gh-146613: Fix re-entrant use-after-free in itertools._grouper

Lib/test/test_itertools.py

@@ -754,6 +754,40 @@ def keys():
         next(g)
         next(g)  # must pass with address sanitizer
 
+    def test_grouper_reentrant_eq_does_not_crash(self):
+            # regression test for gh-146613
+            grouper_iter = None
+            class Key:
+                __hash__ = None
+
+                def __init__(self, do_advance):
+                    self.do_advance = do_advance
+                    self.payload = bytearray(256)
+
+                def __eq__(self, other):
+                    nonlocal grouper_iter
+                    if self.do_advance:
+                        self.do_advance = False
+                        if grouper_iter is not None:
+                            try:
+                                next(grouper_iter)
+                            except StopIteration:
+                                pass
+                        for _ in range(50):
+                            bytearray(256)
+                        return NotImplemented
+                    return True
+
+            def keyfunc(element):
+                if element == 0:
+                    return Key(do_advance=True)
+                return Key(do_advance=False)
+
+            g = itertools.groupby(range(4), keyfunc)
+            key, grouper_iter = next(g)
+            items = list(grouper_iter)
+            self.assertEqual(len(items), 1)
+
     def test_filter(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(filter(isEven, range(6))), [0,2,4])
         self.assertEqual(list(filter(None, [0,1,0,2,0])), [1,2])

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-04-01-11-05-36.gh-issue-146613.GzjUFK.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+:mod:`itertools`: Fix re-entrant use-after-free in ``_grouper.__next__``
+that could lead to a segmentation fault when a user-defined ``__eq__``
+re-enters the grouper iterator. The same pattern was previously fixed
+in ``groupby.__next__`` (gh-143543).

Modules/itertoolsmodule.c

@@ -678,7 +678,19 @@ _grouper_next(PyObject *op)
     }
 
     assert(gbo->currkey != NULL);
-    rcmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(igo->tgtkey, gbo->currkey, Py_EQ);
+    /* A user-defined __eq__ can re-enter the grouper and advance the iterator,
+       mutating gbo->currkey while we are comparing them.
+       Take local snapshots and hold strong references so INCREF/DECREF
+       apply to the same objects even under re-entrancy. */
+    PyObject *tgtkey = igo->tgtkey;
+    PyObject *currkey = gbo->currkey;
+
+    Py_INCREF(tgtkey);
+    Py_INCREF(currkey);
+    rcmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(tgtkey, currkey, Py_EQ);
+    Py_DECREF(tgtkey);
+    Py_DECREF(currkey);
+
     if (rcmp <= 0)
         /* got any error or current group is end */
         return NULL;