e.type);

        const entries: Array<{ type: string; name: string; diagnostics: MetadataDiagnostics }> = [];
        const stats: Record<string, { count: number; locked: number; packages: string[] }> = {};
        let scannedItems = 0;

        for (const t of targetTypes) {
            let listed: any;
            try {
                listed = await this.getMetaItems({
                    type: t,
                    organizationId: request.organizationId,
                    packageId: request.packageId,
                } as any);
            } catch {
                // Type not listable in this kernel scope — skip.
                continue;
            }
            const items: any[] = Array.isArray(listed?.items)
                ? listed.items
                : Array.isArray(listed)
                    ? listed
                    : [];
            const pkgSet = new Set<string>();
            let lockedCount = 0;
            for (const item of items) {
                scannedItems += 1;
                const pkg = (item?._packageId ?? null) as string | null;
                if (pkg) pkgSet.add(pkg);
                const lock = item?._lock as string | undefined;
                if (lock && lock !== 'none') lockedCount += 1;
                const diag: MetadataDiagnostics | undefined =
                    item?._diagnostics ?? computeMetadataDiagnostics(t, item);
                if (!diag) continue;
                if (diag.valid && !includeWarnings) continue;
                if (diag.valid && includeWarnings && !diag.warnings?.length) continue;
                entries.push({
                    type: t,
                    name: typeof item?.name === 'string' ? item.name : '<unknown>',
                    diagnostics: diag,
                });
            }
            stats[t] = { count: items.length, locked: lockedCount, packages: [...pkgSet].sort() };
        }

        return {
            entries,
            total: entries.length,
            scannedTypes: targetTypes.length,
            scannedItems,
            stats,
        };
    }

    async getMetaItems(request: { type: string; packageId?: string; organizationId?: string; previewDrafts?: boolean }) {
        const { packageId } = request;
        let items: unknown[] = [];

        // Unscoped kernels (control plane): read everything from SchemaRegistry.
        // Scoped (project) kernels: skip user-project entries in SchemaRegistry to
        // prevent cross-project leakage, but DO include scope:'system' packages
        // (plugin-auth, plugin-security, plugin-audit, …) — those are globally
        // shared and must be visible at every project's meta endpoint.
        if (this.environmentId === undefined) {
            items = [...this.engine.registry.listItems(request.type, packageId)];
            // Normalize singular/plural using explicit mapping
            if (items.length === 0) {
                const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                if (alt) items = [...this.engine.registry.listItems(alt, packageId)];
            }
        } else {
            // For project kernels: the SchemaRegistry is owned by THIS
            // kernel's ObjectQL instance (not shared across projects in the
            // process), so we can safely include every package — system
            // plugins (auth/security/audit) and the project's own app
            // package alike. The `_packageId` tag added by `listItems`
            // (registry.ts) is preserved for the sidebar to compute the
            // correct navigation URL.
            items = [...this.engine.registry.listItems(request.type, packageId)];
            if (items.length === 0) {
                const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                if (alt) items = [...this.engine.registry.listItems(alt, packageId)];
            }
        }

        // Always consult the DB so metadata persisted by the seeder /
        // bulkRegister shows up even when the registry already has unrelated
        // entries (the previous fallback-only logic meant per-env metadata
        // was never surfaced whenever system-bridged items populated the
        // registry). Deduplicate against whatever the registry returned.
        //
        // ADR-0005 (revised 2026-05): isolation is now per-organization, since
        // each env has its own physical DB. We surface both org-scoped overlays
        // (when an active org is provided) and env-wide (organization_id IS NULL)
        // overlays; org-scoped rows win on name collision.
        try {
            const orgId = (request as any).organizationId as string | undefined;
            const queryByOrg = async (oid: string | null): Promise<any[]> => {
                const whereClause: Record<string, unknown> = {
                    type: request.type,
                    state: 'active',
                    organization_id: oid,
                };
                if (packageId) whereClause.package_id = packageId;
                let rs = await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where: whereClause });
                if ((!rs || rs.length === 0)) {
                    const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                    if (alt) {
                        const altWhere: Record<string, unknown> = { type: alt, state: 'active', organization_id: oid };
                        if (packageId) altWhere.package_id = packageId;
                        rs = await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where: altWhere });
                    }
                }
                return rs ?? [];
            };
            const envWideRecords = await queryByOrg(null);
            const orgRecords = orgId ? await queryByOrg(orgId) : [];
            // org-specific rows override env-wide rows on name collision.
            // ADR-0048 (#1828) — key by (package, name), not bare name, so a
            // package A row and a package B row of the same name do not
            // collapse; org-over-env precedence still holds within each slot.
            const mergedMap = new Map<string, any>();
            for (const r of envWideRecords) mergedMap.set(metaItemKey(r.package_id, r.name), r);
            for (const r of orgRecords) mergedMap.set(metaItemKey(r.package_id, r.name), r);
            const records = Array.from(mergedMap.values());
            if (records && records.length > 0) {
                const isView = (PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type) === 'view';
                // Parse each overlay body once and surface its persisted
                // software-package binding so the sidebar package filter and
                // provenance classification see overlay rows the way they see
                // registry items.
                const overlays = records.map((record) => {
                    const data = typeof record.metadata === 'string'
                        ? JSON.parse(record.metadata)
                        : record.metadata;
                    const recPkg = (record as { package_id?: string | null }).package_id ?? undefined;
                    if (recPkg && data && typeof data === 'object' && (data as any)._packageId === undefined) {
                        (data as any)._packageId = recPkg;
                    }
                    return { data, packageId: recPkg };
                });

                // ADR-0048 (#1828) — package-aware merge: a package-scoped row
                // overlays ONLY its own package's entry, so two installed
                // packages shipping the same `type/name` (e.g. `page/home`) are
                // not collapsed to one. #2555 — heal identity-less view overlays
                // from the entry they shadow (a raw-config row would otherwise
                // drop viewKind/object and vanish the view from switcher/list
                // consumers); the overlay's own fields still win.
                items = mergePackageAwareOverlay(items, overlays, (data, prev) => {
                    if (isView && data && typeof data === 'object') {
                        const patch = viewIdentityPatch(data as Record<string, unknown>, prev);
                        if (patch) Object.assign(data as Record<string, unknown>, patch);
                    }
                    return data;
                });

                // Only hydrate the global registry for unscoped (control-plane)
                // calls — scoped project entries must not leak process-wide.
                // Graft the artifact's protection envelope onto the overlay body
                // BEFORE registering: the plain-key entry written here shadows
                // the packaged artifact on `registry.getItem`, and a bare
                // overlay body would strip `_lock`/`_packageId`/`_provenance`
                // from every registry-direct reader (ADR-0010 §3.3 — an overlay
                // must never loosen a packaged lock). ADR-0048 (#1828) — scope
                // the artifact lookup to the row's OWN package so a colliding
                // overlay no longer grafts the first-registered package's
                // provenance/lock onto another package's row.
                if (this.environmentId === undefined) {
                    for (const { data, packageId: recPkg } of overlays) {
                        if (data && typeof data === 'object' && 'name' in data) {
                            const artifact = this.lookupArtifactItem(request.type, (data as any).name, recPkg);
                            this.engine.registry.registerItem(
                                request.type,
                                mergeArtifactProtection(data, artifact),
                                'name' as any,
                            );
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch {
            // DB not available — fall through with whatever we already have.
        }

        // ADR-0033 draft-overlay preview: when the caller opts in (admin-gated
        // upstream — see http-dispatcher), overlay `state='draft'` rows on top of
        // the active result so the rendered console can preview pending changes
        // BEFORE publish (instead of only reading them as a JSON diff). Draft rows
        // WIN over active on name collision, and draft-only items (e.g. a brand-new
        // AI-authored object) surface too. Each overlaid item is tagged `_draft:true`
        // so the UI can badge it and show the "PREVIEW — drafts" banner. We do NOT
        // hydrate the SchemaRegistry from drafts — drafts must never leak into the
        // process-wide registry or to non-preview reads.
        if (request.previewDrafts) {
            try {
                const orgId = (request as any).organizationId as string | undefined;
                const queryDrafts = async (oid: string | null): Promise<any[]> => {
                    const whereClause: Record<string, unknown> = { type: request.type, state: 'draft', organization_id: oid };
                    if (packageId) whereClause.package_id = packageId;
                    let rs = await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where: whereClause });
                    if (!rs || rs.length === 0) {
                        const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                        if (alt) {
                            const altWhere: Record<string, unknown> = { type: alt, state: 'draft', organization_id: oid };
                            if (packageId) altWhere.package_id = packageId;
                            rs = await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where: altWhere });
                        }
                    }
                    return rs ?? [];
                };
                const draftRecords = [...(await queryDrafts(null)), ...(orgId ? await queryDrafts(orgId) : [])];
                if (draftRecords.length > 0) {
                    // ADR-0048 (#1828) — package-aware draft overlay (parity with
                    // the active-overlay merge above): a package-scoped draft
                    // previews only its own package's entry, so two packages'
                    // same-name drafts stay distinct. Draft rows win over active.
                    const drafts = draftRecords.map((record) => {
                        const data = typeof record.metadata === 'string' ? JSON.parse(record.metadata) : record.metadata;
                        const recPkg = (record as { package_id?: string | null }).package_id ?? undefined;
                        if (recPkg && data && typeof data === 'object' && (data as any)._packageId === undefined) {
                            (data as any)._packageId = recPkg;
                        }
                        return { data, packageId: recPkg };
                    });
                    items = mergePackageAwareOverlay(items, drafts, (data) => {
                        if (data && typeof data === 'object') (data as any)._draft = true;
                        return data;
                    });
                }
            } catch {
                // DB unavailable — serve the active result unchanged.
            }
        }

        // Merge with MetadataService (runtime-registered items: agents, tools, etc.)
        try {
            const services = this.getServicesRegistry?.();
            const metadataService = services?.get('metadata');
            if (metadataService && typeof metadataService.list === 'function') {
                let runtimeItems = await metadataService.list(request.type);
                // When filtering by packageId, only include runtime items that
                // belong to the requested package. MetadataService.list() returns
                // items from ALL packages, so we must filter here to respect the
                // package scope requested by the caller (e.g., Studio sidebar).
                if (packageId && runtimeItems && runtimeItems.length > 0) {
                    runtimeItems = runtimeItems.filter((item: any) => item?._packageId === packageId);
                }
                if (runtimeItems && runtimeItems.length > 0) {
                    // Merge, avoiding duplicates. ADR-0048 (#1828) — key by
                    // (package, name), not bare name, so a runtime item from one
                    // package does not collapse a same-name item from another.
                    const itemMap = new Map<string, any>();
                    for (const item of items) {
                        const entry = item as any;
                        if (entry && typeof entry === 'object' && 'name' in entry) {
                            itemMap.set(metaItemKey(entry._packageId ?? undefined, entry.name), entry);
                        }
                    }
                    for (const item of runtimeItems) {
                        const entry = item as any;
                        if (entry && typeof entry === 'object' && 'name' in entry) {
                            // Do not overwrite entries already present in the
                            // map: those came from sys_metadata (customization
                            // overlays) or the SchemaRegistry and must win
                            // over the MetadataService's artifact baseline.
                            // Without this guard, saved per-org dashboard /
                            // view overlays disappear from list endpoints on
                            // refresh (detail endpoint kept showing the
                            // overlay because it uses a different code path).
                            const key = metaItemKey(entry._packageId ?? undefined, entry.name);
                            if (!itemMap.has(key)) {
                                itemMap.set(key, entry);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    items = Array.from(itemMap.values());
                }
            }
        } catch {
            // MetadataService not available or doesn't support this type
        }

        // Hide metadata owned by a disabled package. `listItems` already drops
        // disabled-package items from the SchemaRegistry, but the DB overlay and
        // MetadataService merges above can re-introduce them (e.g. an app/view
        // persisted in sys_metadata). Re-apply the filter on the final merged
        // set so a disabled package's metadata stops surfacing in the console.
        // Never filter `package` (the Packages page must list disabled packages
        // to re-enable them) nor `object`/`objects` (filtering objects would
        // break data queries that depend on their schema).
        if (
            request.type !== 'package' &&
            request.type !== 'object' &&
            request.type !== 'objects'
        ) {
            items = (items as any[]).filter(
                (it) => !this.engine.registry.isPackageDisabled((it as any)?._packageId),
            );
        }

        // Canonical-shape exposure (ADR-0017, "Object has-many View"): a
        // `defineView` document is kept in the registry under the bare
        // `<object>` key for defensive single-item reads, but it is NOT a
        // first-class, independently addressable view — the registrar expands
        // it into independent ViewItems (each carrying `viewKind` + `config`).
        // Never surface the aggregated `{ list, form, listViews }` container
        // through enumeration so every list consumer (Studio metadata list,
        // REST `GET /meta/view`, AI schema retriever) sees exactly one
        // canonical entry per named view and never the legacy wrapper shape.
        if (request.type === 'view' || request.type === 'views') {
            items = (items as any[]).filter((it) => !isAggregatedViewContainer(it));
        }

        // Merge registered navigation contributions into each served app
        // (ADR-0029 D7). The setup app is a shell of empty group anchors;
        // platform-objects and capability plugins inject their menu entries as
        // contributions, merged lazily on read. REST app endpoints read through
        // this path (not registry.getAllApps), so the merge must happen here too
        // or every contributed group renders empty.
        if (request.type === 'app' || request.type === 'apps') {
            items = (items as any[]).map((app) => this.engine.registry.applyNavContributions(app));
        }

        return {
            type: request.type,
            items: decorateMetadataItems(
                request.type,
                (items as any[]).map((it) => {
                    // ADR-0048 — scope the artifact lookup to THIS item's owning
                    // package so a same-name collision grafts each item's own
                    // protection envelope, not the first-registered package's.
                    // (`requested` packageId, when the whole list is scoped,
                    // takes priority; else the item's own `_packageId`.)
                    const a = this.lookupArtifactItem(
                        request.type,
                        (it as any)?.name,
                        packageId ?? ((it as any)?._packageId as string | undefined),
                    );
                    return mergeArtifactProtection(it, a) as any;
                }),
            ),
        };
    }

    async getMetaItem(request: { type: string, name: string, packageId?: string, organizationId?: string, state?: 'active' | 'draft', previewDrafts?: boolean }) {
        let item: unknown;
        const orgId = request.organizationId;
        // Studio's editor opens a draft buffer with `state: 'draft'`;
        // runtime loaders omit it and get the live published row.
        const readState: 'active' | 'draft' = request.state === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active';

        // ADR-0033 draft-overlay preview (non-strict): when the caller opts in
        // (admin-gated upstream), prefer a `state='draft'` row if one exists, else
        // fall back to the active read below. This differs from the strict
        // `state:'draft'` mode, which 404s (`no_draft`) when no draft exists — the
        // render path must degrade to the published value, not error. The draft
        // item is tagged `_draft:true` so the UI can badge it.
        if (request.previewDrafts && readState !== 'draft') {
            try {
                const findDraft = async (oid: string | null): Promise<any | undefined> => {
                    // ADR-0048 prefer-local (parity with the active-read overlay below).
                    const lookup = async (t: string): Promise<any | undefined> => {
                        const base: Record<string, unknown> = {
                            type: t, name: request.name, state: 'draft', organization_id: oid,
                        };
                        if (request.packageId) {
                            const scoped = await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                                where: { ...base, package_id: request.packageId },
                            });
                            if (scoped) return scoped;
                            // ADR-0048 — global (package-less) draft only, never
                            // another package's draft.
                            return await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                                where: { ...base, package_id: null },
                            });
                        }
                        return await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', { where: base });
                    };
                    const rec = await lookup(request.type);
                    if (rec) return rec;
                    const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                    if (alt) return await lookup(alt);
                    return undefined;
                };
                const draftRec = (orgId ? await findDraft(orgId) : undefined) ?? await findDraft(null);
                if (draftRec) {
                    const draftItem = typeof draftRec.metadata === 'string'
                        ? JSON.parse(draftRec.metadata)
                        : draftRec.metadata;
                    if (draftItem && typeof draftItem === 'object') {
                        const recPkg = (draftRec as { package_id?: string | null }).package_id ?? undefined;
                        if (recPkg && (draftItem as any)._packageId === undefined) (draftItem as any)._packageId = recPkg;
                        (draftItem as any)._draft = true;
                    }
                    return { type: request.type, name: request.name, item: decorateMetadataItem(request.type, draftItem) };
                }
            } catch {
                // DB unavailable — fall through to the active read.
            }
        }

        // 1. Customization overlay lookup (sys_metadata).
        //    Per ADR-0005 (revised), org-scoped row wins; env-wide
        //    (organization_id IS NULL) row is the fallback before falling
        //    through to the in-memory registry / MetadataService.
        try {
            const findOverlay = async (oid: string | null): Promise<any | undefined> => {
                // ADR-0048 prefer-local: when a package id is supplied and two
                // installed packages ship the same type/name, prefer the row owned
                // by that package before falling back to first-match (package-less
                // query). This mirrors `SchemaRegistry.getItem(type, name, pkg)`.
                const lookup = async (t: string): Promise<any | undefined> => {
                    const base: Record<string, unknown> = {
                        type: t,
                        name: request.name,
                        state: readState,
                        organization_id: oid,
                    };
                    if (request.packageId) {
                        const scoped = await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                            where: { ...base, package_id: request.packageId },
                        });
                        if (scoped) return scoped;
                        // ADR-0048 — no package-owned overlay; fall back to the
                        // GLOBAL (package-less) overlay only. Must NOT match a
                        // different package's row, or a collision would serve
                        // package B's customization for a package A read.
                        return await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                            where: { ...base, package_id: null },
                        });
                    }
                    // No package context (legacy/runtime reader) — match any.
                    return await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', { where: base });
                };
                const rec = await lookup(request.type);
                if (rec) return rec;
                const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                if (alt) return await lookup(alt);
                return undefined;
            };
            const record = (orgId ? await findOverlay(orgId) : undefined)
                ?? await findOverlay(null);
            if (record) {
                item = typeof record.metadata === 'string'
                    ? JSON.parse(record.metadata)
                    : record.metadata;
                // Surface the persisted software-package binding (parity with
                // the list path in getMetaItems) so provenance/UI can read it.
                const recPkg = (record as { package_id?: string | null }).package_id ?? undefined;
                if (recPkg && item && typeof item === 'object' && (item as any)._packageId === undefined) {
                    (item as any)._packageId = recPkg;
                }
            }
        } catch {
            // DB not available — fall through to registry / MetadataService
        }

        // Draft reads stop here — they intentionally do NOT fall through
        // to the runtime registry / MetadataService (which only know
        // about published values). When the draft row is missing we
        // throw `no_draft` (HTTP 404) so the REST contract is identical
        // to `POST /publish` on an empty slot: clients use a single
        // status code to decide "no pending edit" without sniffing
        // envelope shape. See ADR-0005 §draft-lifecycle.
        if (readState === 'draft') {
            if (item === undefined) {
                const err: any = new Error(
                    `[no_draft] No pending draft exists for ${request.type}/${request.name}.`,
                );
                err.code = 'no_draft';
                err.status = 404;
                throw err;
            }
            return { type: request.type, name: request.name, item: decorateMetadataItem(request.type, item) };
        }

        // 2. MetadataService (runtime-registered items: HMR-updated view/page/
        //    dashboard/agent/tool, plus FilesystemLoader-sourced items). This
        //    is consulted BEFORE the in-memory SchemaRegistry because the
        //    registry is a boot-time cache populated by `loadMetadataFromService`
        //    and is NOT invalidated on `MetadataManager.register()` (which is
        //    how the CLI dev watcher pushes recompiled metadata into the
        //    running server). Without this ordering, edits to `*.view.ts`
        //    source files appear to take effect (MetadataManager learns the
        //    new value) but reads continue to return the stale registry copy.
        if (item === undefined) {
            try {
                const services = this.getServicesRegistry?.();
                const metadataService = services?.get('metadata');
                if (metadataService && typeof metadataService.get === 'function') {
                    // Thread the caller's package id (ADR-0048) so a single-item
                    // fetch is package-scoped: when two installed packages ship the
                    // same type/name, the facade prefers the requester's own item.
                    const fromService = await metadataService.get(request.type, request.name, request.packageId);
                    if (fromService !== undefined && fromService !== null) {
                        item = fromService;
                    } else {
                        const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                        if (alt) {
                            const altFromService = await metadataService.get(alt, request.name, request.packageId);
                            if (altFromService !== undefined && altFromService !== null) {
                                item = altFromService;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            } catch {
                // MetadataService not available — fall through
            }
        }

        // 3. In-memory SchemaRegistry (artifact-loaded out-of-box values, and
        //    items that bypass MetadataService — e.g. some object-schema
        //    extension chains registered by AppPlugin directly).
        //    Both control-plane (unscoped) and project kernels consult the
        //    registry. The previous guard that skipped the registry for
        //    project kernels was meant to prevent cross-project leakage at
        //    the LIST level — but for a single-item lookup the kernel's own
        //    `engine.registry` is project-local (each ObjectQL instance has
        //    its own SchemaRegistry), so reading from it is safe and
        //    necessary. Without this, project-kernel callers of
        //    `GET /api/v1/meta/object/<name>` 404 even though the object is
        //    registered and visible via the list endpoint.
        if (item === undefined) {
            item = this.engine.registry.getItem(request.type, request.name, request.packageId);
            if (item === undefined) {
                const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                if (alt) item = this.engine.registry.getItem(alt, request.name, request.packageId);
            }
        }

        // Merge registered navigation contributions into a served app
        // (ADR-0029 D7) — parity with the getMetaItems list path so a
        // single-app fetch (GET /meta/app/<name>) also sees the contributed
        // menu entries, not just the empty group-anchor shell.
        if ((request.type === 'app' || request.type === 'apps') && item) {
            item = this.engine.registry.applyNavContributions(item);
        }

        // ADR-0010 §3.3 — artifact-level protection (lock/packageId) always
        // wins over any overlay row. The metadata service may return a
        // persisted overlay copy that pre-dates the artifact's `_lock`
        // declaration; we must consult the in-memory artifact registry
        // directly and let its protection envelope override.
        // ADR-0048 — scope the artifact lookup to the requested package so a
        // same-name collision grafts the OWNING package's protection envelope
        // (`_packageId`/`_lock`), not whichever package registered first.
        const artifactItem = this.lookupArtifactItem(request.type, request.name, request.packageId);
        let decorated = decorateMetadataItem(
            request.type,
            mergeArtifactProtection(item, artifactItem),
        );
        // ADR-0047 — list views additionally get reference-integrity
        // diagnostics (userFilters/tabs fields must exist on the source
        // object, kanban groupBy must be select-like). Zod cannot see
        // across documents; merge the cross-document errors into the
        // same `_diagnostics` envelope. Defensive: a failed lookup must
        // never break a read.
        if ((request.type === 'view' || request.type === 'views') && decorated && typeof decorated === 'object') {
            try {
                const viewDoc = decorated as Record<string, any>;
                const sourceObject = viewDoc?.object
                    ?? viewDoc?.data?.object
                    ?? viewDoc?.objectName
                    ?? viewDoc?.list?.data?.object;
                const objectDef = typeof sourceObject === 'string'
                    ? this.engine.registry.getObject(sourceObject)
                    : undefined;
                if (objectDef) {
                    const refs = computeViewReferenceDiagnostics(viewDoc, objectDef as any);
                    if (!refs.valid) {
                        const prior = viewDoc._diagnostics;
                        decorated = {
                            ...viewDoc,
                            _diagnostics: {
                                valid: false,
                                errors: [
                                    ...(prior && prior.valid === false && Array.isArray(prior.errors) ? prior.errors : []),
                                    ...(refs.errors ?? []),
                                ],
                            },
                        } as typeof decorated;
                    }
                }
            } catch { /* reference diagnostics are best-effort */ }
        }
        // ADR-0010 — surface lock/provenance flags so Studio can render
        // the correct affordances without a second round trip.
        const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(request.type, request.name);
        const lockState = resolveLockState(decorated, artifactBacked);
        return {
            type: request.type,
            name: request.name,
            item: decorated,
            lock: lockState.lock,
            ...(lockState.lockReason !== undefined ? { lockReason: lockState.lockReason } : {}),
            ...(lockState.lockSource !== undefined ? { lockSource: lockState.lockSource } : {}),
            ...(lockState.lockDocsUrl !== undefined ? { lockDocsUrl: lockState.lockDocsUrl } : {}),
            ...(lockState.provenance !== undefined ? { provenance: lockState.provenance } : {}),
            ...(lockState.packageId !== undefined ? { packageId: lockState.packageId } : {}),
            ...(lockState.packageVersion !== undefined ? { packageVersion: lockState.packageVersion } : {}),
            editable: lockState.editable,
            deletable: lockState.deletable,
            resettable: lockState.resettable,
        };
    }

