diff --git a/dynamic-control/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/PolicyImplementer.java b/dynamic-control/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/PolicyImplementer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d97da07f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dynamic-control/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/PolicyImplementer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+package io.opentelemetry.contrib.dynamic.policy;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Applies validated telemetry policies to runtime components.
+ *
+ * <p>Implementers are notified when policies change and are responsible for translating those
+ * policies into concrete runtime behavior (for example, updating a sampler). Implementers also
+ * declare the {@link PolicyValidator}s they support so that only relevant policies are delivered to
+ * them.
+ */
+public interface PolicyImplementer {
+
+  /**
+   * Called when the relevant policies have changed.
+   *
+   * <p>Implementers should treat the provided list as authoritative for their policy types and
+   * update runtime state accordingly.
+   *
+   * <p>The upstream policy pipeline is assumed to have already merged policies for prioritization
+   * and conflict resolution. The provided list is expected to be consistent and not contain
+   * conflicting policies for the same type.
+   *
+   * @param policies the set of policies that apply to this implementer
+   */
+  void onPoliciesChanged(List<TelemetryPolicy> policies);
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the validators that this implementer supports.
+   *
+   * <p>These validators define which policy types and aliases the implementer can accept and
+   * process.
+   *
+   * @return the list of supported validators
+   */
+  List<PolicyValidator> getValidators();
+}
diff --git a/dynamic-control/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer.java b/dynamic-control/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18b38c90b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dynamic-control/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+package io.opentelemetry.contrib.dynamic.policy;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import io.opentelemetry.contrib.dynamic.sampler.DelegatingSampler;
+import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.samplers.Sampler;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Implements the {@code trace-sampling} policy by updating a {@link DelegatingSampler}.
+ *
+ * <p>This implementer listens for validated {@link TelemetryPolicy} updates of type {@code
+ * "trace-sampling"} and applies the {@code probability} field to the delegate sampler using {@link
+ * Sampler#traceIdRatioBased(double)} wrapped by {@link Sampler#parentBased(Sampler)}.
+ *
+ * <p>If the policy spec is {@code null} (policy removal), the delegate falls back to {@link
+ * Sampler#alwaysOn()}.
+ *
+ * <p>Validation is performed by {@link TraceSamplingValidator}; this implementer only consumes
+ * policies produced by that validator.
+ *
+ * <p>Policies with a non-null spec that omit {@code probability} are ignored, which should not
+ * occur if validation is functioning correctly.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is thread-safe. Calls to {@link #onPoliciesChanged(List)} can occur concurrently
+ * with sampling operations on the associated {@link DelegatingSampler}.
+ */
+public final class TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer implements PolicyImplementer {
+
+  private static final String TRACE_SAMPLING_TYPE = "trace-sampling";
+  private static final String PROBABILITY_FIELD = "probability";
+  private static final List<PolicyValidator> VALIDATORS =
+      Collections.<PolicyValidator>singletonList(new TraceSamplingValidator());
+
+  private final DelegatingSampler delegatingSampler;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new implementer that updates the provided {@link DelegatingSampler}.
