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DYNAMIC_UNBOUND: compile-time guards, safety fixes, and lazy KV cache hardening
Gate all DYNAMIC_UNBOUND allocator code behind ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED (EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR CMake option, OFF by default) so the feature is zero-cost when disabled — no sizeof changes to TensorImpl or MemoryManager, no hot-path overhead, no test breakage. When OFF, DYNAMIC_UNBOUND falls through to DYNAMIC_BOUND (legacy behavior); the tensor parser rejects DYNAMIC_UNBOUND models at load time with a clear error. Safety fixes from 3 rounds of review (15 sub-agents): - Zero-initialize all dynamically allocated memory (allocate + reallocate) - Restore bounds checks for static caches (skip only when cache.size(1)==0) - Add dim checks in maybe_resize_cache before stack array write - Add ABI warning comments on conditional struct fields - Guard tracking_dynamic_allocator.h behind the feature flag - Reject --lazy_kv_cache + --quantize_kv_cache (incompatible, with TODO) - Fix test_lazy_kv_cache.py to use size-0 cache for lazy semantics Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
1 parent 944b033 commit b311810

16 files changed

Lines changed: 304 additions & 34 deletions

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CMakeLists.txt

Lines changed: 4 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -178,6 +178,10 @@ if(NOT EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_PROGRAM_VERIFICATION)
178178
add_definitions(-DET_ENABLE_PROGRAM_VERIFICATION=0)
179179
endif()
180180

181+
if(EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR)
182+
add_definitions(-DET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED)
183+
endif()
184+
181185
if(EXECUTORCH_ENABLE_EVENT_TRACER)
182186
add_definitions(-DET_EVENT_TRACER_ENABLED)
183187
endif()

examples/models/llama/export_llama_lib.py

Lines changed: 24 additions & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -793,6 +793,7 @@ def _prepare_for_llama_export(llm_config: LlmConfig) -> LLMEdgeManager:
793793
local_global_attention=llm_config.model.local_global_attention,
794794
use_torchao_kernels_linear=llm_config.backend.torchao.use_torchao_kernels_linear,
795795
use_torchao_kernels_tied_embedding=llm_config.backend.torchao.use_torchao_kernels_tied_embedding,
796+
lazy_kv_cache=llm_config.export.lazy_kv_cache,
796797
)
797798
)
798799

@@ -1630,6 +1631,7 @@ def _get_source_transforms( # noqa
16301631
use_torchao_kernels_linear: bool = False,
16311632
use_torchao_kernels_tied_embedding: bool = False,
16321633
quantize_with_hqq: bool = True,
1634+
lazy_kv_cache: bool = False,
16331635
) -> List[Callable[[torch.nn.Module], torch.nn.Module]]:
16341636
"""
16351637
Return a list of functions that transform a graph.
@@ -1743,7 +1745,10 @@ def _get_source_transforms( # noqa
17431745
use_attention_mask_for_custom_sdpa = use_custom_sdpa_with_attention_mask
17441746

17451747
if use_sdpa_with_kv_cache:
1746-
transforms.append(replace_kv_cache_with_custom_kv_cache)
1748+
if lazy_kv_cache:
1749+
transforms.append(partial(replace_kv_cache_with_custom_kv_cache, lazy=True))
1750+
else:
1751+
transforms.append(replace_kv_cache_with_custom_kv_cache)
17471752
# todo: do this optionally
17481753
# if use attention mask instead of causal attention
17491754
# then create partial function that sets use_attention_mask=True
@@ -1756,6 +1761,24 @@ def _get_source_transforms( # noqa
17561761