    /**
     * Phase 3a-layered-get: return the 3 layers of a metadata item
     * separately — `code` (artifact-loaded baseline), `overlay` (per-org
     * customisation row, if any), and `effective` (what `getMetaItem`
     * would return, i.e. overlay-wins merge).
     *
     * Drives the "Code default vs Overlay vs Effective" diff tab in the
     * generic Metadata Resource Edit page. Admins can see exactly what
     * was customised and reset selectively.
     *
     * `code` is null if no artifact baseline exists; `overlay` is null if
     * no sys_metadata row exists for the requested scope; `effective` is
     * never null when either layer exists.
     */
    async getMetaItemLayered(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        packageId?: string;
        organizationId?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        type: string;
        name: string;
        code: unknown | null;
        overlay: unknown | null;
        overlayScope: 'org' | 'env' | null;
        effective: unknown | null;
        /**
         * Load-time validation result for the effective payload — same
         * shape attached to getMetaItems/getMetaItem by
         * decorateMetadataItem. Undefined for types without a registered
         * Zod schema (function/service/router). Lets the Studio edit
         * page surface invalid-metadata banners + inline field errors
         * without a second round-trip.
         */
        _diagnostics?: MetadataDiagnostics;
        // ── ADR-0010 protection envelope ──
        lock: MetadataLock;
        lockReason?: string;
        lockSource?: 'artifact' | 'package' | 'env-forced' | 'overlay';
        lockDocsUrl?: string;
        provenance?: MetadataProvenance;
        packageId?: string;
        packageVersion?: string;
        editable: boolean;
        deletable: boolean;
        resettable: boolean;
    }> {
        const orgId = request.organizationId;

        // ── code layer: MetadataService.get + registry, BYPASSING overlay ──
        let code: unknown | null = null;
        try {
            const services = this.getServicesRegistry?.();
            const metadataService = services?.get('metadata');
            if (metadataService && typeof metadataService.get === 'function') {
                // ADR-0048 — package-scope the code layer so a same-name
                // collision resolves to the requested package's artifact.
                let fromService = await metadataService.get(request.type, request.name, request.packageId);
                if (fromService === undefined || fromService === null) {
                    const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                    if (alt) fromService = await metadataService.get(alt, request.name, request.packageId);
                }
                if (fromService !== undefined && fromService !== null) code = fromService;
            }
        } catch {
            // ignore
        }
        if (code === null) {
            // Prefer the artifact-only lookup so an overlay row hydrated
            // into the registry's plain key can't masquerade as the "code
            // default" layer; fall back to getItem for runtime-only items.
            let regItem = this.lookupArtifactItem(request.type, request.name, request.packageId)
                ?? this.engine.registry.getItem(request.type, request.name, request.packageId);
            if (regItem === undefined) {
                const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                if (alt) regItem = this.engine.registry.getItem(alt, request.name, request.packageId);
            }
            if (regItem !== undefined) code = regItem;
        }

        // ── overlay layer: sys_metadata row (org-scoped wins, then env-wide) ──
        let overlay: unknown | null = null;
        let overlayScope: 'org' | 'env' | null = null;
        try {
            const findOverlay = async (oid: string | null) => {
                // ADR-0048 prefer-local: when a package is supplied, the row
                // owned by that package wins over a package-less first match.
                const lookup = async (t: string) => {
                    const base: Record<string, unknown> = {
                        type: t, name: request.name, state: 'active', organization_id: oid,
                    };
                    if (request.packageId) {
                        const scoped = await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                            where: { ...base, package_id: request.packageId },
                        });
                        if (scoped) return scoped;
                        // ADR-0048 — fall back to the GLOBAL (package-less)
                        // overlay only, never another package's row.
                        return await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                            where: { ...base, package_id: null },
                        });
                    }
                    return await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', { where: base });
                };
                let rec = await lookup(request.type);
                if (!rec) {
                    const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                    if (alt) rec = await lookup(alt);
                }
                return rec;
            };
            if (orgId) {
                const rec = await findOverlay(orgId);
                if (rec) {
                    overlay = typeof rec.metadata === 'string' ? JSON.parse(rec.metadata) : rec.metadata;
                    overlayScope = 'org';
                }
            }
            if (overlay === null) {
                const rec = await findOverlay(null);
                if (rec) {
                    overlay = typeof rec.metadata === 'string' ? JSON.parse(rec.metadata) : rec.metadata;
                    overlayScope = 'env';
                }
            }
        } catch {
            // DB unavailable — overlay stays null
        }

        const effective: unknown | null = overlay ?? code;

        const _diagnostics =
            effective !== null && effective !== undefined
                ? computeMetadataDiagnostics(request.type, effective)
                : undefined;

        // ADR-0010 — surface lock/provenance flags so the Studio editor
        // can render the correct affordances without a second round trip.
        const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(request.type, request.name);
        // Lock resolution: artifact wins over overlay, matching getEffectiveLock.
        const lockSource: any = code ?? overlay ?? {};
        const lockState = resolveLockState(lockSource, artifactBacked);

        return {
            type: request.type,
            name: request.name,
            code,
            overlay,
            overlayScope,
            effective,
            ...(_diagnostics ? { _diagnostics } : {}),
            lock: lockState.lock,
            ...(lockState.lockReason !== undefined ? { lockReason: lockState.lockReason } : {}),
            ...(lockState.lockSource !== undefined ? { lockSource: lockState.lockSource } : {}),
            ...(lockState.lockDocsUrl !== undefined ? { lockDocsUrl: lockState.lockDocsUrl } : {}),
            ...(lockState.provenance !== undefined ? { provenance: lockState.provenance } : {}),
            ...(lockState.packageId !== undefined ? { packageId: lockState.packageId } : {}),
            ...(lockState.packageVersion !== undefined ? { packageVersion: lockState.packageVersion } : {}),
            editable: lockState.editable,
            deletable: lockState.deletable,
            resettable: lockState.resettable,
        };
    }

    /**
     * ADR-0010 §3.6 / Phase 4.1 — read the metadata-protection audit log
     * for a single item. Returns the most-recent rows of
     * `sys_metadata_audit` for this (type, name) tuple, sorted newest
     * first. Refused (`denied`) and forced (`forced`) writes both appear
     * here — they never reach the `history` endpoint, which only tracks
     * successful body snapshots.
     *
     * The table is provisioned by `platform-objects` and is the
     * compliance surface for the lock-enforcement story. When the
     * environment has not yet provisioned the table (legacy install
     * prior to ADR-0010) the call returns `{ events: [] }` instead of
     * raising, keeping the Studio tab harmless.
     */
    async auditMetaItem(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string | null;
        limit?: number;
    }): Promise<{
        events: Array<{
            id: unknown;
            occurredAt: string;
            actor: string;
            source: string | null;
            operation: 'save' | 'publish' | 'rollback' | 'delete' | 'reset';
            outcome: 'allowed' | 'denied' | 'forced';
            code: string;
            lockState: MetadataLock | null;
            lockOverridden: boolean;
            requestId: string | null;
            note: string | null;
        }>;
    }> {
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        const limit = Math.min(
            Math.max(1, request.limit ?? 100),
            500,
        );
        try {
            // Org-scoped lookup: include rows for the specific org AND
            // env-wide (organization_id IS NULL) rows so the editor
            // sees both tenant overlays and env-level package writes.
            const where: Record<string, unknown> = {
                type: singular,
                name: request.name,
            };
            const rows = await this.engine.find('sys_metadata_audit', {
                where,
                orderBy: [{ field: 'occurred_at', direction: 'desc' }],
                limit,
            } as any);
            const events = (Array.isArray(rows) ? rows : []).map((r: any) => ({
                id: r.id,
                occurredAt:
                    typeof r.occurred_at === 'string'
                        ? r.occurred_at
                        : r.occurred_at instanceof Date
                            ? r.occurred_at.toISOString()
                            : String(r.occurred_at ?? ''),
                actor: String(r.actor ?? 'system'),
                source: r.source ?? null,
                operation: r.operation,
                outcome: r.outcome,
                code: String(r.code ?? ''),
                lockState: (r.lock_state ?? null) as MetadataLock | null,
                lockOverridden: Boolean(r.lock_overridden),
                requestId: r.request_id ?? null,
                note: r.note ?? null,
            }));
            return { events };
        } catch (err: any) {
            // Table not provisioned (legacy env) or driver doesn't
            // expose `find` — return empty rather than 500ing the tab.
            console.warn(
                `[Protocol] auditMetaItem read failed for ${request.type}/${request.name}: ${err?.message ?? err}`,
            );
            return { events: [] };
        }
    }

    async getUiView(request: { object: string, type: 'list' | 'form' }) {
        const schema = this.engine.registry.getObject(request.object);
        if (!schema) throw new Error(`Object ${request.object} not found`);

        const fields = schema.fields || {};
        const fieldKeys = Object.keys(fields);

        if (request.type === 'list') {
            // Intelligent Column Selection
            // 1. Always include 'name' or name-like fields
            // 2. Limit to 6 columns by default
            const priorityFields = ['name', 'title', 'label', 'subject', 'email', 'status', 'type', 'category', 'created_at'];
            
            let columns = fieldKeys.filter(k => priorityFields.includes(k));
            
            // If few priority fields, add others until 5
            if (columns.length < 5) {
                const remaining = fieldKeys.filter(k => !columns.includes(k) && k !== 'id' && !fields[k].hidden);
                columns = [...columns, ...remaining.slice(0, 5 - columns.length)];
            }
            
            // Sort columns by priority then alphabet or schema order
            // For now, just keep them roughly in order they appear in schema or priority list
            
            return {
                list: {
                    type: 'grid' as const,
                    object: request.object,
                    label: schema.label || schema.name,
                    columns: columns.map(f => ({
                        field: f,
                        label: fields[f]?.label || f,
                        sortable: true
                    })),
                    sort: fields['created_at'] ? ([{ field: 'created_at', order: 'desc' }] as any) : undefined,
                    searchableFields: columns.slice(0, 3) // Make first few textual columns searchable
                }
            };
        } else {
             // Form View Generation
             // Simple single-section layout for now
             const formFields = fieldKeys
                .filter(k => k !== 'id' && k !== 'created_at' && k !== 'updated_at' && !fields[k].hidden)
                .map(f => ({
                    field: f,
                    label: fields[f]?.label,
                    required: fields[f]?.required,
                    readonly: fields[f]?.readonly,
                    type: fields[f]?.type,
                    // Default to 2 columns for most, 1 for textareas
                    colSpan: (fields[f]?.type === 'textarea' || fields[f]?.type === 'html') ? 2 : 1
                }));

             return {
                form: {
                    type: 'simple' as const,
                    object: request.object,
                    label: `Edit ${schema.label || schema.name}`,
                    sections: [
                        {
                            label: 'General Information',
                            columns: 2 as const,
                            collapsible: false,
                            collapsed: false,
                            fields: formFields
                        }
                    ]
                }
            };
        }
    }

    async findData(request: { object: string, query?: any, context?: any }) {
        const options: any = { ...request.query };
        // Forward the dispatcher's ExecutionContext so RBAC/RLS middleware
        // can apply per-request enforcement. The protocol layer is purely
        // a normalizer — it must never strip security context.
        if (request.context !== undefined) {
            options.context = request.context;
        }

        // ====================================================================
        // Normalize legacy params → QueryAST standard (where/fields/orderBy/offset/expand)
        // ====================================================================

        // OData-style `$`-prefixed params → bare aliases that the rest of
        // this function knows how to normalize. Without this step, params
        // like `?$top=2&$orderby=...` survive into the catch-all
        // implicit-filter pass below and get merged into `where` as
        // bogus field-equality predicates (e.g. `where.$top = "2"`),
        // which silently returns zero rows for every list endpoint.
        for (const [dollar, bare] of [
            ['$top', 'top'],
            ['$skip', 'skip'],
            ['$orderby', 'orderBy'],
            ['$select', 'select'],
            ['$count', 'count'],
            ['$search', 'search'],
            ['$searchFields', 'searchFields'],
        ] as const) {
            if (options[dollar] != null && options[bare] == null) {
                options[bare] = options[dollar];
            }
            delete options[dollar];
        }

        // Numeric fields — normalize top → limit, skip → offset
        if (options.top != null) {
            options.limit = Number(options.top);
            delete options.top;
        }
        if (options.skip != null) {
            options.offset = Number(options.skip);
            delete options.skip;
        }
        if (options.limit != null) options.limit = Number(options.limit);
        if (options.offset != null) options.offset = Number(options.offset);

        // Select → fields: comma-separated string → array
        if (typeof options.select === 'string') {
            options.fields = options.select.split(',').map((s: string) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean);
        } else if (Array.isArray(options.select)) {
            options.fields = options.select;
        }
        if (options.select !== undefined) delete options.select;

        // fields: comma-separated string → array. Clients may pass `?fields=name`
        // directly (not only via the `?select=` alias above) — a single-value
        // querystring param arrives as a bare string, which drivers' `.map()`
        // calls over `query.fields` would otherwise throw on.
        if (typeof options.fields === 'string') {
            options.fields = options.fields.split(',').map((s: string) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean);
        } else if (options.fields !== undefined && !Array.isArray(options.fields)) {
            delete options.fields;
        }

        // Sort/orderBy → orderBy: string → SortNode[] array
        const sortValue = options.orderBy ?? options.sort;
        if (typeof sortValue === 'string') {
            const parsed = sortValue.split(',').map((part: string) => {
                const trimmed = part.trim();
                if (trimmed.startsWith('-')) {
                    return { field: trimmed.slice(1), order: 'desc' as const };
                }
                const [field, order] = trimmed.split(/\s+/);
                return { field, order: (order?.toLowerCase() === 'desc' ? 'desc' : 'asc') as 'asc' | 'desc' };
            }).filter((s: any) => s.field);
            options.orderBy = parsed;
        } else if (Array.isArray(sortValue)) {
            options.orderBy = sortValue;
        }
        delete options.sort;

        // Filter/filters/$filter → where: normalize all filter aliases
        const filterValue = options.filter ?? options.filters ?? options.$filter ?? options.where;
        delete options.filter;
        delete options.filters;
        delete options.$filter;

        if (filterValue !== undefined) {
            let parsedFilter = filterValue;
            // JSON string → object
            if (typeof parsedFilter === 'string') {
                try { parsedFilter = JSON.parse(parsedFilter); } catch { /* keep as-is */ }
            }
            // Filter AST array → FilterCondition object
            if (isFilterAST(parsedFilter)) {
                parsedFilter = parseFilterAST(parsedFilter);
            }
            options.where = parsedFilter;
        }

        // Populate/expand/$expand → expand (Record<string, QueryAST>)
        const populateValue = options.populate;
        const expandValue = options.$expand ?? options.expand;
        const expandNames: string[] = [];
        if (typeof populateValue === 'string') {
            expandNames.push(...populateValue.split(',').map((s: string) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean));
        } else if (Array.isArray(populateValue)) {
            expandNames.push(...populateValue);
        }
        if (!expandNames.length && expandValue) {
            if (typeof expandValue === 'string') {
                expandNames.push(...expandValue.split(',').map((s: string) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean));
            } else if (Array.isArray(expandValue)) {
                expandNames.push(...expandValue);
            }
        }
        delete options.populate;
        delete options.$expand;
        // Clean up non-object expand (e.g. string) BEFORE the Record conversion
        // below, so that populate-derived names can create the expand Record even
        // when a legacy string expand was also present.
        if (typeof options.expand !== 'object' || options.expand === null) {
            delete options.expand;
        }
        // Only set expand if not already an object (advanced usage)
        if (expandNames.length > 0 && !options.expand) {
            options.expand = {} as Record<string, any>;
            for (const rel of expandNames) {
                options.expand[rel] = { object: rel };
            }
        }

        // Boolean fields
        for (const key of ['distinct', 'count']) {
            if (options[key] === 'true') options[key] = true;
            else if (options[key] === 'false') options[key] = false;
        }

        // [#2926 ⑩] Every supported OData-style `$` alias has been consumed and
        // deleted above ($top/$skip/$orderby/$select/$count/$search/
        // $searchFields/$filter/$expand). A `$`-prefixed key can never be a
        // field name, so anything left is an unsupported query parameter —
        // fail loudly instead of letting it fall into the implicit-filter
        // bucket below, where it silently matched zero rows (or, before the
        // $filter alias existed, was dropped entirely and returned the
        // UNFILTERED page — a footgun for scripts resolving ids by name).
        const unsupportedDollarParams = Object.keys(options).filter((k) => k.startsWith('$'));
        if (unsupportedDollarParams.length > 0) {
            const err: any = new Error(
                `Unsupported query parameter(s): ${unsupportedDollarParams.join(', ')}. ` +
                'Supported $-prefixed parameters: $top, $skip, $orderby, $select, $count, $search, $searchFields, $filter, $expand.',
            );
            err.status = 400;
            err.code = 'UNSUPPORTED_QUERY_PARAM';
            throw err;
        }

        // Flat field filters: REST-style query params like ?id=abc&status=open
        // After extracting all known query parameters, any remaining keys are
        // treated as implicit field-level equality filters merged into `where`.
        const knownParams = new Set([
            'top', 'limit', 'offset',
            'orderBy',
            'fields',
            'where',
            'expand',
            'distinct', 'count',
            'aggregations', 'groupBy',
            'search', 'searchFields', 'context', 'cursor',
        ]);
        if (!options.where) {
            const implicitFilters: Record<string, unknown> = {};
            for (const key of Object.keys(options)) {
                if (!knownParams.has(key)) {
                    implicitFilters[key] = options[key];
                    delete options[key];
                }
            }
            if (Object.keys(implicitFilters).length > 0) {
                options.where = implicitFilters;
            }
        }
        
        // Route to engine.aggregate() when the query has GROUP BY / aggregations.
        // engine.find() does not do in-memory aggregation fallback, so without
        // this branch a spec-shape aggregate request would silently return
        // ungrouped raw rows on drivers (e.g. SqlDriver) that don't natively
        // honor groupBy/aggregations in find().
        const hasGroupBy = Array.isArray(options.groupBy) && options.groupBy.length > 0;
        const hasAggregations = Array.isArray(options.aggregations) && options.aggregations.length > 0;
        if (hasGroupBy || hasAggregations) {
            const records = await this.engine.aggregate(request.object, {
                where: options.where,
                groupBy: options.groupBy,
                aggregations: options.aggregations,
                context: options.context,
            } as any);
            // Apply limit client-side (EngineAggregateOptions doesn't carry limit).
            // `records` is the full grouped set, so its length IS the real total
            // and `hasMore` follows from whether the slice dropped any groups.
            const limited = typeof options.limit === 'number' && options.limit > 0
                ? records.slice(0, options.limit)
                : records;
            return {
                object: request.object,
                records: limited,
                total: records.length,
                hasMore: limited.length < records.length,
            };
        }

        const records = await this.engine.find(request.object, options);
        // Pagination metadata. When a `limit` is present the response is a single
        // page, so `records.length` is the page size — NOT the match total. Run a
        // count over the same `where` so the client can render total pages and know
        // whether more pages remain (true server-side pagination). Without a limit
        // the full result set is returned, so its length already IS the total.
        //
        // engine.count() only honors `where`; a `search`/`distinct` query can't be
        // reproduced by it, so for those we skip the count and fall back to a
        // page-local estimate (a full page implies there may be more) rather than
        // reporting a wrong total.
        const pageLimit = typeof options.limit === 'number' && options.limit > 0 ? options.limit : undefined;
        const pageOffset = typeof options.offset === 'number' && options.offset > 0 ? options.offset : 0;
        let total = records.length;
        let hasMore = false;
        if (pageLimit !== undefined) {
            const countable = options.search == null && options.distinct == null;
            if (countable) {
                try {
                    total = await this.engine.count(request.object, {
                        where: options.where,
                        context: options.context,
                    } as any);
                } catch {
                    // engine.count() has its own find().length fallback; if it still
                    // throws, degrade to a page-local total rather than failing the list.
                    total = pageOffset + records.length;
                }
                hasMore = pageOffset + records.length < total;
            } else {
                hasMore = records.length === pageLimit;
                total = pageOffset + records.length + (hasMore ? 1 : 0);
            }
        }
        return {
            object: request.object,
            records,
            total,
            hasMore,
        };
    }

    async getData(request: { object: string, id: string, expand?: string | string[], select?: string | string[], context?: any }) {
        const queryOptions: any = {
            where: { id: request.id }
        };
        if (request.context !== undefined) {
            queryOptions.context = request.context;
        }

        // Support fields for single-record retrieval
        if (request.select) {
            queryOptions.fields = typeof request.select === 'string'
                ? request.select.split(',').map((s: string) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean)
                : request.select;
        }

        // Support expand for single-record retrieval
        if (request.expand) {
            const expandNames = typeof request.expand === 'string'
                ? request.expand.split(',').map((s: string) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean)
                : request.expand;
            queryOptions.expand = {} as Record<string, any>;
            for (const rel of expandNames) {
                queryOptions.expand[rel] = { object: rel };
            }
        }

        const result = await this.engine.findOne(request.object, queryOptions);
        if (result) {
            return {
                object: request.object,
                id: request.id,
                record: result
            };
        }
        const err = new Error(`Record ${request.id} not found in ${request.object}`) as Error & {
            code?: string;
            status?: number;
            object?: string;
        };
        err.code = 'RECORD_NOT_FOUND';
        err.status = 404;
        err.object = request.object;
        throw err;
    }

    async createData(request: { object: string, data: any, context?: any }) {
        // [#3043] Ingress-level static-`readonly` strip — a non-system caller
        // cannot seed a read-only column (e.g. `approval_status`) on create.
        const data = stripReadonlyForInsert(
            this.engine.registry?.getObject(request.object),
            request.data,
            request.context,
        );
        const result = await this.engine.insert(
            request.object,
            data,
            request.context !== undefined ? { context: request.context } as any : undefined,
        );
        return {
            object: request.object,
            id: result.id,
            record: result
        };
    }

