gh-144681: Fix JIT trace builder assertion failure when conditional branch jump target coincides with fallthrough target

Lib/test/test_capi/test_opt.py

@@ -460,6 +460,19 @@ def testfunc(n):
         uops = get_opnames(ex)
         self.assertIn(self.guard_is_false, uops)
 
+    def test_branch_coincident_targets(self):
+        # test for gh-144681: https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/144681
+        def testfunc(n):
+            for _ in range(n):
+                r = [x for x in range(10) if [].append(x) or True]
+            return r
+
+        res = testfunc(TIER2_THRESHOLD)
+        ex = get_first_executor(testfunc)
+
+        self.assertEqual(res, list(range(10)))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(ex)
+
     def test_for_iter_tier_two(self):
         class MyIter:
             def __init__(self, n):

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-12-12-39-50.gh-issue-144681.Ns2OT2.rst

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix a JIT assertion failure when a conditional branch jumps to the same target as the fallthrough path.

Python/optimizer.c

@@ -800,7 +800,12 @@ _PyJit_translate_single_bytecode_to_trace(
             _Py_CODEUNIT *computed_next_instr = computed_next_instr_without_modifiers + (computed_next_instr_without_modifiers->op.code == NOT_TAKEN);
             _Py_CODEUNIT *computed_jump_instr = computed_next_instr_without_modifiers + oparg;
             assert(next_instr == computed_next_instr || next_instr == computed_jump_instr);
-            int jump_happened = computed_jump_instr == next_instr;
+            int jump_happened;
+            if (computed_next_instr == computed_jump_instr) {
+                jump_happened = target_instr[1].cache & 1;
+            } else {
+                jump_happened = computed_jump_instr == next_instr;
+            }
             assert(jump_happened == (target_instr[1].cache & 1));
             uint32_t uopcode = BRANCH_TO_GUARD[opcode - POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE][jump_happened];
             ADD_TO_TRACE(uopcode, 0, 0, INSTR_IP(jump_happened ? computed_next_instr : computed_jump_instr, old_code));