Add ARRAY type support

docs/introduction.rst

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ PyAthena provides comprehensive support for Amazon Athena's data types and featu
 
 **Data Type Support:**
   - **STRUCT/ROW Types**: :ref:`Complete support <sqlalchemy>` for complex nested data structures
-  - **ARRAY Types**: Native handling of array data with automatic Python list conversion
+  - **ARRAY Types**: :ref:`Complete support <sqlalchemy>` for ordered collections with automatic Python list conversion
   - **MAP Types**: :ref:`Complete support <sqlalchemy>` for key-value dictionary-like data structures
   - **JSON Integration**: Seamless JSON data parsing and conversion
   - **Performance Optimized**: Smart format detection for efficient data processing

docs/sqlalchemy.rst

@@ -606,3 +606,181 @@ Migration from Raw Strings
     result = cursor.execute("SELECT map_column FROM table").fetchone()
     map_data = result[0]  # {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"} - automatically converted
     value = map_data['key1']  # Direct access
+
+ARRAY Type Support
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+PyAthena provides comprehensive support for Amazon Athena's ARRAY data types, enabling you to work with ordered collections of data in your Python applications.
+
+Basic Usage
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer, Table, MetaData
+    from pyathena.sqlalchemy.types import AthenaArray
+
+    # Define a table with ARRAY columns
+    orders = Table('orders', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer),
+        Column('item_ids', AthenaArray(Integer)),
+        Column('tags', AthenaArray(String)),
+        Column('categories', AthenaArray(String))
+    )
+
+This creates a table definition equivalent to:
+
+.. code:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE orders (
+        id INTEGER,
+        item_ids ARRAY<INTEGER>,
+        tags ARRAY<STRING>,
+        categories ARRAY<STRING>
+    )
+
+Querying ARRAY Data
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PyAthena automatically converts ARRAY data between different formats:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, select
+
+    # Query ARRAY data using ARRAY constructor
+    result = connection.execute(
+        select().from_statement(
+            text("SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] as item_ids")
+        )
+    ).fetchone()
+
+    # Access ARRAY data as Python list
+    item_ids = result.item_ids  # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+Complex ARRAY Operations
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For arrays containing complex data types:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # Arrays with STRUCT elements
+    result = connection.execute(
+        select().from_statement(
+            text("SELECT ARRAY[ROW('Alice', 25), ROW('Bob', 30)] as users")
+        )
+    ).fetchone()
+
+    users = result.users  # [{"0": "Alice", "1": 25}, {"0": "Bob", "1": 30}]
+
+    # Using CAST AS JSON for complex ARRAY operations
+    result = connection.execute(
+        select().from_statement(
+            text("SELECT CAST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3] AS JSON) as data")
+        )
+    ).fetchone()
+
+    # Parse JSON result
+    import json
+    if isinstance(result.data, str):
+        array_data = json.loads(result.data)  # [1, 2, 3]
+    else:
+        array_data = result.data  # Already converted to list
+
+Data Format Support
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PyAthena supports multiple ARRAY data formats:
+
+**Athena Native Format:**
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # Input: '[1, 2, 3]'
+    # Output: [1, 2, 3]
+
+    # Input: '[apple, banana, cherry]'  
+    # Output: ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
+
+**JSON Format:**
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # Input: '[1, 2, 3]'
+    # Output: [1, 2, 3]
+
+    # Input: '["apple", "banana", "cherry"]'
+    # Output: ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
+
+**Complex Nested Arrays:**
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # Input: '[{name=John, age=30}, {name=Jane, age=25}]'
+    # Output: [{"name": "John", "age": 30}, {"name": "Jane", "age": 25}]
+
+Type Definitions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+AthenaArray supports various item types:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from pyathena.sqlalchemy.types import AthenaArray, AthenaStruct, AthenaMap
+
+    # Simple arrays
+    AthenaArray(String)      # ARRAY<STRING>
+    AthenaArray(Integer)     # ARRAY<INTEGER>
+
+    # Arrays of complex types
+    AthenaArray(AthenaStruct(...))  # ARRAY<STRUCT<...>>
+    AthenaArray(AthenaMap(...))     # ARRAY<MAP<...>>
+
+    # Nested arrays
+    AthenaArray(AthenaArray(Integer))  # ARRAY<ARRAY<INTEGER>>
+
+Best Practices
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+1. **Use appropriate item types** in AthenaArray definitions:
+
+   .. code:: python
+
+       AthenaArray(Integer)  # For numeric arrays
+       AthenaArray(String)   # For string arrays
+       AthenaArray(AthenaStruct(...))  # For arrays of structs
+
+2. **Use CAST AS JSON** for complex array operations:
+
+   .. code:: sql
+
+       SELECT CAST(complex_array AS JSON) FROM table_name
+
+3. **Handle NULL values** appropriately in your application logic:
+
+   .. code:: python
+
+       if result.array_column is not None:
+           # Process array data
+           first_item = result.array_column[0] if result.array_column else None
+
+Migration from Raw Strings
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+**Before (raw string handling):**
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    result = cursor.execute("SELECT array_column FROM table").fetchone()
+    raw_data = result[0]  # "[1, 2, 3]"
+    import json
+    parsed_data = json.loads(raw_data)
+
+**After (automatic conversion):**
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    result = cursor.execute("SELECT array_column FROM table").fetchone()
+    array_data = result[0]  # [1, 2, 3] - automatically converted
+    first_item = array_data[0]  # Direct access

pyathena/converter.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 from datetime import date, datetime, time
 from decimal import Decimal
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Type
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Type
 
 from dateutil.tz import gettz
 
@@ -78,6 +78,52 @@ def _to_json(varchar_value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[Any]:
     return json.loads(varchar_value)
 