    /**
     * Clone a record — read the source, drop engine-owned columns, and
     * insert a fresh copy. Gated by the object's `enable.clone` capability
     * (default `true`; only an explicit `enable.clone === false` disables it).
     *
     * Shallow by design: it duplicates the record's own scalar/business field
     * values, not its related child records. The insert path re-stamps audit
     * columns, regenerates `autonumber` fields, and recomputes derived
     * (`formula`/`summary`) fields, so the copy is a valid new row rather than
     * a byte-identical twin. Caller-supplied `overrides` are applied last and
     * win over the copied values — the natural place to set a new `name`,
     * clear a unique field, or reset status before insert.
     */
    async cloneData(request: { object: string, id: string, overrides?: Record<string, any>, context?: any }) {
        const schema: any = this.engine.registry.getObject(request.object);
        if (!schema) {
            const err: any = new Error(`Object '${request.object}' not found`);
            err.code = 'OBJECT_NOT_FOUND';
            err.status = 404;
            err.object = request.object;
            throw err;
        }
        // `enable.clone` defaults to true in the spec; treat an absent block /
        // absent flag as enabled and only block on an explicit `false`.
        if (schema.enable?.clone === false) {
            const err: any = new Error(`Cloning is disabled for object '${request.object}'`);
            err.code = 'CLONE_DISABLED';
            err.status = 403;
            err.object = request.object;
            throw err;
        }

        const ctx = request.context;
        const ctxOpt = ctx !== undefined ? { context: ctx } : undefined;

        const source = await this.engine.findOne(
            request.object,
            { where: { id: request.id }, ...(ctxOpt as any) } as any,
        );
        if (!source) {
            const err: any = new Error(`Record ${request.id} not found in ${request.object}`);
            err.code = 'RECORD_NOT_FOUND';
            err.status = 404;
            err.object = request.object;
            throw err;
        }

        // Copy the source, then strip the columns the engine owns so the insert
        // path re-derives them rather than carrying the source's values over.
        const data: Record<string, any> = { ...source };
        for (const f of CLONE_STRIP_FIELDS) delete data[f];
        const fields: Record<string, any> = schema.fields || {};
        for (const [name, def] of Object.entries(fields)) {
            if (!def) continue;
            // Engine-/automation-owned values: injected system/audit columns,
            // engine-generated autonumbers, and computed formula/summary fields.
            if ((def as any).system === true
                || (def as any).type === 'autonumber'
                || (def as any).type === 'formula'
                || (def as any).type === 'summary') {
                delete data[name];
            }
        }
        // Caller overrides win (new name, cleared unique field, reset status…).
        if (request.overrides && typeof request.overrides === 'object') {
            Object.assign(data, request.overrides);
        }

        // [#3043] A clone is a create: a non-system caller must not carry over (or
        // override in) a read-only column — copying the source's `approval_status`
        // or forging one via `overrides` would mint an approved record. Strip them
        // so the insert re-derives their `defaultValue`, symmetric with createData.
        const insertData = stripReadonlyForInsert(schema, data, ctx);

        const result = await this.engine.insert(request.object, insertData, ctxOpt as any);
        return {
            object: request.object,
            id: result.id,
            sourceId: request.id,
            record: result,
        };
    }

    async updateData(request: { object: string, id: string, data: any, expectedVersion?: string, context?: any }) {
        await this.assertVersionMatch(request.object, request.id, request.expectedVersion, request.context);
        const opts: any = { where: { id: request.id } };
        if (request.context !== undefined) opts.context = request.context;
        const result = await this.engine.update(request.object, request.data, opts);
        return {
            object: request.object,
            id: request.id,
            record: result
        };
    }

    async deleteData(request: { object: string, id: string, expectedVersion?: string, context?: any }) {
        await this.assertVersionMatch(request.object, request.id, request.expectedVersion, request.context);
        const opts: any = { where: { id: request.id } };
        if (request.context !== undefined) opts.context = request.context;
        await this.engine.delete(request.object, opts);
        return {
            object: request.object,
            id: request.id,
            success: true
        };
    }

    /**
     * Optimistic Concurrency Control gate shared by updateData/deleteData.
     *
     * When the caller passes a non-empty `expectedVersion` token (typically
     * the `updated_at` value they read), this fetches the current record
     * and compares its `updated_at` against the token. Mismatch → throw
     * `ConcurrentUpdateError` which the REST layer maps to 409.
     *
     * Behaviour:
     *  - Empty/missing token → no check (opt-in semantics; existing callers
     *    that haven't yet adopted OCC are unaffected).
     *  - Record not found → no check; downstream `engine.update` will
     *    surface the usual `RECORD_NOT_FOUND` 404. We intentionally do not
     *    treat "missing record" as a concurrency conflict.
     *  - Record has no `updated_at` field (timestamps disabled) → no check.
     *    Logging would be noisy here; OCC is opt-in and the absence of a
     *    version column is an explicit "this object doesn't support OCC"
     *    signal.
     */
    private async assertVersionMatch(
        object: string,
        id: string,
        expectedVersion: string | undefined,
        context: any
    ): Promise<void> {
        const expected = normaliseVersionToken(expectedVersion);
        if (!expected) return;
        const findOpts: any = { where: { id } };
        if (context !== undefined) findOpts.context = context;
        const current = await this.engine.findOne(object, findOpts);
        if (!current) return;
        const currentVersion = normaliseVersionToken((current as any).updated_at);
        if (!currentVersion) return;
        if (currentVersion !== expected) {
            throw new ConcurrentUpdateError({
                currentVersion,
                currentRecord: current,
                message: `Record ${object}/${id} was modified by another user (current version ${currentVersion}, expected ${expected})`,
            });
        }
    }

    // ==========================================
    // Global Search (M10.5)
    // ==========================================
    /**
     * Cross-object substring search across all registered objects that opt in
     * via `enable.searchable !== false` and `enable.apiEnabled !== false`.
     * Searches text-like fields (text/textarea/email/url/phone/markdown/html/string)
     * whose `searchable: true` flag is set, falling back to the object's
     * `displayNameField` (or `name`) when no fields are explicitly searchable.
     *
     * The query is split into whitespace-separated terms; each term must match
     * (case-insensitive LIKE) at least one searchable field. RBAC/RLS is
     * enforced by forwarding the caller's `context` to `engine.find` so users
     * only see records they are entitled to read.
     */
    async searchAll(request: {
        q: string;
        objects?: string[];
        limit?: number;
        perObject?: number;
        context?: any;
    }): Promise<{
        query: string;
        hits: Array<{
            object: string;
            id: string;
            title: string;
            snippet?: string;
            record: any;
        }>;
        totalObjects: number;
        totalHits: number;
        truncated: boolean;
    }> {
        const q = (request.q ?? '').trim();
        if (!q) {
            return { query: '', hits: [], totalObjects: 0, totalHits: 0, truncated: false };
        }

        const overallLimit = Math.max(1, Math.min(100, Number(request.limit ?? 20)));
        const perObject = Math.max(1, Math.min(25, Number(request.perObject ?? 5)));
        const objectsFilter = request.objects && request.objects.length
            ? new Set(request.objects)
            : null;

        // Tokenise: each token must match (LIKE %term%) at least one searchable field
        const terms = q.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean).slice(0, 8);

        const allObjects = (this.engine as any).registry?.getAllObjects?.() ?? [];
        const hits: Array<{ object: string; id: string; title: string; snippet?: string; record: any }> = [];
        let objectsScanned = 0;

        for (const obj of allObjects) {
            if (hits.length >= overallLimit) break;
            if (!obj?.name) continue;
            if (objectsFilter && !objectsFilter.has(obj.name)) continue;

            // Skip platform/system tables and opt-outs
            const enable = obj.enable ?? {};
            if (enable.searchable === false) continue;
            if (enable.apiEnabled === false) continue;
            // Skip noisy system tables by name prefix
            if (obj.name.startsWith('sys_audit_log')
                || obj.name.startsWith('sys_activity')
                || obj.name.startsWith('sys_session')
                || obj.name.startsWith('sys_presence')
                || obj.name.startsWith('sys_metadata')
                || obj.name.startsWith('sys_account')) {
                continue;
            }

            const fieldsRaw = obj.fields;
            const fields: Array<{ name: string; type: string; searchable?: boolean }> =
                Array.isArray(fieldsRaw)
                    ? fieldsRaw
                    : (fieldsRaw && typeof fieldsRaw === 'object'
                        ? Object.entries(fieldsRaw).map(([name, f]: [string, any]) => ({ name, ...(f || {}) }))
                        : []);
            const TEXT_TYPES = new Set(['text', 'textarea', 'string', 'email', 'url', 'phone', 'markdown', 'html']);
            const fieldByName = new Map(fields.map(f => [f.name, f]));
            const hasField = (n: string) => fieldByName.has(n);
            // Resolve title for a record using titleFormat → displayNameField →
            // common conventional fields → id. titleFormat supports simple
            // `{field}` placeholders (the `template` dialect); unresolved
            // placeholders fall through to the next strategy.
            const titleFormatSource = (obj.titleFormat && (obj.titleFormat.source || obj.titleFormat))
                || undefined;
            const renderTitle = (row: any): string => {
                if (typeof titleFormatSource === 'string') {
                    let allResolved = true;
                    const rendered = titleFormatSource.replace(/\{\{?\s*([a-zA-Z0-9_.]+)\s*\}?\}/g, (_m, key) => {
                        const v = row[key];
                        if (v == null || v === '') { allResolved = false; return ''; }
                        return String(v);
                    }).trim();
                    if (rendered && allResolved) return rendered;
                    if (rendered) return rendered.replace(/\s+-\s+$/, '').replace(/^\s+-\s+/, '').trim() || row.id;
                }
                const candidates = [
                    obj.displayNameField,
                    'name', 'full_name', 'title', 'subject', 'label', 'company',
                ].filter((c): c is string => typeof c === 'string' && hasField(c));
                for (const c of candidates) {
                    const v = row[c];
                    if (v != null && String(v).trim()) return String(v);
                }
                const fn = row.first_name, ln = row.last_name;
                if (fn || ln) return `${fn ?? ''} ${ln ?? ''}`.trim();
                return String(row.id);
            };

            const titleFieldName = obj.displayNameField
                || (hasField('name') ? 'name' : undefined)
                || (hasField('title') ? 'title' : undefined)
                || fields.find(f => TEXT_TYPES.has(f.type))?.name;

            let searchableFields = fields
                .filter(f => f && TEXT_TYPES.has(f.type) && f.searchable === true)
                .map(f => f.name as string);

            // Fallback: if no field is explicitly searchable, scan the title field
            if (searchableFields.length === 0 && titleFieldName) {
                searchableFields = [titleFieldName];
            }
            if (searchableFields.length === 0) continue;

            objectsScanned++;

            // Build AND-of-OR filter: every term must hit at least one field.
            // ObjectQL exposes case-insensitive substring matching via `$contains`.
            const andClauses = terms.map(term => ({
                $or: searchableFields.map(f => ({ [f]: { $contains: term } })),
            }));
            const where = andClauses.length === 1 ? andClauses[0] : { $and: andClauses };

            try {
                const opts: any = {
                    where,
                    limit: perObject,
                    orderBy: [{ field: 'updated_at', direction: 'desc' }],
                };
                if (request.context !== undefined) opts.context = request.context;

                const rows = await this.engine.find(obj.name, opts);
                for (const row of rows || []) {
                    if (hits.length >= overallLimit) break;
                    const title = renderTitle(row);
                    // Build snippet from first searchable field that contains a term
                    let snippet: string | undefined;
                    for (const f of searchableFields) {
                        const v = row[f];
                        if (typeof v === 'string' && v) {
                            const lc = v.toLowerCase();
                            const idx = terms.map(t => lc.indexOf(t.toLowerCase())).find(i => i >= 0);
                            if (idx != null && idx >= 0) {
                                const start = Math.max(0, idx - 30);
                                const end = Math.min(v.length, idx + 90);
                                snippet = (start > 0 ? '…' : '') + v.slice(start, end) + (end < v.length ? '…' : '');
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    hits.push({
                        object: obj.name,
                        id: row.id,
                        title,
                        snippet,
                        record: row,
                    });
                }
            } catch {
                // RBAC denial or driver hiccup — skip silently per object
                continue;
            }
        }

        return {
            query: q,
            hits,
            totalObjects: objectsScanned,
            totalHits: hits.length,
            truncated: hits.length >= overallLimit,
        };
    }

    // ==========================================
    // Metadata Caching
    // ==========================================

    async getMetaItemCached(request: { type: string, name: string, cacheRequest?: MetadataCacheRequest, locale?: string }): Promise<MetadataCacheResponse> {
        try {
            // Delegate to getMetaItem so the customization-overlay read order
            // (sys_metadata → registry → MetadataService) is honoured here too
            // (ADR-0005). Without this, cached reads silently bypass overlays.
            const result = await this.getMetaItem({ type: request.type, name: request.name });
            const item = (result as any)?.item;

            if (!item) {
                throw new Error(`Metadata item ${request.type}/${request.name} not found`);
            }

            // Calculate ETag (simple hash of the stringified metadata).
            //
            // The ETag MUST vary by locale. The REST layer translates the
            // response body *after* this validator check, so an ETag computed
            // only from the (untranslated) content would let a language switch
            // match the prior `If-None-Match` and return `304 Not Modified`
            // carrying a stale-locale body — labels/headers stuck in the old
            // language until a hard refresh (issue #1319). Folding the resolved
            // locale into the hash gives each locale a distinct validator.
            const content = JSON.stringify(item);
            const hash = simpleHash(request.locale ? `${request.locale}\u0000${content}` : content);
            const etag = { value: hash, weak: false };

            // Check If-None-Match header
            if (request.cacheRequest?.ifNoneMatch) {
                const clientEtag = request.cacheRequest.ifNoneMatch.replace(/^"(.*)"$/, '$1').replace(/^W\/"(.*)"$/, '$1');
                if (clientEtag === hash) {
                    // Return 304 Not Modified
                    return {
                        notModified: true,
                        etag,
                    };
                }
            }

            // Return full metadata with cache headers
            return {
                data: item,
                etag,
                lastModified: new Date().toISOString(),
                cacheControl: {
                    // Metadata is invalidated by publish, so freshness must be
                    // gated by the ETag validator — not a TTL. `no-cache` lets
                    // clients store the body but forces an `If-None-Match`
                    // revalidation on every use: a cheap 304 when unchanged,
                    // fresh fields the instant a publish bumps the ETag. The old
                    // `max-age=3600` pinned the schema for up to an hour, so the
                    // AI-build "New" form kept rendering pre-publish fields until
                    // the TTL lapsed (no revalidation in between). `private` also
                    // keeps per-tenant metadata out of shared CDN/proxy caches.
                    directives: ['private', 'no-cache'],
                },
                notModified: false,
            };
        } catch (error: any) {
            throw error;
        }
    }

    // ==========================================
    // Batch Operations
    // ==========================================

    async batchData(request: { object: string, request: BatchUpdateRequest }): Promise<BatchUpdateResponse> {
        const { object, request: batchReq } = request;
        const { operation, records, options } = batchReq;
        const results: Array<{ id?: string; success: boolean; error?: string; record?: any }> = [];
        let succeeded = 0;
        let failed = 0;

        // [#3043] The batch endpoint is an external ingress and threads no
        // context, so its creates are non-system: strip forged read-only columns.
        const batchSchema = this.engine.registry?.getObject(object);

        for (const record of records) {
            try {
                switch (operation) {
                    case 'create': {
                        const created = await this.engine.insert(object, stripReadonlyForInsert(batchSchema, record.data || record, undefined));
                        results.push({ id: created.id, success: true, record: created });
                        succeeded++;
                        break;
                    }
                    case 'update': {
                        if (!record.id) throw new Error('Record id is required for update');
                        const updated = await this.engine.update(object, record.data || {}, { where: { id: record.id } });
                        results.push({ id: record.id, success: true, record: updated });
                        succeeded++;
                        break;
                    }
                    case 'upsert': {
                        // Try update first, then create if not found
                        if (record.id) {
                            try {
                                const existing = await this.engine.findOne(object, { where: { id: record.id } });
                                if (existing) {
                                    const updated = await this.engine.update(object, record.data || {}, { where: { id: record.id } });
                                    results.push({ id: record.id, success: true, record: updated });
                                } else {
                                    const created = await this.engine.insert(object, { id: record.id, ...(record.data || {}) });
                                    results.push({ id: created.id, success: true, record: created });
                                }
                            } catch {
                                const created = await this.engine.insert(object, { id: record.id, ...(record.data || {}) });
                                results.push({ id: created.id, success: true, record: created });
                            }
                        } else {
                            const created = await this.engine.insert(object, record.data || record);
                            results.push({ id: created.id, success: true, record: created });
                        }
                        succeeded++;
                        break;
                    }
                    case 'delete': {
                        if (!record.id) throw new Error('Record id is required for delete');
                        await this.engine.delete(object, { where: { id: record.id } });
                        results.push({ id: record.id, success: true });
                        succeeded++;
                        break;
                    }
                    default:
                        results.push({ id: record.id, success: false, error: `Unknown operation: ${operation}` });
                        failed++;
                }
            } catch (err: any) {
                results.push({ id: record.id, success: false, error: err.message });
                failed++;
                if (options?.atomic) {
                    // Abort remaining operations on first failure in atomic mode
                    break;
                }
                if (!options?.continueOnError) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        return {
            success: failed === 0,
            operation,
            total: records.length,
            succeeded,
            failed,
            results: options?.returnRecords !== false ? results : results.map(r => ({ id: r.id, success: r.success, error: r.error })),
        } as BatchUpdateResponse;
    }
    
    async createManyData(request: { object: string, records: any[], context?: any }): Promise<any> {
        // [#3043] Ingress-level static-`readonly` strip (per row) — mirrors
        // createData for the bulk-create / import surface.
        const rows = stripReadonlyForInsert(
            this.engine.registry?.getObject(request.object),
            request.records,
            request.context,
        );
        const records = await this.engine.insert(
            request.object,
            rows,
            request.context !== undefined ? { context: request.context } as any : undefined,
        );
        return {
            object: request.object,
            records,
            count: records.length
        };
    }

    /**
     * Partial-success bulk create (framework#3172): like createManyData, but a
     * row that fails validation is a per-row verdict instead of aborting the
     * whole batch — the import runner uses this so a bad row never forces a
     * degradation re-run of the good rows' beforeInsert hooks. Requires an
     * engine with `insertMany` (ObjectQL has it); absent that, callers should
     * fall back to createManyData.
     */
    async insertManyData(request: { object: string, records: any[], context?: any }): Promise<{ object: string; outcomes: Array<{ ok: boolean; record?: any; error?: unknown }> }> {
        const engineInsertMany = (this.engine as any)?.insertMany;
        if (typeof engineInsertMany !== 'function') {
            throw new Error('insertManyData requires an engine with insertMany (framework#3172)');
        }
        // Same ingress strip as createManyData (#3043).
        const rows = stripReadonlyForInsert(
            this.engine.registry?.getObject(request.object),
            request.records,
            request.context,
        );
        const outcomes = await engineInsertMany.call(
            this.engine,
            request.object,
            rows,
            request.context !== undefined ? { context: request.context } as any : undefined,
        );
        return { object: request.object, outcomes };
    }
    
    async updateManyData(request: UpdateManyDataRequest): Promise<BatchUpdateResponse> {
        const { object, records, options } = request;
        const results: Array<{ id?: string; success: boolean; error?: string; record?: any }> = [];
        let succeeded = 0;
        let failed = 0;

        for (const record of records) {
            try {
                const updated = await this.engine.update(object, record.data, { where: { id: record.id } });
                results.push({ id: record.id, success: true, record: updated });
                succeeded++;
            } catch (err: any) {
                results.push({ id: record.id, success: false, error: err.message });
                failed++;
                if (!options?.continueOnError) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        return {
            success: failed === 0,
            operation: 'update',
            total: records.length,
            succeeded,
            failed,
            results,
        } as BatchUpdateResponse;
    }

    async analyticsQuery(request: any): Promise<any> {
        // Map AnalyticsQuery (cube-style) to engine aggregation.
        // cube name maps to object name; measures → aggregations; dimensions → groupBy.
        const { query, cube } = request;
        const object = cube;

        // Build groupBy from dimensions
        const groupBy = query.dimensions || [];

        // Build aggregations from measures
        // Measures can be simple field names like "count" or "field_name.sum"
        // Or cube-defined measure names. We support: field.function or just function(field).
        const aggregations: Array<{ field: string; method: string; alias: string }> = [];
        if (query.measures) {
            for (const measure of query.measures) {
                // Support formats: "count", "amount.sum", "revenue.avg"
                if (measure === 'count' || measure === 'count_all') {
                    aggregations.push({ field: '*', method: 'count', alias: 'count' });
                } else if (measure.includes('.')) {
                    const [field, method] = measure.split('.');
                    aggregations.push({ field, method, alias: `${field}_${method}` });
                } else {
                    // Treat as count of the field
                    aggregations.push({ field: measure, method: 'sum', alias: measure });
                }
            }
        }

        // Build filter from analytics filters
        let filter: any = undefined;
        if (query.filters && query.filters.length > 0) {
            const conditions: any[] = query.filters.map((f: any) => {
                const op = this.mapAnalyticsOperator(f.operator);
                if (f.values && f.values.length === 1) {
                    return { [f.member]: { [op]: f.values[0] } };
                } else if (f.values && f.values.length > 1) {
                    return { [f.member]: { $in: f.values } };
                }
                return { [f.member]: { [op]: true } };
            });
            filter = conditions.length === 1 ? conditions[0] : { $and: conditions };
        }

        // Execute via engine.aggregate (which delegates to driver.find with groupBy/aggregations)
        const rows = await this.engine.aggregate(object, {
            where: filter,
            groupBy: groupBy.length > 0 ? groupBy : undefined,
            aggregations: aggregations.length > 0
                ? aggregations.map(a => ({ function: a.method as any, field: a.field, alias: a.alias }))
                : [{ function: 'count' as any, alias: 'count' }],
        });

        // Build field metadata
        const fields = [
            ...groupBy.map((d: string) => ({ name: d, type: 'string' })),
            ...aggregations.map(a => ({ name: a.alias, type: 'number' })),
        ];

        return {
            success: true,
            data: {
                rows,
                fields,
            },
        };
    }

    async getAnalyticsMeta(request: any): Promise<any> {
        // Auto-generate cube metadata from registered objects in SchemaRegistry.
        // Each object becomes a cube; number fields → measures; other fields → dimensions.
        const objects = this.engine.registry.listItems('object');
        const cubeFilter = request?.cube;

        const cubes: any[] = [];
        for (const obj of objects) {
            const schema = obj as any;
            if (cubeFilter && schema.name !== cubeFilter) continue;

            const measures: Record<string, any> = {};
            const dimensions: Record<string, any> = {};
            const fields = schema.fields || {};

