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description: This course aims at achieving fluency and confidence in spoken and written English. This course will use insights from theories of learning and dominant methods of teaching language.
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Drawing on the sources and our conversation history, let's take a quick review of **adverbs** in English.
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Here's a quick review of adverbs, presented in a notes format with emojis and practice questions to make it easier to understand:
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**What are Adverbs?**
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An **adverb** is a **word, or a set of words**, that **modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs**. They **add to the verb** or modify it. Adverbs give **additional information** about verbs, things associated with the verb, adjectives, and other adverbs.
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---
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Think of adverbs as providing detail about how something happens or how someone does something. They typically express **when, where, how** an action is performed, or indicate the **quality or degree** of the action. Understanding adverbs is important because they help to **brighten up and sharpen our language**, making it **more impactful** and adding **flavour**.
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📝 **Adverbs - A Quick Review**
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**Forms of Adverbs**
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Adverbs are powerful words or groups of words that **modify (or give additional information about)** verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They help describe *when*, *where*, *how*, or *to what extent* an action is performed, or they indicate the quality or degree of an action.
***Phrases** (e.g., *very much*, *until he was tired*, *carrying her suitcases with two hands*, *without any reason*, *through the jungle*, *in a bank*, *to college*, *at a goddess*, *a little late*, *on Monday*, *occasionally*). Prepositional phrases often function as adverbs. These are called **adverb phrases**.
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***Clauses** (e.g., *until he was tired*). Clauses can function as adverbs for modifications at a sentential level. These are called **adverbial clauses**. Adverbial clauses are typically **adjuncts** that simply provide **additional information**. They are considered **optional elements** in a sentence and are not dictated by the nature of the verb. You can have **multiple adjuncts** in a sentence.
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For example:
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* "Shelley is **always** ready for help." (modifies an adjective)
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* "He loved her **very much**." (modifies a verb)
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* "Time is running out **fast**." (modifies a verb)
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* "I gave that **willingly**." (modifies a verb)
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**How to Identify Adverbs**
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💡 **Adverb Clauses and Phrases**
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Beyond single words, groups of words can also act as adverbs:
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***Adverb Clauses**: These are complete clauses that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs in a sentence.
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* Example: "He carried the load **until he was tired**." (modifies "carried")
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***Adverb Phrases**: These are phrases (groups of words without a subject and verb) that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
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* Example: "Maya arrived, **carrying her suitcases with two hands**." (modifies "arrived")
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* Example: "You are irritated **without any reason**." (modifies "irritated")
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Besides their function, adverbs can often be identified by:
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***Ending in -ly**: Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective (e.g., *beautiful* -> *beautifully*, *equal* -> *equally*, *thankful* -> *thankfully*, *careful* -> *carefully*, *easy* -> *easily*, *heavy* -> *heavily*). However, not all adverbs end in -ly, and some words ending in -ly can be adjectives. Also, some words can function as both adjectives and adverbs without the -ly ending (e.g., *hard*, *fast*, *late*, *early*). The adverb form of 'good' is 'well'.
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***Answering questions**: Adverbs often answer questions such as:
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***How?** (Manner)
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***How much?** (Degree)
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***Where? / In what direction?** (Place/Direction)
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***When? / How often?** (Time/Frequency)
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---
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**Classifications of Adverbs**
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분류 **Generic Classification of Adverbs**
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1. 🏃♀️ **Adverbs of Manner** (How?)
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***Function**: Tell us *how* an action is performed.
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***Common Ending**: Many adverbs of manner end in the suffix **-ly** (e.g., equally, carefully, slowly, beautifully, thankfully).
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***Examples**:
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* "We should distribute the workload **equally**." (How to distribute? Equally)
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* "Hold it **carefully**." (How to hold? Carefully)
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* "He is improving **slowly**." (How is he improving? Slowly)
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* "Maya runs **very fast**." (How does Maya run? Fast)
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2. 💪 **Adverbs of Degree** (How much? / To what extent?)
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***Function**: Indicate the *amount* or *force* with which an action is performed, or the intensity of an adjective or another adverb.
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***Examples**:
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* "Jessie **completely** forgot about her appointment." (How much did she forget? Completely)
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* "The policemen examine the document **thoroughly**." (To what degree did they examine? Thoroughly)
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* "She was **so** excited about the new place." (How excited? So excited)
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* "I **hardly** go to the theatre." (To what extent do I go? Hardly, implying not often)
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***Common Words**: completely, nearly, entirely, less, mildly, most, thoroughly, somewhat, excessively, much. Note that some words like "completely" and "thoroughly" can also end in -ly, but answer "how much" here.
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3. 📍 **Adverbs of Place or Direction** (Where? / In what direction?)
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***Function**: Indicate the *location* or *direction* of the action.
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***Examples**:
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* "I went **through the jungle**." (Where did I go? Through the jungle)
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* "He works **in a bank**." (Where does he work? In a bank)
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* "Maya is going **to college**." (Where is Maya going? To college)
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***Common Words**: across, over, under, in, out, through, backward, there, around, here, sideways, upstairs, in the park, in the field.
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4. ⏰ **Adverbs of Time or Frequency** (When? / How often?)
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***Function**: Tell us *when* an action happened or *how often* it occurs.