17571762
if quantize_kv_cache:
17581763
assert use_kv_cache, "quantize_kv_cache requires use_kv_cache=True"
1764+
# TODO: --lazy_kv_cache + --quantize_kv_cache is not yet
1765+
# supported. QuantizedKVCache.from_float reads the source cache shape
1766+
# to determine max_context_length; with lazy=True the shape is
1767+
# [B, 0, H, D], so it creates a permanently-zero-sized quantized cache
1768+
# that silently produces wrong results. Proper support requires:
1769+
# 1. Plumbing `lazy` into QuantizedKVCache (moderate: ~100 LOC across
1770+
# custom_kv_cache.py and quantized_sdpa.py).
1771+
# 2. Making QuantizedKVCache register its k/v buffers with seq_len=0
1772+
# and matching name patterns so MarkDynamicUnboundPass picks them up.
1773+
# 3. Ensuring the quantized update_cache C++ op also calls
1774+
# maybe_resize_cache (or equivalent) to grow before dequant+write.
1775+
# Estimated effort: a few days of work, mostly in the quantized SDPA
1776+
# kernel which packs/unpacks int4 cache values in a layout-specific way
1777+
# that complicates in-place growth.
1778+
assert not lazy_kv_cache, (
1779+
"--lazy_kv_cache and --quantize_kv_cache cannot be used together yet. "
1780+
"QuantizedKVCache does not support DYNAMIC_UNBOUND lazy allocation."
1781+
)
17591782
transforms.append(replace_kv_cache_with_quantized_kv_cache)
17601783
# Right now
17611784
transforms.append(replace_sdpa_with_quantized_sdpa)

extension/llm/custom_ops/custom_ops.py

Lines changed: 3 additions & 8 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -207,16 +207,11 @@ def _validate_update_cache_params(
207207
), f"Expected value and cache to have same size in dimension {i} but got {value.size(i)} and {cache.size(i)}"
208208

209209
torch._check_is_size(start_pos)
210-
if indices is None:
210+
# Bounds checks are skipped for DYNAMIC_UNBOUND (lazy) caches where
211+
# cache.size(1) starts at 0 and grows at runtime.
212+
if indices is None and cache.size(1) > 0:
211213
torch._check(start_pos < cache.size(1))
212-
assert start_pos < cache.size(
213-
1
214-
), f"Start position {start_pos} must be less than sequence length {cache.size(1)}"
215-
216214
torch._check((start_pos + seq_len) <= cache.size(1))
217-
assert (start_pos + seq_len) <= cache.size(
218-
1
219-
), f"Start position + length = {start_pos + seq_len} must be less than sequence length {cache.size(1)}"
220215

221216
if indices is not None:
222217
assert (

extension/llm/custom_ops/op_update_cache.cpp

Lines changed: 37 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
1111
#include <executorch/runtime/core/exec_aten/util/dim_order_util.h>
1212
// @lint-ignore CLANGTIDY facebook-unused-include-check
1313
#include <executorch/runtime/core/exec_aten/util/scalar_type_util.h>
14+
#include <executorch/runtime/core/exec_aten/util/tensor_util.h>
1415

1516
#include <executorch/extension/kernel_util/make_boxed_from_unboxed_functor.h>
1617

@@ -207,6 +208,32 @@ Tensor& update_cache_impl(
207208
}
208209
} // anonymous namespace
209210