            // Always add a count measure
            measures['count'] = {
                name: 'count',
                label: 'Count',
                type: 'count',
                sql: '*',
            };

            for (const [fieldName, fieldDef] of Object.entries(fields)) {
                const fd = fieldDef as any;
                const fieldType = fd.type || 'text';

                if (['number', 'currency', 'percent'].includes(fieldType)) {
                    // Numeric fields become both measures and dimensions
                    measures[`${fieldName}_sum`] = {
                        name: `${fieldName}_sum`,
                        label: `${fd.label || fieldName} (Sum)`,
                        type: 'sum',
                        sql: fieldName,
                    };
                    measures[`${fieldName}_avg`] = {
                        name: `${fieldName}_avg`,
                        label: `${fd.label || fieldName} (Avg)`,
                        type: 'avg',
                        sql: fieldName,
                    };
                    dimensions[fieldName] = {
                        name: fieldName,
                        label: fd.label || fieldName,
                        type: 'number',
                        sql: fieldName,
                    };
                } else if (['date', 'datetime'].includes(fieldType)) {
                    dimensions[fieldName] = {
                        name: fieldName,
                        label: fd.label || fieldName,
                        type: 'time',
                        sql: fieldName,
                        granularities: ['day', 'week', 'month', 'quarter', 'year'],
                    };
                } else if (['boolean'].includes(fieldType)) {
                    dimensions[fieldName] = {
                        name: fieldName,
                        label: fd.label || fieldName,
                        type: 'boolean',
                        sql: fieldName,
                    };
                } else {
                    // text, select, lookup, etc. → dimension
                    dimensions[fieldName] = {
                        name: fieldName,
                        label: fd.label || fieldName,
                        type: 'string',
                        sql: fieldName,
                    };
                }
            }

            cubes.push({
                name: schema.name,
                title: schema.label || schema.name,
                description: schema.description,
                sql: schema.name,
                measures,
                dimensions,
                public: true,
            });
        }

        return {
            success: true,
            data: { cubes },
        };
    }

    private mapAnalyticsOperator(op: string): string {
        const map: Record<string, string> = {
            equals: '$eq',
            notEquals: '$ne',
            contains: '$contains',
            notContains: '$notContains',
            gt: '$gt',
            gte: '$gte',
            lt: '$lt',
            lte: '$lte',
            set: '$ne',
            notSet: '$eq',
        };
        return map[op] || '$eq';
    }

    async triggerAutomation(_request: any): Promise<any> {
        throw new Error('triggerAutomation requires plugin-automation service. Install and register a plugin that provides the "automation" service.');
    }

    async deleteManyData(request: DeleteManyDataRequest): Promise<any> {
        // This expects deleting by IDs.
        return this.engine.delete(request.object, {
            where: { id: { $in: request.ids } },
            ...request.options
        });
    }

    /**
     * Metadata types that are customer-overridable via {@link saveMetaItem}/
     * {@link deleteMetaItem} in project-kernel mode. Derived from the canonical
     * registry in {@link DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY}: a type opts in by
     * setting `allowOrgOverride: true` on its registry entry. The set is
     * augmented with the plural form of every singular so callers using REST
     * conventions (`/api/v1/meta/views/...`) get the same gate. See ADR-0005
     * §"Whitelist enforcement" for the rationale and the per-type rollout
     * checklist.
     */
    private static readonly OVERLAY_ALLOWED_TYPES: ReadonlySet<string> = (() => {
        const out = new Set<string>();
        for (const entry of DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY) {
            if (!entry.allowOrgOverride) continue;
            out.add(entry.type);
            const plural = SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[entry.type];
            if (plural) out.add(plural);
        }
        return out;
    })();

    /**
     * Phase 3a-env-writable: parse `OS_METADATA_WRITABLE` once.
     * Comma-separated singular type names. When the env var is set, the
     * listed types get treated as `allowOrgOverride: true` regardless of
     * their static registry entry. This is the runtime escape hatch admins
     * use to enable Studio-side editing of types whose protocol-level flag
     * is still false (object, field, permission, …).
     *
     * Memoised at first call. Tests can override by clearing the cache via
     * {@link ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.resetEnvWritableCache}.
     */
    private static _envWritableTypes: Set<string> | null = null;
    private static envWritableTypes(): ReadonlySet<string> {
        if (this._envWritableTypes !== null) return this._envWritableTypes;
        const raw = readEnvWithDeprecation('OS_METADATA_WRITABLE', 'OBJECTSTACK_METADATA_WRITABLE') || '';
        const set = new Set<string>();
        for (const tok of raw.split(',')) {
            const t = tok.trim();
            if (!t) continue;
            const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[t] ?? t;
            set.add(singular);
            const plural = SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[singular];
            if (plural) set.add(plural);
        }
        this._envWritableTypes = set;
        return set;
    }

    /** Test hook — clear the memoised env-writable cache. */
    static resetEnvWritableCache(): void {
        this._envWritableTypes = null;
    }

    /**
     * Types that opt into runtime creation of brand-new items (ADR-0005
     * extension — two-tier model). A type may have
     * `allowOrgOverride: false` (cannot overlay artifact-shipped items)
     * yet still set `allowRuntimeCreate: true` (users can author new
     * items in `sys_metadata`). The two flags are orthogonal; see
     * {@link isArtifactBacked} for how the protocol decides which gate
     * applies to a given save/delete.
     */
    /**
     * Set of type names that have a static entry in
     * `DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY`. Anything outside this set is
     * runtime-registered (plugin-provided types like `theme`, `api`,
     * `connector`) — the listing endpoint at `getMetaTypes()` synthesises
     * those with `allowRuntimeCreate: true`, so this gate must agree.
     */
    private static readonly STATIC_REGISTRY_TYPES: ReadonlySet<string> = (() => {
        const out = new Set<string>();
        for (const entry of DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY) {
            out.add(entry.type);
            const plural = SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[entry.type];
            if (plural) out.add(plural);
        }
        return out;
    })();

    private static readonly RUNTIME_CREATE_ALLOWED_TYPES: ReadonlySet<string> = (() => {
        const out = new Set<string>();
        for (const entry of DEFAULT_METADATA_TYPE_REGISTRY) {
            if (!entry.allowRuntimeCreate) continue;
            out.add(entry.type);
            const plural = SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[entry.type];
            if (plural) out.add(plural);
        }
        return out;
    })();

    /** Normalize plural→singular before consulting the allow-list. */
    private static isOverlayAllowed(type: string): boolean {
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
        if (this.OVERLAY_ALLOWED_TYPES.has(singular)
            || this.OVERLAY_ALLOWED_TYPES.has(type)) {
            return true;
        }
        const env = this.envWritableTypes();
        return env.has(singular) || env.has(type);
    }

    /** Does this type permit creating brand-new (artifact-free) items? */
    private static isRuntimeCreateAllowed(type: string): boolean {
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
        if (this.RUNTIME_CREATE_ALLOWED_TYPES.has(singular)
            || this.RUNTIME_CREATE_ALLOWED_TYPES.has(type)) {
            return true;
        }
        // Runtime-registered types (no static registry entry) are
        // synthesised by getMetaTypes() with allowRuntimeCreate=true;
        // mirror that here so /api/v1/meta and PUT /api/v1/meta agree.
        if (!this.STATIC_REGISTRY_TYPES.has(singular)
            && !this.STATIC_REGISTRY_TYPES.has(type)) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Does an artifact (npm-package-loaded) item exist at `(type, name)`?
     *
     * The schema registry's `_packageId` tag is set only when
     * `registerItem(..., packageId)` is called with a truthy packageId
     * — and only artifact loaders do that. DB-rehydrated items
     * (sys_metadata rows registered back into the registry by
     * `getMetaItems` / `loadMetaFromDb`) call `registerItem` without a
     * packageId, so they carry no `_packageId` and are correctly
     * excluded here.
     *
     * Used by the two-tier authorization model to distinguish
     * "overlaying a packaged item" (requires `allowOrgOverride`) from
     * "authoring a DB-only item" (requires only `allowRuntimeCreate`).
     */
    private isArtifactBacked(type: string, name: string): boolean {
        // `lookupArtifactItem` only returns items whose `_packageId` marks a
        // genuine code package (the `'sys_metadata'` rehydration sentinel is
        // excluded), and — via `SchemaRegistry.getArtifactItem` — is immune
        // to plain-key shadows hydrated from overlay rows.
        return this.lookupArtifactItem(type, name) !== undefined;
    }

    // ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    // ADR-0010 — metadata protection (Phase 1: L3 item-level lock)
    // ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /**
     * Look up an item from the artifact registry across both the requested
     * type and its singular/plural twin. Returns `undefined` when the
     * registry is unavailable or the item is not artifact-backed.
     */
    private lookupArtifactItem(type: string, name: string, currentPackageId?: string): unknown {
        const registry = (this.engine as any)?.registry;
        if (!registry) return undefined;
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
        // Prefer the artifact-only lookup: it scans composite
        // (`<packageId>:<name>`) entries first, so an overlay row hydrated
        // into the plain key (getMetaItems / loadMetaFromDb) can never
        // shadow the packaged artifact's protection envelope (ADR-0010
        // §3.3 — pre-fix, that shadow made a `_lock: full` app read back
        // as unlocked after PUT+GET until restart). `currentPackageId`
        // (ADR-0048) makes that scan package-scoped (prefer-local).
        if (typeof registry.getArtifactItem === 'function') {
            return registry.getArtifactItem(singular, name, currentPackageId)
                ?? registry.getArtifactItem(type, name, currentPackageId);
        }
        // Partial registry mocks in tests — fall back to getItem and apply
        // the same package-provenance filter inline.
        if (typeof registry.getItem !== 'function') return undefined;
        const item = registry.getItem(singular, name, currentPackageId) ?? registry.getItem(type, name, currentPackageId);
        if (!item || !(item as any)._packageId || (item as any)._packageId === 'sys_metadata') {
            return undefined;
        }
        return item;
    }

    /**
     * True when `packageId` is a **writable base** — a DB-backed package an
     * org or the AI may author *new* metadata into (ADR-0070 D2). The two
     * read-only kinds return `false`:
     *
     *   • **Booted code packages** — they register a manifest into the engine
     *     at startup (`registerApp` → `engine.manifests`); their items are
     *     code-shipped artifacts. Only `allowOrgOverride` overlays are allowed
     *     (ADR-0005), never fresh authored items.
     *   • **Installed / platform packages** — manifest `scope` is `system` or
     *     `cloud` (marketplace / platform-delivered).
     *
     * A project-scoped DB package, or a bare ADR-0048 *authoring-workspace* id
     * with no registered manifest, is writable.
     *
     * NOTE: the code-package signal is the engine manifest map ONLY — we
     * deliberately do NOT fall back to "owns ≥1 registered object" (the old
     * `isLoadedPackage` heuristic). A writable base accrues registered objects
     * once its drafts publish, and that must never flip the base to read-only
     * — that is the exact #2252 read-only-after-publish trap this ADR removes.
     */
    private isWritablePackage(packageId: string | null | undefined): boolean {
        if (!packageId) return false;
        const engine = this.engine as any;
        // Booted code package → read-only artifact source.
        if (engine?.manifests?.has?.(packageId)) return false;
        // Installed / platform package → read-only by manifest scope.
        const scope = engine?.registry?.getPackage?.(packageId)?.manifest?.scope;
        if (scope === 'system' || scope === 'cloud') return false;
        // Project-scoped base, or unregistered authoring-workspace id → writable.
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Resolve the effective `_lock` for an item by consulting the
     * artifact registry first, then the persisted overlay row. Artifact
     * always wins — by design, an overlay cannot loosen a packaged
     * lock (ADR-0010 §3.3).
     *
     * Returns `'none'` when nothing is locked, which is the common
     * case. Safe to call when `environmentId` is undefined (control-
     * plane bootstrap) — the lock check is only meaningful in tenant
     * scope and the caller is expected to also gate on `environmentId`.
     */
    private async getEffectiveLock(
        type: string,
        name: string,
        organizationId: string | null | undefined,
    ): Promise<{
        lock: MetadataLock;
        lockReason: string | undefined;
        lockSource: 'artifact' | 'overlay' | undefined;
    }> {
        // 1. Artifact wins. `lookupArtifactItem` is shadow-immune: a
        //    sys_metadata overlay row hydrated into the registry's plain
        //    key cannot mask the packaged artifact's `_lock` envelope.
        const artifactItem = this.lookupArtifactItem(type, name) as any;
        if (artifactItem) {
            const p = extractProtection(artifactItem);
            if (p.lock !== 'none') {
                return { lock: p.lock, lockReason: p.lockReason, lockSource: 'artifact' };
            }
        }
        // 2. Overlay row.
        try {
            const where: Record<string, unknown> = {
                type,
                name,
                state: 'active',
                organization_id: organizationId ?? null,
            };
            const row = await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', { where });
            if (row) {
                const body = typeof row.metadata === 'string' ? JSON.parse(row.metadata) : row.metadata;
                const p = extractProtection(body);
                if (p.lock !== 'none') {
                    return { lock: p.lock, lockReason: p.lockReason, lockSource: 'overlay' };
                }
            }
        } catch {
            // DB unavailable — fall through to 'none'.
        }
        return { lock: 'none', lockReason: undefined, lockSource: undefined };
    }

    /**
     * Best-effort audit-row writer (ADR-0010 §3.6). Failures here are
     * logged but never block the underlying decision: an environment
     * without the audit table provisioned (legacy installs before this
     * ADR landed) still answers normal API calls, just without the
     * compliance trail. Phase 2 will make the audit table a hard
     * dependency.
     */
    private async recordMetadataAudit(entry: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string | null;
        operation: 'save' | 'publish' | 'rollback' | 'delete' | 'reset';
        outcome: 'allowed' | 'denied' | 'forced';
        code: string;
        lockState?: MetadataLock;
        lockOverridden?: boolean;
        actor?: string;
        source?: string;
        requestId?: string;
        note?: string;
    }): Promise<void> {
        try {
            await this.engine.insert('sys_metadata_audit', {
                occurred_at: new Date().toISOString(),
                actor: entry.actor ?? 'system',
                source: entry.source ?? 'protocol',
                type: PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[entry.type] ?? entry.type,
                name: entry.name,
                organization_id: entry.organizationId ?? null,
                operation: entry.operation,
                outcome: entry.outcome,
                code: entry.code,
                lock_state: entry.lockState ?? 'none',
                lock_overridden: entry.lockOverridden ?? false,
                request_id: entry.requestId ?? null,
                note: entry.note ?? null,
            } as any);
        } catch (err: any) {
            // Don't promote audit-table failures to API errors. Log so
            // operators can spot a misconfigured deployment.
            console.warn(
                `[Protocol] sys_metadata_audit write failed for ${entry.type}/${entry.name}: ${err?.message ?? err}`,
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * Phase 1 L3 enforcement for write operations (save / publish /
     * rollback). Returns null on allow. Returns the structured `Error`
     * the caller should `throw` on deny — also records the denial in
     * the audit log so refused attempts are visible in compliance
     * reports (refused writes never reach sys_metadata_history).
     */
    private async assertLockAllowsWrite(args: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        operation: 'save' | 'publish' | 'rollback';
        actor?: string;
        source?: string;
        requestId?: string;
    }): Promise<Error | null> {
        if (this.environmentId === undefined) return null;
        const state = await this.getEffectiveLock(args.type, args.name, args.organizationId ?? null);
        const refusal = evaluateLockForWrite(state.lock);
        if (!refusal) return null;
        const reason = state.lockReason ?? refusal.reason;
        const err = new Error(
            `[item_locked] ${args.type}/${args.name} is locked (_lock=${state.lock}${state.lockSource ? `, source=${state.lockSource}` : ''}). `
            + `${reason} — See ADR-0010 §3.3.`,
        );
        (err as any).code = 'item_locked';
        (err as any).status = 403;
        (err as any).lock = state.lock;
        (err as any).lockReason = reason;
        await this.recordMetadataAudit({
            type: args.type,
            name: args.name,
            organizationId: args.organizationId ?? null,
            operation: args.operation,
            outcome: 'denied',
            code: 'item_locked',
            lockState: state.lock,
            actor: args.actor,
            source: args.source ?? `protocol.${args.operation}MetaItem`,
            requestId: args.requestId,
            note: reason,
        });
        return err;
    }

    /** Counterpart of {@link assertLockAllowsWrite} for delete. */
    private async assertLockAllowsDelete(args: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
        source?: string;
        requestId?: string;
    }): Promise<Error | null> {
        if (this.environmentId === undefined) return null;
        const state = await this.getEffectiveLock(args.type, args.name, args.organizationId ?? null);
        const refusal = evaluateLockForDelete(state.lock);
        if (!refusal) return null;
        const reason = state.lockReason ?? refusal.reason;
        const err = new Error(
            `[item_locked] ${args.type}/${args.name} is locked (_lock=${state.lock}${state.lockSource ? `, source=${state.lockSource}` : ''}). `
            + `${reason} — See ADR-0010 §3.3.`,
        );
        (err as any).code = 'item_locked';
        (err as any).status = 403;
        (err as any).lock = state.lock;
        (err as any).lockReason = reason;
        await this.recordMetadataAudit({
            type: args.type,
            name: args.name,
            organizationId: args.organizationId ?? null,
            operation: 'delete',
            outcome: 'denied',
            code: 'item_locked',
            lockState: state.lock,
            actor: args.actor,
            source: args.source ?? 'protocol.deleteMetaItem',
            requestId: args.requestId,
            note: reason,
        });
        return err;
    }

    /**
     * Mirror an object-type overlay write into the in-memory engine
     * registry so subsequent CRUD finds the new schema. Idempotent and
     * safe to call after a successful persistence call. For the legacy
     * write path this is invoked BEFORE persistence (historical behavior
     * preserved); for the PR-10d.3 repository path it is invoked only
     * AFTER `put()` resolves successfully, so a failed write — DB error,
     * optimistic-lock conflict, validation failure — never leaks a
     * stale schema into the registry.
     */
    private applyObjectRegistryMutation(request: { type: string; name: string; item?: any }): void {
        if (request.type !== 'object' && request.type !== 'objects') return;
        this.engine.registry.registerItem(request.type, request.item, 'name');
        try {
            this.engine.registry.registerObject(request.item as any, 'sys_metadata');
        } catch (err: any) {
            console.warn(
                `[Protocol] registerObject failed for ${request.name}: ${err?.message ?? err}`,
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * Heal the in-memory registry after a metadata reset (overlay-row
     * delete) on control-plane kernels. Two layers:
     *
     *  1. Drop the plain-key runtime shadow so the packaged artifact
     *     (registered under `<packageId>:<name>`) becomes the visible
     *     value again. The shadow is written by the overlay-hydration
     *     paths (`getMetaItems` / `loadMetaFromDb`) and — pre-fix —
     *     survived the reset until restart, leaving stale overlay
     *     content (and a stripped `_lock` envelope) in every
     *     registry-direct read (ADR-0010 §3.3).
     *  2. When no composite-key artifact exists, fall back to the
     *     MetadataService baseline (FilesystemLoader-sourced types) and
     *     re-register it, preserving the historical refresh behaviour
     *     for items the SchemaRegistry never held as artifacts.
     *
     * Best-effort: a failure must never block the delete that already
     * succeeded; the next full reload fixes the registry anyway.
     */
    private async restoreArtifactRegistryView(type: string, name: string): Promise<void> {
        try {
            const registry: any = this.engine.registry;
            let healed = false;
            if (typeof registry.removeRuntimeShadow === 'function') {
                const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
                healed = registry.removeRuntimeShadow(singular, name);
                if (type !== singular) {
                    healed = registry.removeRuntimeShadow(type, name) || healed;
                }
            }
            if (healed) return;
            // MetadataService re-registration is control-plane-only — it
            // preserves the historical refresh semantics gated on
            // `environmentId === undefined` at the original call sites.
            if (this.environmentId !== undefined) return;
            const services = this.getServicesRegistry?.();
            const metadataService = services?.get('metadata');
            if (metadataService && typeof metadataService.get === 'function') {
                const artifactItem = await metadataService.get(type, name);
                if (artifactItem !== undefined) {
                    this.engine.registry.registerItem(type, artifactItem, 'name');
                }
            }
        } catch {
            // Best-effort registry refresh; next read fixes it anyway
        }
    }

    /**
     * Ensure a just-PUBLISHED object's physical table exists so it is usable
     * for data CRUD immediately — without a server restart. Registering the
     * object (above) only updates the in-memory registry; the table is created
     * by the driver's schema sync, which otherwise only runs at boot. Without
     * this, inserting into a freshly-published object fails with "no such
     * table" (surfaced as `object_not_found`) until the next restart.
     * Best-effort + non-fatal: drivers without DDL (or read-only datasources)
     * simply no-op, and a sync failure must not abort the publish.
     */
    private async ensureObjectStorage(type: string, name: string): Promise<void> {
        if (type !== 'object' && type !== 'objects') return;
        try {
            await this.engine.syncObjectSchema(name);
        } catch (err: any) {
            console.warn(`[Protocol] table sync failed for object '${name}': ${err?.message ?? err}`);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Inverse of {@link ensureObjectStorage}: drop an object's physical table.
     * DESTRUCTIVE — deletes the table and all its rows. Only invoked when a
     * delete explicitly opts into storage teardown (see {@link deleteMetaItem}'s
     * `dropStorage`), so publishing an object solely to preview it can be undone
     * without leaving an orphan table. Best-effort: a failure is logged, not
     * thrown — the metadata delete already succeeded, and a stray table is
     * reclaimed by the next sync/drop rather than blocking the delete.
     */
    private async dropObjectStorage(type: string, name: string): Promise<void> {
        if (type !== 'object' && type !== 'objects') return;
        try {
            await this.engine.dropObjectSchema(name);
        } catch (err: any) {
            console.warn(`[Protocol] table drop failed for object '${name}': ${err?.message ?? err}`);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Guard for storage teardown on delete. Drops a physical table only when
     * the caller opted in AND it is safe: object types only (others have no
     * table), active state only (drafts were never materialised), and never a
     * `sys_`-prefixed platform table.
     */
    private shouldDropStorage(type: string, name: string, dropStorage: boolean | undefined, state: 'active' | 'draft'): boolean {
        if (!dropStorage) return false;
        const singular = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[type] ?? type;
        if (singular !== 'object') return false;
        if (state !== 'active') return false;
        if (name.startsWith('sys_')) return false;
        return true;
    }

    async saveMetaItem(request: { type: string, name: string, item?: any, organizationId?: string, parentVersion?: string | null, actor?: string, force?: boolean, mode?: 'draft' | 'publish', packageId?: string | null }) {
        if (!request.item) {
            throw new Error('Item data is required');
        }
        // Per-item lifecycle (ADR-0005 §"Drafts"). Default is `'publish'`
        // (legacy semantics — save goes straight live) to keep callers
        // that predate the draft/publish split working. Studio's
        // designer surface opts into staged drafts by sending
        // `?mode=draft`; the `POST /publish` endpoint then promotes it.
        const mode: 'draft' | 'publish' = request.mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'publish';