 
+def _to_array(varchar_value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[List[Any]]:
+    """Convert array data to Python list.
+
+    Supports two formats:
+    1. JSON format: '[1, 2, 3]' or '["a", "b", "c"]' (recommended)
+    2. Athena native format: '[1, 2, 3]' (basic cases only)
+
+    For complex arrays, use CAST(array_column AS JSON) in your SQL query.
+
+    Args:
+        varchar_value: String representation of array data
+
+    Returns:
+        List representation of array, or None if parsing fails
+    """
+    if varchar_value is None:
+        return None
+
+    # Quick check: if it doesn't look like an array, return None
+    if not (varchar_value.startswith("[") and varchar_value.endswith("]")):
+        return None
+
+    # Optimize: Try JSON parsing first (most reliable)
+    try:
+        result = json.loads(varchar_value)
+        if isinstance(result, list):
+            return result
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        # If JSON parsing fails, fall back to basic parsing for simple cases
+        pass
+
+    inner = varchar_value[1:-1].strip()
+    if not inner:
+        return []
+
+    try:
+        # For nested arrays, too complex for basic parsing
+        if "[" in inner:
+            # Contains nested arrays - too complex for basic parsing
+            return None
+        # Try native parsing (including struct arrays)
+        return _parse_array_native(inner)
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
 def _to_map(varchar_value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """Convert map data to Python dictionary.
 
@@ -179,6 +225,81 @@ def _to_struct(varchar_value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         return None
 
 
+def _parse_array_native(inner: str) -> Optional[List[Any]]:
+    """Parse array native format: 1, 2, 3 or {a, b}, {c, d}.
+
+    Args:
+        inner: Interior content of array without brackets.
+
+    Returns:
+        List with parsed values, or None if no valid values found.
+    """
+    result = []
+
+    # Smart split by comma - respect brace groupings
+    items = _split_array_items(inner)
+
+    for item in items:
+        if not item:
+            continue
+
+        # Handle struct (ROW) values in format {a, b, c} or {key=value, ...}
+        if item.strip().startswith("{") and item.strip().endswith("}"):
+            # This is a struct value - parse it as a struct
+            struct_value = _to_struct(item.strip())
+            if struct_value is not None:
+                result.append(struct_value)
+            continue
+
+        # Skip items with nested arrays or complex quoting (safety check)
+        if any(char in item for char in '[]="'):
+            continue
+
+        # Convert item to appropriate type
+        converted_item = _convert_value(item)
+        result.append(converted_item)
+
+    return result if result else None
+
+
+def _split_array_items(inner: str) -> List[str]:
+    """Split array items by comma, respecting brace and bracket groupings.
+
+    Args:
+        inner: Interior content of array without brackets.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of item strings.
+    """
+    items = []
+    current_item = ""
+    brace_depth = 0
+    bracket_depth = 0
+
+    for char in inner:
+        if char == "{":
+            brace_depth += 1
+        elif char == "}":
+            brace_depth -= 1
+        elif char == "[":
+            bracket_depth += 1
+        elif char == "]":
+            bracket_depth -= 1
+        elif char == "," and brace_depth == 0 and bracket_depth == 0:
+            # Top-level comma - end current item
+            items.append(current_item.strip())
+            current_item = ""
+            continue
+
+        current_item += char
+
+    # Add the last item
+    if current_item.strip():
+        items.append(current_item.strip())
+
+    return items
+
+
 def _parse_map_native(inner: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """Parse map native format: key1=value1, key2=value2.
 
@@ -302,7 +423,7 @@ def _to_default(varchar_value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
     "date": _to_date,
     "time": _to_time,
     "varbinary": _to_binary,
-    "array": _to_default,
+    "array": _to_array,
     "map": _to_map,
     "row": _to_struct,
     "decimal": _to_decimal,

pyathena/sqlalchemy/compiler.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
     AthenaPartitionTransform,
     AthenaRowFormatSerde,
 )
-from pyathena.sqlalchemy.types import AthenaMap, AthenaStruct
+from pyathena.sqlalchemy.types import AthenaArray, AthenaMap, AthenaStruct
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sqlalchemy import (
@@ -164,6 +164,15 @@ def visit_map(self, type_, **kw):  # noqa: N802
     def visit_MAP(self, type_, **kw):  # noqa: N802
         return self.visit_map(type_, **kw)
 
+    def visit_array(self, type_, **kw):  # noqa: N802
+        if isinstance(type_, AthenaArray):
+            item_type_str = self.process(type_.item_type, **kw)
+            return f"ARRAY<{item_type_str}>"
+        return "ARRAY<STRING>"
+
+    def visit_ARRAY(self, type_, **kw):  # noqa: N802
+        return self.visit_array(type_, **kw)
+
 
 class AthenaStatementCompiler(SQLCompiler):
     def visit_char_length_func(self, fn: "FunctionElement[Any]", **kw):