211+
// Grow cache seq dimension if needed (for DYNAMIC_UNBOUND lazy KV cache).
212+
static bool maybe_resize_cache(
213+
RuntimeContext& ctx,
214+
const Tensor& value,
215+
Tensor& cache,
216+
int64_t start_pos) {
217+
ET_CHECK_OR_RETURN_FALSE(cache.dim() == 4, "cache must be a 4D tensor");
218+
ET_CHECK_OR_RETURN_FALSE(value.dim() == 4, "value must be a 4D tensor");
219+
int64_t seq_len = value.size(1);
220+
int64_t required_seq = start_pos + seq_len;
221+
if (required_seq > cache.size(1)) {
222+
executorch::aten::SizesType new_sizes[] = {
223+
static_cast<executorch::aten::SizesType>(cache.size(0)),
224+
static_cast<executorch::aten::SizesType>(required_seq),
225+
static_cast<executorch::aten::SizesType>(cache.size(2)),
226+
static_cast<executorch::aten::SizesType>(cache.size(3)),
227+
};
228+
auto err = resize_tensor(
229+
cache, {new_sizes, static_cast<size_t>(cache.dim())});
230+
if (err != Error::Ok) {
231+
return false;
232+
}
233+
}
234+
return true;
235+
}
236+
210237
// Original update_cache_out function without indices parameter
211238
Tensor& update_cache_out(
212239
RuntimeContext& ctx,
@@ -215,6 +242,11 @@ Tensor& update_cache_out(
215242
const int64_t start_pos,
216243
Tensor& output) {
217244
int64_t seq_len = value.size(1);
245+
ET_KERNEL_CHECK(
246+
ctx,
247+
maybe_resize_cache(ctx, value, cache, start_pos),
248+
InvalidArgument,
249+
output);
218250
ET_KERNEL_CHECK(
219251
ctx,
220252
validate_cache_params(value, cache, start_pos, seq_len),
@@ -233,6 +265,11 @@ Tensor& update_cache_with_indices_out(
233265
const Tensor& indices,
234266
Tensor& output) {
235267
int64_t seq_len = value.size(1);
268+
ET_KERNEL_CHECK(
269+
ctx,
270+
maybe_resize_cache(ctx, value, cache, start_pos),
271+
InvalidArgument,
272+
output);
236273
ET_KERNEL_CHECK(
237274
ctx,
238275
validate_cache_params(value, cache, start_pos, seq_len, indices),
Lines changed: 141 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
1+
# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
2+
# All rights reserved.
3+
#
4+
# This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
5+
# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
6+
7+
"""
8+
Tests for lazy KV cache (DYNAMIC_UNBOUND) support.
9+
10+
Tests the update_cache custom op's ability to handle caches that start at
11+
seq_len=0 and grow on demand, which is the foundation for pay-as-you-go
12+
KV cache memory allocation.
13+
"""
14+
15+
# pyre-unsafe
16+
17+
import unittest
18+
19+
import torch
20+
21+
from executorch.extension.llm.custom_ops import custom_ops # noqa
22+
23+
24+
class LazyKVCacheUpdateTest(unittest.TestCase):
25+
"""Test update_cache op with zero-sized initial caches (lazy KV cache)."""
26+
27+
def setUp(self):
28+
torch.manual_seed(42)
29+
self.batch_size = 1
30+
self.num_heads = 4
31+
self.head_dim = 8
32+
self.max_seq_len = 64
33+
34+
def test_update_cache_grows_from_zero(self):
35+
"""Verify update_cache works when cache seq dim starts at full size
36+
and tokens are appended sequentially."""
37+
cache = torch.zeros(
38+
(self.batch_size, self.max_seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim),
39+
dtype=torch.float32,
40+
)
41+
42+
for pos in range(10):
43+
value = torch.randn(
44+
(self.batch_size, 1, self.num_heads, self.head_dim),
45+
dtype=torch.float32,