        // ADR-0005 (extended — two-tier model): project-kernel customization is
        // gated by per-item provenance, not just the type-level flag.
        //
        //  • Item exists as a packaged artifact → require `allowOrgOverride`
        //    (writing here would overlay code-shipped behaviour; gated for
        //    security on executable types like hook/trigger/validation).
        //  • Item does NOT exist as an artifact → require `allowRuntimeCreate`
        //    OR `allowOrgOverride`. This lets users author brand-new hooks /
        //    validations / triggers without unlocking the artifact-shadowing
        //    capability. Returns `not_creatable` (vs `not_overridable`) so
        //    the UI can present a tailored message.
        if (this.environmentId !== undefined) {
            const overlayAllowed = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isOverlayAllowed(request.type);
            const runtimeCreateAllowed = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isRuntimeCreateAllowed(request.type);
            const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(request.type, request.name);
            if (artifactBacked && !overlayAllowed) {
                const err = new Error(
                    `[not_overridable] Metadata item '${request.type}/${request.name}' is provided by a code package `
                    + `and the type has not opted into per-org overlay writes (allowOrgOverride=false). `
                    + `Edit the source artifact and redeploy, or set OS_METADATA_WRITABLE to grant a runtime escape hatch. `
                    + `See docs/adr/0005-metadata-customization-overlay.md.`
                );
                (err as any).code = 'not_overridable';
                (err as any).status = 403;
                throw err;
            }
            if (!artifactBacked && !overlayAllowed && !runtimeCreateAllowed) {
                const err = new Error(
                    `[not_creatable] Metadata type '${request.type}' does not allow runtime creation `
                    + `(allowRuntimeCreate=false, allowOrgOverride=false). New items of this type must be defined in source code.`
                );
                (err as any).code = 'not_creatable';
                (err as any).status = 403;
                throw err;
            }

            // ADR-0010 L3 — per-item lock. Artifact `_lock` (or persisted
            // overlay `_lock`) blocks save independent of the L1 type-level
            // flag. Records the denial in `sys_metadata_audit` before
            // throwing so refused attempts are visible in compliance reports.
            const lockErr = await this.assertLockAllowsWrite({
                type: request.type,
                name: request.name,
                ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                operation: 'save',
                ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                source: 'protocol.saveMetaItem',
            });
            if (lockErr) throw lockErr;
        }

        // Phase 3a-destructive: for object/field writes, diff against the
        // current schema and 409 if the change would drop data — unless the
        // caller has acknowledged the risk with `force: true`. The admin UI
        // surfaces the structured `issues` payload in a confirmation dialog.
        const singularType = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        if (!request.force && (singularType === 'object' || singularType === 'field')) {
            try {
                const existing = await this.getMetaItem({
                    type: request.type,
                    name: request.name,
                    ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                } as any);
                const prev = (existing as any)?.item;
                if (prev) {
                    const issues = detectDestructiveObjectChanges(prev, request.item);
                    if (issues.length > 0) {
                        const summary = issues.slice(0, 3).map((i) => i.message).join('; ');
                        const err = new Error(
                            `[destructive_change] ${request.type}/${request.name} would drop or transform existing data: ${summary}`
                            + (issues.length > 3 ? ` (+${issues.length - 3} more)` : '')
                            + ` — re-submit with ?force=true to proceed.`
                        );
                        (err as any).code = 'destructive_change';
                        (err as any).status = 409;
                        (err as any).issues = issues;
                        throw err;
                    }
                }
            } catch (err: any) {
                if (err?.code === 'destructive_change') throw err;
                // Other errors during the diff lookup are non-fatal —
                // they just skip the safety check.
            }
        }

        // Defense-in-depth: reject the layered *read* envelope as a write body.
        //
        // `getMetaItemLayered` returns a 3-state diagnostic shape
        // `{ type, name, code, overlay, overlayScope, effective, ... }` for the
        // Studio designer's `?layers=true` GET. That envelope is NOT a metadata
        // body — but a designer surface that lacks a dedicated editor for a
        // given type can accidentally PUT the envelope straight back, which (if
        // the per-type Zod schema below is unavailable — e.g. a type with no
        // registered schema, or a stale `@objectstack/spec` build that predates
        // the type being added to the registry) would persist an all-null stub
        // and surface as a metadata diagnostic error in the admin UI. The
        // simultaneous presence of `code`, `overlay`, `overlayScope`, and
        // `effective` is unique to the layered envelope and never appears in a
        // real metadata body, so we reject it here regardless of type/schema.
        {
            const it = request.item as Record<string, unknown>;
            const looksLikeLayeredEnvelope =
                it && typeof it === 'object' && !Array.isArray(it)
                && 'code' in it && 'overlay' in it && 'overlayScope' in it && 'effective' in it;
            if (looksLikeLayeredEnvelope) {
                const err = new Error(
                    `[invalid_metadata] ${request.type}/${request.name}: the request body is a layered read `
                    + `envelope ({ code, overlay, overlayScope, effective }), not a metadata body. `
                    + `Unwrap and send the effective/overlay document instead — the layered shape is read-only `
                    + `(GET ?layers=true) and must never be persisted.`
                );
                (err as any).code = 'invalid_metadata';
                (err as any).status = 422;
                throw err;
            }
        }

        // Normalize loose `view` bodies to the canonical record shape BEFORE
        // validation + persistence, so no producer (AI tools, hand-authoring,
        // Studio) can persist a view that validates but the console can't bind
        // or render (missing top-level name/object/viewKind). The registry
        // entry this overlay will shadow supplies the missing identity fields
        // (#2555 — a console personalization PUT sends only the raw config).
        // See {@link normalizeViewMetadata}.
        {
            let baseline: unknown;
            if ((PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type) === 'view'
                && typeof this.engine.registry?.getItem === 'function') {
                const alt = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL[request.type];
                baseline = this.engine.registry.getItem(request.type, request.name)
                    ?? (alt ? this.engine.registry.getItem(alt, request.name) : undefined);
            }
            request.item = normalizeViewMetadata(request.type, request.item, request.name, baseline);
        }

        // Spec-conformance check: if a Zod schema is registered for this
        // overlay type (see OVERLAY_VALIDATION_SCHEMAS), validate the payload
        // before persisting. We surface invalid payloads as `422
        // invalid_metadata` with structured Zod issues so the Studio form can
        // highlight the offending field. The original `item` is kept verbatim
        // — `parsed.data` would strip Studio-only auxiliary fields (e.g.
        // isPinned, isDefault, sortOrder) that intentionally ride along with
        // the overlay document. ADR-0005 §"Validation".
        {
            const schema = resolveOverlaySchema(request.type, request.item);
            if (schema) {
                const parsed = schema.safeParse(request.item);
                if (!parsed.success) {
                    const issues = parsed.error.issues.map((i: z.ZodIssue) => ({
                        path: i.path.join('.'),
                        message: i.message,
                        code: i.code,
                    }));
                    const summary = issues.slice(0, 3)
                        .map((i: { path: string; message: string }) => `${i.path || '<root>'}: ${i.message}`)
                        .join('; ');
                    const err = new Error(
                        `[invalid_metadata] ${request.type}/${request.name} failed spec validation: ${summary}`
                        + (issues.length > 3 ? ` (+${issues.length - 3} more)` : '')
                    );
                    (err as any).code = 'invalid_metadata';
                    (err as any).status = 422;
                    (err as any).issues = issues;
                    throw err;
                }
            }
        }

        // Pre-persistence authoring gate (#3050): a domain plugin may veto the
        // body before it persists (throws propagate to the caller with their
        // status/code). Runs for BOTH draft and publish-mode saves, so a later
        // publishMetaItem promotes an already-gated body. Environment writes
        // only — control-plane bootstrap writes (environmentId undefined) are
        // the package author's own channel, mirroring the ADR-0005 gate above.
        if (this.environmentId !== undefined) {
            await this.runAuthoringGate({
                type: request.type,
                name: request.name,
                state: mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active',
                ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                body: request.item,
            });
        }

        // 1. Update the in-memory registry (runtime cache) ONLY for the
        //    `object` type — schema definitions feed engine.syncSchema and
        //    must be reflected immediately for CRUD to work. For all other
        //    metadata types (view, dashboard, ...) we deliberately do NOT
        //    mutate the artifact-loaded registry — sys_metadata is the
        //    authoritative overlay store and `getMetaItem` consults it
        //    first (ADR-0005). Mutating the registry here would create a
        //    "stale overlay" hazard: `deleteMetaItem` cannot restore the
        //    original artifact value because it was overwritten in-place.
        // 1. (deferred) — Object-type runtime-registry mutation used to happen
        //    here unconditionally. Moved to AFTER successful persistence
        //    (PR-10d.3 rubber-duck #3): a failed put() — DB error, optimistic
        //    conflict, validation — must not leave a stale object schema in
        //    the in-memory registry. See `applyObjectRegistryMutation` below.

        // 2. Persist to sys_metadata as a customization overlay row.
        //    ADR-0005 (revised 2026-05): isolation key is `organization_id`
        //    (each env = its own DB, so environment_id is redundant). Org-scoped
        //    rows belong to the active organization in the request; env-wide
        //    overlays are written with organization_id = NULL.
        await this.ensureOverlayIndex();

        // ADR-0008 — overlay-allowed metadata types ALWAYS route through the
        // repository write path: every mutation appends to the change log
        // and emits a watch event with a monotonic `seq` (which Studio /
        // browser clients consume for HMR). Non-overlay-allowed types
        // (`object`, `flow`, `agent`, ...) take the legacy raw-engine path
        // below — this preserves the control-plane bootstrap semantic where
        // `saveMetaItem` is permitted by the outer protocol gate to write
        // any metadata type when `environmentId` is undefined (the repository's
        // `assertAllowed()` would 403 those writes).
        //
        // PR-10d.6 (this PR) removed the `useRepositoryWritePath` flag.
        // For overlay-allowed types the repo path is no longer opt-out-able.
        //
        // Callers that omit `parentVersion` get backward-compatible
        // "last-write-wins" semantics: we read the current row's checksum
        // and use it as the parent, so the conflict check tautologically
        // passes (best-effort — racy under concurrent writes; explicit
        // optimistic-lock is opt-in via `parentVersion`).
        // Callers that pass an explicit `parentVersion` (e.g. Studio after
        // reading an item) get true optimistic-lock conflict detection
        // surfaced as a 409.
        const singularTypeForRepo = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        const overlayAllowedForRepo = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isOverlayAllowed(singularTypeForRepo);
        const runtimeCreateAllowedForRepo = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isRuntimeCreateAllowed(singularTypeForRepo);
        const useRepoPath = overlayAllowedForRepo || runtimeCreateAllowedForRepo;
        if (useRepoPath) {
            const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(singularTypeForRepo, request.name);
            const intent: 'override-artifact' | 'runtime-only' = artifactBacked
                ? 'override-artifact'
                : 'runtime-only';
            // D1 (ADR-0070) — a brand-new, DB-only ("runtime-only") metadata
            // item MUST resolve to a WRITABLE base. Binding it to a read-only
            // code/installed package makes it read back as "code-provided" and
            // lock read-only after publish (the #2252 bug). We used to silently
            // coerce such a binding to `null`, but that scattered orphans into a
            // package-less bucket with no container to delete; ADR-0070 replaces
            // the coercion with an actionable rejection so the authoring surface
            // (Studio / AI) redirects the user to pick or create a base first.
            //
            // Left untouched (the binding survives):
            //   • `override-artifact` writes — an org overlay OF a packaged item
            //     must keep pointing at the package it customizes (ADR-0005).
            //   • a project-scoped base, or a bare ADR-0048 authoring-workspace
            //     id — both are writable; `isWritablePackage` returns true.
            // A `null` packageId is still accepted here (legacy org-overlay
            // destination); ADR-0070 D5 retires it once the surfaces always
            // resolve a base and the orphan migration has run.
            if (
                intent === 'runtime-only' &&
                request.packageId != null &&
                !this.isWritablePackage(request.packageId)
            ) {
                // Surfaced verbatim as a console toast — keep the sentence
                // user-actionable; the ADR pointer lives in `docs` below.
                const err = new Error(
                    `[writable_package_required] Cannot save ${singularTypeForRepo}/${request.name}: `
                    + `the package '${request.packageId}' is read-only (provided by code or an installed app). `
                    + `Switch to a writable package in the package selector, or create a new one, and retry.`,
                );
                (err as any).code = 'writable_package_required';
                (err as any).status = 422;
                (err as any).packageId = request.packageId;
                (err as any).docs = 'docs/adr/0070-package-first-authoring.md';
                throw err;
            }
            const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
            const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
            const ref = {
                type: singularTypeForRepo,
                name: request.name,
                org: orgId ?? 'env',
            } as Parameters<typeof repo.put>[0];
            let parentVersion: string | null;
            if (request.parentVersion !== undefined) {
                parentVersion = request.parentVersion;
            } else {
                // Parent is scoped to the lifecycle we're about to write:
                // a draft's parent is the current draft hash (or null
                // for the first draft); a publish's parent is the
                // current published hash. ADR-0048 — scope to the same
                // package the upsert targets so a collision's other-package
                // row is never read as this item's parent.
                const current = await repo.get(ref, {
                    state: mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active',
                    packageId: request.packageId ?? null,
                });
                parentVersion = current?.hash ?? null;
            }
            try {
                const result = await repo.put(ref, request.item, {
                    parentVersion,
                    actor: request.actor ?? 'system',
                    source: 'protocol.saveMetaItem',
                    intent,
                    state: mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active',
                    ...(request.packageId !== undefined ? { packageId: request.packageId } : {}),
                });
                // Persistence succeeded — NOW it's safe to mutate the
                // in-memory object registry. If put() had thrown, the
                // registry would still reflect the prior state. Drafts
                // are NOT live: don't propagate them into the runtime
                // object registry (would defeat the staging buffer).
                if (mode === 'publish') {
                    this.applyObjectRegistryMutation(request);
                    await this.ensureObjectStorage(request.type, request.name);
                }
                // ADR-0010 — success audit (best-effort).
                await this.recordMetadataAudit({
                    type: request.type,
                    name: request.name,
                    organizationId: orgId,
                    operation: 'save',
                    outcome: 'allowed',
                    code: 'ok',
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                    source: 'protocol.saveMetaItem',
                    note: mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active',
                });
                // [ADR-0094] Awaited projection BEFORE the fire-and-forget
                // listeners: a derived read-model (e.g. sys_permission_set)
                // is already consistent when this save returns.
                const projectionApplied = await this.runMutationProjector({
                    type: singularTypeForRepo,
                    name: request.name,
                    state: mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active',
                    organizationId: orgId,
                    body: request.item,
                });
                this.emitMetadataMutation({
                    type: singularTypeForRepo,
                    name: request.name,
                    state: mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active',
                    organizationId: orgId,
                });
                return {
                    success: true,
                    version: result.version,
                    seq: result.seq,
                    ...(projectionApplied ? { projectionApplied } : {}),
                    state: mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active',
                    message: orgId
                        ? `Saved customization overlay (org=${orgId}, state=${mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active'}) — type=${request.type}, name=${request.name} [seq=${result.seq}]`
                        : `Saved customization overlay (env-wide, state=${mode === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active'}) — type=${request.type}, name=${request.name} [seq=${result.seq}]`,
                };
            } catch (err: any) {
                if (err instanceof ConflictError) {
                    const conflict = new Error(
                        `[metadata_conflict] ${request.type}/${request.name} has been modified since you loaded it. `
                        + `Expected parent ${err.expectedParent ?? 'null'} but current is ${err.actualHead ?? 'null'}.`,
                    );
                    (conflict as any).code = 'metadata_conflict';
                    (conflict as any).status = 409;
                    (conflict as any).expectedParent = err.expectedParent;
                    (conflict as any).actualHead = err.actualHead;
                    throw conflict;
                }
                throw err;
            }
        }

        // Legacy raw-engine path — taken when the type is NOT overlay-allowed
        // (control-plane bootstrap of `object`/`flow`/etc. when `environmentId` is
        // undefined). This branch is intentionally retained: the repository
        // write path's `assertAllowed()` would 403 these types. There is no
        // change-log / HMR machinery for non-overlay metadata because
        // control-plane mutations are bootstrap-only and not subject to
        // per-org overlay semantics.
        //
        // Note: the registry mutation for the legacy path happens BEFORE
        // persistence (preserved historical behaviour). The overlay-allowed
        // path moved it to AFTER persistence in PR-10d.3 (rubber-duck #3).
        this.applyObjectRegistryMutation(request);

        try {
            const now = new Date().toISOString();
            const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
            const scopedWhere: Record<string, unknown> = {
                type: request.type,
                name: request.name,
                organization_id: orgId,
                state: 'active',
            };
            const existing = await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                where: scopedWhere,
            });

            if (existing) {
                const updateRow: Record<string, unknown> = {
                    metadata: JSON.stringify(request.item),
                    updated_at: now,
                    version: (existing.version || 0) + 1,
                    state: 'active',
                };
                // Preserve an existing non-null package binding; only fill when
                // unset (mirror of SysMetadataRepository.put semantics).
                const existingPkg = (existing as { package_id?: string | null }).package_id ?? null;
                const nextPkg = existingPkg ?? request.packageId ?? null;
                if (nextPkg !== null) updateRow.package_id = nextPkg;
                await this.engine.update('sys_metadata', updateRow, {
                    where: { id: existing.id }
                });
            } else {
                // Use crypto.randomUUID() when available (modern browsers and Node ≥ 14.17);
                // fall back to a time+random ID for older or restricted environments.
                const id = typeof crypto !== 'undefined' && typeof crypto.randomUUID === 'function'
                    ? crypto.randomUUID()
                    : `meta_${Date.now()}_${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
                const row: Record<string, unknown> = {
                    id,
                    name: request.name,
                    type: request.type,
                    // `scope` enum is ['system','platform','user']; per-org
                    // overlays use 'platform' as the informational tag. The
                    // authoritative isolation key is `organization_id`.
                    scope: 'platform',
                    metadata: JSON.stringify(request.item),
                    state: 'active',
                    version: 1,
                    created_at: now,
                    updated_at: now,
                    organization_id: orgId,
                };
                if (request.packageId) row.package_id = request.packageId;
                await this.engine.insert('sys_metadata', row);
            }

            this.emitMetadataMutation({
                type: PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type,
                name: request.name,
                state: 'active',
                organizationId: orgId,
            });
            return {
                success: true,
                message: orgId
                    ? `Saved customization overlay (org=${orgId}) — type=${request.type}, name=${request.name}`
                    : `Saved customization overlay (env-wide) — type=${request.type}, name=${request.name}`,
            };
        } catch (dbError: any) {
            // DB write failed — surface as an error rather than silently
            // succeeding (regression from the pre-ADR-0005 "silent loss" bug).
            console.error(
                `[Protocol] sys_metadata persistence failed for ${request.type}/${request.name}: ${dbError.message}`,
            );
            const err = new Error(
                `Failed to persist customization overlay to sys_metadata: ${dbError.message}. `
                + `In-memory registry was updated but will be lost on restart.`,
            );
            (err as any).code = 'overlay_persistence_failed';
            (err as any).status = 500;
            throw err;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Yield the durable change-log for a single metadata item — every
     * put/delete recorded in `sys_metadata_history` for `(org, type, name)`,
     * in event_seq order. Powers the Studio "History" tab and any
     * client-side audit timeline.
     *
     * Returns `[]` for non-overlay-allowed types (the legacy raw-engine
     * path doesn't record history) instead of throwing — callers can treat
     * "no history" uniformly.
     */
    async historyMetaItem(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        sinceSeq?: number;
        limit?: number;
    }): Promise<{ events: import('@objectstack/metadata-core').MetadataEvent[] }> {
        const singularType = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        if (!ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isOverlayAllowed(singularType)
            && !ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isRuntimeCreateAllowed(singularType)) {
            return { events: [] };
        }
        const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const ref = {
            type: singularType,
            name: request.name,
            org: orgId ?? 'env',
        } as Parameters<typeof repo.history>[0];

        const events: import('@objectstack/metadata-core').MetadataEvent[] = [];
        const opts: { sinceSeq?: number; limit?: number } = {};
        if (request.sinceSeq !== undefined) opts.sinceSeq = request.sinceSeq;
        if (request.limit !== undefined) opts.limit = request.limit;
        for await (const ev of repo.history(ref, opts)) events.push(ev);
        return { events };
    }

    /**
     * Promote the pending draft overlay to the live (`active`) row.
     * Records a history event with `op='publish'`. 404 (`[no_draft]`)
     * when there is nothing to publish.
     */
    async publishMetaItem(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
        message?: string;
        /**
         * INTERNAL — `publishPackageDrafts` publishes many drafts and batch-applies
         * every seed body in ONE loader pass afterwards (cross-seed references need
         * multi-pass over the whole set), so it suppresses the per-item apply here.
         */
        _skipSeedApply?: boolean;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        version: string;
        seq: number;
        message?: string;
        /**
         * Present when a `seed` draft was published: the result of materializing
         * its rows. Publishing the metadata ALWAYS succeeds independently — a
         * seed-load problem is surfaced here, never thrown, so callers (and UIs)
         * must check `seedApplied.success` instead of assuming data went live.
         */
        seedApplied?: {
            success: boolean;
            inserted: number;
            updated: number;
            error?: string;
            errors?: unknown[];
        };
        /**
         * Present when a publish-time materializer is registered for this type
         * (ADR-0086 P2 — e.g. `permission` → `sys_permission_set`): the result
         * of projecting the published body into its data-plane row. Best-effort,
         * same contract as `seedApplied` — surfaced, never thrown.
         */
        materializeApplied?: PublishMaterializeResult;
    }> {
        const { singularType, orgId, result } = await this.promoteDraftForPublish(request);
        const response: {
            success: boolean;
            version: string;
            seq: number;
            message?: string;
            seedApplied?: { success: boolean; inserted: number; updated: number; error?: string; errors?: unknown[] };
            materializeApplied?: PublishMaterializeResult;
            projectionApplied?: MutationProjectionOutcome;
        } = {
            success: true,
            version: result.version,
            seq: result.seq,
            message: `Published draft — type=${request.type}, name=${request.name} [seq=${result.seq}]`,
        };
        const effects = await this.runPublishSideEffects({
            singularType,
            requestType: request.type,
            name: request.name,
            orgId,
            body: result.item.body,
            packageId: result.packageId,
            ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
            skipSeedApply: !!request._skipSeedApply,
        });
        if (effects.seedApplied) response.seedApplied = effects.seedApplied;
        if (effects.materializeApplied) response.materializeApplied = effects.materializeApplied;
        if (effects.projectionApplied) response.projectionApplied = effects.projectionApplied;
        return response;
    }