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***Examples**:
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* "I arrived at the airport a little late **yesterday**." (When did I arrive? Yesterday)
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* "He **always** gets a good result." (How often? Always)
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* "The PM will leave for America **on Monday**." (When will he leave? On Monday)
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* "I go to the theatre **occasionally**." (How often? Occasionally)
***Function**: Modify the *entire sentence* or utterance, often indicating the speaker's attitude or point of view. They typically appear at the beginning of the sentence.
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***Examples**:
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* "**Hopefully**, I will finish the assignment." (Modifies the whole sentence)
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* "**Apparently**, the days are getting hotter."
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* "**Certainly**, you did not consider asking for my permission."
***Function**: Work as linkers, connecting independent clauses and phrases, and showing the relationship between two ideas.
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***Example**: (The source describes their function but doesn't provide a specific example sentence for *this category* of adverb within the provided excerpts for "Adverbs - A Quick Review", but does mention they "link the clauses" and "connect independent clauses and phrases".)
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The sources provide a few ways to classify adverbs:
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---
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**1. Generic Classification**
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***Adverbs of Manner**: Describe *how* an action is performed. They often end in -ly. Examples include *equally*, *carefully*, *slowly*, *fast*.
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***Adverbs of Degree**: Explain or indicate the *amount* or *extent* of something. They answer the question *how much*. They can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Examples include *completely*, *thoroughly*, *so*, *hardly*, *very*, *too*, *quite*, *rather*, *slightly*. Degree adverbs are used *before* the word they modify. There are specific rules for using 'very' and 'too' with certain types of adjectives, like participle adjectives. Degree adverbs like 'hugely', 'extremely', 'absolutely', and 'completely' are used with different types of adjectives (gradable vs. non-gradable).
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***Adverbs of Place or Direction**: Indicate the *place* or *direction* where the action is being performed. They answer the question *where*. Examples include *through the jungle*, *in a bank*, *to college*, *at a goddess*, *across*, *over*, *under*, *in*, *out*, *through*, *backward*, *there*, *around*, *here*, *sideways*, *upstairs*.
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***Adverbs of Time or Frequency**: Talk about the *timing* and *frequency* of the action. They answer the questions *when* or *how often*. Examples include *yesterday*, *always*, *on Monday*, *occasionally*, *never*, *often*, *eventually*, *now*, *frequently*, *once*, *forever*, *seldom*, and specific days or times.
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***Sentence Adverbs**: These adverbs **take an entire sentence in their scope** and modify the whole sentence. They usually occur **at the beginning of the sentence**. They indicate the **attitude or point of view of the speaker or writer**. Examples include *hopefully*, *apparently*, *certainly*, *obviously*, *actually*.
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***Conjunctive Adverbs**: These adverbs **connect independent clauses and phrases**. They show the relationship between two ideas expressed in different sentences.
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✍️ **Practice Questions**
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**2. Functional Classification**
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This classification focuses on the pragmatic part of adverbs and how they **sharpen language**.
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***Comment Adverbs**: Indicate likelihood or the speaker's stance. They can occur anywhere in the sentence (initial, middle, or end). When they apply to the whole sentence and come at the beginning, they are often separated by a comma. Examples include *apparently*, *certainly*, *clearly*, *definitely*, *obviously*, *presumably*, *undoubtedly*. They add a comment rather than stating certainty.
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***Viewpoint Adverbs**: Indicate perspectives, often for clarity. Examples include *biologically*, *chemically*, *environmentally*, *ideologically*, *logically*, *morally*, *outwardly*, *politically*, *technically*, *visually*, *visibly*, *financially*.
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***Focus Adverbs**: These words focus on specific parts of the sentence. Examples given are *even* and *only*.
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Identify the adverb and its type in the following sentences:
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**Structural Position and Word Order**
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1. She sings **beautifully**.
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2. He rarely visits his hometown.
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3. The cat climbed **upstairs**.
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4. I am **too** tired to walk.
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5.**Frankly**, I don't care.
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Adverbs function as adjuncts, meaning they are generally not required elements of a sentence. Structurally, clauses can appear as nouns (subject, object), adjectives, or adverbs (adjuncts for modifications). Adverbial clauses are distinct from adjectival clauses; adjectival clauses modify nouns and occur to the right of the noun, while adverbial clauses give additional information.
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---
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For word order, the verb and its object are usually together. Adverbs often follow the verb and object (e.g., *He speaks English very well*). Some adverbs like *always*, *usually*, and *often* have specific positions, often before the main verb or after 'be'. Sentence adverbs typically appear at the beginning.
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✅ **Answers**
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**Learning and Using Adverbs**
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1.**beautifully** - Adverb of Manner (How does she sing? Beautifully)
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2.**rarely** - Adverb of Frequency (How often does he visit? Rarely)
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3.**upstairs** - Adverb of Place/Direction (Where did the cat climb? Upstairs)
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4.**too** - Adverb of Degree (To what extent am I tired? Too tired)
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5.**Frankly** - Sentence Adverb (Modifies the whole statement, expressing the speaker's attitude)
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Understanding the nature and function of adverbs contributes to building confidence in speaking and writing. To effectively learn and use adverbs, the sources suggest paying attention to how others use them, observing them in spontaneous speech and writing, practicing with them, and incorporating them into your own language. This conscious effort, combined with observing how the mind processes language, leads to improved accuracy and impact.
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