diff --git a/numpyro/infer/mcmc.py b/numpyro/infer/mcmc.py
index f3826939e..a1f7cb5d0 100644
--- a/numpyro/infer/mcmc.py
+++ b/numpyro/infer/mcmc.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 from numpyro.diagnostics import print_summary
 from numpyro.util import (
+    _is_under_jax_transform,
     cached_by,
     find_stack_level,
     fori_collect,
@@ -447,7 +448,7 @@ def _postprocess_fn(state, args, kwargs):
                 )
 
             fns = sample_fn, postprocess_fn
-            if key is not None:
+            if key is not None and not _is_under_jax_transform():
                 self._cache[key] = fns
         return fns
 
@@ -539,7 +540,8 @@ def _compile(self, rng_key, *args, extra_fields=(), init_params=None, **kwargs):
         kwargs = jax.tree.map(lambda x: _hashable(x), tuple(sorted(kwargs.items())))
         key = rng_key + args + kwargs
         try:
-            self._init_state_cache[key] = self._last_state
+            if not _is_under_jax_transform():
+                self._init_state_cache[key] = self._last_state
         # If unhashable arguments are provided, return None
         except TypeError:
             pass
diff --git a/numpyro/util.py b/numpyro/util.py
index f05f541db..1722914a3 100644
--- a/numpyro/util.py
+++ b/numpyro/util.py
@@ -193,12 +193,28 @@ def identity(x, *args, **kwargs):
     return x
 
 
+def _is_under_jax_transform():
+    """Check if we are currently under a JAX transform (e.g. jit, vmap).
+
+    When under a transform, caching functions that close over traced values
+    can cause tracer leaks (see https://github.com/pyro-ppl/numpyro/issues/2000).
+    """
+    from jax._src.core import trace_state_clean
+
+    return not trace_state_clean()
+
+
 def cached_by(outer_fn, *keys):
     # Restrict cache size to prevent ref cycles.
     max_size = 8
     outer_fn._cache = getattr(outer_fn, "_cache", OrderedDict())
 
     def _wrapped(fn):
+        # Skip caching when inside a JAX tracing context to avoid
+        # tracer leaks (https://github.com/pyro-ppl/numpyro/issues/2000).
+        if _is_under_jax_transform():
+            return fn
+
         fn_cache = outer_fn._cache
         hashkeys = (*keys, fn.__name__)
         if hashkeys in fn_cache:
diff --git a/test/infer/test_mcmc.py b/test/infer/test_mcmc.py
index 1dd46b67e..39637e23d 100644
--- a/test/infer/test_mcmc.py
+++ b/test/infer/test_mcmc.py
@@ -605,10 +605,6 @@ def model(labels):
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
     "CI" in os.environ, reason="Compiling time the whole sampling process is slow."
 )
-@pytest.mark.xfail(
-    os.getenv("JAX_CHECK_TRACER_LEAKS") == "1",
-    reason="Expected tracer leak: https://github.com/pyro-ppl/numpyro/issues/2000",
-)
 def test_chain_inside_jit(kernel_cls, chain_method):
     # NB: this feature is useful for consensus MC.
     # Caution: compiling time will be slow (~ 90s)
@@ -665,10 +661,6 @@ def get_samples(rng_key, data, step_size, trajectory_length, target_accept_prob)
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
     "CI" in os.environ, reason="Compiling time the whole sampling process is slow."
 )
-@pytest.mark.xfail(
-    os.getenv("JAX_CHECK_TRACER_LEAKS") == "1",
-    reason="Expected tracer leak: https://github.com/pyro-ppl/numpyro/issues/2000",
-)
 def test_chain_jit_args_smoke(chain_method, compile_args):
     def model(data):
         concentration = jnp.array([1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
@@ -782,10 +774,6 @@ def potential_fn(z):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("jit_args", [False, True])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("shape", [50, 100])
-@pytest.mark.xfail(
-    os.getenv("JAX_CHECK_TRACER_LEAKS") == "1",
-    reason="Expected tracer leak: https://github.com/pyro-ppl/numpyro/issues/2000",
-)
 def test_reuse_mcmc_run(jit_args, shape):
     y1 = np.random.normal(3, 0.1, (100,))
     y2 = np.random.normal(-3, 0.1, (shape,))
@@ -806,10 +794,6 @@ def model(y_obs):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("jit_args", [False, True])
-@pytest.mark.xfail(
-    os.getenv("JAX_CHECK_TRACER_LEAKS") == "1",
-    reason="Expected tracer leak: https://github.com/pyro-ppl/numpyro/issues/2000",
-)
 def test_model_with_multiple_exec_paths(jit_args):
     def model(a=None, b=None, z=None):
         int_term = numpyro.sample("a", dist.Normal(0.0, 0.2))
@@ -839,6 +823,46 @@ def model(a=None, b=None, z=None):
     assert set(mcmc.get_samples()) == {"a", "x", "y", "sigma"}
 
 
+def test_mcmc_inside_jit_no_tracer_leak():
+    """Regression test for https://github.com/pyro-ppl/numpyro/issues/2000"""
+    from numpyro.infer.mcmc import _collect_and_postprocess
+    from numpyro.util import fori_collect
+
+    def model(data):
+        concentration = jnp.array([1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+        p_latent = numpyro.sample("p_latent", dist.Dirichlet(concentration))
+        numpyro.sample("obs", dist.Categorical(p_latent), obs=data)
+
+    @jit
+    def get_samples(rng_key, data):
+        kernel = HMC(
+            model, step_size=1.0, trajectory_length=1.0, target_accept_prob=0.8
+        )
+        mcmc = MCMC(
+            kernel,
+            num_warmup=5,
+            num_samples=10,
+            num_chains=1,
+            chain_method="sequential",
+            progress_bar=False,
+        )
+        mcmc.run(rng_key, data)
+        return mcmc.get_samples()
+
+    data = dist.Categorical(jnp.array([0.1, 0.6, 0.3])).sample(random.key(1), (100,))
+    samples = get_samples(random.key(2), data)
+    assert "p_latent" in samples
+
+    # Verify no traced values leaked into module-level caches
+    for cached_fn in [_collect_and_postprocess, fori_collect]:
+        cache = getattr(cached_fn, "_cache", {})
+        leaves = jax.tree.leaves(list(cache.keys()) + list(cache.values()))
+        for leaf in leaves:
+            assert not isinstance(leaf, jax.core.Tracer), (
+                f"Tracer leaked into {cached_fn.__name__}._cache"
+            )
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("num_chains", [1, 2])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("chain_method", ["parallel", "sequential", "vectorized"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("progress_bar", [True, False])