    /**
     * Phase 1 of a publish (ADR-0067 D2) — guards + draft promotion,
     * METADATA WRITES ONLY: the draftable gate, the ADR-0010 lock check, and
     * `repo.promoteDraft` (active-row put + draft delete), with
     * optimistic-lock conflicts translated to `metadata_conflict`. Contains
     * NO side effects, so a batch caller (`publishPackageDrafts`) can run
     * many promotions inside ONE `engine.transaction()` and roll them ALL
     * back together — the "a commit cannot half-land" invariant.
     * `publishMetaItem` composes it with {@link runPublishSideEffects} for
     * the single-item path.
     */
    private async promoteDraftForPublish(request: {
        type: string; name: string; organizationId?: string; actor?: string; message?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        singularType: string;
        orgId: string | null;
        result: { version: string; seq: number; item: MetadataItem; packageId: string | null };
    }> {
        const singularType = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        if (!ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isOverlayAllowed(singularType)
            && !ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isRuntimeCreateAllowed(singularType)) {
            const err: any = new Error(
                `[not_overridable] Metadata type '${request.type}' is not draftable — no overlay/runtime-create permission.`,
            );
            err.code = 'not_overridable';
            err.status = 403;
            throw err;
        }
        // ADR-0010 L3 — lock blocks publish too (publishing is a write).
        const _publishLockErr = await this.assertLockAllowsWrite({
            type: request.type,
            name: request.name,
            ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
            operation: 'publish',
            ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
            source: 'protocol.publishMetaItem',
        });
        if (_publishLockErr) throw _publishLockErr;
        await this.ensureOverlayIndex();
        const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(singularType, request.name);
        const intent: 'override-artifact' | 'runtime-only' = artifactBacked
            ? 'override-artifact' : 'runtime-only';
        const ref = {
            type: singularType,
            name: request.name,
            org: orgId ?? 'env',
        } as Parameters<typeof repo.promoteDraft>[0];
        try {
            const result = await repo.promoteDraft(ref, {
                actor: request.actor ?? 'system',
                source: 'protocol.publishMetaItem',
                ...(request.message ? { message: request.message } : {}),
                intent,
            });
            return { singularType, orgId, result };
        } catch (err: any) {
            if (err instanceof ConflictError) {
                const conflict: any = new Error(
                    `[metadata_conflict] ${request.type}/${request.name} published row advanced while you held the draft. `
                    + `Expected parent ${err.expectedParent ?? 'null'} but current is ${err.actualHead ?? 'null'}.`,
                );
                conflict.code = 'metadata_conflict';
                conflict.status = 409;
                conflict.expectedParent = err.expectedParent;
                conflict.actualHead = err.actualHead;
                throw conflict;
            }
            throw err;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Phase 2 of a publish (ADR-0067 D2) — the post-promotion side effects:
     * runtime object-registry refresh, table DDL, single-item seed apply,
     * the ADR-0086 P2 publish materializer, the ADR-0094 awaited projector,
     * and the mutation event. Everything here is (a) non-transactional by
     * nature (DDL cannot run inside the driver transaction; the registry is
     * in-memory; projections are best-effort) and (b) healed by boot
     * reconciliation when it fails — which is why a batch publish runs it
     * AFTER the metadata transaction commits: side effects can self-heal, a
     * half-landed metadata batch cannot (the ADR-0094 lesson).
     */
    private async runPublishSideEffects(args: {
        singularType: string;
        requestType: string;
        name: string;
        orgId: string | null;
        body: unknown;
        packageId: string | null;
        actor?: string;
        skipSeedApply?: boolean;
    }): Promise<{
        seedApplied?: { success: boolean; inserted: number; updated: number; error?: string; errors?: unknown[] };
        materializeApplied?: PublishMaterializeResult;
        projectionApplied?: MutationProjectionOutcome;
    }> {
        const out: {
            seedApplied?: { success: boolean; inserted: number; updated: number; error?: string; errors?: unknown[] };
            materializeApplied?: PublishMaterializeResult;
            projectionApplied?: MutationProjectionOutcome;
        } = {};
        // Drafts skipped the registry mutation; on publish we now refresh the
        // runtime object registry so live behaviour catches up immediately
        // (matches saveMetaItem's post-persistence registry update path).
        this.applyObjectRegistryMutation({
            type: args.requestType,
            name: args.name,
            item: args.body,
        });
        // Create the object's table now so it's CRUD-able without a restart.
        await this.ensureObjectStorage(args.requestType, args.name);
        // Publishing a `seed` is what makes its rows live — materialize them
        // NOW (best-effort, never fails the publish) so every publish path
        // (per-ref REST publish, the home banner, package publish-drafts)
        // lands data, not just metadata. The body is already in hand from
        // the promote — no read-back, so no org-scope resolution pitfalls.
        if (args.singularType === 'seed' && !args.skipSeedApply) {
            out.seedApplied = await this.applySeedBodies([args.body], args.orgId);
        }
        // Publish-time materializer (ADR-0086 P2): project the published body
        // into its data-plane row (e.g. `permission` → `sys_permission_set`
        // with `managed_by:'package'`). Unlike seeds this needs no batch
        // ordering — permission sets carry no cross-item references — so it
        // runs on every publish path, package-draft batch included. The
        // owning `package_id` rides on the draft's binding, so a package-door
        // set materializes under the right owner.
        const materializer = this.publishMaterializers.get(args.singularType);
        if (materializer) {
            try {
                out.materializeApplied = await materializer({
                    body: args.body,
                    packageId: args.packageId,
                    organizationId: args.orgId,
                    actor: args.actor ?? 'system',
                });
            } catch (e: any) {
                out.materializeApplied = {
                    success: false, inserted: 0, updated: 0,
                    error: e?.message ?? 'materialize failed',
                };
            }
        }
        // [ADR-0094] Awaited projection: runs AFTER the package-door
        // materializer (which stamps package provenance) so the projector
        // sees final record state; refuses/no-ops per its own rules.
        const publishProjection = await this.runMutationProjector({
            type: args.singularType,
            name: args.name,
            state: 'active',
            organizationId: args.orgId,
            body: args.body,
        });
        if (publishProjection) out.projectionApplied = publishProjection;
        this.emitMetadataMutation({
            type: args.singularType,
            name: args.name,
            state: 'active',
            organizationId: args.orgId,
        });
        return out;
    }

    /**
     * Materialize published `seed` bodies into data rows via the SeedLoaderService
     * (externalId-keyed upsert, multi-pass for cross-seed references). Passing ALL
     * of a publish's seed bodies in ONE call lets a child seed reference a parent
     * seed's rows regardless of publish order. Best-effort: any failure is
     * returned, never thrown — publishing metadata must not be blocked by a data
     * problem, but the caller surfaces `seedApplied` so the failure is LOUD.
     */
    private async applySeedBodies(
        bodies: unknown[],
        organizationId: string | null,
    ): Promise<{ success: boolean; inserted: number; updated: number; error?: string; errors?: unknown[] }> {
        try {
            const seeds = bodies.filter(
                (b: any) => b && typeof b.object === 'string' && Array.isArray(b.records),
            );
            if (seeds.length === 0) {
                return { success: false, inserted: 0, updated: 0, error: 'seed apply: no readable seed bodies' };
            }
            const { SeedLoaderService } = await import('./seed-loader.js');
            const { SeedLoaderRequestSchema } = await import('@objectstack/spec/data');
            // The loader only needs `getObject` from IMetadataService (dependency
            // graph + field introspection); satisfy it from the protocol's own
            // metadata reads so no kernel service lookup is required.
            const metadataAdapter = {
                getObject: async (name: string) => {
                    const wrapper: any = await (this as any).getMetaItem({
                        type: 'object',
                        name,
                        ...(organizationId ? { organizationId } : {}),
                    });
                    return wrapper?.item ?? wrapper ?? null;
                },
            };
            const loader = new SeedLoaderService(
                this.engine as any,
                metadataAdapter as any,
                console as any,
            );
            const request = SeedLoaderRequestSchema.parse({
                seeds,
                config: {
                    defaultMode: 'upsert',
                    multiPass: true,
                    ...(organizationId ? { organizationId } : {}),
                },
            });
            const r = await loader.load(request);
            return {
                success: r.success,
                inserted: r.summary.totalInserted,
                updated: r.summary.totalUpdated,
                ...(r.errors?.length ? { errors: r.errors } : {}),
            };
        } catch (e: any) {
            return { success: false, inserted: 0, updated: 0, error: e?.message ?? 'seed apply failed' };
        }
    }

    /**
     * List pending DRAFT metadata (ADR-0033) for the org, optionally narrowed
     * by `packageId` and/or `type`. The list reads of `getMetaItems` only see
     * the ACTIVE registry; this exposes what an AI authored but a human hasn't
     * published yet, so the console can show a "pending changes" surface and a
     * just-built app package isn't displayed as empty. No body is returned.
     */
    async listDrafts(request?: {
        packageId?: string;
        type?: string;
        organizationId?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        drafts: Array<{
            type: string;
            name: string;
            organizationId: string | null;
            packageId: string | null;
            updatedAt: string | null;
            updatedBy: string | null;
        }>;
    }> {
        await this.ensureOverlayIndex();
        const orgId = request?.organizationId ?? null;
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const drafts = await repo.listDrafts({
            ...(request?.type ? { type: PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type } : {}),
            ...(request?.packageId ? { packageId: request.packageId } : {}),
        });
        return { drafts };
    }

    /**
     * Publish every pending DRAFT bound to a package in one shot (ADR-0033) —
     * the "publish whole app" action. Promotes each draft→active by reusing the
     * per-item {@link publishMetaItem} primitive (which runs the overridable /
     * lock guards and refreshes the runtime registry), so this needs NO
     * `metadata` service (unlike `MetadataService.publishPackage`, which reads
     * the in-memory registry and 503s when that service is absent). Per-item
     * failures are collected and do NOT abort the rest.
     */
    async publishPackageDrafts(request: {
        packageId: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
        /** ADR-0067 — commit message (for AI turns: the user's instruction). */
        message?: string;
        /** ADR-0067 — AI model that authored the turn (absent for human/CLI). */
        aiModel?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        publishedCount: number;
        failedCount: number;
        published: Array<{ type: string; name: string; version: string }>;
        failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string }>;
        /** Aggregate result of materializing every published `seed` (absent when no seeds). */
        seedApplied?: { success: boolean; inserted: number; updated: number; error?: string; errors?: unknown[] };
        /**
         * ADR-0086 P2 — aggregate result of publish-time materializers across the
         * batch (e.g. `permission` → `sys_permission_set`). Absent when no
         * published item had a registered materializer. `failures` names each
         * item whose projection did NOT land (e.g. a permission-set name owned by
         * the env door or another package) so the caller surfaces it instead of
         * reporting a clean publish over a set that never went live.
         */
        materializeApplied?: {
            success: boolean;
            inserted: number;
            updated: number;
            failures: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string }>;
        };
        /**
         * ADR-0038 L3 — post-publish runtime probe report (absent when nothing
         * was publishable). One real read per published artifact: seeded
         * objects must have rows, views must be readable, dashboard widgets'
         * dataset selections must execute and return data. `issues` carries
         * BuildIssue-shaped findings (layer 'runtime') for the agent / chat
         * health surfaces; probes never fail the publish itself.
         */
        probes?: import('./build-probes.js').BuildProbeReport;
        /** ADR-0067 — id of the commit this publish recorded (absent if nothing published). */
        commitId?: string;
    }> {
        await this.ensureOverlayIndex();
        const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const drafts = await repo.listDrafts({ packageId: request.packageId });

        // Runtime enforcement of the package namespace-prefix rule (ADR-0028
        // current-state contract). `defineStack` enforces this at compile time,
        // but Studio-authored packages never take that path — so a bare,
        // collision-prone object name (`ticket` instead of `leave_ticket`)
        // could publish unchecked. Read the package's DECLARED namespace and
        // reject any object draft missing the `<ns>_` prefix BEFORE promoting
        // anything — the publish is atomic, so one bad name fails the whole
        // batch with an actionable message. Like `defineStack`, we do NOT
        // invent a prefix here when the package declares no namespace (legacy
        // packages are grandfathered); the default is derived+persisted once at
        // install time (`installPackage`), so real Studio packages always have
        // one by the time they publish.
        const pkgNamespace = this.engine?.registry?.getPackage?.(request.packageId)?.manifest?.namespace;
        if (pkgNamespace) {
            const nsViolations: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code: string }> = [];
            for (const d of drafts) {
                if (d.type !== 'object') continue;
                const err = validateObjectNamespacePrefix(d.name, pkgNamespace);
                if (err) nsViolations.push({ type: d.type, name: d.name, error: err, code: 'NAMESPACE_PREFIX' });
            }
            if (nsViolations.length > 0) {
                return {
                    success: false,
                    publishedCount: 0,
                    failedCount: nsViolations.length,
                    published: [],
                    failed: nsViolations,
                };
            }
        }

        const published: Array<{ type: string; name: string; version: string }> = [];
        const failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string; issues?: Array<{ path: string; message: string; code?: string }> }> = [];

        // Structure first, seeds LAST — a seed's rows can only land after its
        // object's table exists (publishMetaItem creates it). Within the seeds we
        // batch-apply every body in ONE loader pass below (multi-pass reference
        // resolution across the whole set), so per-item apply is suppressed.
        const ordered = [
            ...drafts.filter((d) => d.type !== 'seed'),
            ...drafts.filter((d) => d.type === 'seed'),
        ];
        const seedBodies: unknown[] = [];

        // ADR-0067 — capture each artifact's PRE-publish state so this turn can
        // be recorded as ONE revertible commit. existedBefore=false → the commit
        // creates it (revert = soft-remove); true → it edits an existing artifact
        // (revert = restoreVersion(prevVersion)). Best-effort: a capture failure
        // just omits that item from the revert plan, never blocks the publish.
        const commitItems: Array<{ type: string; name: string; existedBefore: boolean; prevVersion: number | null }> = [];
        for (const d of ordered) {
            try {
                // Read the pre-publish active row in the draft's OWN scope
                // (env-wide drafts have env-wide active rows). Using the
                // request's active org here would miss an env-wide edit and
                // mis-record it as a create in the revert plan (#3115).
                const activeRow = (await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', {
                    where: { organization_id: d.organizationId ?? null, type: d.type, name: d.name, state: 'active' },
                })) as { version?: number } | null;
                commitItems.push({
                    type: d.type,
                    name: d.name,
                    existedBefore: !!activeRow,
                    prevVersion: activeRow && typeof activeRow.version === 'number' ? activeRow.version : null,
                });
            } catch {
                commitItems.push({ type: d.type, name: d.name, existedBefore: false, prevVersion: null });
            }
        }
        const publishedSeqs: number[] = [];
        // ADR-0086 P2 — accumulate each item's publish-time materialization so a
        // batch package publish surfaces a permission set that failed to go live
        // (owned by the env door / another package), not just a clean count.
        const materialize = { any: false, inserted: 0, updated: 0, failures: [] as Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string }> };

        // ═══ Phase 1 — ATOMIC metadata writes (ADR-0067 D2) ═══
        // Every draft promotion AND the sys_metadata_commit record run inside
        // ONE engine transaction: any failure rolls ALL of them back — "a
        // commit cannot half-land". Nested repository writes JOIN this
        // transaction via the engine's ambient-tx join (a nested begin would
        // deadlock single-connection pools), and side effects are deliberately
        // deferred to Phase 2: DDL cannot run inside the driver transaction,
        // in-memory registry mutations cannot roll back, and projections /
        // probes are healed by boot reconciliation — side effects can
        // self-heal, a half-landed metadata batch cannot (the ADR-0094
        // lesson). Engines without `transaction()` (memory driver, minimal
        // stubs) fall through to a plain sequential run with the same weaker
        // guarantee the repository's `withTxn` documents.
        type PromotedDraft = {
            d: { type: string; name: string };
            singularType: string;
            body: unknown;
            packageId: string | null;
            version: string;
            seq: number;
        };
        const promoted: PromotedDraft[] = [];
        // (assigned inside the transaction closure — keep the wide type)
        let commit = null as { commitId: string } | null;
        const inTxn: <T>(cb: () => Promise<T>) => Promise<T> =
            typeof (this.engine as { transaction?: unknown })?.transaction === 'function'
                ? (cb) => (this.engine as unknown as { transaction: <R>(fn: () => Promise<R>) => Promise<R> }).transaction(() => cb())
                : (cb) => cb();
        try {
            await inTxn(async () => {
                for (const d of ordered) {
                    try {
                        // Promote each draft in the scope `listDrafts` surfaced
                        // it from (#3115). Studio/package authoring writes the
                        // draft env-wide (`organization_id = NULL`) while the
                        // publishing session may carry a non-null active org;
                        // `listDrafts` includes those env-wide rows via its `$or`,
                        // so the promote MUST target the draft's own org or it
                        // 404s (`no_draft`) on a row it can never match.
                        const draftOrgId = d.organizationId ?? null;
                        if (d.type === 'seed') {
                            // Capture the body BEFORE promote (the draft row is
                            // deleted by the promote, and a post-publish read-back
                            // has org-scope resolution pitfalls — reading the
                            // draft is unambiguous). Read from the draft's own
                            // scope, not the request's active org.
                            const seedRepo = this.getOverlayRepo(draftOrgId);
                            const ref = { type: d.type, name: d.name, org: draftOrgId ?? 'env' } as unknown as Parameters<typeof seedRepo.get>[0];
                            const draft = await seedRepo.get(ref, { state: 'draft' });
                            if (draft?.body) seedBodies.push(draft.body);
                        }
                        const { singularType, result } = await this.promoteDraftForPublish({
                            type: d.type,
                            name: d.name,
                            ...(draftOrgId ? { organizationId: draftOrgId } : {}),
                            ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                            message: `publish app package '${request.packageId}'`,
                        });
                        promoted.push({
                            d, singularType,
                            body: result.item.body,
                            packageId: result.packageId,
                            version: result.version,
                            seq: result.seq,
                        });
                        if (typeof result.seq === 'number') publishedSeqs.push(result.seq);
                    } catch (e: unknown) {
                        // Tag the causal item and abort — the surrounding
                        // transaction rolls back every promotion made so far.
                        const err = e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e));
                        (err as { __batchItem?: unknown }).__batchItem = d;
                        throw err;
                    }
                }
                // ADR-0067 — record this turn as ONE commit, INSIDE the same
                // transaction as the promotions it describes: the commit row and
                // the published state land or roll back together, so a recorded
                // commit can never describe a partial publish.
                if (promoted.length > 0) {
                    const promotedKeys = new Set(promoted.map((p) => `${p.d.type}/${p.d.name}`));
                    commit = await this.recordPackageCommit({
                        orgId,
                        packageId: request.packageId,
                        operation: 'apply',
                        ...(request.message ? { message: request.message } : {}),
                        ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                        ...(request.aiModel ? { aiModel: request.aiModel } : {}),
                        items: commitItems.filter((it) => promotedKeys.has(`${it.type}/${it.name}`)),
                        ...(publishedSeqs.length
                            ? { eventSeqStart: Math.min(...publishedSeqs), eventSeqEnd: Math.max(...publishedSeqs) }
                            : {}),
                    });
                }
            });
        } catch (e: any) {
            // The batch rolled back — NOTHING landed (ADR-0067 D2). Report the
            // causal item with its real error; every other draft is marked
            // batch_aborted so the caller sees the all-or-nothing semantics
            // instead of inferring them from publishedCount 0.
            const causal = e?.__batchItem as { type: string; name: string } | undefined;
            const failedOut = ordered.map((d) =>
                causal && d.type === causal.type && d.name === causal.name
                    ? {
                        type: d.type, name: d.name,
                        error: e?.message ?? 'publish failed',
                        ...(e?.code ? { code: e.code } : {}),
                        // Carry structured spec-validation issues so the publish
                        // surface can point at the offending field.
                        ...(Array.isArray(e?.issues) ? { issues: e.issues } : {}),
                    }
                    : {
                        type: d.type, name: d.name,
                        error: `not published — the batch is all-or-nothing (ADR-0067 D2) and `
                            + `${causal ? `${causal.type}/${causal.name}` : 'another item'} failed; the transaction rolled back`,
                        code: 'batch_aborted',
                    });
            return {
                success: false,
                publishedCount: 0,
                failedCount: failedOut.length,
                published: [],
                failed: failedOut,
            };
        }

        // ═══ Phase 2 — side effects, after the metadata committed ═══
        // Registry refresh, DDL, materializers, projections, events — per item
        // in publish order. Best-effort at the batch level: the metadata IS
        // live at this point, so a side-effect failure must be surfaced (via
        // materialize.failures / probes), never turned into a fake unpublish.
        for (const p of promoted) {
            published.push({ type: p.d.type, name: p.d.name, version: p.version });
            try {
                const eff = await this.runPublishSideEffects({
                    singularType: p.singularType,
                    requestType: p.d.type,
                    name: p.d.name,
                    orgId,
                    body: p.body,
                    packageId: p.packageId,
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                    skipSeedApply: true,
                });
                if (eff.materializeApplied) {
                    materialize.any = true;
                    materialize.inserted += eff.materializeApplied.inserted;
                    materialize.updated += eff.materializeApplied.updated;
                    if (!eff.materializeApplied.success) {
                        materialize.failures.push({
                            type: p.d.type, name: p.d.name,
                            error: eff.materializeApplied.error ?? 'materialize failed',
                        });
                    }
                }
            } catch (e: any) {
                // Boot reconciliation heals registry/DDL/projection drift; the
                // published metadata is authoritative. Surface, don't lie.
                console.warn(
                    `[Protocol] publish side effects failed for ${p.d.type}/${p.d.name}: ${e?.message ?? e}`,
                );
                materialize.any = true;
                materialize.failures.push({
                    type: p.d.type, name: p.d.name,
                    error: `side effects failed (metadata is live; boot reconciliation heals): ${e?.message ?? 'unknown'}`,
                });
            }
        }

        const seedApplied = seedBodies.length > 0 ? await this.applySeedBodies(seedBodies, orgId) : undefined;

        // ADR-0038 L3: exercise what was just published — one real read per
        // artifact — so "Published!" can never again mean "and silently
        // broken". Best-effort by design: a probe crash is swallowed (the
        // publish already happened and must report as such), and findings ride
        // the response for the agent / chat health card to act on.
        let probes: import('./build-probes.js').BuildProbeReport | undefined;
        if (published.length > 0) {
            try {
                const { runBuildProbes } = await import('./build-probes.js');
                const analytics = this.getServicesRegistry?.().get('analytics');
                probes = await runBuildProbes({
                    engine: this.engine as any,
                    getItem: async (type, name) => {
                        const wrapper: any = await (this as any).getMetaItem({
                            type,
                            name,
                            ...(orgId ? { organizationId: orgId } : {}),
                        });
                        return wrapper?.item ?? wrapper ?? undefined;
                    },
                    published,
                    ...(analytics && typeof analytics.queryDataset === 'function' ? { analytics } : {}),
                    organizationId: orgId,
                });
            } catch {
                probes = undefined;
            }
        }

        // ADR-0067 D2 — the commit record was written INSIDE the Phase-1
        // transaction above, together with the promotions it describes.

        return {
            success: failed.length === 0 && published.length > 0,
            publishedCount: published.length,
            failedCount: failed.length,
            published,
            failed,
            ...(seedApplied ? { seedApplied } : {}),
            ...(materialize.any
                ? { materializeApplied: {
                    success: materialize.failures.length === 0,
                    inserted: materialize.inserted,
                    updated: materialize.updated,
                    failures: materialize.failures,
                } }
                : {}),
            ...(probes ? { probes } : {}),
            ...(commit ? { commitId: commit.commitId } : {}),
        };
    }

    /**
     * Discard every pending DRAFT bound to a package — the NON-destructive
     * inverse of {@link publishPackageDrafts}. Drops only `state='draft'` rows
     * (via the per-item delete primitive), reverting the package to its last
     * published baseline; active/published metadata and physical tables are
     * left untouched.
     *
     * Use case: "I edited this app for a while and it turned out worse than
     * before — abandon all my changes." Routes through the sys_metadata path
     * (no metadata-service dependency, unlike `POST /packages/:id/revert`).
     */
    async discardPackageDrafts(request: {
        packageId: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        discardedCount: number;
        failedCount: number;
        discarded: Array<{ type: string; name: string }>;
        failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string }>;
    }> {
        await this.ensureOverlayIndex();
        const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const drafts = await repo.listDrafts({ packageId: request.packageId });

        const discarded: Array<{ type: string; name: string }> = [];
        const failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string }> = [];

        for (const d of drafts) {
            try {
                // Discard the draft in the scope it lives in (#3115). Like
                // publish, `listDrafts` surfaces env-wide drafts to a non-null
                // active org via `$or`; deleting under the request's active org
                // would silently no-op on those env-wide rows.
                const draftOrgId = d.organizationId ?? null;
                await this.deleteMetaItem({
                    type: d.type,
                    name: d.name,
                    state: 'draft',
                    ...(draftOrgId ? { organizationId: draftOrgId } : {}),
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                });
                discarded.push({ type: d.type, name: d.name });
            } catch (e: any) {
                failed.push({
                    type: d.type,
                    name: d.name,
                    error: e?.message ?? 'discard failed',
                    ...(e?.code ? { code: e.code } : {}),
                });
            }
        }

        return {
            success: failed.length === 0 && discarded.length > 0,
            discardedCount: discarded.length,
            failedCount: failed.length,
            discarded,
            failed,
        };
    }