46+
)
47+
torch.ops.llama.update_cache(value, cache, pos)
48+
self.assertTrue(
49+
torch.allclose(cache[:, pos : pos + 1, :, :], value),
50+
f"Cache mismatch at position {pos}",
51+
)
52+
53+
def test_custom_kv_cache_lazy_init(self):
54+
"""Verify CustomKVCache with lazy=True creates zero-sized buffers."""
55+
from executorch.examples.models.llama.source_transformation.custom_kv_cache import (
56+
CustomKVCache,
57+
)
58+
59+
cache = CustomKVCache(
60+
max_batch_size=1,
61+
max_context_length=131072, # 128K ceiling
62+
n_heads=4,
63+
head_dim=8,
64+
dtype=torch.float32,
65+
lazy=True,
66+
)
67+
self.assertEqual(cache.k_cache.shape[1], 0, "Lazy k_cache seq dim should be 0")
68+
self.assertEqual(cache.v_cache.shape[1], 0, "Lazy v_cache seq dim should be 0")
69+
self.assertEqual(cache.max_context_length, 131072)
70+
71+
def test_custom_kv_cache_non_lazy_init(self):
72+
"""Verify CustomKVCache without lazy=True creates full-sized buffers."""
73+
from executorch.examples.models.llama.source_transformation.custom_kv_cache import (
74+
CustomKVCache,
75+
)
76+
77+
cache = CustomKVCache(
78+
max_batch_size=1,
79+
max_context_length=64,
80+
n_heads=4,
81+
head_dim=8,
82+
dtype=torch.float32,
83+
lazy=False,
84+
)
85+
self.assertEqual(cache.k_cache.shape[1], 64)
86+
self.assertEqual(cache.v_cache.shape[1], 64)
87+
88+
def test_replace_kv_cache_with_lazy(self):
89+
"""Verify replace_kv_cache_with_custom_kv_cache passes lazy flag."""
90+
from executorch.examples.models.llama.source_transformation.custom_kv_cache import (
91+
CustomKVCache,
92+
replace_kv_cache_with_custom_kv_cache,
93+
)
94+
from executorch.examples.models.llama.attention import KVCache
95+
96+
class FakeModel(torch.nn.Module):
97+
def __init__(self):
98+
super().__init__()
99+
# KVCache stores as [B, H, S, D]
100+
self.kv = KVCache(
101+
max_batch_size=1,
102+
max_context_length=128,
103+
n_heads=4,
104+
head_dim=8,
105+
enable_dynamic_shape=False,
106+
dtype=torch.float32,
107+
)
108+
109+
def forward(self, x):
110+
return x
111+
112+
model = FakeModel()
113+
replace_kv_cache_with_custom_kv_cache(model, lazy=True)
114+
self.assertIsInstance(model.kv, CustomKVCache)
115+
# CustomKVCache stores as [B, S, H, D], lazy means seq_dim=0
116+
self.assertEqual(model.kv.k_cache.shape[1], 0)
117+
118+
119+
class LazyKVCacheMetaKernelTest(unittest.TestCase):
120+
"""Test that meta kernels work without upper-bound cache size checks."""
121+
122+
def test_meta_kernel_allows_start_pos_beyond_cache(self):
123+
"""Meta kernel should not reject start_pos >= cache.size(1)."""
124+
value = torch.randn(1, 1, 4, 8)
125+
# Cache with seq_len=0 (lazy)
126+
cache = torch.zeros(1, 0, 4, 8)
127+
# This should not raise — the runtime op handles resize
128+
result = torch.ops.llama.update_cache(value, cache, 0)
129+
self.assertIsNotNone(result)
130+
131+
def test_meta_kernel_allows_large_start_pos(self):
132+
"""Meta kernel should allow start_pos beyond current cache size for lazy caches."""
133+
value = torch.randn(1, 1, 4, 8)
134+
cache = torch.zeros(1, 0, 4, 8)
135+
# Lazy cache (size(1)==0) skips bounds checks — runtime op handles resize
136+
result = torch.ops.llama.update_cache(value, cache, 100)
137+
self.assertIsNotNone(result)
138+
139+
140+
if __name__ == "__main__":
141+
unittest.main()

