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# Summary
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PICA (Python-based Instrument Control and Automation) is a modular, open-source software suite designed to automate complex characterisation experiments in condensed matter physics. While initially developed to operate a custom laboratory-built measurement system,PICA is designed as a
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hardware agnostic framework. It provides an extensible unified graphical user interface (GUI) for orchestrating high-precision instruments, specifically Keithley SourceMeters/Nanovoltmeters, Lakeshore Temperature Controllers, and Keysight LCR metres. The suite controls temperature setpoints to perform automated protocols, including temperature-dependent resistivity, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, and pyroelectric current measurement.
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PICA (Python-based Instrument Control and Automation) is a modular, open-source software suite designed to automate complex characterisation experiments in condensed matter physics. While initially developed to operate a custom laboratory-built measurement system,PICA is designed as a hardware agnostic framework. It provides an extensible unified graphical user interface (GUI) for orchestrating high-precision instruments, specifically Keithley SourceMeters/Nanovoltmeters, Lakeshore Temperature Controllers, and Keysight LCR metres. The suite controls temperature setpoints to perform automated protocols, including temperature-dependent resistivity, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, and pyroelectric current measurement.
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# Statement of need
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Advancements in experimental physics depend on the precise characterisation of material properties under extreme physical conditions. Researchers have to choose between expensive proprietary software like LabVIEW or developing a custom measurement script from scratch. While powerful ecosystem libraries such as PyVISA [@grecco2023pyvisa] and PyMeasure [pymeasure_2025] provide the foundational drivers for instrumental communication, they are fundamentally software libraries that require the user to write and maintain code.This creates a technical barrier for researchers who lack programming expertise. PICA addresses this gap by functioning as a turnkey application rather than a library. It offers a ready to run graphical interface that abstracts the underlying control logic, allowing the experimentalist to focus on data acquisition without the need to develop custom software scripts.
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It differentiates itself through the following unique features:
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***Accessibility:** A professional dashboard that allows researchers without coding experience to configure and run a complex measurement protocol immediately.
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***Physical Validation:** Unlike general-purpose drivers, PICA's protocols are actively used for cryogenic transport measurements (80K - 320K) at the UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Mumbai Centre, validating the software's core architecture in a real world research environment and providing a stable, tested foundation for the university and researchers to build upon.
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***Process Isolation:** PICA deploys a `multiprocessing` architecture that runs instrumentation control logic in an isolated process. This ensures that hardware timeouts or driver crashes do not freeze the main dashboard, which is a common problem in single-threaded Python scripts.
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***Modular CLI Architecture:** As demonstrated in the repository, measurement modules also contain CLI measurement module counterparts that allow researchers to utilise PICA's measurement protocol and logic for headless automation or integration into other workflows without GUI overhead.
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***Operational Transparency:** Unlike a black box solution, PICA exposes real-time command logs, aiding in debugging and ensuring scientific reproducibility.
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***Open Source Extensibility:** PICA's modular design allows researchers to easily integrate new instrument drivers or experimental protocols by subclassing existing templates, fostering a community-driven ecosystem for instrument control.
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PICA is built on a modular architecture characterised by self-contained modules, ensuring future extensibility. This design allows individual measurement protocols to be modified independently or added without impacting the core system stability.
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### Hardware Abstraction Layer
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PICA utilises **PyVISA**[@grecco2023pyvisa] to abstract the low-level communication protocols (GPIB, USB, Ethernet). The software implements a strict initialisation routine:
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1.**Connection Verification:** A built-in "VISA Instrument Scanner" queries the bus (`*IDN?`) to map the connected instrument addresses.
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2.**Instrument Reset Protocol:** To eliminate the influence of all previous experiments, any stored data, cache in buffers, and existing settings or configurations, the instruments are explicitly reset, thereby providing a clean initial state before each measurement.
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3.**Graceful Shutdown:** A "Safety Shutdown Routine" logic ensures that sources are ramped down to zero and heaters are disabled safely, even if the software is interrupted unexpectedly.
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### Operational Transparency
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# Acknowledgements
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We acknowledge the financial support provided under the SERB-GRG project grant No. CRG/2022/005676 from the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), a statutory body of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India.
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