    /**
     * Delete an ENTIRE package: every `sys_metadata` row bound to it (active
     * AND draft) and — by default — the physical table of each object it
     * defined. DESTRUCTIVE: removes the app and its data. Use case: "I don't
     * want this package anymore."
     *
     * Set `keepData: true` to remove the metadata but preserve object tables.
     * The `sys_`-table guard in {@link deleteMetaItem} still applies, so
     * platform storage is never dropped. Drafts are removed before active rows
     * so each object's table is torn down once. Per-item failures are collected
     * without aborting the rest.
     */
    async deletePackage(request: {
        packageId: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
        keepData?: boolean;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        deletedCount: number;
        failedCount: number;
        deleted: Array<{ type: string; name: string; state: string }>;
        failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string }>;
        cleanups: UninstallCleanupOutcome[];
    }> {
        const where: Record<string, unknown> = { package_id: request.packageId };
        if (request.organizationId) where.organization_id = request.organizationId;
        const rows = (await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where })) as any[];

        const dropStorage = request.keepData !== true;
        // Delete drafts before active so an object's table is dropped once (on
        // the active delete), not pre-empted by a draft delete.
        const ordered = [...rows].sort((a, b) => (a.state === 'draft' ? 0 : 1) - (b.state === 'draft' ? 0 : 1));

        const deleted: Array<{ type: string; name: string; state: string }> = [];
        const failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string }> = [];

        for (const row of ordered) {
            const state: 'active' | 'draft' = row.state === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active';
            try {
                await this.deleteMetaItem({
                    type: row.type,
                    name: row.name,
                    state,
                    ...(row.organization_id ? { organizationId: row.organization_id } : {}),
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                    ...(dropStorage ? { dropStorage: true } : {}),
                });
                deleted.push({ type: row.type, name: row.name, state });
            } catch (e: any) {
                failed.push({
                    type: row.type,
                    name: row.name,
                    error: e?.message ?? 'delete failed',
                    ...(e?.code ? { code: e.code } : {}),
                });
            }
        }

        // #2532 counterpart: also drop the durable `sys_packages` record —
        // service-package hydrates that table back into the registry at boot,
        // so leaving the row behind would RESURRECT an uninstalled package on
        // the next restart. Best-effort, same posture as install persistence.
        try {
            const pkgSvc = this.getServicesRegistry?.()?.get('package') as
                | { delete?: (id: string) => Promise<unknown> }
                | undefined;
            if (pkgSvc?.delete) await pkgSvc.delete(request.packageId);
        } catch (e) {
            console.warn(
                `[protocol.deletePackage] sys_packages cleanup skipped for '${request.packageId}': ${(e as Error)?.message}`,
            );
        }

        // [#2747] Unregister from the in-memory SchemaRegistry too, so the
        // running kernel stops serving the package without waiting for a
        // restart. Best-effort: the HTTP dispatcher already unregisters
        // before calling us (second call is a no-op warn), and a package
        // with live extenders refuses unregistration — that failure is
        // logged, not fatal (the durable row is gone, so the next boot is
        // clean either way).
        try {
            (this.engine as any)?.registry?.uninstallPackage?.(request.packageId);
        } catch (e) {
            console.warn(
                `[protocol.deletePackage] registry unregistration skipped for '${request.packageId}': ${(e as Error)?.message}`,
            );
        }

        // [#2747] Data-plane cleanups registered by domain plugins (mirror of
        // the publish materializers): revoke what the package's metadata
        // granted — e.g. plugin-security removes its package-owned
        // sys_permission_set rows and their bindings. Best-effort per cleanup;
        // outcomes ride on the response so a failed revocation (ghost grants —
        // a security condition) is visible to the caller, never silent.
        const cleanups: UninstallCleanupOutcome[] = [];
        for (const [name, cleanup] of this.uninstallCleanups) {
            try {
                const r = await cleanup({
                    packageId: request.packageId,
                    ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                });
                cleanups.push({
                    name,
                    success: r?.success !== false,
                    removed: typeof r?.removed === 'number' ? r.removed : 0,
                    ...(r?.error ? { error: r.error } : {}),
                });
            } catch (e: any) {
                cleanups.push({ name, success: false, removed: 0, error: e?.message ?? 'cleanup failed' });
                console.warn(
                    `[protocol.deletePackage] uninstall cleanup '${name}' failed for '${request.packageId}': ${e?.message}`,
                );
            }
        }

        return {
            success: failed.length === 0 && deleted.length > 0,
            deletedCount: deleted.length,
            failedCount: failed.length,
            deleted,
            failed,
            cleanups,
        };
    }

    /**
     * ADR-0070 D4 — duplicate a writable base into a NEW package (the Airtable
     * "duplicate base" gesture). Clones every ACTIVE item the source owns into
     * `targetPackageId`, RE-NAMESPACING object names — the blueprint prefixes a
     * base's object names with its namespace (e.g. `iojn_repair_ticket`), and
     * `sys_metadata` keys on (type,name,org), so a same-name copy would collide
     * with the source — and rewriting every intra-package reference (lookup
     * `reference`, view `object`, expressions, etc.) to the new names. Per-item
     * best-effort; one failure never aborts the whole clone.
     */
    async duplicatePackage(request: {
        sourcePackageId: string;
        targetPackageId: string;
        targetName?: string;
        targetNamespace?: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        copiedCount: number;
        failedCount: number;
        targetPackageId: string;
        copied: Array<{ type: string; name: string }>;
        failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string }>;
    }> {
        const registry: any = (this.engine as any).registry;
        const srcPkg = registry?.getPackage?.(request.sourcePackageId);
        const sourceNs: string =
            (srcPkg?.manifest?.namespace as string) ?? (request.sourcePackageId.split('.').pop() ?? '');
        const targetNs: string =
            request.targetNamespace ?? (request.targetPackageId.split('.').pop() ?? request.targetPackageId);

        const where: Record<string, unknown> = { package_id: request.sourcePackageId, state: 'active' };
        if (request.organizationId) where.organization_id = request.organizationId;
        const rows = (await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where })) as any[];

        // Map only OBJECT names that carry the source namespace prefix; views/etc.
        // are renamed by the same prefix swap and reference-rewritten via the map.
        const renameName = (name: string): string =>
            sourceNs && typeof name === 'string' && name.startsWith(`${sourceNs}_`)
                ? `${targetNs}_${name.slice(sourceNs.length + 1)}`
                : name;
        const renameMap = new Map<string, string>();
        for (const row of rows) {
            if (row?.type === 'object') {
                const nn = renameName(row.name);
                if (nn !== row.name) renameMap.set(row.name, nn);
            }
        }
        // Longest-first, identifier-boundary rewrite so `iojn_task` never corrupts
        // `iojn_task_log`, and `iojn_x` inside `record.iojn_x`/`iojn_x.view` matches.
        const olds = [...renameMap.keys()].sort((a, b) => b.length - a.length);
        const esc = (s: string) => s.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
        const re = olds.length ? new RegExp(`(${olds.map(esc).join('|')})(?![A-Za-z0-9_])`, 'g') : null;
        const deepRewrite = (v: any): any => {
            if (typeof v === 'string') return re ? v.replace(re, (m) => renameMap.get(m) ?? m) : v;
            if (Array.isArray(v)) return v.map(deepRewrite);
            if (v && typeof v === 'object') {
                const o: any = {};
                for (const [k, val] of Object.entries(v)) o[k] = deepRewrite(val);
                return o;
            }
            return v;
        };

        if (srcPkg?.manifest && typeof registry?.installPackage === 'function') {
            try {
                // Route through installPackage (not a bare registry write) so the
                // duplicated base ALSO lands in sys_packages — otherwise the copy
                // would vanish from GET /packages on the next restart (#2532).
                // Spread-then-strip: the source may carry `scope` (e.g. 'project'
                // on a code package) — copying it would brand the duplicate as
                // read-only in every writability heuristic, when the whole point
                // of a duplicate is a WRITABLE base. The copy is scope-less.
                const dupManifest: Record<string, unknown> = {
                    ...srcPkg.manifest,
                    id: request.targetPackageId,
                    name: request.targetName ?? `${srcPkg.manifest.name ?? request.sourcePackageId} (copy)`,
                    namespace: targetNs,
                };
                delete dupManifest.scope;
                await this.installPackage({ manifest: dupManifest } as InstallPackageRequest);
            } catch {
                /* best-effort — the per-item package binding still works without a manifest row */
            }
        }

        const copied: Array<{ type: string; name: string }> = [];
        const failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string }> = [];
        for (const row of rows) {
            const newName = renameName(row.name);
            let item: any;
            try {
                item = typeof row.metadata === 'string' ? JSON.parse(row.metadata) : (row.metadata ?? {});
            } catch {
                failed.push({ type: row.type, name: row.name, error: 'unparseable metadata' });
                continue;
            }
            const rewritten = deepRewrite(item);
            if (rewritten && typeof rewritten === 'object' && !Array.isArray(rewritten)) rewritten.name = newName;
            try {
                await this.saveMetaItem({
                    type: row.type,
                    name: newName,
                    item: rewritten,
                    mode: 'publish',
                    packageId: request.targetPackageId,
                    ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                });
                copied.push({ type: row.type, name: newName });
            } catch (e: any) {
                failed.push({ type: row.type, name: row.name, error: e?.message ?? 'copy failed' });
            }
        }
        return {
            success: failed.length === 0 && copied.length > 0,
            copiedCount: copied.length,
            failedCount: failed.length,
            targetPackageId: request.targetPackageId,
            copied,
            failed,
        };
    }

    /**
     * ADR-0070 D5 — adopt orphaned (package-less) metadata into a base. The
     * pre-package-first stopgaps left runtime-authored items with
     * `package_id = null` (or the `sys_metadata` sentinel). This bulk-rebinds
     * every such orphan to `targetPackageId` so the env converges on the
     * package-first model and the "Local / Custom" migration scope can be
     * retired. Owned rows (already bound to a real package) are left untouched.
     * Updates the durable column; the in-memory registry picks the new binding
     * up on the next metadata reload.
     */
    async reassignOrphanedMetadata(request: {
        targetPackageId: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        reassignedCount: number;
        reassigned: Array<{ type: string; name: string }>;
        targetPackageId: string;
    }> {
        const where: Record<string, unknown> = {};
        if (request.organizationId) where.organization_id = request.organizationId;
        const rows = (await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where })) as any[];
        const orphans = rows.filter(
            (r) => r?.package_id == null || r.package_id === '' || r.package_id === 'sys_metadata',
        );

        const reassigned: Array<{ type: string; name: string }> = [];
        for (const row of orphans) {
            try {
                await this.engine.update(
                    'sys_metadata',
                    { package_id: request.targetPackageId },
                    { where: { id: row.id } },
                );
                reassigned.push({ type: row.type, name: row.name });
            } catch {
                /* skip a row that fails to update; report only what moved */
            }
        }
        return {
            success: reassigned.length > 0,
            reassignedCount: reassigned.length,
            reassigned,
            targetPackageId: request.targetPackageId,
        };
    }

    // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    // ADR-0067 — package-scoped commit history & rollback
    // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    /**
     * Record one commit row (best-effort) grouping a turn's published
     * artifacts. Returns the commit id, or null if the commit store is
     * unavailable (e.g. unit-test stubs) — recording never blocks a publish.
     */
    private async recordPackageCommit(args: {
        orgId: string | null;
        packageId: string;
        operation: 'apply' | 'revert';
        message?: string;
        actor?: string;
        aiModel?: string;
        parentCommitId?: string;
        items: Array<{ type: string; name: string; existedBefore: boolean; prevVersion: number | null }>;
        eventSeqStart?: number;
        eventSeqEnd?: number;
    }): Promise<{ commitId: string } | null> {
        try {
            const commitId = 'cmt_' + (typeof crypto !== 'undefined' && typeof crypto.randomUUID === 'function'
                ? crypto.randomUUID()
                : `${args.eventSeqEnd ?? 0}-${args.items.length}-${args.packageId}`);
            await this.engine.insert('sys_metadata_commit', {
                id: commitId,
                package_id: args.packageId,
                operation: args.operation,
                ...(args.message ? { message: args.message } : {}),
                ...(args.actor ? { actor: args.actor } : {}),
                ...(args.aiModel ? { ai_model: args.aiModel } : {}),
                ...(args.parentCommitId ? { parent_commit_id: args.parentCommitId } : {}),
                ...(args.eventSeqStart !== undefined ? { event_seq_start: args.eventSeqStart } : {}),
                ...(args.eventSeqEnd !== undefined ? { event_seq_end: args.eventSeqEnd } : {}),
                items: JSON.stringify(args.items),
                item_count: args.items.length,
                organization_id: args.orgId,
                created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
            });
            return { commitId };
        } catch {
            // Commit store unavailable (or insert raced) — the publish itself
            // already succeeded; grouping is a best-effort overlay on top.
            return null;
        }
    }

    private parseCommitItems(
        raw: unknown,
    ): Array<{ type: string; name: string; existedBefore: boolean; prevVersion: number | null }> {
        if (Array.isArray(raw)) return raw as Array<{ type: string; name: string; existedBefore: boolean; prevVersion: number | null }>;
        if (typeof raw === 'string') {
            try {
                const p = JSON.parse(raw);
                return Array.isArray(p) ? p : [];
            } catch {
                return [];
            }
        }
        return [];
    }

    /**
     * List the commit timeline for a package, newest-first (ADR-0067). Returns
     * [] if the commit store is unavailable.
     */
    async listCommits(request: {
        packageId: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        limit?: number;
    }): Promise<Array<{
        id: string;
        operation: 'apply' | 'revert';
        message?: string;
        actor?: string;
        aiModel?: string;
        parentCommitId?: string;
        itemCount: number;
        items: Array<{ type: string; name: string; existedBefore: boolean; prevVersion: number | null }>;
        createdAt?: string;
    }>> {
        try {
            const where: Record<string, unknown> = { package_id: request.packageId };
            if (request.organizationId) where.organization_id = request.organizationId;
            const rows = (await this.engine.find('sys_metadata_commit', {
                where,
                ...(request.limit ? { limit: request.limit } : {}),
            })) as any[];
            const mapped = rows.map((r) => ({
                id: r.id,
                operation: (r.operation ?? 'apply') as 'apply' | 'revert',
                ...(r.message ? { message: r.message } : {}),
                ...(r.actor ? { actor: r.actor } : {}),
                ...(r.ai_model ? { aiModel: r.ai_model } : {}),
                ...(r.parent_commit_id ? { parentCommitId: r.parent_commit_id } : {}),
                itemCount: typeof r.item_count === 'number' ? r.item_count : 0,
                items: this.parseCommitItems(r.items),
                ...(r.created_at ? { createdAt: r.created_at } : {}),
            }));
            // Newest-first; tolerate drivers that don't order by returning
            // insertion order, then sort by the ISO timestamp.
            mapped.sort((a, b) => String(b.createdAt ?? '').localeCompare(String(a.createdAt ?? '')));
            return mapped;
        } catch {
            return [];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Revert a single commit (ADR-0067): undo exactly the artifacts it touched.
     * A created-by-this-commit artifact is soft-removed (metadata row deleted;
     * the data table is NOT dropped — recoverable, per ADR-0067 §5); a modified
     * artifact is restored to its pre-commit `prevVersion`. The revert is itself
     * recorded as a NEW commit (operation='revert'), so history stays
     * append-only and the revert is itself revertible.
     */
    async revertCommit(request: {
        commitId: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        revertedCount: number;
        failedCount: number;
        reverted: Array<{ type: string; name: string; action: 'removed' | 'restored' }>;
        failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string }>;
        revertCommitId?: string;
    }> {
        await this.ensureOverlayIndex();
        const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
        const where: Record<string, unknown> = { id: request.commitId };
        if (request.organizationId) where.organization_id = request.organizationId;
        const row = (await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata_commit', { where })) as any;
        if (!row) {
            const err: any = new Error(`[commit_not_found] No commit '${request.commitId}'.`);
            err.code = 'commit_not_found';
            err.status = 404;
            throw err;
        }
        const items = this.parseCommitItems(row.items);
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const actor = request.actor ?? 'system';
        const reverted: Array<{ type: string; name: string; action: 'removed' | 'restored' }> = [];
        const failed: Array<{ type: string; name: string; error: string; code?: string }> = [];

        // Reverse apply order so artifacts that depend on others (e.g. a view on
        // a new object) are removed before the thing they reference.
        for (const it of [...items].reverse()) {
            const ref = { type: it.type, name: it.name, org: orgId ?? 'env' } as unknown as Parameters<typeof repo.get>[0];
            try {
                const current = await repo.get(ref, { state: 'active' });
                if (!it.existedBefore) {
                    // Created by this commit → soft-remove (metadata only; table stays).
                    if (current) {
                        await repo.delete(ref, {
                            parentVersion: current.hash,
                            actor,
                            source: 'protocol.revertCommit',
                            intent: 'override-artifact',
                            state: 'active',
                        });
                    }
                    reverted.push({ type: it.type, name: it.name, action: 'removed' });
                } else if (it.prevVersion !== null && it.prevVersion !== undefined) {
                    // Edited an existing artifact → restore the pre-commit body.
                    await repo.restoreVersion(ref, it.prevVersion, {
                        actor,
                        source: 'protocol.revertCommit',
                        message: `revert commit ${request.commitId}`,
                    });
                    reverted.push({ type: it.type, name: it.name, action: 'restored' });
                }
            } catch (e: any) {
                failed.push({
                    type: it.type,
                    name: it.name,
                    error: e?.message ?? 'revert failed',
                    ...(e?.code ? { code: e.code } : {}),
                });
            }
        }

        // Record the revert as its own commit (append-only history).
        const revertCommit = await this.recordPackageCommit({
            orgId,
            packageId: row.package_id,
            operation: 'revert',
            message: `Revert: ${row.message ?? request.commitId}`,
            ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
            parentCommitId: request.commitId,
            items: reverted.map((r) => ({
                type: r.type,
                name: r.name,
                existedBefore: r.action === 'restored',
                prevVersion: null,
            })),
        });

        return {
            success: failed.length === 0 && reverted.length > 0,
            revertedCount: reverted.length,
            failedCount: failed.length,
            reverted,
            failed,
            ...(revertCommit ? { revertCommitId: revertCommit.commitId } : {}),
        };
    }

    /**
     * Roll a package back THROUGH every `apply` commit newer than `commitId`
     * (newest first), leaving the package as it was at that commit. Each step is
     * an individual `revertCommit`, so the whole rollback is itself audited.
     */
    async rollbackToPackageCommit(request: {
        commitId: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        revertedCommits: string[];
        failed: Array<{ commitId: string; error: string }>;
    }> {
        const where: Record<string, unknown> = { id: request.commitId };
        if (request.organizationId) where.organization_id = request.organizationId;
        const target = (await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata_commit', { where })) as any;
        if (!target) {
            const err: any = new Error(`[commit_not_found] No commit '${request.commitId}'.`);
            err.code = 'commit_not_found';
            err.status = 404;
            throw err;
        }
        const all = await this.listCommits({
            packageId: target.package_id,
            ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
        });
        // listCommits is newest-first; revert every `apply` commit strictly newer
        // than the target (by created_at). Revert commits are skipped (their
        // effect is already captured by re-reverting the apply they undid).
        const targetCreatedAt = String(target.created_at ?? '');
        const toRevert = all.filter(
            (c) => String(c.createdAt ?? '') > targetCreatedAt && c.operation === 'apply',
        );
        const revertedCommits: string[] = [];
        const failed: Array<{ commitId: string; error: string }> = [];
        for (const c of toRevert) {
            try {
                await this.revertCommit({
                    commitId: c.id,
                    ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                });
                revertedCommits.push(c.id);
            } catch (e: any) {
                failed.push({ commitId: c.id, error: e?.message ?? 'revert failed' });
            }
        }
        return { success: failed.length === 0, revertedCommits, failed };
    }