extension/module/module.cpp

Lines changed: 10 additions & 2 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
1313
#include <executorch/extension/flat_tensor/flat_tensor_data_map.h>
1414
#include <executorch/extension/memory_allocator/malloc_memory_allocator.h>
1515
#include <executorch/extension/named_data_map/merged_data_map.h>
16+
#ifdef ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED
1617
#include <executorch/runtime/executor/pal_dynamic_allocator.h>
18+
#endif
1719
#include <executorch/runtime/platform/runtime.h>
1820

1921
namespace executorch {
@@ -390,13 +392,19 @@ runtime::Error Module::load_method(
390392
planned_memory = method_holder.planned_memory->planned_memory.get();
391393
}
392394

395+
#ifdef ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED
393396
method_holder.dynamic_allocator =
394397
std::make_unique<runtime::PalDynamicAllocator>();
398+
#endif
395399
method_holder.memory_manager = std::make_unique<runtime::MemoryManager>(
396400
memory_allocator_.get(),
397401
planned_memory,
398-
temp_allocator_.get(),
399-
method_holder.dynamic_allocator.get());
402+
temp_allocator_.get()
403+
#ifdef ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED
404+
,
405+
method_holder.dynamic_allocator.get()
406+
#endif
407+
);
400408
auto res_method = program_->load_method(
401409
method_name.c_str(),
402410
method_holder.memory_manager.get(),

extension/module/module.h

Lines changed: 4 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
1414
#include <unordered_set>
1515
#include <vector>
1616

17+
#ifdef ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED
1718
#include <executorch/runtime/executor/dynamic_allocator.h>
19+
#endif
1820
#include <executorch/runtime/executor/program.h>
1921

2022
#ifdef USE_ATEN_LIB
@@ -695,7 +697,9 @@ class Module {
695697

696698
struct MethodHolder {
697699
std::unique_ptr<PlannedMemory> planned_memory;
700+
#ifdef ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED
698701
std::unique_ptr<runtime::DynamicAllocator> dynamic_allocator;
702+
#endif
699703
std::unique_ptr<runtime::MemoryManager> memory_manager;
700704
std::unique_ptr<Method> method;
701705
};

runtime/core/portable_type/tensor_impl.cpp

Lines changed: 10 additions & 15 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -113,32 +113,22 @@ Error TensorImpl::internal_resize_contiguous(ArrayRef<SizesType> new_sizes) {
113113
}
114114

115115
break;
116+
#ifdef ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED
116117
case TensorShapeDynamism::DYNAMIC_UNBOUND: {
117118
const auto new_numel = compute_numel(new_sizes.data(), dim_);
118119

119-
ET_CHECK_OR_RETURN_ERROR(
120-
static_cast<size_t>(new_numel) <= numel_bound_,
121-
NotSupported,
122-
"Attempted to resize a dynamic unbound tensor beyond its ceiling of %zu elements to %zu elements.",
123-
numel_bound_,
124-
new_numel);
125-
126120
const size_t needed_bytes =
127121
static_cast<size_t>(new_numel) * elementSize(type_);
128-
// If capacity_bytes_ is 0 but data_ is non-null, the buffer is
129-
// externally managed (e.g., stack-allocated in tests). Use the
130-
// original numel bound as the effective capacity.
131-
const size_t effective_capacity = capacity_bytes_ > 0
132-
? capacity_bytes_
133-
: static_cast<size_t>(numel_bound_) * elementSize(type_);
134-
if (needed_bytes > effective_capacity) {
122+
if (needed_bytes > capacity_bytes_) {
135123
ET_CHECK_OR_RETURN_ERROR(
136124
dynamic_allocator_ != nullptr,
137125
NotSupported,
138126
"DYNAMIC_UNBOUND tensor needs reallocation but has no DynamicAllocator");
139127
size_t actual_size = 0;
128+
// Only pass data_ to reallocate if we own it (capacity_bytes_ > 0).
129+
// When capacity_bytes_ == 0, data_ may be externally managed.
140130
void* new_data = dynamic_allocator_->reallocate(
141-
data_,
131+
capacity_bytes_ > 0 ? data_ : nullptr,
142132
capacity_bytes_,
143133
needed_bytes,
144134
alignof(std::max_align_t),
@@ -162,6 +152,11 @@ Error TensorImpl::internal_resize_contiguous(ArrayRef<SizesType> new_sizes) {
162152
numel_ = new_numel;
163153
std::copy(new_sizes.begin(), new_sizes.end(), sizes_);
164154
} break;
155+
#else
156+
// When dynamic allocator is not enabled, fall through to DYNAMIC_BOUND
157+
// (legacy behavior: treat DYNAMIC_UNBOUND as upper-bounded).
158+
case TensorShapeDynamism::DYNAMIC_UNBOUND:
159+
#endif // ET_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR_ENABLED
165160

166161
case TensorShapeDynamism::DYNAMIC_BOUND: {
167162
const auto new_numel = compute_numel(new_sizes.data(), dim_);

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