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Jun 19, 2026
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docs: update validator page with PIP-49 delegation fields #116

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41 changes: 29 additions & 12 deletions content/protocol/blockchain/validator.md
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Expand Up @@ -10,21 +10,38 @@ The amount of stake held by validators determines their power in the consensus.

## Validator Structure

The Validator structure is 120 bytes long and consists of the following fields:
The base Validator structure is 120 bytes long and consists of the following fields:

| Field | Size |
| ------------------- | -------- |
| Public Key | 96 bytes |
| Number | 4 bytes |
| Stake | 8 bytes |
| Last Bonding Height | 4 bytes |
| Unbonding Height | 4 bytes |
| Last Joined Height | 4 bytes |
| Field | Size |
| -------------------- | -------- |
| Public Key | 96 bytes |
| Number | 4 bytes |
| Stake | 8 bytes |
| Last Bonding Height | 4 bytes |
| Unbonding Height | 4 bytes |
| Last Sortition Height| 4 bytes |

- **Public Key** is the Validator's public key.
- **Number** is a sequential and unique number assigned to each validator when it is created for the first time.
The validator number is used to calculate the [state hash](/protocol/blockchain/state-hash) of the blockchain.
- **Stake** holds the Validator's stake or the amount of Pactus coins locked or "staked" by the Validator.
- **Bonding Height** is the last block height that the validator has bonded their stake.
- **Unbonding Height** is the block height that the validator's stake is unbonded.
- **Last Joined Height** is the block height that the validator joined the committee.
- **Last Bonding Height** is the last block height at which the validator bonded stake.
- **Unbonding Height** is the block height at which the validator's stake is unbonded.
If greater than zero, the validator is considered unbonded.
- **Last Sortition Height** is the last block height at which the validator evaluated sortition.

## Delegation (PIP-49)

[PIP-49](https://pips.pactus.org/PIPs/pip-49) introduces an optional delegation section that adds 33 bytes to the structure:

| Field | Size |
| --------------- | -------- |
| Delegate Owner | 21 bytes |
| Delegate Share | 8 bytes |
| Delegate Expiry | 4 bytes |

When the delegation fields are present, the total structure size is 153 bytes.

- **Delegate Owner** is the address of the stake owner account.
- **Delegate Share** is the stake owner's reward share in nano PAC (within `[0, 0.7 PAC]`).
- **Delegate Expiry** is the block height at which the delegation expires (zero means no expiry).