    /**
     * Restore the body recorded at history `toVersion` as the new
     * live row. Writes a history event with `op='revert'`. 404
     * (`[version_not_found]`) when the target version doesn't exist;
     * 409 (`[version_not_restorable]`) when the target is a delete
     * tombstone (no body to bring back).
     */
    async rollbackMetaItem(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        toVersion: number;
        organizationId?: string;
        actor?: string;
        message?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        version: string;
        seq: number;
        restoredFromVersion: number;
        message?: string;
    }> {
        if (!Number.isFinite(request.toVersion) || request.toVersion < 1) {
            const err: any = new Error(
                `[invalid_request] rollbackMetaItem requires a positive integer 'toVersion' (got ${request.toVersion}).`,
            );
            err.code = 'invalid_request';
            err.status = 400;
            throw err;
        }
        const singularType = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        if (!ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isOverlayAllowed(singularType)
            && !ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isRuntimeCreateAllowed(singularType)) {
            const err: any = new Error(
                `[not_overridable] Metadata type '${request.type}' is not revertable — no overlay/runtime-create permission.`,
            );
            err.code = 'not_overridable';
            err.status = 403;
            throw err;
        }
        // ADR-0010 L3 — lock blocks rollback (writes a new active row).
        const _rollbackLockErr = await this.assertLockAllowsWrite({
            type: request.type,
            name: request.name,
            ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
            operation: 'rollback',
            ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
            source: 'protocol.rollbackMetaItem',
        });
        if (_rollbackLockErr) throw _rollbackLockErr;
        await this.ensureOverlayIndex();
        const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(singularType, request.name);
        const intent: 'override-artifact' | 'runtime-only' = artifactBacked
            ? 'override-artifact' : 'runtime-only';
        const ref = {
            type: singularType,
            name: request.name,
            org: orgId ?? 'env',
        } as Parameters<typeof repo.restoreVersion>[0];
        try {
            const result = await repo.restoreVersion(ref, request.toVersion, {
                actor: request.actor ?? 'system',
                source: 'protocol.rollbackMetaItem',
                ...(request.message ? { message: request.message } : {}),
                intent,
            });
            this.applyObjectRegistryMutation({
                type: request.type,
                name: request.name,
                item: result.item.body,
            });
            return {
                success: true,
                version: result.version,
                seq: result.seq,
                restoredFromVersion: request.toVersion,
                message: `Reverted to version ${request.toVersion} — type=${request.type}, name=${request.name} [seq=${result.seq}]`,
            };
        } catch (err: any) {
            if (err instanceof ConflictError) {
                const conflict: any = new Error(
                    `[metadata_conflict] ${request.type}/${request.name} advanced during rollback. `
                    + `Expected parent ${err.expectedParent ?? 'null'} but current is ${err.actualHead ?? 'null'}.`,
                );
                conflict.code = 'metadata_conflict';
                conflict.status = 409;
                conflict.expectedParent = err.expectedParent;
                conflict.actualHead = err.actualHead;
                throw conflict;
            }
            throw err;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Compute a shallow structural diff between two historical
     * versions of a metadata item. Either side may be omitted: when
     * `toVersion` is undefined the current active body is used; when
     * `fromVersion` is undefined the immediately previous history row
     * is used. Returns `{ added, removed, changed }` keyed by JSON
     * pointer-style paths for primitive leaves; nested objects/arrays
     * are reported as a single change record.
     */
    async diffMetaItem(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        fromVersion?: number;
        toVersion?: number;
        organizationId?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        type: string;
        name: string;
        fromVersion: number | null;
        toVersion: number | null;
        added: Array<{ path: string; value: unknown }>;
        removed: Array<{ path: string; value: unknown }>;
        changed: Array<{ path: string; from: unknown; to: unknown }>;
    }> {
        const singularType = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
        const events = (await this.historyMetaItem({
            type: singularType,
            name: request.name,
            ...(orgId ? { organizationId: orgId } : {}),
        })).events;
        const versions = events
            .map((ev: any) => (ev as any).version as number | undefined)
            .filter((v): v is number => typeof v === 'number');
        // The `historyMetaItem` MetadataEvent shape doesn't carry the
        // per-(type,name) `version` directly — re-fetch via the repo
        // to read the underlying history rows with their version.
        const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
        const fullRef = {
            type: singularType,
            name: request.name,
            org: orgId ?? 'env',
        } as { type: string; name: string; org: string };
        const histRows: Array<{ version: number; body: Record<string, unknown> | null }> = [];
        try {
            const engineAny = this.engine as any;
            const rows = await engineAny.find('sys_metadata_history', {
                where: {
                    organization_id: orgId,
                    type: singularType,
                    name: request.name,
                },
            });
            rows.sort((a: any, b: any) => (a.version ?? 0) - (b.version ?? 0));
            for (const r of rows) {
                const body = r.metadata == null
                    ? null
                    : (typeof r.metadata === 'string' ? JSON.parse(r.metadata) : r.metadata);
                histRows.push({ version: r.version ?? 0, body });
            }
        } catch {
            // history table unavailable — fall through with empty list
        }
        const byVersion = new Map<number, Record<string, unknown> | null>();
        for (const r of histRows) byVersion.set(r.version, r.body);

        let fromBody: Record<string, unknown> | null = null;
        let toBody: Record<string, unknown> | null = null;
        let fromVersion: number | null = null;
        let toVersion: number | null = null;

        if (request.toVersion !== undefined) {
            toVersion = request.toVersion;
            toBody = byVersion.get(request.toVersion) ?? null;
        } else {
            const current = await repo.get(fullRef as any, { state: 'active' });
            toBody = current ? (current.body as Record<string, unknown>) : null;
            toVersion = histRows.length ? histRows[histRows.length - 1]!.version : null;
        }
        if (request.fromVersion !== undefined) {
            fromVersion = request.fromVersion;
            fromBody = byVersion.get(request.fromVersion) ?? null;
        } else if (toVersion !== null) {
            // Use the version immediately preceding `toVersion`
            const sorted = histRows.map((r) => r.version).filter((v) => v < toVersion!);
            if (sorted.length) {
                fromVersion = sorted[sorted.length - 1]!;
                fromBody = byVersion.get(fromVersion) ?? null;
            }
        }
        const diff = diffShallow(fromBody ?? {}, toBody ?? {});
        const _used = versions; void _used;
        return {
            type: request.type,
            name: request.name,
            fromVersion,
            toVersion,
            ...diff,
        };
    }

    /**
     * Remove a customization overlay row for the given metadata item, so the
     * next read falls through to the artifact-loaded default. Implements the
     * "Reset to factory default" semantic from ADR-0005. Whitelist is shared
     * with {@link saveMetaItem}.
     */
    async deleteMetaItem(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string;
        parentVersion?: string | null;
        actor?: string;
        state?: 'active' | 'draft';
        /**
         * When true, also drop the object's physical table after the metadata
         * is removed (object + active only; never `sys_`). Default false keeps
         * delete non-destructive to data. Used by the "discard a previewed
         * object" flow so a publish-to-preview leaves no orphan table.
         */
        dropStorage?: boolean;
    }): Promise<{
        success: boolean;
        message?: string;
        reset?: boolean;
        seq?: number;
        /** [ADR-0094] Outcome of the awaited mutation projector, when one is registered. */
        projectionApplied?: MutationProjectionOutcome;
    }> {
        // Two-tier authorization for delete (mirrors saveMetaItem).
        //  • Artifact-backed item → delete becomes a tombstone overlay,
        //    requires `allowOrgOverride`.
        //  • DB-only item → hard delete of a user-created row,
        //    requires `allowRuntimeCreate` (or `allowOrgOverride`).
        if (this.environmentId !== undefined) {
            const overlayAllowed = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isOverlayAllowed(request.type);
            const runtimeCreateAllowed = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isRuntimeCreateAllowed(request.type);
            const artifactBacked = this.isArtifactBacked(request.type, request.name);
            if (artifactBacked && !overlayAllowed) {
                const err = new Error(
                    `[not_overridable] Metadata item '${request.type}/${request.name}' is provided by a code package `
                    + `and the type has not opted into per-org overlay writes. `
                    + `See docs/adr/0005-metadata-customization-overlay.md.`
                );
                (err as any).code = 'not_overridable';
                (err as any).status = 403;
                throw err;
            }
            if (!artifactBacked && !overlayAllowed && !runtimeCreateAllowed) {
                const err = new Error(
                    `[not_creatable] Metadata type '${request.type}' does not allow runtime creation or deletion.`
                );
                (err as any).code = 'not_creatable';
                (err as any).status = 403;
                throw err;
            }

            // ADR-0010 L3 — lock blocks delete.
            const lockErr = await this.assertLockAllowsDelete({
                type: request.type,
                name: request.name,
                ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                source: 'protocol.deleteMetaItem',
            });
            if (lockErr) throw lockErr;
        }

        const singularTypeForRepo = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        const overlayAllowedForRepoDel = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isOverlayAllowed(singularTypeForRepo);
        const runtimeCreateAllowedForRepoDel = ObjectStackProtocolImplementation.isRuntimeCreateAllowed(singularTypeForRepo);
        const useRepoPath = overlayAllowedForRepoDel || runtimeCreateAllowedForRepoDel;

        // ADR-0008 — overlay-allowed types route through SysMetadataRepository
        // so the delete (a) is wrapped in engine.transaction(), (b) appends a
        // tombstone row to sys_metadata_history, and (c) emits a watch event
        // with a monotonic `seq` for HMR. Non-overlay-allowed types (only
        // reachable in control-plane bootstrap mode where environmentId is
        // undefined) take the legacy raw-engine path below — the repository's
        // `assertAllowed()` whitelist would 403 those deletes.
        if (useRepoPath) {
            const orgId = request.organizationId ?? null;
            const repo = this.getOverlayRepo(orgId);
            const ref = {
                type: singularTypeForRepo,
                name: request.name,
                org: orgId ?? 'env',
            } as Parameters<typeof repo.delete>[0];

            try {
                const targetState: 'active' | 'draft' = request.state === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active';
                // Probe first — "no overlay exists" is a success/no-op, not
                // a conflict. The repo would otherwise throw ConflictError.
                const current = await repo.get(ref, { state: targetState });
                if (!current) {
                    // Self-heal: even with no overlay row, a stale runtime
                    // shadow may linger in the registry (e.g. pollution from
                    // before this fix shipped) — drop it so the artifact
                    // view really IS the default we claim below.
                    if (targetState === 'active') {
                        await this.restoreArtifactRegistryView(request.type, request.name);
                    }
                    return {
                        success: true,
                        reset: false,
                        message: targetState === 'draft'
                            ? `No pending draft for ${request.type}/${request.name}.`
                            : `No customization overlay found for ${request.type}/${request.name} — already at artifact default.`,
                    };
                }

                // Last-write-wins parent resolution unless the caller pinned
                // an explicit version (Studio's "Reset" button is unpinned;
                // a future "delete vN" flow can pass parentVersion).
                const parentVersion: string = request.parentVersion !== undefined
                    ? (request.parentVersion ?? current.hash)
                    : current.hash;

                const result = await repo.delete(ref, {
                    parentVersion,
                    actor: request.actor ?? 'system',
                    source: 'protocol.deleteMetaItem',
                    intent: this.isArtifactBacked(singularTypeForRepo, request.name)
                        ? 'override-artifact'
                        : 'runtime-only',
                    state: targetState,
                });

                // Heal the registry: drop the overlay's runtime shadow so the
                // packaged artifact is visible again (all kernels), and on
                // control-plane kernels also refresh from MetadataService —
                // see {@link restoreArtifactRegistryView}. Draft discards
                // skip this: drafts never hydrate into the registry, and the
                // still-active overlay (if any) must keep its shadow.
                if (targetState === 'active') {
                    await this.restoreArtifactRegistryView(request.type, request.name);
                }

                // Storage teardown (opt-in): drop the now-orphaned physical table
                // for a discarded object so a publish-to-preview leaves no residue.
                if (this.shouldDropStorage(request.type, request.name, request.dropStorage, targetState)) {
                    await this.dropObjectStorage(singularTypeForRepo, request.name);
                }

                // ADR-0010 — success audit (best-effort).
                await this.recordMetadataAudit({
                    type: request.type,
                    name: request.name,
                    organizationId: orgId,
                    operation: 'delete',
                    outcome: 'allowed',
                    code: 'ok',
                    ...(request.actor ? { actor: request.actor } : {}),
                    source: 'protocol.deleteMetaItem',
                    note: targetState,
                });

                // [ADR-0094] Awaited projection: a delete may retire the
                // derived record OR reset it to the artifact baseline — the
                // projector re-reads the layered state and decides.
                const deleteProjection = await this.runMutationProjector({
                    type: singularTypeForRepo,
                    name: request.name,
                    state: 'deleted',
                    organizationId: orgId,
                });
                this.emitMetadataMutation({
                    type: singularTypeForRepo,
                    name: request.name,
                    state: 'deleted',
                    organizationId: orgId,
                });
                return {
                    success: true,
                    reset: true,
                    seq: result.seq,
                    ...(deleteProjection ? { projectionApplied: deleteProjection } : {}),
                    message: (request.state === 'draft')
                        ? `Draft discarded — ${request.type}/${request.name}. [seq=${result.seq}]`
                        : `Customization overlay deleted — ${request.type}/${request.name} reset to artifact default. [seq=${result.seq}]`,
                };
            } catch (err: any) {
                if (err instanceof ConflictError) {
                    const conflict = new Error(
                        `[metadata_conflict] ${request.type}/${request.name} has been modified since you loaded it. `
                        + `Expected parent ${err.expectedParent ?? 'null'} but current is ${err.actualHead ?? 'null'}.`,
                    );
                    (conflict as any).code = 'metadata_conflict';
                    (conflict as any).status = 409;
                    (conflict as any).expectedParent = err.expectedParent;
                    (conflict as any).actualHead = err.actualHead;
                    throw conflict;
                }
                const e = new Error(`Failed to delete customization overlay: ${err.message ?? err}`);
                (e as any).status = err?.status ?? 500;
                throw e;
            }
        }

        // ── Legacy raw-engine path: only reachable in control-plane bootstrap
        // (environmentId === undefined) for non-overlay-allowed types like
        // `object`, `flow`, `agent`. No history row, no watch event — these
        // types don't participate in the change-log model.
        const scopedWhere: Record<string, unknown> = {
            type: request.type,
            name: request.name,
            organization_id: request.organizationId ?? null,
        };

        try {
            const existing = await this.engine.findOne('sys_metadata', { where: scopedWhere });
            if (!existing) {
                return {
                    success: true,
                    reset: false,
                    message: `No customization overlay found for ${request.type}/${request.name} — already at artifact default.`,
                };
            }
            await this.engine.delete('sys_metadata', { where: { id: existing.id } });

            // Storage teardown (opt-in) — see the repo-path branch above.
            {
                const targetState: 'active' | 'draft' = request.state === 'draft' ? 'draft' : 'active';
                if (this.shouldDropStorage(request.type, request.name, request.dropStorage, targetState)) {
                    await this.dropObjectStorage(PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type, request.name);
                }
            }

            if (request.state !== 'draft') {
                await this.restoreArtifactRegistryView(request.type, request.name);
            }

            return {
                success: true,
                reset: true,
                message: `Customization overlay deleted — ${request.type}/${request.name} reset to artifact default.`,
            };
        } catch (err: any) {
            const e = new Error(`Failed to delete customization overlay: ${err.message}`);
            (e as any).status = 500;
            throw e;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Hydrate SchemaRegistry from the database on startup.
     * Loads all active metadata records and registers them in the in-memory registry.
     * Safe to call repeatedly — idempotent (latest DB record wins).
     *
     * Per ADR-0005, project-kernel mode ALSO hydrates from sys_metadata —
     * customization overlay rows must survive restart. Scope filter
     * (`environment_id = this.environmentId ?? null`) keeps tenants isolated.
     */
    async loadMetaFromDb(): Promise<{ loaded: number; errors: number }> {
        let loaded = 0;
        let errors = 0;
        try {
            // ADR-0005 (revised 2026-05): hydrate only env-wide rows
            // (organization_id IS NULL). Per-org overlays are loaded on
            // demand by getMetaItem to avoid cross-org leakage into the
            // process-wide SchemaRegistry.
            const where: Record<string, unknown> = {
                state: 'active',
                organization_id: null,
            };
            const records = await this.engine.find('sys_metadata', { where });
            for (const record of records) {
                try {
                    const data = typeof record.metadata === 'string'
                        ? JSON.parse(record.metadata)
                        : record.metadata;
                    // Normalize DB type to singular (DB may store legacy plural forms)
                    const normalizedType = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[record.type] ?? record.type;
                    if (normalizedType === 'object') {
                        this.engine.registry.registerObject(data as any, record.packageId || 'sys_metadata');
                    } else {
                        // Same envelope graft as the getMetaItems hydration:
                        // the plain-key entry shadows any packaged artifact,
                        // so carry the artifact's `_lock`/`_packageId`/
                        // `_provenance` along (ADR-0010 §3.3). When artifacts
                        // load after this hydration the merge finds nothing
                        // and the row registers unchanged — same as before.
                        const artifact = this.lookupArtifactItem(normalizedType, (data as any)?.name);
                        this.engine.registry.registerItem(
                            normalizedType,
                            mergeArtifactProtection(data, artifact) as any,
                            'name' as any,
                        );
                    }
                    loaded++;
                } catch (e) {
                    errors++;
                    console.warn(`[Protocol] Failed to hydrate ${record.type}/${record.name}: ${e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e)}`);
                }
            }
        } catch (e: any) {
            // "no such table" is expected on first run before migrations execute — not an error.
            if (!/no such table/i.test(e.message ?? '')) {
                console.warn(`[Protocol] DB hydration skipped: ${e.message}`);
            }
        }
        return { loaded, errors };
    }

    // ==========================================
    // Metadata References (Phase 3a-references)
    // ==========================================

    /**
     * Scan all loaded metadata for references pointing at the given
     * `{type, name}` target. Returns one row per referring artifact with
     * the path that produced the hit, so the admin UI can render an
     * "Used by" panel before destructive actions (rename / delete /
     * type-narrowing).
     *
     * Coverage is driven by the hand-curated {@link REFERENCE_PATHS}
     * registry. Types not present in the registry simply return no hits
     * — the engine never throws.
     */
    async findReferencesToMeta(request: {
        type: string;
        name: string;
        organizationId?: string;
    }): Promise<{
        references: Array<{
            type: string;
            name: string;
            label?: string;
            path: string;
            kind: string;
        }>;
    }> {
        const singularTarget = PLURAL_TO_SINGULAR[request.type] ?? request.type;
        const targetName = request.name;
        const matchers = REFERENCE_PATHS[singularTarget];
        if (!matchers || matchers.length === 0) {
            return { references: [] };
        }

        const seen = new Set<string>(); // dedup key: `${fromType}|${itemName}|${path}`
        const out: Array<{ type: string; name: string; label?: string; path: string; kind: string }> = [];

        // Walk distinct source types in parallel.
        await Promise.all(
            matchers.map(async (matcher) => {
                let items: unknown[] = [];
                try {
                    const result = await this.getMetaItems({
                        type: matcher.fromType,
                        ...(request.organizationId ? { organizationId: request.organizationId } : {}),
                    });
                    items = (result?.items ?? []) as unknown[];
                } catch {
                    return;
                }
                for (const raw of items) {
                    if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object') continue;
                    const sourceName = (raw as any).name as string | undefined;
                    if (!sourceName) continue;
                    // Don't list an item as a reference to itself unless the
                    // self-reference is meaningful (e.g. object→field path).
                    const isSelfReference = matcher.fromType === singularTarget && sourceName === targetName;
                    for (const path of matcher.paths) {
                        const values = extractPathValues(raw, path);
                        if (!values.includes(targetName)) continue;
                        if (isSelfReference && !path.includes('[]') && !path.includes('{}')) continue;
                        const key = `${matcher.fromType}|${sourceName}|${path}`;
                        if (seen.has(key)) continue;
                        seen.add(key);
                        const label = (raw as any).label as string | undefined;
                        out.push({
                            type: matcher.fromType,
                            name: sourceName,
                            ...(label ? { label } : {}),
                            path,
                            kind: matcher.kind,
                        });
                    }
                }
            }),
        );

        // Stable sort: by type, then by name.
        out.sort((a, b) => a.type.localeCompare(b.type) || a.name.localeCompare(b.name));

        return { references: out };
    }

    /**
     * Install a package from a manifest — the single canonical write primitive
     * for the package subsystem (ADR-0033 consolidation).
     *
     * It writes BOTH stores that the runtime keeps for packages, so a package
     * surfaces consistently no matter which read path is used:
     *   1. the in-memory `SchemaRegistry` (what the dispatcher's
     *      `/api/v1/packages` list/detail and `getMetaItems({type:'package'})`
     *      read — i.e. what Studio's package selector shows), and
     *   2. the durable `sys_packages` table via the optional `package` service
     *      (so the package survives a restart; that service re-hydrates these
     *      rows back into the registry on boot).
     *
     * The DB write is best-effort and non-fatal: when the `package` service is
     * absent (e.g. the `marketplace` capability is off) the package is still
     * registered in-memory and visible for the lifetime of the process.
     */
    async installPackage(request: InstallPackageRequest): Promise<InstallPackageResponse> {
        // #2532 — runtime-created base packages routinely arrive versionless
        // ({id, name} from the builder / Setup). `sys_packages.version` is NOT
        // NULL, and the old guard here (`pkgSvc?.publish && manifest.version`)
        // silently SKIPPED persistence for exactly those packages — so they
        // lived only in the in-memory registry and vanished on restart, while
        // their metadata (objects, tables) survived. Default the version
        // instead of skipping: the registry and the durable row must agree.
        const manifest: any = { ...(request.manifest as any) };
        if (typeof manifest.version !== 'string' || !manifest.version) {
            manifest.version = '0.1.0';
        }

        // Studio-authored writable packages arrive WITHOUT a namespace. The
        // protocol mandates a package namespace whose prefix every object name
        // must carry (manifest.zod `namespace`); `defineStack` enforces it at
        // compile time, but runtime-created packages never take that path — so
        // the rule was silently inert for them. Derive a default namespace from
        // the package id (`com.example.leave` → `leave`) so the prefix can be
        // enforced at publish. An explicitly declared namespace always wins.
        // Set it on the single `manifest` object shared by the in-memory
        // registry and the durable `sys_packages` row below, so both agree.
        if (typeof manifest.namespace !== 'string' || !manifest.namespace) {
            const derived = deriveNamespaceFromPackageId(manifest.id);
            if (derived) manifest.namespace = derived;
        }

        // ADR-0087 D1 — protocol handshake. Refuse a package whose declared
        // `engines.protocol` range excludes this runtime's major BEFORE writing
        // it to the registry, with a structured diagnostic naming the migrate
        // command — instead of letting the mismatch surface later as a deep
        // schema/renderer crash. Packages with no range are grandfathered (warn
        // only); an unparsed range never causes a false rejection.
        assertProtocolCompat(manifest);

        const pkg = this.engine.registry.installPackage(manifest as any, request.settings);

        // Best-effort durable persistence to `sys_packages` (non-fatal by
        // design — without the `package` service the install stays visible
        // for the process lifetime) — but never SILENT: a skipped persist is
        // a restart-loss, so it must at least leave a trace.
        try {
            const services = this.getServicesRegistry?.();
            const pkgSvc = services?.get('package') as
                | { publish?: (data: { manifest: unknown; metadata: unknown }) => Promise<{ success?: boolean; error?: string } | unknown> }
                | undefined;
            if (pkgSvc?.publish) {
                const out = (await pkgSvc.publish({ manifest, metadata: {} })) as
                    | { success?: boolean; error?: string }
                    | undefined;
                if (out && out.success === false) {
                    console.warn(
                        `[protocol.installPackage] sys_packages persist FAILED for '${manifest?.id}': ${out.error ?? 'unknown error'} — package will not survive a restart`,
                    );
                }
            } else {
                console.warn(
                    `[protocol.installPackage] no 'package' service — '${manifest?.id}' registered in-memory only (will not survive a restart)`,
                );
            }
        } catch (e) {
            // Non-fatal: registry write already succeeded; log and continue.
            console.warn(
                `[protocol.installPackage] sys_packages persist skipped for '${manifest?.id}': ${(e as Error)?.message}`,
            );
        }

        return { package: pkg as any, message: `Installed package: ${manifest?.id}` };
    }

    /**
     * Edit an installed package's manifest (name / description / version) — the
     * durable half of `PATCH /packages/:id`. Merges the patch into the registry
     * (preserving lifecycle state — see {@link SchemaRegistry.updatePackageManifest})
     * then re-persists the merged manifest to `sys_packages` via the `package`
     * service so the edit survives a restart. Persistence is best-effort and
     * non-fatal (matching `installPackage`): the registry write already
     * succeeded, so a persist failure is logged, never thrown.
     */
    async updatePackage(request: {
        packageId: string;
        patch: { name?: string; description?: string; version?: string };
    }): Promise<{ package: any; message: string }> {
        const pkg = this.engine.registry.updatePackageManifest(request.packageId, request.patch);
        if (!pkg) {
            throw Object.assign(new Error(`Package '${request.packageId}' not found`), { statusCode: 404 });
        }
        try {
            const services = this.getServicesRegistry?.();
            const pkgSvc = services?.get('package') as
                | { publish?: (data: { manifest: unknown; metadata: unknown }) => Promise<{ success?: boolean; error?: string } | unknown> }
                | undefined;
            if (pkgSvc?.publish) {
                const out = (await pkgSvc.publish({ manifest: (pkg as any).manifest, metadata: {} })) as
                    | { success?: boolean; error?: string }
                    | undefined;
                if (out && out.success === false) {
                    console.warn(
                        `[protocol.updatePackage] sys_packages persist FAILED for '${request.packageId}': ${out.error ?? 'unknown error'} — the edit will not survive a restart`,
                    );
                }
            } else {
                console.warn(
                    `[protocol.updatePackage] no 'package' service — '${request.packageId}' edited in-memory only (will not survive a restart)`,
                );
            }
        } catch (e) {
            console.warn(
                `[protocol.updatePackage] sys_packages persist skipped for '${request.packageId}': ${(e as Error)?.message}`,
            );
        }
        return { package: pkg as any, message: `Updated package: ${request.packageId}` };
    }
}