[golang] bump to golang 1.24

[stuggi]

• bump in go.mod (base and api)
• bump go-toolset in Dockerfile
• bump golang version and custom_image in github jobs ('.github/workflows')
• Bump the golangci-lint version in the .pre-commit-config.yaml to v2.4.0
• Bump build_root_image in .ci-operator.yaml to ci-build-root-golang-1.24-sdk-1.31 (if set)

Also bump dependencies for OpenShift 4.18. Update controller-runtime, Kubernetes dependencies, and testing tools to support OpenShift Container Platform 4.18 (Kubernetes 1.31):

• controller-runtime: v0.17.6 → v0.19.7
• Kubernetes core dependencies: v0.29.15 → v0.31.12
  • k8s.io/api: v0.31.12
  • k8s.io/apimachinery: v0.31.12
  • k8s.io/client-go: v0.31.12
  • k8s.io/apiextensions-apiserver: v0.31.12
• k8s.io/utils: v0.0.0-20240711033017 → v0.0.0-20250820121507
• controller-gen: v0.14.0 → v0.18.0
• envtest: 1.29 → 1.31.0, setup-envtest@latest

To test on existing env, or after landed:

• update golang to 1.24
• delete current go.work* files
• init go work files go work init
• Delete tools in bin/ subdir of the repo

Depends-On: openstack-k8s-operators/install_yamls#1082
Depends-On: openstack-k8s-operators/openstack-operator#1567

Jira: OSPRH-12935

[softwarefactory-project-zuul]

This change depends on a change that failed to merge.

Change openstack-k8s-operators/openstack-operator#1567 is needed.

[softwarefactory-project-zuul]

Build failed (check pipeline). Post recheck (without leading slash)
to rerun all jobs. Make sure the failure cause has been resolved before
you rerun jobs.

https://softwarefactory-project.io/zuul/t/rdoproject.org/buildset/c228c922ed484e43b789377db438cb6b

❌ openstack-k8s-operators-content-provider POST_FAILURE in 1h 06m 32s
❌ podified-multinode-ironic-deployment POST_FAILURE in 45m 06s

[openshift-ci]

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