diff --git a/src/extract/extract.cpp b/src/extract/extract.cpp
index c46e7044..60787e6c 100644
--- a/src/extract/extract.cpp
+++ b/src/extract/extract.cpp
@@ -29,28 +29,108 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
-void Extract::open_file(const osmium::io::Header& header, osmium::io::overwrite output_overwrite, osmium::io::fsync sync, OptionClean const* clean) {
+void Extract::writer_loop() {
+    try {
+        while (true) {
+            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock{m_mutex};
+            m_cv.wait(lock, [this]{ return m_flush_pending || m_shutdown; });
+
+            if (m_shutdown && !m_flush_pending) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Reset m_flush_pending under the lock so that swap_and_flush()
+            // can observe the transition to false only after the buffer has
+            // been moved out and is no longer shared.
+            m_clean->apply_to(m_flush_buffer);
+            auto buf = std::move(m_flush_buffer);
+            m_flush_buffer = osmium::memory::Buffer{buffer_size,
+                                                     osmium::memory::Buffer::auto_grow::no};
+            m_flush_pending = false;
+            lock.unlock();
+            m_cv.notify_one();
+
+            // The osmium Writer call (compression + I/O) runs outside the lock
+            // so the main thread can keep filling m_fill_buffer concurrently.
+            (*m_writer)(std::move(buf));
+        }
+    } catch (...) {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock{m_mutex};
+        m_writer_exception = std::current_exception();
+        m_flush_pending = false;
+        m_shutdown = true;
+        lock.unlock();
+        m_cv.notify_all();
+    }
+}
+
+void Extract::check_writer_exception() {
+    if (m_writer_exception) {
+        std::rethrow_exception(m_writer_exception);
+    }
+}
+
+void Extract::swap_and_flush() {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock{m_mutex};
+    m_cv.wait(lock, [this]{ return !m_flush_pending || m_shutdown; });
+    check_writer_exception();
+
+    std::swap(m_fill_buffer, m_flush_buffer);
+    m_fill_buffer = osmium::memory::Buffer{buffer_size,
+                                           osmium::memory::Buffer::auto_grow::no};
+    m_flush_pending = true;
+    lock.unlock();
+    m_cv.notify_one();
+}
+
+void Extract::open_file(const osmium::io::Header& header,
+                        osmium::io::overwrite output_overwrite,
+                        osmium::io::fsync sync,
+                        OptionClean const* clean) {
     m_clean = clean;
-    m_writer = std::make_unique<osmium::io::Writer>(m_output_file, header, output_overwrite, sync);
+    m_writer = std::make_unique<osmium::io::Writer>(m_output_file, header,
+                                                     output_overwrite, sync);
+    m_writer_thread = std::thread{&Extract::writer_loop, this};
 }
 
 void Extract::close_file() {
-    if (m_writer) {
-        if (m_buffer.committed() > 0) {
-            m_clean->apply_to(m_buffer);
-            (*m_writer)(std::move(m_buffer));
+    if (!m_writer) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (m_fill_buffer.committed() > 0) {
+        swap_and_flush();
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock{m_mutex};
+        m_cv.wait(lock, [this]{ return !m_flush_pending || m_shutdown; });
+        check_writer_exception();
+        m_shutdown = true;
+    }
+    m_cv.notify_one();
+    m_writer_thread.join();
+
+    check_writer_exception();
+    m_writer->close();
+}
+
+Extract::~Extract() {
+    if (m_writer_thread.joinable()) {
+        {
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock{m_mutex};
+            m_shutdown = true;
         }
-        m_writer->close();
+        m_cv.notify_one();
+        m_writer_thread.join();
     }
 }
 
 void Extract::write(const osmium::memory::Item& item) {
-    if (m_buffer.capacity() - m_buffer.committed() < item.padded_size()) {
-        m_clean->apply_to(m_buffer);
-        (*m_writer)(std::move(m_buffer));
-        m_buffer = osmium::memory::Buffer{buffer_size, osmium::memory::Buffer::auto_grow::no};
+    if (m_fill_buffer.capacity() - m_fill_buffer.committed() < item.padded_size()) {
+        swap_and_flush();
     }
-    m_buffer.push_back(item);
+    m_fill_buffer.push_back(item);
 }
 
 std::string Extract::envelope_as_text() const {
@@ -58,4 +138,3 @@ std::string Extract::envelope_as_text() const {
     ss << m_envelope;
     return ss.str();
 }
-
diff --git a/src/extract/extract.hpp b/src/extract/extract.hpp
index 782bafc1..9d00616d 100644
--- a/src/extract/extract.hpp
+++ b/src/extract/extract.hpp
@@ -29,12 +29,17 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/writer_options.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/memory/item.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/box.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/location.hpp>
 