+   *
+   * @param delegatingSampler the sampler to update when policies change
+   */
+  public TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer(DelegatingSampler delegatingSampler) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(delegatingSampler, "delegatingSampler cannot be null");
+    this.delegatingSampler = delegatingSampler;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<PolicyValidator> getValidators() {
+    return VALIDATORS;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onPoliciesChanged(List<TelemetryPolicy> policies) {
+    for (TelemetryPolicy policy : policies) {
+      if (!TRACE_SAMPLING_TYPE.equals(policy.getType())) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      JsonNode spec = policy.getSpec();
+      if (spec == null) {
+        delegatingSampler.setDelegate(Sampler.alwaysOn());
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (spec.has(PROBABILITY_FIELD)) {
+        double ratio = spec.get(PROBABILITY_FIELD).asDouble(1.0);
+        Sampler sampler = Sampler.parentBased(Sampler.traceIdRatioBased(ratio));
+        delegatingSampler.setDelegate(sampler);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dynamic-control/src/test/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementerTest.java b/dynamic-control/src/test/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..729dd88e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dynamic-control/src/test/java/io/opentelemetry/contrib/dynamic/policy/TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+package io.opentelemetry.contrib.dynamic.policy;
+
+import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import io.opentelemetry.api.common.Attributes;
+import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.SpanKind;
+import io.opentelemetry.context.Context;
+import io.opentelemetry.contrib.dynamic.sampler.DelegatingSampler;
+import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.samplers.Sampler;
+import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.samplers.SamplingDecision;
+import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.samplers.SamplingResult;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+class TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementerTest {
+
+  private static final ObjectMapper MAPPER = new ObjectMapper();
+
+  @Test
+  void nullSpecFallsBackToAlwaysOn() {
+    DelegatingSampler delegatingSampler = new DelegatingSampler(Sampler.alwaysOff());
+    TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer implementer =
+        new TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer(delegatingSampler);
+
+    implementer.onPoliciesChanged(singletonList(new TelemetryPolicy("trace-sampling", null)));
+
+    assertThat(decisionFor(delegatingSampler)).isEqualTo(SamplingDecision.RECORD_AND_SAMPLE);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void appliesProbabilityToDelegate() {
+    DelegatingSampler delegatingSampler = new DelegatingSampler(Sampler.alwaysOff());
+    TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer implementer =
+        new TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer(delegatingSampler);
+
+    implementer.onPoliciesChanged(
+        singletonList(new TelemetryPolicy("trace-sampling", spec("probability", 1.0))));
+
+    assertThat(decisionFor(delegatingSampler)).isEqualTo(SamplingDecision.RECORD_AND_SAMPLE);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void ignoresUnrelatedPolicyTypes() {
+    DelegatingSampler delegatingSampler = new DelegatingSampler(Sampler.alwaysOff());
+    TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer implementer =
+        new TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer(delegatingSampler);
+
+    implementer.onPoliciesChanged(
+        singletonList(new TelemetryPolicy("other-policy", spec("value", 1.0))));
+
+    assertThat(decisionFor(delegatingSampler)).isEqualTo(SamplingDecision.DROP);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void ignoresTraceSamplingPolicyWithoutProbability() {
+    DelegatingSampler delegatingSampler = new DelegatingSampler(Sampler.alwaysOff());
+    TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer implementer =
+        new TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer(delegatingSampler);
+
+    implementer.onPoliciesChanged(
+        singletonList(new TelemetryPolicy("trace-sampling", spec("other-field", 1.0))));
+
+    assertThat(decisionFor(delegatingSampler)).isEqualTo(SamplingDecision.DROP);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void lastTraceSamplingPolicyWins() {
+    DelegatingSampler delegatingSampler = new DelegatingSampler(Sampler.alwaysOff());
+    TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer implementer =
+        new TraceSamplingRatePolicyImplementer(delegatingSampler);
+
+    List<TelemetryPolicy> policies =
+        Arrays.asList(
+            new TelemetryPolicy("trace-sampling", spec("probability", 0.0)),
+            new TelemetryPolicy("trace-sampling", spec("probability", 1.0)));
+
+    implementer.onPoliciesChanged(policies);
+
+    assertThat(decisionFor(delegatingSampler)).isEqualTo(SamplingDecision.RECORD_AND_SAMPLE);
+  }
+
+  private static SamplingDecision decisionFor(DelegatingSampler sampler) {
+    SamplingResult result =
+        sampler.shouldSample(
+            Context.root(),
+            "00000000000000000000000000000001",
+            "test-span",
+            SpanKind.INTERNAL,
+            Attributes.empty(),
+            Collections.emptyList());
+    return result.getDecision();
+  }
+
+  private static JsonNode spec(String field, double value) {
+    return MAPPER.createObjectNode().put(field, value);
+  }
+}