Fix dead catch false positive for dynamic class constant fetch

- Added implicit throw point for dynamic class constant fetch (e.g. Foo::{$name})
- Dynamic class constant fetches can throw \Error at runtime if the constant doesn't exist
- New regression test in tests/PHPStan/Rules/Exceptions/data/bug-13569.php

Closes phpstan/phpstan#13569

Author: github-actions[bot]

src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php

@@ -3879,6 +3879,7 @@ function (MutatingScope $scope) use ($stmt, $expr, $nodeCallback, $context, $sto
 				$throwPoints = array_merge($throwPoints, $result->getThrowPoints());
 				$impurePoints = array_merge($impurePoints, $result->getImpurePoints());
 				$isAlwaysTerminating = $isAlwaysTerminating || $result->isAlwaysTerminating();
+				$throwPoints[] = InternalThrowPoint::createImplicit($scope, $expr);
 			} else {
 				$this->callNodeCallback($nodeCallback, $expr->name, $scope, $storage);
 			}

tests/PHPStan/Rules/Exceptions/CatchWithUnthrownExceptionRuleTest.php

@@ -681,4 +681,9 @@ public function testBug9146NonStrict(): void
 		]);
 	}
 
+	public function testBug13569(): void
+	{
+		$this->analyse([__DIR__ . '/data/bug-13569.php'], []);
+	}
+
 }

tests/PHPStan/Rules/Exceptions/data/bug-13569.php

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php // lint >= 8.1
+
+declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace Bug13569;
+
+enum ReactionType: string
+{
+	case EMOJI_HEART = '❤️';
+
+	public static function tryFromName(string $name): ?self
+	{
+		try {
+			return ReactionType::{$name};
+		} catch (\Error) {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+}