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <exception>
 #include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <string>
+#include <thread>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -46,20 +51,35 @@ class Extract {
     std::string m_description;
     std::vector<std::string> m_header_options;
     osmium::Box m_envelope;
-    osmium::memory::Buffer m_buffer{buffer_size, osmium::memory::Buffer::auto_grow::no};
+
+    // Double-buffering: the main thread fills m_fill_buffer while the writer
+    // thread flushes m_flush_buffer to disk asynchronously.
+    osmium::memory::Buffer m_fill_buffer{buffer_size, osmium::memory::Buffer::auto_grow::no};
+    osmium::memory::Buffer m_flush_buffer{buffer_size, osmium::memory::Buffer::auto_grow::no};
+
     std::unique_ptr<osmium::io::Writer> m_writer;
     const OptionClean* m_clean = nullptr;
 
+    std::thread m_writer_thread;
+    std::mutex m_mutex;
+    std::condition_variable m_cv;
+    bool m_flush_pending = false;
+    bool m_shutdown = false;
+    std::exception_ptr m_writer_exception;
+
+    void writer_loop();
+    void swap_and_flush();
+    void check_writer_exception();
+
 public:
 
     Extract(const osmium::io::File& output_file, const std::string& description, const osmium::Box& envelope) :
         m_output_file(output_file),
         m_description(description),
-        m_envelope(envelope),
-        m_writer(nullptr) {
+        m_envelope(envelope) {
     }
 
-    virtual ~Extract() = default;
+    virtual ~Extract();
 
     const std::string& output() const noexcept {
         return m_output_file.filename();
diff --git a/src/extract/strategy.hpp b/src/extract/strategy.hpp
index e9fe60a1..47188749 100644
--- a/src/extract/strategy.hpp
+++ b/src/extract/strategy.hpp
@@ -104,9 +104,7 @@ class Pass {
                         break;
                     case osmium::item_type::way:
                         self().way(static_cast<const osmium::Way&>(object));
-                        for (auto& e : extracts()) {
-                            self().eway(&e, static_cast<const osmium::Way&>(object));
-                        }
+                        self().eway_all(extracts(), static_cast<const osmium::Way&>(object));
                         break;
                     case osmium::item_type::relation:
                         self().relation(static_cast<const osmium::Relation&>(object));
@@ -155,6 +153,15 @@ class Pass {
     void erelation(extract_data*, const osmium::Relation&) {
     }
 
+    // Default implementation: call eway() for each extract separately.
+    // Subclasses may override this to process all extracts in a single
+    // pass over way.nodes().
+    void eway_all(std::vector<extract_data>& exts, const osmium::Way& way) {
+        for (auto& e : exts) {
+            self().eway(&e, way);
+        }
+    }
+
 public:
 
     explicit Pass(TStrategy* strategy) :
diff --git a/src/extract/strategy_complete_ways.cpp b/src/extract/strategy_complete_ways.cpp
index 96a65594..e9b855d9 100644
--- a/src/extract/strategy_complete_ways.cpp
+++ b/src/extract/strategy_complete_ways.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <osmium/handler/check_order.hpp>
 #include <osmium/util/file.hpp>
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <memory>
 #include <vector>
@@ -100,6 +101,46 @@ namespace strategy_complete_ways {
             }
         }
 
+        // Override that scans way.nodes() at most twice for all extracts
+        // combined instead of up to twice per extract as the default does.
+        // Pass A finds which extracts claim this way (bitmask, max 64 extracts).
+        // Pass B records all node refs into extra_node_ids for matched extracts.
+        void eway_all(std::vector<extract_data>& exts, const osmium::Way& way) {
+            const std::size_t n = exts.size();
+            std::uint64_t found_mask = 0;
+            std::size_t remaining = n;
+
+            for (const auto& nr : way.nodes()) {
+                const auto node_id = nr.positive_ref();
+                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                    if (!(found_mask & (std::uint64_t{1} << i)) &&
+                        exts[i].node_ids.get(node_id)) {
+                        found_mask |= std::uint64_t{1} << i;
+                        exts[i].way_ids.set(way.positive_id());
+                        if (--remaining == 0) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (remaining == 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (found_mask == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (const auto& nr : way.nodes()) {
+                const auto node_ref = nr.ref();
+                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                    if (found_mask & (std::uint64_t{1} << i)) {
+                        exts[i].extra_node_ids.set(node_ref);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         void relation(const osmium::Relation& relation) {
             m_check_order.relation(relation);
             m_relations_map_stash.add_members(relation);